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Lostao A, Lim K, Pallarés MC, Ptak A, Marcuello C. Recent advances in sensing the inter-biomolecular interactions at the nanoscale - A comprehensive review of AFM-based force spectroscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124089. [PMID: 36948336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular interactions underpin most processes inside the cell. Hence, a precise and quantitative understanding of molecular association and dissociation events is crucial, not only from a fundamental perspective, but also for the rational design of biomolecular platforms for state-of-the-art biomedical and industrial applications. In this context, atomic force microscopy (AFM) appears as an invaluable experimental technique, allowing the measurement of the mechanical strength of biomolecular complexes to provide a quantitative characterization of their interaction properties from a single molecule perspective. In the present review, the most recent methodological advances in this field are presented with special focus on bioconjugation, immobilization and AFM tip functionalization, dynamic force spectroscopy measurements, molecular recognition imaging and theoretical modeling. We expect this work to significantly aid in grasping the principles of AFM-based force spectroscopy (AFM-FS) technique and provide the necessary tools to acquaint the type of data that can be achieved from this type of experiments. Furthermore, a critical assessment is done with other nanotechnology techniques to better visualize the future prospects of AFM-FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Lostao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain; Fundación ARAID, Aragón, Spain.
| | - KeeSiang Lim
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - María Carmen Pallarés
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Arkadiusz Ptak
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan 60-925, Poland
| | - Carlos Marcuello
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.
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2
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A mathematical model of fibrinogen-mediated erythrocyte-erythrocyte adhesion. Commun Biol 2023; 6:192. [PMID: 36801914 PMCID: PMC9938206 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes are deformable cells that undergo progressive biophysical and biochemical changes affecting the normal blood flow. Fibrinogen, one of the most abundant plasma proteins, is a primary determinant for changes in haemorheological properties, and a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the adhesion between human erythrocytes is measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and its effect observed by micropipette aspiration technique, in the absence and presence of fibrinogen. These experimental data are then used in the development of a mathematical model to examine the biomedical relevant interaction between two erythrocytes. Our designed mathematical model is able to explore the erythrocyte-erythrocyte adhesion forces and changes in erythrocyte morphology. AFM erythrocyte-erythrocyte adhesion data show that the work and detachment force necessary to overcome the adhesion between two erythrocytes increase in the presence of fibrinogen. The changes in erythrocyte morphology, the strong cell-cell adhesion and the slow separation of the two cells are successfully followed in the mathematical simulation. Erythrocyte-erythrocyte adhesion forces and energies are quantified and matched with experimental data. The changes observed on erythrocyte-erythrocyte interactions may give important insights about the pathophysiological relevance of fibrinogen and erythrocyte aggregation in hindering microcirculatory blood flow.
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3
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Kahle ER, Patel N, Sreenivasappa HB, Marcolongo MS, Han L. Targeting cell-matrix interface mechanobiology by integrating AFM with fluorescence microscopy. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 176:67-81. [PMID: 36055517 PMCID: PMC9691605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensing at the interface of a cell and its surrounding microenvironment is an essential driving force of physiological processes. Understanding molecular activities at the cell-matrix interface has the potential to provide novel targets for improving tissue regeneration and early disease intervention. In the past few decades, the advancement of atomic force microscopy (AFM) has offered a unique platform for probing mechanobiology at this crucial microdomain. In this review, we describe key advances under this topic through the use of an integrated system of AFM (as a biomechanical testing tool) with complementary immunofluorescence (IF) imaging (as an in situ navigation system). We first describe the body of work investigating the micromechanics of the pericellular matrix (PCM), the immediate cell micro-niche, in healthy, diseased, and genetically modified tissues, with a focus on articular cartilage. We then summarize the key findings in understanding cellular biomechanics and mechanotransduction, in which, molecular mechanisms governing transmembrane ion channel-mediated mechanosensing, cytoskeleton remodeling, and nucleus remodeling have been studied in various cell and tissue types. Lastly, we provide an overview of major technical advances that have enabled more in-depth studies of mechanobiology, including the integration of AFM with a side-view microscope, multiple optomicroscopy, a fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) module, and a tensile stretching device. The innovations described here have contributed greatly to advancing the fundamental knowledge of extracellular matrix biomechanics and cell mechanobiology for improved understanding, detection, and intervention of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Kahle
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Neil Patel
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Harini B Sreenivasappa
- Cell Imaging Center, Office of Research and Innovation, Drexel University, PA 19104, United States
| | - Michele S Marcolongo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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4
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Mustapha F, Sengupta K, Puech PH. Protocol for measuring weak cellular traction forces using well-controlled ultra-soft polyacrylamide gels. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101133. [PMID: 35128476 PMCID: PMC8808286 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traction force microscopy (TFM) is a popular technique for studying cellular stresses; however, the reproducible fabrication of ultrasoft substrates for the reliable detection of weak cellular stresses (below 100 Pa) remains a challenge. Here, we describe a simple in vitro TFM protocol using such ultrasoft protein-coated polyacrylamide gels and wide-field fluorescence microscopy. We complement the protocol with open-source and in-house scripts for data analysis for the easy quantification of traction stresses, which is demonstrated here using peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Reproducible polyacrylamide gel-based TFM protocol to detect weak cellular stresses Use of open-source softwares to quantify traction stresses Application to measure immune cell stresses
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Mustapha
- Laboratoire Adhésion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, Marseille 13288, France.,Laboratoire Adhésion et Inflammation (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille 13288, France.,Laboratoire Adhésion et Inflammation (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille 13288, France.,CENTURI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.,Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINAM), CNRS - AMU UMR 7325, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- CENTURI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.,Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINAM), CNRS - AMU UMR 7325, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- Laboratoire Adhésion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, Marseille 13288, France.,Laboratoire Adhésion et Inflammation (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille 13288, France.,Laboratoire Adhésion et Inflammation (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille 13288, France.,CENTURI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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5
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Mangon A, Salaün D, Bouali ML, Kuzmić M, Quitard S, Thuault S, Isnardon D, Audebert S, Puech PH, Verdier-Pinard P, Badache A. iASPP contributes to cell cortex rigidity, mitotic cell rounding, and spindle positioning. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212730. [PMID: 34705028 PMCID: PMC8562848 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
iASPP is a protein mostly known as an inhibitor of p53 pro-apoptotic activity and a predicted regulatory subunit of the PP1 phosphatase, which is often overexpressed in tumors. We report that iASPP associates with the microtubule plus-end binding protein EB1, a central regulator of microtubule dynamics, via an SxIP motif. iASPP silencing or mutation of the SxIP motif led to defective microtubule capture at the cortex of mitotic cells, leading to abnormal positioning of the mitotic spindle. These effects were recapitulated by the knockdown of the membrane-to-cortex linker Myosin-Ic (Myo1c), which we identified as a novel partner of iASPP. Moreover, iASPP or Myo1c knockdown cells failed to round up upon mitosis because of defective cortical stiffness. We propose that by increasing cortical rigidity, iASPP helps cancer cells maintain a spherical geometry suitable for proper mitotic spindle positioning and chromosome partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Mangon
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Danièle Salaün
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Lala Bouali
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Mira Kuzmić
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Sabine Quitard
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Thuault
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Isnardon
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- Laboratoire Adhésion et Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix Marseille Université, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Verdier-Pinard
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Badache
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
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6
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Zak A, Merino-Cortés SV, Sadoun A, Mustapha F, Babataheri A, Dogniaux S, Dupré-Crochet S, Hudik E, He HT, Barakat AI, Carrasco YR, Hamon Y, Puech PH, Hivroz C, Nüsse O, Husson J. Rapid viscoelastic changes are a hallmark of early leukocyte activation. Biophys J 2021; 120:1692-1704. [PMID: 33730552 PMCID: PMC8204340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To accomplish their critical task of removing infected cells and fighting pathogens, leukocytes activate by forming specialized interfaces with other cells. The physics of this key immunological process are poorly understood, but it is important to understand them because leukocytes have been shown to react to their mechanical environment. Using an innovative micropipette rheometer, we show in three different types of leukocytes that, when stimulated by microbeads mimicking target cells, leukocytes become up to 10 times stiffer and more viscous. These mechanical changes start within seconds after contact and evolve rapidly over minutes. Remarkably, leukocyte elastic and viscous properties evolve in parallel, preserving a well-defined ratio that constitutes a mechanical signature specific to each cell type. Our results indicate that simultaneously tracking both elastic and viscous properties during an active cell process provides a new, to our knowledge, way to investigate cell mechanical processes. Our findings also suggest that dynamic immunomechanical measurements can help discriminate between leukocyte subtypes during activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zak
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France; Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Anaïs Sadoun
- Aix-Marseille University, LAI UM 61, Marseille, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille, France
| | - Farah Mustapha
- Aix-Marseille University, LAI UM 61, Marseille, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille, France; Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Avin Babataheri
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Integrative analysis of T cell activation team, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Dupré-Crochet
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Elodie Hudik
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Abdul I Barakat
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Yolanda R Carrasco
- B Lymphocyte Dynamics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- Aix-Marseille University, LAI UM 61, Marseille, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Integrative analysis of T cell activation team, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Nüsse
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Julien Husson
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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7
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Sadoun A, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Ghesquiere-Dierickx L, Wu A, Théodoly O, Limozin L, Hamon Y, Puech PH. Controlling T cells spreading, mechanics and activation by micropatterning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6783. [PMID: 33762632 PMCID: PMC7991639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We designed a strategy, based on a careful examination of the activation capabilities of proteins and antibodies used as substrates for adhering T cells, coupled to protein microstamping to control at the same time the position, shape, spreading, mechanics and activation state of T cells. Once adhered on patterns, we examined the capacities of T cells to be activated with soluble anti CD3, in comparison to T cells adhered to a continuously decorated substrate with the same density of ligands. We show that, in our hand, adhering onto an anti CD45 antibody decorated surface was not affecting T cell calcium fluxes, even adhered on variable size micro-patterns. Aside, we analyzed the T cell mechanics, when spread on pattern or not, using Atomic Force Microscopy indentation. By expressing MEGF10 as a non immune adhesion receptor in T cells we measured the very same spreading area on PLL substrates and Young modulus than non modified cells, immobilized on anti CD45 antibodies, while retaining similar activation capabilities using soluble anti CD3 antibodies or through model APC contacts. We propose that our system is a way to test activation or anergy of T cells with defined adhesion and mechanical characteristics, and may allow to dissect fine details of these mechanisms since it allows to observe homogenized populations in standardized T cell activation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Sadoun
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Inserm, CIML Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Martine Biarnes-Pelicot
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laura Ghesquiere-Dierickx
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Present Address: Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ambroise Wu
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Inserm, CIML Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Present Address: Department of Biophysics, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Olivier Théodoly
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Limozin
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Inserm, CIML Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France
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8
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Applications of atomic force microscopy in immunology. Front Med 2020; 15:43-52. [PMID: 32820379 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellular mechanics, a major regulating factor of cellular architecture and biological functions, responds to intrinsic stresses and extrinsic forces exerted by other cells and the extracellular matrix in the microenvironment. Cellular mechanics also acts as a fundamental mediator in complicated immune responses, such as cell migration, immune cell activation, and pathogen clearance. The principle of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and its three running modes are introduced for the mechanical characterization of living cells. The peak force tapping mode provides the most delicate and desirable virtues to collect high-resolution images of morphology and force curves. For a concrete description of AFM capabilities, three AFM applications are discussed. These applications include the dynamic progress of a neutrophil-extracellular-trap release by neutrophils, the immunological functions of macrophages, and the membrane pore formation mediated by perforin, streptolysin O, gasdermin D, or membrane attack complex.
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9
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Synchronous, Crosstalk-free Correlative AFM and Confocal Microscopies/Spectroscopies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7098. [PMID: 32341407 PMCID: PMC7184616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopies have become pillars of our characterization tools to observe biological systems and assemblies. Correlative and synchronous use of different microscopies relies on the fundamental assumption of non-interference during images acquisitions. In this work, by exploring the correlative use of Atomic Force Microscopy and confocal-Fluorescence-Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (AFM-FLIM), we quantify cross-talk effects occurring during synchronous acquisition. We characterize and minimize optomechanical forces on different AFM cantilevers interfering with normal AFM operation as well as spurious luminescence from the tip and cantilever affecting time-resolved fluorescence detection. By defining non-interfering experimental imaging parameters, we show accurate real-time acquisition and two-dimensional mapping of interaction force, fluorescence lifetime and intensity characterizing morphology (AFM) and local viscosity (FLIM) of gel and fluid phases separation of supported lipid model membranes. Finally, as proof of principle by means of synchronous force and fluorescence spectroscopies, we precisely tune the lifetime of a fluorescent nanodiamond positioned on the AFM tip by controlling its distance from a metallic surface. This opens up a novel pathway of quench sensing to image soft biological samples such as membranes since it does not require tip-sample mechanical contact in contrast with conventional AFM in liquid.
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10
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Simultaneous co-localized super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy: combined SIM and AFM platform for the life sciences. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1122. [PMID: 31980680 PMCID: PMC6981207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlating data from different microscopy techniques holds the potential to discover new facets of signaling events in cellular biology. Here we report for the first time a hardware set-up capable of achieving simultaneous co-localized imaging of spatially correlated far-field super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy, a feat only obtained until now by fluorescence microscopy set-ups with spatial resolution restricted by the Abbe diffraction limit. We detail system integration and demonstrate system performance using sub-resolution fluorescent beads and applied to a test sample consisting of human bone osteosarcoma epithelial cells, with plasma membrane transporter 1 (MCT1) tagged with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) at the N-terminal.
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11
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Boote C, Sigal IA, Grytz R, Hua Y, Nguyen TD, Girard MJA. Scleral structure and biomechanics. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 74:100773. [PMID: 31412277 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the eye's main load-bearing connective tissue, the sclera is centrally important to vision. In addition to cooperatively maintaining refractive status with the cornea, the sclera must also provide stable mechanical support to vulnerable internal ocular structures such as the retina and optic nerve head. Moreover, it must achieve this under complex, dynamic loading conditions imposed by eye movements and fluid pressures. Recent years have seen significant advances in our knowledge of scleral biomechanics, its modulation with ageing and disease, and their relationship to the hierarchical structure of the collagen-rich scleral extracellular matrix (ECM) and its resident cells. This review focuses on notable recent structural and biomechanical studies, setting their findings in the context of the wider scleral literature. It reviews recent progress in the development of scattering and bioimaging methods to resolve scleral ECM structure at multiple scales. In vivo and ex vivo experimental methods to characterise scleral biomechanics are explored, along with computational techniques that combine structural and biomechanical data to simulate ocular behaviour and extract tissue material properties. Studies into alterations of scleral structure and biomechanics in myopia and glaucoma are presented, and their results reconciled with associated findings on changes in the ageing eye. Finally, new developments in scleral surgery and emerging minimally invasive therapies are highlighted that could offer new hope in the fight against escalating scleral-related vision disorder worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Boote
- Structural Biophysics Research Group, School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, UK; Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Newcastle Research & Innovation Institute Singapore (NewRIIS), Singapore.
| | - Ian A Sigal
- Laboratory of Ocular Biomechanics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Rafael Grytz
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Yi Hua
- Laboratory of Ocular Biomechanics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Thao D Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Michael J A Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
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12
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Membrane Organization and Physical Regulation of Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors: A Biophysicist's Perspective. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:397-412. [PMID: 31352492 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptors at the membrane of immune cells are the central players of innate and adaptative immunity, providing effective defence mechanisms against pathogens or cancer cells. Their function is intimately linked to their position at and within the membrane which provides accessibility, mobility as well as membrane proximal cytoskeleton anchoring, all of these elements playing important roles in the final function and links to cellular actions. Understanding how immune cells integrate the specific signals received at their membrane to take a decision remains an immense challenge and a very active field of fundamental and applied research. Recent progress in imaging and micromanipulation techniques have led to an unprecedented refinement in the description of molecular structures and supramolecular assemblies at the immune cell membrane, and provided a glimpse into their dynamics and regulation by force. Several key elements have been scrutinized such as the roles of relative sizes of molecules, lateral organisation, motion in the membrane of the receptors, but also physical cues such as forces, mediated by cellular substrates of different rigidities or applied by the cell itself, in conjunction with its partner cell. We review here these recent discoveries associated with a description of the biophysical methods used. While a conclusive picture integrating all of these components is still lacking, mainly due to the implication of diverse and different mechanisms and spatio-temporal scales involved, the amount of quantitative data available opens the way for physical modelling and numerical simulations and new avenues for experimental research.
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13
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Wan Z, Shaheen S, Chau A, Zeng Y, Liu W. Imaging: Gear up for mechano-immunology. Cell Immunol 2019; 350:103926. [PMID: 31151736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells including B and T lymphocytes have a remarkable ability to sense the physical perturbations through their surface expressed receptors. At the advent of modern imaging technologies paired with biophysical methods, we have gained the understanding of mechanical forces exerted by immune cells to perform their functions. This review will go over the imaging techniques already being used to study mechanical forces in immune cells. We will also discuss the dire need for new modern technologies for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengpeng Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samina Shaheen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Alicia Chau
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingyue Zeng
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China.
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14
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Stylianou A, Kontomaris SV, Grant C, Alexandratou E. Atomic Force Microscopy on Biological Materials Related to Pathological Conditions. SCANNING 2019; 2019:8452851. [PMID: 31214274 PMCID: PMC6535871 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8452851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an easy-to-use, powerful, high-resolution microscope that allows the user to image any surface and under any aqueous condition. AFM has been used in the investigation of the structural and mechanical properties of a wide range of biological matters including biomolecules, biomaterials, cells, and tissues. It provides the capacity to acquire high-resolution images of biosamples at the nanoscale and allows at readily carrying out mechanical characterization. The capacity of AFM to image and interact with surfaces, under physiologically relevant conditions, is of great importance for realistic and accurate medical and pharmaceutical applications. The aim of this paper is to review recent trends of the use of AFM on biological materials related to health and sickness. First, we present AFM components and its different imaging modes and we continue with combined imaging and coupled AFM systems. Then, we discuss the use of AFM to nanocharacterize collagen, the major fibrous protein of the human body, which has been correlated with many pathological conditions. In the next section, AFM nanolevel surface characterization as a tool to detect possible pathological conditions such as osteoarthritis and cancer is presented. Finally, we demonstrate the use of AFM for studying other pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), through the investigation of amyloid fibrils and viruses, respectively. Consequently, AFM stands out as the ideal research instrument for exploring the detection of pathological conditions even at very early stages, making it very attractive in the area of bio- and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stylianou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2238, Cyprus
| | - Stylianos-Vasileios Kontomaris
- Mobile Radio Communications Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou, Athens 15780, Greece
- Athens Metropolitan College, Sorou 74, Marousi 15125, Greece
| | - Colin Grant
- Hitachi High-Technologies Europe, Techspace One, Keckwick Lane, Warrington WA4 4AB, UK
| | - Eleni Alexandratou
- Biomedical Optics and Applied Biophysics Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou, Athens 15780, Greece
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15
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Rossy J, Laufer JM, Legler DF. Role of Mechanotransduction and Tension in T Cell Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2638. [PMID: 30519239 PMCID: PMC6251326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell migration from blood to, and within lymphoid organs and tissue, as well as, T cell activation rely on complex biochemical signaling events. But T cell migration and activation also take place in distinct mechanical environments and lead to drastic morphological changes and reorganization of the acto-myosin cytoskeleton. In this review we discuss how adhesion proteins and the T cell receptor act as mechanosensors to translate these mechanical contexts into signaling events. We further discuss how cell tension could bring a significant contribution to the regulation of T cell signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Rossy
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia M Laufer
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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16
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Sadoun A, Puech PH. Quantifying CD95/cl-CD95L Implications in Cell Mechanics and Membrane Tension by Atomic Force Microscopy Based Force Measurements. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1557:139-151. [PMID: 28078590 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6780-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an invaluable tool to investigate the structure of biological material surfaces by imaging them at nanometer scale in physiological conditions. It can also be used to measure the forces and mechanics from single molecule interaction to cell-cell adhesion. Here, we present a methodology that allows to quantify cell elastic properties (using the Young modulus) and cell membrane tension modulated by CD95/cl-CD95L interactions by coupling nanoindentation and membrane tube pulling using suitably decorated AFM levers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Sadoun
- Aix Marseille Université, LAI UM 61, Marseille, 13288, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille, 13288, France.,CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille, 13288, France.,Laboratoire Adhésion et Inflammation (LAI), Case 937 - 163, avenue de Luminyy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- Aix Marseille Université, LAI UM 61, Marseille, 13288, France. .,Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille, 13288, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille, 13288, France. .,Laboratoire Adhésion et Inflammation (LAI), Case 937 - 163, avenue de Luminyy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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17
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Handschuh-Wang S, Wang T, Zhou X. Recent advances in hybrid measurement methods based on atomic force microscopy and surface sensitive measurement techniques. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08515j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summaries the recent progress of the combination of optical and non-optical surface sensitive techniques with the atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
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18
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Dillard P, Pi F, Lellouch AC, Limozin L, Sengupta K. Nano-clustering of ligands on surrogate antigen presenting cells modulates T cell membrane adhesion and organization. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:287-301. [PMID: 26887857 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the adhesion and molecular organization of the plasma membrane of T lymphocytes interacting with a surrogate antigen presenting cell comprising glass supported ordered arrays of antibody (α-CD3) nano-dots dispersed in a non-adhesive matrix of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The local membrane adhesion and topography, as well as the distribution of the T cell receptors (TCRs) and the kinase ZAP-70, are influenced by dot-geometry, whereas the cell spreading area is determined by the overall average density of the ligands rather than specific characteristics of the dots. TCR clusters are recruited preferentially to the nano-dots and the TCR cluster size distribution has a weak dot-size dependence. On the patterns, the clusters are larger, more numerous, and more enriched in TCRs, as compared to the homogeneously distributed ligands at comparable concentrations. These observations support the idea that non-ligated TCRs residing in the non-adhered parts of the proximal membrane are able to diffuse and enrich the existing clusters at the ligand dots. However, long distance transport is impaired and cluster centralization in the form of a central supramolecular cluster (cSMAC) is not observed. Time-lapse imaging of early cell-surface contacts indicates that the ZAP-70 microclusters are directly recruited to the site of the antibody dots and this process is concomitant with membrane adhesion. These results together point to a complex interplay of adhesion, molecular organization and activation in response to spatially modulated stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Dillard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM-UMR 7325, Marseille, 13288, France. and Laboratoire Adhésion & Inflammation Aix-Marseille Université\Inserm U1067\CNRS-UMR7333, Marseille 13288, France.
| | - Fuwei Pi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM-UMR 7325, Marseille, 13288, France.
| | - Annemarie C Lellouch
- Laboratoire Adhésion & Inflammation Aix-Marseille Université\Inserm U1067\CNRS-UMR7333, Marseille 13288, France.
| | - Laurent Limozin
- Laboratoire Adhésion & Inflammation Aix-Marseille Université\Inserm U1067\CNRS-UMR7333, Marseille 13288, France.
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM-UMR 7325, Marseille, 13288, France.
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19
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Macrophages facilitate the excystation and differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii sporozoites into tachyzoites following oocyst internalisation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33654. [PMID: 27641141 PMCID: PMC5027544 DOI: 10.1038/srep33654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasite of humans and animals, which is transmitted via oocysts in cat faeces or tissue cysts in contaminated meat. The robust oocyst and sporocyst walls protect the infective sporozoites from deleterious external attacks including disinfectants. Upon oocyst acquisition, these walls lose their integrity to let the sporozoites excyst and invade host cells following a process that remains poorly understood. Given the resistance of the oocyst wall to digestive enzymes and the ability of oocysts to cause parenteral infections, the present study investigated the possible contribution of macrophages in supporting sporozoite excystation following oocyst internalisation. By using single cell micromanipulations, real-time and time-point imaging techniques, we demonstrated that RAW macrophages could interact rapidly with oocysts and engulfed them by remodelling of their actin cytoskeleton. Internalised oocysts were associated to macrophage acidic compartments and showed evidences of wall disruption. Sporozoites were observed in macrophages containing oocyst remnants or in new macrophages, giving rise to dividing tachyzoites. All together, these results highlight an unexpected role of phagocytic cells in processing T. gondii oocysts, in line with non-classical routes of infection, and open new perspectives to identify chemical factors that lead to oocyst wall disruption under physiological conditions.
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20
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Cascione M, de Matteis V, Rinaldi R, Leporatti S. Atomic force microscopy combined with optical microscopy for cells investigation. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 80:109-123. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariafrancesca Cascione
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”; Università del Salento Via Monteroni; 73100 Lecce Italy
- Euromediterranean Center for Nanomaterial Modelling and Technology (ECMT) of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Istituto Nanoscienze; Via Arnesano 16, Lecce Italy
| | - Valeria de Matteis
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”; Università del Salento Via Monteroni; 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Rosaria Rinaldi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”; Università del Salento Via Monteroni; 73100 Lecce Italy
- Euromediterranean Center for Nanomaterial Modelling and Technology (ECMT) of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Istituto Nanoscienze; Via Arnesano 16, Lecce Italy
| | - Stefano Leporatti
- CNR Nantotec-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecoteckne, Via Monteroni; 73100, Lecce Italy
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