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Tarakanov R, Shagdarova B, Lyalina T, Zhuikova Y, Il’ina A, Dzhalilov F, Varlamov V. Protective Properties of Copper-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Soybean Pathogens Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051100. [PMID: 36904341 PMCID: PMC10007554 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybeans are a valuable food product, containing 40% protein and a large percentage of unsaturated fatty acids ranging from 17 to 23%. Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea (Psg) and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) are harmful bacterial pathogens of soybean. The bacterial resistance of soybean pathogens to existing pesticides and environmental concerns requires new approaches to control bacterial diseases. Chitosan is a biodegradable, biocompatible and low-toxicity biopolymer with antimicrobial activity that is promising for use in agriculture. In this work, a chitosan hydrolysate and its nanoparticles with copper were obtained and characterized. The antimicrobial activity of the samples against Psg and Cff was studied using the agar diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The samples of chitosan and copper-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Cu2+ChiNPs) significantly inhibited bacterial growth and were not phytotoxic at the concentrations of the MIC and MBC values. The protective properties of chitosan hydrolysate and copper-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against soybean bacterial diseases were tested on plants in an artificial infection. It was demonstrated that the Cu2+ChiNPs were the most effective against Psg and Cff. Treatment of pre-infected leaves and seeds demonstrated that the biological efficiencies of (Cu2+ChiNPs) were 71% and 51% for Psg and Cff, respectively. Copper-loaded chitosan nanoparticles are promising as an alternative treatment for bacterial blight and bacterial tan spot and wilt in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashit Tarakanov
- Department of Plant Protection, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127434 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Balzhima Shagdarova
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Lyalina
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya Zhuikova
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla Il’ina
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fevzi Dzhalilov
- Department of Plant Protection, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127434 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery Varlamov
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (V.V.)
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Valdez MI, Garcia J, Ubeda-Manzanaro M, Martinez A, Rodrigo D. Insect chitosan as a natural antimicrobial against vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus in a cooked rice matrix. Food Microbiol 2022; 107:104077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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3
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Valdez MI, Úbeda-Manzanaro M, Narvaes C, Rodrigo D, Martínez A. Joint effect of temperature and insect chitosan on the heat resistance of Bacillus cereus spores in rice derivatives. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268306. [PMID: 36170333 PMCID: PMC9518883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat resistance of Bacillus cereus spores inoculated in a rice substrate supplemented with insect chitosan as an alternative antimicrobial was studied. Two concentrations of insect chitosan were considered in order to assess the role of the insect chitosan concentration during the heat process. Results of the study indicated that the DT values were higher in the substrate without chitosan than in the substrate containing chitosan thus indicating a greater heat resistance to heat treatment of the microorganism inoculated in the substrate without chitosan. This behaviour was also evidenced in the survival curves. There were no great differences between either of the insect chitosan concentrations tested regarding the DT values. The z values were 9.8°C on rice substrate and8.9°C on rice substrate supplemented with insect chitosan at 150 μg/mL and 10.7°C on rice substrate supplemented with 250 μg/mL of insect chitosan. The chitosan concentration appears to affect the z value of the microorganism. Our results indicate that the combination of heat with insect chitosan as an antimicrobial on foodstuffs subjected to cooking is feasible and can improve the safety of rice derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Valdez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Cristian Narvaes
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Martínez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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4
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Popova EV, Kovalenko NM, Domnina NS. Fungicidal and Bactericidal Activity of Chitosans with Different Molecular Weights and Copper Complexes Based on Them. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Shih YH, Tsai PJ, Chen YL, Pranata R, Chen RJ. Assessment of the Antibacterial Mechanism of Pterostilbene against Bacillus cereus through Apoptosis-like Cell Death and Evaluation of Its Beneficial Effects on the Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12219-12229. [PMID: 34632761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Foods contaminated by harmful substances such as bacteria and viruses have caused more than 200 kinds of diseases, ranging from diarrhea to cancer. Among them, Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a foodborne pathogen that commonly contaminates raw meat, fresh vegetables, rice, and uncooked food. The current chemical preservatives may have adverse effects on food and even human health. Therefore, natural antibacterial agents are sought after as alternative preservatives. Stilbene compounds, including pterostilbene (PT), pinostilbene (PS), and piceatannol (PIC), which have many health benefits and exhibit antibacterial activity, were tested against B. cereus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of PT, PS, and PIC against B. cereus ranged from 25 to 100 μg/mL. From the time-kill curve assay, PT reduced B. cereus cell survival, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induced apoptosis-like cell death (ALD) in a dose-dependent manner. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results confirmed that treatment with PT induced genetic changes related to ALD, such as an increase in RecA gene expression and a decrease in LexA gene expression. In addition, PT showed a beneficial effect on the gut microbiota that increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and lowered the abundance of Firmicutes. Taken together, our results showed that PT has antibacterial effects against B. cereus via ALD and is beneficial for promoting healthy gut microbiota that is worthy for the development of antibacterial agents for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Shih
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Rosita Pranata
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Jane Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
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6
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Risk of Bacillus cereus in Relation to Rice and Derivatives. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020302. [PMID: 33540849 PMCID: PMC7913059 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice is a very popular food throughout the world and the basis of the diet of the citizens of many countries. It is used as a raw material for the preparation of many complex dishes in which different ingredients are involved. Rice, as a consequence of their cultivation, harvesting, and handling, is often contaminated with spores of Bacillus cereus, a ubiquitous microorganism found mainly in the soil. B. cereus can multiply under temperature conditions as low as 4 °C in foods that contain rice and have been cooked or subjected to treatments that do not produce commercial sterility. B. cereus produces diarrhoeal or emetic foodborne toxin when the consumer eats food in which a sufficient number of cells have grown. These circumstances mean that every year many outbreaks of intoxication or intestinal problems related to this microorganism are reported. This work is a review from the perspective of risk assessment of the risk posed by B. cereus to the health of consumers and of some control measures that can be used to mitigate such a risk.
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7
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Yadavalli VK, Ehrhardt CJ. Atomic force microscopy as a biophysical tool for nanoscale forensic investigations. Sci Justice 2020; 61:1-12. [PMID: 33357821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) has found its way to the arsenal of tools available to the forensic practitioner for the analysis of samples at the nano and microscales. As a non-destructive probing tool that requires minimal sample preparation, the AFM is very attractive, particularly in the case of minimal or precious sample. To date, the use of the AFM has primarily been in the arena of imaging where it has been complementary to other microscopic examination tools. Forensic applications in the visual examination of evidence such as blood stains, questioned documents, and hair samples have been reported. While a number of reviews have focused on the use of AFM as an imaging tool for forensic analyses, here we not only discuss these works, but also point to a versatile enhancement in the capabilities of this nanoscale tool - namely its use for force spectroscopy. In this mode, the AFM can determine elastic moduli, adhesion forces, energy dissipation, and the interaction forces between cognate ligands, that can be spatially mapped to provide a unique spatial visualization of properties. Our goals in this review are to provide a context for this capability of the AFM, explain its workings, cover some exemplary works pertaining to forensic sciences, and present a critical analysis on the advantages and disadvantages of this modality. Equipped with this high-resolution tool, imaging and biophysical analysis by the AFM can provide a unique complement to other tools available to the researcher for the analysis and characterization of forensic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Christopher J Ehrhardt
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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8
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Zhao L, Kristi N, Ye Z. Atomic force microscopy in food preservation research: New insights to overcome spoilage issues. Food Res Int 2020; 140:110043. [PMID: 33648269 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A higher level of food safety is required due to the fast-growing human population along with the increased awareness of healthy lifestyles. Currently, a large percentage of food is spoiled during storage and processing due to enzymes and microbial activity, causing huge economic losses to both producers and consumers. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), as a powerful scanning probe microscopy, has been successfully and widely used in food preservation research. This technique allows a non-invasive examination of food products, providing high-resolution images of surface structure and individual polymers as well as the physical properties and adhesion of single molecules. In this paper, detailed applications of AFM in food preservation are reviewed. AFM has been used to provide comprehensive information in food preservation by evaluating the spoilage with its related structure modification. By utilizing AFM imaging and force measurement function, the main mechanisms involved in the loss of food quality and preservation technologies development can be further elucidated. It is also capable of exploring the activities of enzymes and microbes in influencing the quality of food products during storage. AFM provides comprehensive solutions to overcome spoilage issues with its versatile functions and high-throughput outcomes. Further research and development of this novel technique in order to solve integrated problems in food preservation are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Natalia Kristi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Mulder R, Maboza E, Ahmed R. Streptococcus mutans Growth and Resultant Material Surface Roughness on Modified Glass Ionomers. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2020; 1:613384. [PMID: 35047988 PMCID: PMC8757809 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2020.613384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigate the optical density of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) at 450 nm (OD450 nm) as well as the change in surface roughness of three commercially available chitosan- and nanodiamond-modified glass ionomers. The results indicated that the optical density of S. mutans OD450 nm decreased significantly (p < 0.0001) from 0 h through 2–4 h for each of the control materials. The lowest S. mutans OD450 nm was noted for Fuji IX followed by Ketac Universal. Riva Self Cure had the largest increase in the S. mutans OD450 nm. The control materials and their chitosan/nanodiamond modifications showed significant growth at 6 h compare to the preceding time periods of 2 and 4 h. The materials Fuji IX, Fuji IX modified with 5% Nanodiamonds, Fuji IX modified with 10% Chitosan and Ketac Universal modified with 10% Chitosan performed the best with regard to the bacterial reduction. Only the chitosan modifications showed an increase in the surface roughness after 24 h of exposure to the S. mutans. The chitosan and the nanodiamond modifications provided the best disruption of the S. mutans biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riaan Mulder
- Restorative Dentistry, The University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Riaan Mulder
| | - Ernest Maboza
- Dental Research Laboratory, The University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rukshana Ahmed
- Restorative Dentistry, The University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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10
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Cui H, Dong Y, Lu T, Zou X, Wang M, Yang X, Zhou H. Effect of ethanolic extract from Morus alba L. leaves on the quality and sensory aspects of chilled pork under retail conditions. Meat Sci 2020; 172:108368. [PMID: 33229104 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of ethanolic extract from Morus alba L. leaves (MLEE) in preserving chilled pork under retail conditions. The four treatments were 5 mg/mL sodium benzoate solution (SB), 1 mg/mL MLEE solution (high-concentration MLEE; HM), 0.5 mg/mL MLEE solution (low-concentration MLEE; LM), and 0 mg/mL MLEE solution (C). The quality characteristics, pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values, metmyoglobin, total volatile basic nitrogen, and number of microbes of MLEE-treated chilled pork stored at 4 °C for 9 days were consistent with those obtained by the SB treatment and lower than those obtained by the C treatment. Sensory analyses showed that treatment of pork with MLEE did not have a negative impact on its sensory characteristics. MLEE can extend the shelf life of chilled pork from 3 days to 6 days (9 days) in first-class (second-class) fresh meat. Results suggest that MLEE could be a candidate resource in the preservation of chilled pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cui
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Resources and Comprehensive Utilization of Jilin Provence, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Yao Dong
- College of Biology & Food Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Tenghui Lu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Xintong Zou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Mingxin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Xiudong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Resources and Comprehensive Utilization of Jilin Provence, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Resources and Comprehensive Utilization of Jilin Provence, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China.
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11
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Popova EV, Zorin IM, Domnina NS, Novikova II, Krasnobaeva IL. Chitosan–Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles: Synthesis by the Ionic Gelation Method, Properties, and Biological Activity. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220070178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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A comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activity of chitooligosaccharides with broad spectrum antibiotics on growth of some pathogenic microorganisms. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Theansungnoen T, Jangpromma N, Anwised P, Daduang S, Fukumori Y, Taoka A, Klaynongsruang S. Membranolytic Effects of KT2 on Gram-Negative Escherichia coli Evaluated by Atomic Force Microscopy. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Behera B, Anil Vishnu GK, Chatterjee S, Sitaramgupta V VSN, Sreekumar N, Nagabhushan A, Rajendran N, Prathik BH, Pandya HJ. Emerging technologies for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 142:111552. [PMID: 31421358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Superbugs such as infectious bacteria pose a great threat to humanity due to an increase in bacterial mortality leading to clinical treatment failure, lengthy hospital stay, intravenous therapy and accretion of bacteraemia. These disease-causing bacteria gain resistance to drugs over time which further complicates the treatment. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance is therefore necessary so that bacterial infectious diseases can be diagnosed rapidly. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) provides valuable information on the efficacy of antibiotic agents and their dosages for treatment against bacterial infections. In clinical laboratories, most widely used AST methods are disk diffusion, gradient diffusion, broth dilution, or commercially available semi-automated systems. Though these methods are cost-effective and accurate, they are time-consuming, labour-intensive, and require skilled manpower. Recently much attention has been on developing rapid AST techniques to avoid misuse of antibiotics and provide effective treatment. In this review, we have discussed emerging engineering AST techniques with special emphasis on phenotypic AST. These techniques include fluorescence imaging along with computational image processing, surface plasmon resonance, Raman spectra, and laser tweezer as well as micro/nanotechnology-based device such as microfluidics, microdroplets, and microchamber. The mechanical and electrical behaviour of single bacterial cell and bacterial suspension for the study of AST is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagaban Behera
- Biomedical and Electronic (10(-6)-10(-9)) Engineering Systems Laboratory, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - G K Anil Vishnu
- Biomedical and Electronic (10(-6)-10(-9)) Engineering Systems Laboratory, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Suman Chatterjee
- Biomedical and Electronic (10(-6)-10(-9)) Engineering Systems Laboratory, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - V S N Sitaramgupta V
- Biomedical and Electronic (10(-6)-10(-9)) Engineering Systems Laboratory, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Niranjana Sreekumar
- Biomedical and Electronic (10(-6)-10(-9)) Engineering Systems Laboratory, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Apoorva Nagabhushan
- Biomedical and Electronic (10(-6)-10(-9)) Engineering Systems Laboratory, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - B H Prathik
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Hardik J Pandya
- Biomedical and Electronic (10(-6)-10(-9)) Engineering Systems Laboratory, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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15
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Ikono R, Vibriani A, Wibowo I, Saputro KE, Muliawan W, Bachtiar BM, Mardliyati E, Bachtiar EW, Rochman NT, Kagami H, Xianqi L, Nagamura-Inoue T, Tojo A. Nanochitosan antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:383. [PMID: 31287001 PMCID: PMC6613267 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Chitosan nanoparticle (nanochitosan) has a broad antimicrobial spectrum against diverse pathogenic microorganisms. However, its effect on dental caries-associated microorganisms, such as Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans is yet to be explored. These microorganisms are known for causing early childhood caries. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating nanochitosan inhibition capacity against dual-species biofilms of S. mutans and C. albicans. In this study, nanochitosan antimicrobial activity is reported against mono and dual biofilm species of S. mutans and/or C. albicans at 3 and 18 h incubation time. Nanochitosan inhibition capacity was observed through biofilm mass quantity and cell viability. Results The present study successfully synthesized nanochitosan with average diameter of approximately 20–30 nm, and also established dual-species biofilms of S. mutans and C. albicans in vitro. With nanochitosan treatment, the cell viability of both microorganisms significantly decreased with the increasing concentration of nanochitosan. There was no significant decrease in biofilm mass both in the dual and single-species biofilms after 3 h of incubation. However, greater inhibition of biofilm was observed at 18 h incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radyum Ikono
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Nano Center Indonesia, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia. .,Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Sumbawa University of Technology, Sumbawa Besar, Indonesia. .,Division of Molecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Agnia Vibriani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Indra Wibowo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Wibias Muliawan
- Division of Bionanotechnology, Nano Center Indonesia, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Boy Muchlis Bachtiar
- Oral Science Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Etik Mardliyati
- Center for Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology [BPPT], Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Endang Winiati Bachtiar
- Oral Science Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Taufiqu Rochman
- Research Center for Physics, Indonesian Institute of Science [LIPI], Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Hideaki Kagami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Li Xianqi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Tokiko Nagamura-Inoue
- Department of Cell Processing and Transfusion, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arinobu Tojo
- Division of Molecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Wilson L, Iqbal KM, Simmons-Ehrhardt T, Bertino MF, Shah MR, Yadavalli VK, Ehrhardt CJ. Customizable 3D printed diffusion chambers for studies of bacterial pathogen phenotypes in complex environments. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 162:8-15. [PMID: 31085208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gaps in our understanding of the natural ecology and survival mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria in complex microenvironments such as soil typically occur due to the difficulty in characterizing biochemical profiles and morphological characteristics as they exist in environmental samples. Conversely, accurate simulation of the abiotic and biotic chemistries of soil habitats within the laboratory is often a significant challenge. Herein, we present the fabrication of customizable and precisely engineered 3D printed diffusion chambers that can be used to incubate bacterial cultures directly in soil matrices within a controlled laboratory experiment, and study the dynamics between bacterial cells and soil components. As part of the design process, different types of 3D printing materials were evaluated for ease of sterilization, structural integrity throughout the experiment, as well as cost/ease of production. To demonstrate potential applications for environmental studies, the diffusion chamber was used to incubate cultures of Bacillus cereus T-strain and Escherichia coli strain O157 directly in soil matrices. We show that the chamber facilitates diffusion of abiotic/biotic components of the soil with target cells without contamination from in situ microbial communities, while allowing for single cell and ensemble level phenotypic analyses of bacteria cultured with and without soil matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyddia Wilson
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States of America
| | | | - Terrie Simmons-Ehrhardt
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States of America
| | - Massimo F Bertino
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States of America
| | | | - Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States of America
| | - Christopher J Ehrhardt
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States of America.
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17
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Mao YH, Song AX, Wang ZM, Yao ZP, Wu JY. Protection of Bifidobacterial cells against antibiotics by a high molecular weight exopolysaccharide of a medicinal fungus Cs-HK1 through physical interactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:312-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Emerging nano-biosensing with suspended MNP microbial extraction and EANP labeling. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:781-793. [PMID: 30029200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging nano-biosensing with suspended MNP microbial extraction and EANP labeling may ensure a secure microbe-free food supply, as rapid response detection of microbial contamination is of utmost importance. Many biosensor designs have been proposed over the past two decades, covering a broad range of binding ligands, signal amplification, and detection mechanisms. These designs may consist of self-contained test strips developed from the base up with complicated nanoparticle chemistry and intricate ligand immobilization. Other methods use multiple step-wise additions, many based upon ELISA 96-well plate technology with fluorescent detection. In addition, many biosensors use expensive antibody receptors or DNA ligands. But many of these proposed designs are impracticable for most applications or users, since they don't FIRST address the broad goals of any biosensor: Field operability, Inexpensive, with Real-time detection that is both Sensitive and Specific to target, while being as Trouble-free as possible. Described in this review are applications that utilize versatile magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) extraction, electrically active nanoparticles (EANP) labeling, and carbohydrate-based ligand chemistry. MNP provide rapid pathogen extraction from liquid samples. EANP labeling improves signal amplification and expands signaling options to include optical and electrical detection. Carbohydrate ligands are inexpensive, robust structures that are increasingly synthesized for higher selectivity. Used in conjunction with optical or electrical detection of gold nanoparticles (AuNP), carbohydrate-functionalized MNP-cell-AuNP nano-biosensing advances the goal of being the FIRST biosensor of choice in detecting microbial pathogens throughout our food supply chain.
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Aktuganov GE, Safina VR, Galimzianova NF, Kuz’mina LY, Gilvanova EA, Boyko TF, Melent’ev AI. Chitosan Resistance of Bacteria and Micromycetes Differing in Ability to Produce Extracellular Chitinases and Chitosanases. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718050028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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21
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Investigation of chitosan’s antibacterial activity against vancomycin resistant microorganisms and their biofilms. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:369-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Atomic force microscopy for the investigation of molecular and cellular behavior. Micron 2016; 89:60-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Kulikov SN, Bayazitova LT, Tyupkina OF, Zelenikhin PV, Salnikova MM, Bezrodnykh EA, Tikhonov VE. Evaluation of a method for the determination of antibacterial activity of chitosan. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816050100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Nohut Maslakci N, Akalin RB, Ulusoy S, Oksuz L, Uygun Oksuz A. Electrospun Fibers of Chemically Modified Chitosan for in Situ Investigation of the Effect on Biofilm Formation with Quartz Crystal Microbalance Method. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Nohut Maslakci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Arts and Science, ‡Department of Biology,
Faculty of Arts and Science, and §Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ramadan Bilgin Akalin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Arts and Science, ‡Department of Biology,
Faculty of Arts and Science, and §Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Ulusoy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Arts and Science, ‡Department of Biology,
Faculty of Arts and Science, and §Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Lutfi Oksuz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Arts and Science, ‡Department of Biology,
Faculty of Arts and Science, and §Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Uygun Oksuz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Arts and Science, ‡Department of Biology,
Faculty of Arts and Science, and §Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
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25
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Wang C, Ehrhardt CJ, Yadavalli VK. Single cell profiling of surface carbohydrates on Bacillus cereus. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:rsif.2014.1109. [PMID: 25505137 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates are important to various bacterial activities and functions. It is well known that different types of Bacillus display heterogeneity of surface carbohydrate compositions, but detection of their presence, quantitation and estimation of variation at the single cell level have not been previously solved. Here, using atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based recognition force mapping coupled with lectin probes, the specific carbohydrate distributions of N-acetylglucosamine and mannose/glucose were detected, mapped and quantified on single B. cereus surfaces at the nanoscale across the entire cell. Further, the changes of the surface carbohydrate compositions from the vegetative cell to spore were shown. These results demonstrate AFM-based 'recognition force mapping' as a versatile platform to quantitatively detect and spatially map key bacterial surface biomarkers (such as carbohydrate compositions), and monitor in situ changes in surface biochemical properties during intracellular activities at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Christopher J Ehrhardt
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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26
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López-Jiménez L, Fusté E, Martínez-Garriga B, Arnabat-Domínguez J, Vinuesa T, Viñas M. Effects of photodynamic therapy on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:1519-26. [PMID: 25917515 PMCID: PMC4475243 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are involved in almost all infectious pathologies of the oral cavity. This has led to the search for novel therapies specifically aimed at biofilm elimination. In this study, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize injuries and to determine surface roughness, as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to enumerate live and dead bacterial cells, to determine the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. The AFM images showed that PDT consisting of methylene blue and a 670-nm diode laser (output power 280 mW during 30 s) or toluidine blue and a 628-nm LED light (output power 1000 mW during 30 s) induced severe damage, including cell lysis, to E. faecalis biofilms, with the former also causing an important increase in surface roughness. These observations were confirmed by the increase in dead cells determined using CLSM. Our results highlight the potential of PDT as a promising method to achieve successful oral disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L López-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, IDIBELL-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Li Z, Yang F, Yang R. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan derivatives with dual-antibacterial functional groups. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:378-87. [PMID: 25666853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With the aim to discover chitosan derivatives with enhanced antibacterial activity and good water solubility compared with natural chitosan, a novel O-quaternary ammonium N-acyl thiourea chitosan (OQCATUCS) bearing double antibacterial groups with different degrees of substitution has been synthesized. The derivative was characterized by FTIR, (13)C NMR, elemental analysis, XRD, TGA and zeta potential analysis. Water solubility was also investigated. The antimicrobial activities of chitosan and its derivatives were investigated by assessing the mortality rates of Staphyloccocus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. The order of antibacterial activities was O-quaternary ammonium N-acyl thiourea chitosan (OQCATUCS)>O-quaternary ammonium chitosan (OQCS)>chitosan (CS). The zeta potential and antibacterial results indicated that the introduced quaternary ammonium and thiourea groups increased the positive charge of chitosan derivative, thereby enhanced its antibacterial activity. The mechanism of chitosan derivatives against E. coli and S. aureus was evaluated via analyzing integrity of cell membranes and transmission electron microscopy data. These results demonstrated that OQCATUCS killed the bacteria via disrupting the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rendang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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28
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Pedro HSDS, Francinalva DDM, Martina GDOP, Julio CQ, Rayanne IMDS, Patricia MB, Daniela PDM, Pollianna MA, Ana CDDM. Antimicrobial potential of chitosan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2014.7235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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29
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WANG CONGZHOU, STANCIU CRISTINA, EHRHARDT CHRISTOPHERJ, YADAVALLI VAMSIK. Morphological and mechanical imaging of Bacillus cereus
spore formation at the nanoscale. J Microsc 2015; 258:49-58. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CONGZHOU WANG
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia 23284 U.S.A
| | - CRISTINA STANCIU
- Department of Forensic Science; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia 23284 U.S.A
| | - CHRISTOPHER J. EHRHARDT
- Department of Forensic Science; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia 23284 U.S.A
| | - VAMSI K. YADAVALLI
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia 23284 U.S.A
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30
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Costa E, Silva S, Costa M, Pereira M, Campos D, Odila J, Madureira A, Cardelle-Cobas A, Tavaria F, Rodrigues A, Pintado M. Chitosan mouthwash: Toxicity and in vivo validation. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:385-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Pérez Cordero A, Rojas Sierra J, Rodriguez Ruiz J, Arrieta Alvarez I, Arrieta Alvarez Y, Rodríguez Carrascal A. Actividad antibacteriana de soluciones acidas de quitosano obtenido de exoesqueleto de camarón. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v16n1.44251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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32
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Longo G, Kasas S. Effects of antibacterial agents and drugs monitored by atomic force microscopy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 6:230-44. [PMID: 24616433 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Originally invented for topographic imaging, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has evolved into a multifunctional biological toolkit, enabling to measure structural and functional details of cells and molecules. Its versatility and the large scope of information it can yield make it an invaluable tool in any biologically oriented laboratory, where researchers need to perform characterizations of living samples as well as single molecules in quasi-physiological conditions and with nanoscale resolution. In the last 20 years, AFM has revolutionized the characterization of microbial cells by allowing a better understanding of their cell wall and of the mechanism of action of drugs and by becoming itself a powerful diagnostic tool to study bacteria. Indeed, AFM is much more than a high-resolution microscopy technique. It can reconstruct force maps that can be used to explore the nanomechanical properties of microorganisms and probe at the same time the morphological and mechanical modifications induced by external stimuli. Furthermore it can be used to map chemical species or specific receptors with nanometric resolution directly on the membranes of living organisms. In summary, AFM offers new capabilities and a more in-depth insight in the structure and mechanics of biological specimens with an unrivaled spatial and force resolution. Its application to the study of bacteria is extremely significant since it has already delivered important information on the metabolism of these small microorganisms and, through new and exciting technical developments, will shed more light on the real-time interaction of antimicrobial agents and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Longo
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, LPMV, Lausanne, Switzerland; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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33
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Pillet F, Chopinet L, Formosa C, Dague E. Atomic Force Microscopy and pharmacology: from microbiology to cancerology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1028-50. [PMID: 24291690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been extensively used to study biological samples. Researchers take advantage of its ability to image living samples to increase our fundamental knowledge (biophysical properties/biochemical behavior) on living cell surface properties, at the nano-scale. SCOPE OF REVIEW AFM, in the imaging modes, can probe cells morphological modifications induced by drugs. In the force spectroscopy mode, it is possible to follow the nanomechanical properties of a cell and to probe the mechanical modifications induced by drugs. AFM can be used to map single molecule distribution at the cell surface. We will focus on a collection of results aiming at evaluating the nano-scale effects of drugs, by AFM. Studies on yeast, bacteria and mammal cells will illustrate our discussion. Especially, we will show how AFM can help in getting a better understanding of drug mechanism of action. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates that AFM is a versatile tool, useful in pharmacology. In microbiology, it has been used to study the drugs fighting Candida albicans or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The major conclusions are a better understanding of the microbes' cell wall and of the drugs mechanism of action. In cancerology, AFM has been used to explore the effects of cytotoxic drugs or as an innovative diagnostic technology. AFM has provided original results on cultured cells, cells extracted from patient and directly on patient biopsies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review enhances the interest of AFM technologies for pharmacology. The applications reviewed range from microbiology to cancerology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Pillet
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Louise Chopinet
- CNRS, IPBS-UMR 5089, BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Cécile Formosa
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; CNRS, UMR 7565, SRSMC, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, UMR 7565, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
| | - Etienne Dague
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, INP, ISAE, UT1, UTM, LAAS, ITAV, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; CNRS; ITAV-USR 3505; F31106 Toulouse, France.
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34
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Jung J, Cavender G, Zhao Y. The contribution of acidulant to the antibacterial activity of acid soluble α- and β-chitosan solutions and their films. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:425-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Costa EM, Silva S, Madureira AR, Cardelle-Cobas A, Tavaria FK, Pintado MM. A comprehensive study into the impact of a chitosan mouthwash upon oral microorganism's biofilm formation in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 101:1081-6. [PMID: 24299877 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Modern dentistry emphasizes the importance of dental plaque control to improve oral health. To that end the development of oral care formulations has been geared toward the incorporation of antiplaque agents that may play a crucial role in oral health maintenance. In later years the research into antiplaque agents has led to the discovery of compounds with significant capability to affect biofilm formation. Among these compounds was chitosan, a polysaccharide which showed great ability to interfere with Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. As such the aim of this work was to incorporate chitosan into a mouthwash matrix and assess its effect upon biofilm formation of oral microorganisms. This assessment was performed via study of the impact the mouthwash upon microbial adherence, biofilm formation and mature biofilms. Additionally, the action of the chitosan mouthwash was compared with two commercially available mouthwashes. The results here obtained show that only the chitosan containing mouthwash was capable of interfering with all microorganisms' adherence, biofilm formation and mature biofilms while at the same time showing vastly superior activity than both commercial mouthwashes assayed. As such a chitosan mouthwash shows great potential as a natural and efficient alternative to traditional mouthwashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Costa
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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36
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Champer J, Patel J, Fernando N, Salehi E, Wong V, Kim J. Chitosan against cutaneous pathogens. AMB Express 2013; 3:37. [PMID: 23829873 PMCID: PMC3720194 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-3-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus are cutaneous pathogens that have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. We sought to determine if chitosan, a polymer of deacetylated chitin, could be used as a potential treatment against these bacteria. We found that higher molecular weight chitosan had superior antimicrobial properties compared to lower molecular weights, and that this activity occurred in a pH dependent manner. Electron and fluorescence microscopy revealed that chitosan forms aggregates and binds to the surface of bacteria, causing shrinkage of the bacterial membrane from the cell wall. Of special relevance, clinical isolates of P. acnes were vulnerable to chitosan, which could be combined with benzoyl peroxide for additive antibacterial effect. Chitosan also demonstrated significantly less cytotoxicity to monocytes than benzoyl peroxide. Overall, chitosan demonstrates many promising qualities for treatment of cutaneous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Champer
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Julie Patel
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathalie Fernando
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elaheh Salehi
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Victoria Wong
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jenny Kim
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Veterans Affairs, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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37
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Pinzón-Arango PA, Nagarajan R, Camesano TA. Interactions of Antimicrobial Peptide Chrysophsin-3 with Bacillus anthracis in Sporulated, Germinated, and Vegetative States. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:6364-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp400489u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola A. Pinzón-Arango
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
01609, United States
- U.S.
Army Natick Soldier Research,
Development and Engineering Center, Molecular Sciences and Engineering
Team, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Ramanathan Nagarajan
- U.S.
Army Natick Soldier Research,
Development and Engineering Center, Molecular Sciences and Engineering
Team, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Terri A. Camesano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
01609, United States
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38
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Costa EM, Silva S, Tavaria FK, Pintado MM. Study of the effects of chitosan upon Streptococcus mutans adherence and biofilm formation. Anaerobe 2013; 20:27-31. [PMID: 23454497 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this work was to access the potential use of high and low molecular weight chitosans as potential oral antimicrobials, particularly as antibiofilm agents. Chitosan's interference with Streptococcus mutans capability to adhere and form biofilms was assessed. Additionally the effect upon mature and polymicrobial biofilms was also evaluated. The results obtained showed that chitosan was capable of interfering with S. mutans adhesion and primary biofilm formation. This action was observed up to a week with little to none decrease in efficiency. In addition chitosan was capable of inhibiting biofilms formed by two microorganisms and was capable of acting upon mature biofilms leading to significant reductions (94%) in biofilm survival. However clear statistical differences (p < 0.05) were registered in all assays with, in most assays, HMw chitosan presenting higher efficiency than LMw chitosan. Considering this results chitosan's potential as a valid alternative to traditional antimicrobials in oral health it's evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Costa
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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39
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Antimicrobial peptide trichokonin VI-induced alterations in the morphological and nanomechanical properties of Bacillus subtilis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45818. [PMID: 23049870 PMCID: PMC3458079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are promising alternative antimicrobial agents compared to conventional antibiotics. Understanding the mode of action is important for their further application. We examined the interaction between trichokonin VI, a peptaibol isolated from Trichoderma pseudokoningii, and Bacillus subtilis, a representative Gram-positive bacterium. Trichokonin VI was effective against B. subtilis with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 25 µM. Trichokonin VI exhibited a concentration- and time-dependent effect against B. subtilis, which was studied using atomic force microscopy. The cell wall of B. subtilis collapsed and the roughness increased upon treatment with trichokonin VI. Nanoindentation experiments revealed a progressive decrease in the stiffness of the cells. Furthermore, the membrane permeabilization effect of trichokonin VI on B. subtilis was monitored, and the results suggest that the leakage of intracellular materials is a possible mechanism of action for trichokonin VI, which led to alterations in the morphological and nanomechanical properties of B. subtilis.
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Campos DA, Ribeiro AC, Costa EM, Fernandes JC, Tavaria FK, Araruna FB, Eiras C, Eaton P, Leite JRS, Manuela Pintado M. Study of antimicrobial activity and atomic force microscopy imaging of the action mechanism of cashew tree gum. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:270-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Boulbene B, Morchain J, Bonin MM, Janel S, Lafont F, Schmitz P. A combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental approach to quantify the adhesion force of bacterial cells attached to a plane surface. AIChE J 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Fernandes JC, Eaton P, Franco I, Ramos ÓS, Sousa S, Nascimento H, Gomes A, Santos-Silva A, Xavier Malcata F, Pintado ME. Evaluation of chitoligosaccharides effect upon probiotic bacteria. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:148-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Orelma H, Filpponen I, Johansson LS, Laine J, Rojas OJ. Modification of Cellulose Films by Adsorption of CMC and Chitosan for Controlled Attachment of Biomolecules. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:4311-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Orelma
- School of Science
and Technology,
Faculty of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Department
of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ilari Filpponen
- School of Science
and Technology,
Faculty of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Department
of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Leena-Sisko Johansson
- School of Science
and Technology,
Faculty of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Department
of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Janne Laine
- School of Science
and Technology,
Faculty of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Department
of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- School of Science
and Technology,
Faculty of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Department
of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Forest
Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Mellegård H, Kovács ÁT, Lindbäck T, Christensen BE, Kuipers OP, Granum PE. Transcriptional responses of Bacillus cereus towards challenges with the polysaccharide chitosan. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24304. [PMID: 21931677 PMCID: PMC3169574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of the polysaccharide chitosan towards different bacterial species has been extensively documented. The response mechanisms of bacteria exposed to this biopolymer and the exact molecular mechanism of action, however, have hardly been investigated. This paper reports the transcriptome profiling using DNA microarrays of the type-strain of Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579) exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of two water-soluble chitosan preparations with defined chemical characteristics (molecular weight and degree of acetylation (F(A))). The expression of 104 genes was significantly altered upon chitosan A (weight average molecular weight (M(w)) 36.0 kDa, F(A) = 0.01) exposure and 55 genes when treated with chitosan B (M(w) 28.4 kDa, F(A) = 0.16). Several of these genes are involved in ion transport, especially potassium influx (BC0753-BC0756). Upregulation of a potassium transporting system coincides with previous studies showing a permeabilizing effect on bacterial cells of this polymer with subsequent loss of potassium. Quantitative PCR confirmed the upregulation of the BC0753 gene encoding the K(+)-transporting ATPase subunit A. A markerless gene replacement method was used to construct a mutant strain deficient of genes encoding an ATP-driven K(+) transport system (Kdp) and the KdpD sensor protein. Growth of this mutant strain in potassium limiting conditions and under salt stress did not affect the growth pattern or growth yield compared to the wild-type strain. The necessity of the Kdp system for potassium acquisition in B. cereus is therefore questionable. Genes involved in the metabolism of arginine, proline and other cellular constituents, in addition to genes involved in the gluconeogenesis, were also significantly affected. BC2798 encoding a chitin binding protein was significantly downregulated due to chitosan exposure. This study provides insight into the response mechanisms of B. cereus to chitosan treatment and the significance of the Kdp system in potassium influx under challenging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Mellegård
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ákos T. Kovács
- Molecular Genetics Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toril Lindbäck
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn E. Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Oscar P. Kuipers
- Molecular Genetics Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Per E. Granum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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Physico-mechanical characterisation of cells using atomic force microscopy — Current research and methodologies. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 86:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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pH-dependent mode of antibacterial actions of low molecular weight water-soluble chitosan (LMWSC) against various pathogens. Macromol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-011-0812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mellegård H, From C, Christensen BE, Granum PE. Inhibition of Bacillus cereus spore outgrowth and multiplication by chitosan. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:218-25. [PMID: 21798612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is an endospore-forming bacterium able to cause food-associated illness. Different treatment processes are used in the food industry to reduce the number of spores and thereby the potential of foodborne disease. Chitosan is a polysaccharide with well-documented antibacterial activity towards vegetative cells. The activity against bacterial spores, spore germination and subsequent outgrowth and growth (the latter two events hereafter denoted (out)growth), however, is poorly documented. By using six different chitosans with defined macromolecular properties, we evaluated the effect of chitosan on Bacillus cereus spore germination and (out)growth using optical density assays and a dipicolinic acid release assay. (Out)growth was inhibited by chitosan, but germination was not. The action of chitosan was found to be concentration-dependent and also closely related to weight average molecular weight (M(w)) and fraction of acetylation (F(A)) of the biopolymer. Chitosans of low acetylation (F(A)=0.01 or 0.16) inhibited (out)growth more effectively than higher acetylated chitosans (F(A)=0.48). For the F(A)=0.16 chitosans with medium (56.8kDa) and higher M(w) (98.3kDa), a better (out)growth inhibition was observed compared to low M(w) (10.6kDa) chitosan. The same trend was not evident with chitosans of 0.48 acetylation, where the difference in activity between the low (19.6kDa) and high M(w) (163.0kDa) chitosans was only minor. In a spore test concentration corresponding to 10(2)-10(3)CFU/ml (spore numbers relevant to food), less chitosan was needed to suppress (out)growth compared to higher spore numbers (equivalent to 10(8)CFU/ml), as expected. No major differences in chitosan susceptibility between three different strains of B. cereus were detected. Our results contribute to a better understanding of chitosan activity towards bacterial spore germination and (out)growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Mellegård
- Dept. of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway
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Bhadra P, Mitra M, Das G, Dey R, Mukherjee S. Interaction of chitosan capped ZnO nanorods with Escherichia coli. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mercier-Bonin M, Dehouche A, Morchain J, Schmitz P. Orientation and detachment dynamics of Bacillus spores from stainless steel under controlled shear flow: modelling of the adhesion force. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 146:182-91. [PMID: 21402425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shear-flow induced spore detachment was performed under well-controlled laminar flow conditions, in a specially-designed shear stress flow chamber. By comparing detachment profiles of a panel of four strains, belonging to the B. cereus group (B. cereus and B. thuringiensis) and to less related Bacillus species (B. pumilus), it was shown that the spore ability of attaching to stainless steel, probed under dynamic conditions, was mainly affected by the presence (and number) of appendages. Adhesion force between the B. cereus 98/4 strain and stainless steel was quantified at nanoscale. To this aim, detachment results were combined with a theoretical modelling, based on the balance of hydrodynamic forces and torque exerted over a simplified spore model with a spherical form. The wall shear stress, required to remove 50% of the spores initially attached to stainless steel, was determined. On this basis, an adhesion force of 930 ± 390 pN was obtained. Real-time re-orientation of B. cereus 98/4 spores was experimentally established, by using a high-speed camera for tracking the motions of individual spores with high temporal and spatial resolution. Even though tethered to stainless steel without any detachment occurring, spores kept mobile on the substratum, probably due to the existence of discrete bonds or local clusters of anchoring sites, and tended to re-orientate in the flow direction, for minimizing hydrodynamic forces and torque exerted by fluid flow. A significant heterogeneity within the population was also observed, with the co-existence of both moving and immobile spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mercier-Bonin
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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50
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Atomic force microscopy analysis shows surface structure changes in carvacrol-treated bacterial cells. Res Microbiol 2011; 162:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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