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Shao J, Liu W, Gao S, Chang H, Guo H. A recombinant multi-epitope trivalent vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in pigs. Virology 2024; 596:110103. [PMID: 38781710 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In order to develop a safe and effective broad-spectrum vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMDV), here, we developed a recombinant FMD multiple-epitope trivalent vaccine based on three distinct topotypes of FMDV. Potency of the vaccine was evaluated by immune efficacy in pigs. The results showed that the vaccine with no less than 25 μg of antigen elicited FMDV serotype O specific antibodies and neutralization antibodies by primary-booster regime, and offered immune protection to pigs. More importantly, the vaccine elicited not only the same level of neutralization antibodies against the three distinct topotypes of FMDV, but also provided complete protection in pigs from the three corresponding virus challenge. None of the fully protected pigs were able to generate anti-3ABC antibodies throughout the experiment, which implied the vaccine can offer sterilizing immunity. The vaccine elicited lasting-long high-level antibodies and effectively protected pigs from virulent challenge within six months of immunization. Therefore, we consider that this vaccine may be used in the future for the prevention and control of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China.
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, De Clercq K, Gubbins S, Klement E, Stegeman JA, Antoniou S, Aznar I, Broglia A, Papanikolaou A, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, Roberts HC. Scientific Opinion on the assessment of the control measures for category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Foot and Mouth Disease. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06632. [PMID: 34136003 PMCID: PMC8185624 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for foot and mouth disease (FMD). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, ii) monitoring period and iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection zone of 3 km and of the surveillance zone of 10 km are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. The monitoring period of 21 days was assessed as effective, and it was concluded that the protection and the surveillance zones comprise > 99% of the infections from an affected establishment if transmission occurred. Recommendations, provided for each of the scenarios assessed, aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to FMD.
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Tewari A, Ambrose H, Parekh K, Inoue T, Guitian J, Nardo AD, Paton DJ, Parida S. Development and Validation of Confirmatory Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Antibody ELISAs to Identify Infected Animals in Vaccinated Populations. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050914. [PMID: 34063385 PMCID: PMC8156621 DOI: 10.3390/v13050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)-endemic countries, vaccination is commonly used to control the disease, whilst in FMD-free countries, vaccination is considered as an option, in addition to culling the infected and in contact animals. FMD vaccines are mainly comprised of inactivated virions and stimulate protective antibodies to virus structural proteins. In contrast, infection with FMD virus leads to virus replication and additional antibody responses to viral nonstructural proteins (NSP). Therefore, antibodies against NSPs are used to differentiate infection in vaccinated animals (DIVA), in order to estimate the prevalence of infection or its absence. Another advantage of NSP antibody tests is that they detect FMD infection in the field, irrespective of the serotypes of virus in circulation. In cattle, the NSP tests that target the 3ABC polyprotein provides the highest sensitivity, detecting up to 90% of vaccinated animals that become carriers after exposure to infection, with a specificity of around 99%. Due to insufficient diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, detection of a low level of infection is difficult at the population level with a high degree of confidence. The low level of non-specific responses can be overcome by retesting samples scored positive using a second confirmatory test, which should have at least comparable sensitivity to the first test. In this study, six in-house tests were developed incorporating different NSP antigens, and validated using bovine sera from naïve animals, field cases and experimentally vaccinated and/or infected animals. In addition, two (short and long incubation) new commercial NSP tests based on 3ABC competitive blocking ELISAs (ID Screen® FMD NSP Competition, IDvet, France) were validated in this study. The two commercial ELISAs had very similar sensitivities and specificities that were not improved by lengthening the incubation period. Several of the new in-house tests had performance characteristics that were nearly as good as the commercial ELISAs. Finally, the in-house tests were evaluated for use as confirmatory tests following screening with the PrioCHECK® and ID Screen® FMDV NS commercial kits, to assess the diagnostic performance produced by a multiple testing strategy. The in-house tests could be used in series (to confirm) or in parallel (to augment) with the PrioCHECK® and IDvet® FMDV NS commercial kits, in order to improve either the specificity or sensitivity of the overall test system, although this comes at the cost of a reduction in the counterpart (sensitivity/specificity) parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Tewari
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Helen Ambrose
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Krupali Parekh
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Toru Inoue
- Department of Exotic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, 6-20-1, Josuihoncho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan;
| | - Javier Guitian
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - David James Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-7920512797
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Development and Validation of a Mucosal Antibody (IgA) Test to Identify Persistent Infection with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050814. [PMID: 34062811 PMCID: PMC8147266 DOI: 10.3390/v13050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that approximately 50% of cattle infected with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) may become asymptomatic carrier (persistently infected) animals. Although transmission of FMDV from carrier cattle to naïve cattle has not been demonstrated experimentally, circumstantial evidence from field studies has linked FMDV-carrier cattle to cause subsequent outbreaks. Therefore, the asymptomatic carrier state complicates the control and eradication of FMD. Current serological diagnosis using tests for antibodies to the viral non-structural proteins (NSP-ELISA) are not sensitive enough to detect all carrier animals, if persistently infected after vaccination and do not distinguish between carriers and non-carriers. The specificity of the NSP ELISA may also be reduced after vaccination, in particular after multiple vaccination. FMDV-specific mucosal antibodies (IgA) are not produced in vaccinated cattle but are elevated transiently during the acute phase of infection and can be detected at a high level in cattle persistently infected with FMDV, irrespective of their vaccination status. Therefore, detection of IgA by ELISA may be considered a diagnostic alternative to RT-PCR for assessing FMDV persistent infection in ruminants in both vaccinated and unvaccinated infected populations. This study reports on the development and validation of a new mucosal IgA ELISA for the detection of carrier animals using nasal, saliva, and oro-pharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples. The diagnostic performance of the IgA ELISA using nasal samples from experimentally vaccinated and infected cattle demonstrated a high level of specificity (99%) and an improved level of sensitivity (76.5%). Furthermore, the detection of carrier animals reached 96.9% when parallel testing of samples was carried out using both the IgA-ELISA and NSP-ELISA.
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Tewari A, Jain B, Bhatia AK. Multiplexed DIVA tests for rapid detection of FMDV infection/circulation in endemic countries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:545-554. [PMID: 31832714 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10263-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an important transboundary disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Due to FMD outbreaks, the annual economic losses in endemic countries range from USD 6.1 billion to 200 billion. It also restricts the export of animals/animal by-products to FMD-free countries. FMD-free countries can experience a more severe economic loss due to the culling of infected animals as experienced by the UK in 2001 outbreaks. In endemic countries outbreaks occur mainly due to unrestricted animal movements. This creates a difficult situation in an endemic setting for controlling FMD spread to nearby areas. During post-vaccination surveillance, testing of serum samples using single test may not be able to substantiate complete freedom from infection. Thus, there is a requirement of more sensitive, robust, and accurate diagnostic tests to detect the FMDV infection/virus circulation in the vaccinated population with more accuracy than the available diagnostic tests. This can be achieved by using multiple antigens and setting the criteria for the positivity/negativity of the samples. Thus, this review emphasizes the comparison and the practical utility of the available diagnostic tests which detect antibodies against single antigen with those which detect antibodies against multiple antigens in single testing. It also emphasizes the utility of these tests in PCP-FMD (Progressive Control Pathway for Foot-and-Mouth Disease) going on in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Tewari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India.
| | - Beenu Jain
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
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6
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Development and validation of a foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT serotype-specific 3ABC assay to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. J Virol Methods 2018; 255:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Fernandez-Sainz I, Medina GN, Ramirez-Medina E, Koster MJ, Grubman MJ, de Los Santos T. Adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease vaccine confers early and full protection against FMDV O1 Manisa in swine. Virology 2016; 502:123-132. [PMID: 28039799 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A human adenovirus (Ad5) vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O1-Manisa subunit vaccine (Ad5-O1Man) was engineered to deliver FMDV O1-Manisa capsid and capsid-processing proteins. Swine inoculated with Ad5-O1Man developed an FMDV-specific humoral response as compared to animals inoculated with an empty Ad5-vector. Vaccinated animals were completely protected against homologous challenge at 7 or 21 days post-vaccination. Potency studies exhibited a PD50 of about 107 pfu/animal while a dose of 4×107pfu/animal fully protected swine against FMDV intradermal challenge. In-vitro cross-neutralization analysis distinctly predicted that swine vaccinated with Ad5-O1Man would be protected against challenge with homologous FMDV O1Man Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) topotype and also against recent outbreak strains of Mya-98 South East Asia (SEA) lineage including O1-UK-2001 and O1-South Korea-2010. These results indicate that recombinant Ad5-O1Man is an effective, safe and cross-reacting vaccine that could potentially be used preventively and in outbreak situations, to control FMDV O Mya-98 lineage in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fernandez-Sainz
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; ORISE-PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; ORISE-PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Marla J Koster
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Marvin J Grubman
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
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Parida S, Fleming L, Gibson D, Hamblin PA, Grazioli S, Brocchi E, Paton DJ. Bovine Serum Panel for Evaluating Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Nonstructural Protein Antibody Tests. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:539-44. [PMID: 17823399 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of 36 sera has been assembled from experimental cattle that had been infected by inoculation or contact exposure with 4 serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) with or without prior vaccination. Virus replication and persistence had been characterized in all of the animals. The proportion of the sera scored positive by 5 tests for antibodies to the nonstructural proteins of FMDV varied, suggesting that the panel can discriminate between the sensitivity with which such tests are able to identify infected cattle. Use of this panel will help in assessment of new tests and quality control of existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Parida
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
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9
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Eschbaumer M, Stenfeldt C, Rekant SI, Pacheco JM, Hartwig EJ, Smoliga GR, Kenney MA, Golde WT, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Systemic immune response and virus persistence after foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of naïve cattle and cattle vaccinated with a homologous adenovirus-vectored vaccine. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:205. [PMID: 27634113 PMCID: PMC5025598 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to investigate host factors associated with the establishment of persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection, the systemic response to vaccination and challenge was studied in 47 steers. Eighteen steers that had received a recombinant FMDV A vaccine 2 weeks earlier and 29 non-vaccinated steers were challenged by intra-nasopharyngeal deposition of FMDV A24. For up to 35 days after challenge, host factors including complete blood counts with T lymphocyte subsets, type I/III interferon (IFN) activity, neutralizing and total FMDV-specific antibody titers in serum, as well as antibody-secreting cells (in 6 non-vaccinated animals) were characterized in the context of viral infection dynamics. Results Vaccination generally induced a strong antibody response. There was a transient peak of FMDV-specific serum IgM in non-vaccinated animals after challenge, while IgM levels in vaccinated animals did not increase further. Both groups had a lasting increase of specific IgG and neutralizing antibody after challenge. Substantial systemic IFN activity in non-vaccinated animals coincided with viremia, and no IFN or viremia was detected in vaccinated animals. After challenge, circulating lymphocytes decreased in non-vaccinated animals, coincident with viremia, IFN activity, and clinical disease, whereas lymphocyte and monocyte counts in vaccinated animals were unaffected by vaccination but transiently increased after challenge. The CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in non-vaccinated animals increased during acute infection, driven by an absolute decrease of CD8+ cells. Conclusions The incidence of FMDV persistence was 61.5 % in non-vaccinated and 54.5 % in vaccinated animals. Overall, the systemic factors examined were not associated with the FMDV carrier/non-carrier divergence; however, significant differences were identified between responses of non-vaccinated and vaccinated cattle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0838-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eschbaumer
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Steven I Rekant
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Juan M Pacheco
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - George R Smoliga
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Mary A Kenney
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - William T Golde
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
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10
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Inoue T, Parida S, Paton DJ, Linchongsubongkoch W, Mackay D, Oh Y, Aunpomma D, Gubbins S, Saeki T. Development and Evaluation of an Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Nonstructural Protein Antibody using a Chemically Synthesized 2B Peptide as Antigen. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:545-52. [PMID: 17121081 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty peptides were synthesized corresponding to hydrophilic clusters of amino acids within the sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural proteins (NSP). Six peptides were studied in more detail and the most promising, a 2B peptide, was evaluated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sera from naïve, vaccinated, and vaccinated-and-challenged cattle as well as bovine sera from field outbreaks. The performance of the new NSP peptide ELISA was compared to that of 4 commercial NSP ELISA kits. Antibody to 2B was detectable from the end of the first week to the second week after infection in most of the nonvaccinated animals and by the second to third week in vaccinated-and-challenged animals. The sensitivity of the 2B peptide ELISA was comparable to the 3ABC Ceditest ( Ceditest® FMDV-NS, Cedi Diagnostics B.V.; Chung et al., 2002). With some modification and further validation, this 2B test could be useful as a screening or conformational NSP test in postvaccination surveillance for FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Inoue
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kodaira, Tokyo 1187-0022, Japan
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11
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Complete Genome Sequences of Serotype O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses Recovered from Experimental Persistently Infected Cattle. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/4/e00606-15. [PMID: 26159521 PMCID: PMC4498108 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00606-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the complete genome sequences of the six serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses from persistently infected carrier cattle are reported here. No consistent amino acid changes were found in these viruses obtained from persistently infected cattle compared with the complete genome of the parent virus that was used to infect the cattle.
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12
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Parthiban ABR, Mahapatra M, Gubbins S, Parida S. Virus Excretion from Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus Carrier Cattle and Their Potential Role in Causing New Outbreaks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128815. [PMID: 26110772 PMCID: PMC4482020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) carrier cattle in causing new outbreaks is still a matter of debate and it is important to find out these carrier animals by post-outbreak serosurveillance to declare freedom from FMDV infection. In this study we explore the differences in viral shedding between carrier and non-carrier animals, quantify the transmission rate of FMDV infection from carriers to susceptible animals and identify potential viral determinants of viral persistence. We collected nasal and saliva samples from 32 vaccinated and 7 unvaccinated FMDV carrier cattle and 48 vaccinated and 13 unvaccinated non-carrier cattle (total n=100) during the acute phase of infection (up to 28 days post-challenge) and then from limited number of animals up to a maximum 168 days post-challenge. We demonstrate that unvaccinated cattle excrete significantly higher levels of virus for longer periods compared with vaccinated cattle and this is independent of whether or not they subsequently become carriers. By introducing naïve cattle in to the FMDV carrier population we show the risk of new outbreaks is clearly very low in controlled conditions, although there could still be a potential threat of these carrier animals causing new outbreaks in the field situation. Finally, we compared the complete genome sequences of viruses from carrier cattle with the challenge virus and found no evidence for viral determinants of the carrier state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Development of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against the 3B protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:389-97. [PMID: 25651918 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00594-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most highly contagious and economically devastating diseases, and it severely constrains the international trade of animals. Vaccination against FMD is a key element in the control of FMD. However, vaccination of susceptible animals raises critical issues, such as the differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals. The current study developed a reliable and rapid test to detect antibodies against the conserved, nonstructural proteins (NSPs) of the FMD virus (FMDV) to distinguish infected animals from vaccinated animals. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the FMDV NSP 3B was produced. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for FMDV/NSP antibody detection was developed using a recombinant 3ABC protein as the antigen and the 3B-specific MAb. Sera collected from naive, FMDV experimentally infected, vaccinated carrier, and noncarrier animals were tested using the 3B cELISA. The diagnostic specificity was 99.4% for naive animals (cattle, pigs, and sheep) and 99.7% for vaccinated noncarrier animals. The diagnostic sensitivity was 100% for experimentally inoculated animals and 64% for vaccinated carrier animals. The performance of this 3B cELISA was compared to that of four commercial ELISA kits using a panel of serum samples established by the World Reference Laboratory for FMD at The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom. The diagnostic sensitivity of the 3B cELISA for the panel of FMDV/NSP-positive bovine serum samples was 94%, which was comparable to or better than that of the commercially available NSP antibody detection kits. This 3B cELISA is a simple, reliable test to detect antibodies against FMDV nonstructural proteins.
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The use of serosurveys following emergency vaccination, to recover the status of “foot-and-mouth disease free where vaccination is not practised”. Vaccine 2014; 32:7050-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Detection of antibodies specific for foot-and-mouth disease virus infection using indirect ELISA based on recombinant nonstructural protein 2B. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1641-50. [PMID: 24420160 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of transboundary importance. In India, since the launch of the FMD control programme, there has been a substantial increase in the vaccinated bovine population. In this scenario, there is a need for additional locally developed non-structural protein (NSP)-based immnoassays for efficient identification of FMD virus (FMDV)-infected animals in the vaccinated population. The 2B NSP of FMDV, lacking the transmembrane domain (Δ2B), was expressed successfully in a prokaryotic system, and an indirect ELISA (I-ELISA) was developed and validated in this study. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the Δ2B I-ELISA were found to be 95.3 % and 94.6 %, respectively. In experimentally infected cattle, the assay could consistently detect Δ2B-NSP-specific antibodies from 10 to approximately 400 days postinfection. The assay was further validated with bovine serum samples collected randomly from different parts of the country. The performance of the Δ2B I-ELISA was compared with the in-house r3AB3 I-ELISA, and the overall concordance in test results was found to be 86.49 %. The Δ2B I-ELISA could be useful as a screening or confirmatory assay in the surveillance of FMD irrespective of vaccination.
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16
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Parida S. Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus: strategies and effectiveness. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:347-65. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Barnett PV, Geale DW, Clarke G, Davis J, Kasari TR. A Review of OIE Country Status Recovery Using Vaccinate-to-Live Versus Vaccinate-to-Die Foot-and-Mouth Disease Response Policies I: Benefits of Higher Potency Vaccines and Associated NSP DIVA Test Systems in Post-Outbreak Surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:367-87. [PMID: 24112127 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To rapidly return to trade, countries with OIE status, FMD-free country where vaccination is not practised, have destroyed emergency vaccinated animals, raising ethical concerns with respect to social values, the environment, animal welfare and global food security. This two-part review explores whether science could support eligibility to return to previous OIE status in 3 months irrespective of vaccinate-to-live or vaccinate-to-die policies. Here, we examine the benefits of higher potency (≥ 6 PD50 ), high-purity vaccines formulated from antigen banks for emergency use, their efficacy and performance in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) assays for post-outbreak surveillance. From an intensive programme of research, we conclude that high-quality, higher potency vaccines are proven to reduce FMD virus (FMDV) subclinical circulation and the risk of carriers. Broader coverage than predicted by serology suggests the potential to hold a few 'key' vaccine strains improving logistics and reducing the financial burden of antigen banks. The OIE should adopt formal definitions for emergency vaccination and emergency vaccines. In terms of supportive tools, we consider that the lack of OIE recognition of DIVA tests other than those of PANAFTOSA in cattle is a shortcoming. There is need for research on maternal antibody interference with DIVA tests and on the use of such tests to establish whether greater purification of vaccines improves performance. We consider that alignment of waiting periods for vaccinate-to-live and vaccinate-to-die in OIE Code Article 8.5.9 1 b. and c. is feasible until an acceptable level of statistical certainty for surveillance or target probability of freedom is established to substantiate the absence of FMDV infection or circulation. It is surveillance intensity rather than waiting periods that establishes the risk of residual FMDV. EU Directive 2003/85/EC implicitly recognizes this, permitting derogation of the OIE waiting periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Barnett
- Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - D W Geale
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - G Clarke
- Ministry of Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J Davis
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - T R Kasari
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, CO, USA
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18
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Chen HT, Liu YS. Immunity of foot-and-mouth disease serotype Asia 1 by sublingual vaccination. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63839. [PMID: 23717497 PMCID: PMC3661678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals, with severe agricultural and economic losses. Here we present study using a sublingual (SL) route with the killed serotype Asia 1 FMDV vaccine. Guinea pigs were vaccinated using a commercially available vaccine formulation at the manufacturer’s recommended full, 1/4, and 1/16 antigen doses. Animals were challenged with homologous FMDV Asia1 strain at various times following vaccination. All control guinea pigs exhibited clinical disease, including fever, viremia, and lesions, specifically vesicle formation in feet. Animals vaccinated with the 1/16 and 1/4 doses were protected after challenge at days 7, 28, and 35 post vaccination. These data suggest that effective protection against foot-and-mouth disease can be achieved with 1/16 of the recommended vaccine dose using SL vaccination, indicating that the sublingual route is an attractive alternative for the administration of the FMDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-tai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiologic Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (HTC); (YSL)
| | - Yong-sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiologic Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (HTC); (YSL)
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19
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Srisombundit V, Tungthumniyom N, Linchongsubongkoch W, Lekcharoensuk C, Sariya L, Ramasoota P, Lekcharoensuk P. Development of an inactivated 3C(pro)-3ABC (mu3ABC) ELISA to differentiate cattle infected with foot and mouth disease virus from vaccinated cattle. J Virol Methods 2013; 188:161-7. [PMID: 23305815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease, a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is still endemic in Asia, Africa, and a few countries in South America. Subclinical and persistent infections usually occur in vaccinated cattle exposed to FMDV. Successful control and eradication measures need a diagnostic assay that can distinguish between immune responses to infection and vaccination. The non-structural 3ABC ELISA is the most reliable differential diagnostic assay. However, expression of the native 3ABC gene in insect cells yielded truncated versions of the proteins; thus, a monoclonal antibody to capture digested proteins is needed to develop the assay. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple indirect 3ABC ELISA using complete 3ABC protein. The full-length mutated 3ABC protein with inactive 3C(pro) (mu3ABC) gene was constructed. The histidine-tagged mu3ABC protein was produced in insect cells for easy purification and measuring. This permits simple assay design and reproducible assay development. mu3ABC ELISA had diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of 96.6% and 84%, respectively, compared to Ceditest(®) FMDV-NS. Agreement of both assays was excellent with κ value of 0.823 (p<0.05). The mu3ABC ELISA could distinguish infected from vaccinated animals. These factors are necessary for the successful development of an in-house NSP-based ELISA. Availability of a reliable assay with acceptable costs would facilitate successful disease control and the establishment of disease-free zones. Expansion of such zones may ultimately decrease the risk of introducing FMDV into disease-free countries, thus accelerating global FMD control.
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Backer J, Engel B, Dekker A, van Roermund H. Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease II: Regaining FMD-free status. Prev Vet Med 2012; 107:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Pandya M, Pacheco JM, Bishop E, Kenney M, Milward F, Doel T, Golde WT. An alternate delivery system improves vaccine performance against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Vaccine 2012; 30:3106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Gao M, Zhang R, Li M, Li S, Cao Y, Ma B, Wang J. An ELISA based on the repeated foot-and-mouth disease virus 3B epitope peptide can distinguish infected and vaccinated cattle. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1271-9. [PMID: 22207215 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingchun Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
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23
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Modelling foot-and-mouth disease virus dynamics in oral epithelium to help identify the determinants of lysis. Bull Math Biol 2010; 73:1503-28. [PMID: 20725794 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-010-9576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed livestock; of interest here is the difference in lytic behaviour that is observed in bovine epithelium. On the skin around the feet and tongue, the virus rapidly replicates, killing cells, and resulting in growing lesions, before eventually being cleared by the immune response. In contrast, there is usually minimal lysis in the soft palate, but virus may persist in tissue long after the animal has recovered from the disease. Persistence of virus has important implications for disease control, while identifying the determinant of lysis in epithelium is potentially important for the development of prophylactics. To help identify which of the differences between oral and pharyngeal epithelium are responsible for such dramatically divergent FMDV dynamics, a simple model has been developed, in which virus concentration is made explicit to allow the lytic behaviour of cells to be fully considered. Results suggest that localised structuring of what are fundamentally similar cells can induce a bifurcation in the behaviour of the system, explicitly whether infection can be sustained or results in mutual extinction, although parameter estimates indicate that more complex factors may be involved in maintaining viral persistence, or that there are as yet unquantified differences between the intrinsic properties of cells in these regions.
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24
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Maddur MS, Kishore S, Chockalingam AK, Gopalakrishna S, Singh N, Suryanarayana VV, Gajendragad MR. The relationship between cellular immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus Asia 1 and viral persistence in Indian cattle (Bos indicus). Res Vet Sci 2010; 89:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Yang S, Yang J, Zhang G, Qiao S, Wang X, Zhao D, Li X, Deng R, Zhi A, You L, Chai S, Teng M. Development of a Peptide-Based Immunochromatographic Strip for Differentiation of Serotype OFoot-and-Mouth Disease Virus—Infected Pigs from Vaccinated Pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:412-5. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuannian Wang
- Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewu Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiguang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Leiming You
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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26
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Uttenthal A, Parida S, Rasmussen TB, Paton DJ, Haas B, Dundon WG. Strategies for differentiating infection in vaccinated animals (DIVA) for foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:73-87. [PMID: 20021307 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The prophylactic use of vaccines against exotic viral infections in production animals is undertaken exclusively in regions where the disease concerned is endemic. In such areas, the infection pressure is very high and so, to assure optimal protection, the most efficient vaccines are used. However, in areas considered to be free from these diseases and in which there is the possibility of only limited outbreaks, the use of Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) or marker vaccines allows for vaccination while still retaining the possibility of serological surveillance for the presence of infection. This literature review describes the current knowledge on the use of DIVA diagnostic strategies for three important transboundary animal diseases: foot-and-mouth disease in cloven-hoofed animals, classical swine fever in pigs and avian influenza in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ase Uttenthal
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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27
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The effect of vaccination on undetected persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle herds and sheep flocks. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137:1494-504. [PMID: 19288960 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809002349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of carrier animals (those in whom virus persists after recovery from disease or acute infection) and their potential role in the spread of disease remain open questions within foot-and-mouth disease epidemiology. Using simple probabilistic models we attempt to quantify the effect of emergency vaccination--and especially the time of application--on the likely number of such animals, using data from challenge experiments on both cattle and sheep to determine the probability of persistence in diseased and subclinically infected animals. We show that the number of persistently infected animals in a group is predominantly determined by the number of animals initially infected on premises--the high variability of which ultimately limits the accuracy of any predictions of carrier numbers based upon transmission models. Furthermore, results suggest that, within a cattle herd, carrier numbers may be increased if challenge occurs shortly after vaccination. We show that the quality of inspection is the principal factor influencing whether or not carrier herds occur and that, by reducing clinical signs, the application of vaccination in regularly checked stock also results in an increase in undetected persistently infected animals. Where clinical detection would be poor regardless of the use of vaccination (i.e. particularly in sheep), vaccination will result in a reduction in the probability of a group containing undetected carriers: otherwise there is a benefit only if vaccination is applied sufficiently far in advance of any challenge. The implications of the results for serosurveillance are discussed, including the requisite test sensitivity and practices for successful implementation.
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Cox SJ, Barnett PV. Experimental evaluation of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines for emergency use in ruminants and pigs: a review. Vet Res 2008; 40:13. [PMID: 19040829 PMCID: PMC2695037 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2008051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control policies since 2001 mean that emergency vaccination must be considered more readily as a control measure in the future. Since field application of vaccine for emergency use has only rarely been applied, the effectiveness of single dose administration, as a control measure in an outbreak situation, is poorly understood. In this review we consider all the available experimental data from studies utilizing either experimental or readily available, commercially produced vaccines, in order to assess their likely effectiveness as an additional means of controlling FMD transmission and spread in an emergency. Overall it is concluded that such vaccines offer an additional and valuable means of FMD control for both ruminants and pigs. They are able to reduce clinical disease, sub-clinical infection and excretion and onward transmission of virus. However, to be most effective, vaccination should be rapidly applied to give maximum opportunity for immunity to develop. We also identify areas for future research and emphasize the importance of vaccine efficacy studies in providing data for models that can help to predict the efficacy of differing FMD control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Cox
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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29
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Pena L, Moraes MP, Koster M, Burrage T, Pacheco JM, Segundo FDS, Grubman MJ. Delivery of a foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid subunit antigen with nonstructural protein 2B improves protection of swine. Vaccine 2008; 26:5689-99. [PMID: 18762225 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To develop a more efficacious human adenovirus (Ad5)-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) subunit vaccine (Ad5-A24) we have included coding regions for FMDV nonstructural proteins 2B and 2C. These proteins are involved in membrane re-arrangements resulting in the proliferation of cytoplasmic vesicles which serve as the sites of virus replication. Cells infected with a vector containing full-length 2B (Ad5-CI-A24-2B) had a significant increase in the number of cytoplasmic vesicles as compared to cells infected with the original vector or a vector containing full-length 2BC. Swine inoculated with Ad5-CI-A24-2B developed an enhanced FMDV-specific neutralizing antibody response as compared to animals inoculated with the original vector and showed no clinical signs of disease after challenge. In a second experiment animals vaccinated with Ad5-CI-A24-2B were not fully protected but had a more rapid and robust humoral response and two out of three pigs had delayed and less severe disease than animals in the other vaccinated groups. These results suggest that incorporation of the complete coding region of 2B into the vaccine enhances its potency and protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindomar Pena
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, NAA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
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Maddur MS, Mohan MS, Gajendragad MR, Kishore S, Chockalingam AK, Suryanarayana VVS, Gopalakrishna S, Singh N. Enhanced mucosal immune response in cattle persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:337-43. [PMID: 18656268 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type Asia 1 was examined in experimentally infected cattle by assaying antibodies by the virus-neutralizing test (VNT) and IgA ELISA in two secretory fluids, oesophageal pharyngeal fluid (OPF) and oro-nasal fluid (ONF). Out of 17 animals infected by the intradermo-lingual route, 12 became persistently infected (carriers), as defined by positive antigen capture RT-PCR reactions for FMDV RNA in OPF samples collected at 28 days or later after exposure. This proportion of carriers (71%) with FMDV Asia 1 is comparable to other serotypes of the virus. When the two groups were examined, the carriers and non-carriers showed no difference in the serum antibody titre until the end of the experiment at 182 days post-infection (DPI). However, despite an initial similarity significantly higher neutralizing antibody titres and FMDV-specific IgA response were detected among the carriers than the non-carriers in both of the secretory fluids. The response was higher and more stable in ONF compared to OPF. Thus, mucosal antibody assays have the potential to be used as a means of differentiating carrier from non-carrier cattle. Furthermore, the findings are consistent with the higher mucosal antibody response in carriers being an effect of persistent infection rather than the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan S Maddur
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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31
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Cox SJ, Parida S, Voyce C, Reid SM, Hamblin PA, Hutchings G, Paton DJ, Barnett PV. Further evaluation of higher potency vaccines for early protection of cattle against FMDV direct contact challenge. Vaccine 2007; 25:7687-95. [PMID: 17913309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of administering higher payload FMD vaccines 10 days prior to severe direct contact challenge on protection from clinical disease and sub-clinical infection was investigated in cattle using two antigen payloads (single strength and 10-fold). Regardless of antigen payload, vaccination was shown to significantly reduce the number of clinically infected animals, and significantly reduce virus excretion shortly after challenge, when compared with the unvaccinated group (P<0.05). Although FMDV transmission occurred from single strength vaccinated infected cattle to similarly vaccinated cattle held in indirect contact, no disease was induced in these animals. These studies further confirm that emergency vaccination does significantly reduce clinical disease and sub-clinical virus replication and excretion, particularly early post exposure, thereby reducing the possibility of transmission between animals and herds. To be most effective, however, the results also substantiate that time of vaccination prior to challenge significantly influences the number of animals becoming infected, so the decision to vaccinate should be made swiftly, to allow maximum opportunity for protective immunity to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Cox
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road Pirbright Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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32
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Perkins J, Parida S, Clavijo A. Use of a standardized bovine serum panel to evaluate a multiplexed nonstructural protein antibody assay for serological surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:1472-82. [PMID: 17913861 PMCID: PMC2168180 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00227-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Liquid array technology has previously been used to show proof of principle of a multiplexed nonstructural protein serological assay to differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated animals. The current multiplexed assay consists of synthetically produced peptide signatures 3A, 3B, and 3D and the recombinant protein signature 3ABC in combination with four controls. To determine the diagnostic specificity of each signature in the multiplex, the assay was evaluated against a naive population (n = 104) and a vaccinated population (n = 94). Subsequently, the multiplexed assay was assessed by using a panel of bovine sera generated by the World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease in Pirbright, United Kingdom. This serum panel has been used to assess the performance of other singleplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based nonstructural protein antibody assays. The 3ABC signature in the multiplexed assay showed performance comparable to that of a commercially available nonstructural protein 3ABC ELISA (Cedi test), and additional information pertaining to the relative diagnostic sensitivity of each signature in the multiplex was acquired in one experiment. The encouraging results of the evaluation of the multiplexed assay against a panel of diagnostically relevant samples promote further assay development and optimization to generate an assay for routine use in foot-and-mouth disease serological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Perkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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Hema M, Nagendrakumar SB, Yamini R, Chandran D, Rajendra L, Thiagarajan D, Parida S, Paton DJ, Srinivasan VA. Chimeric tymovirus-like particles displaying foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein epitopes and its use for detection of FMDV-NSP antibodies. Vaccine 2007; 25:4784-94. [PMID: 17499404 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Physalis mottle tymovirus (PhMV) coat protein (CP) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) was earlier shown to self-assemble into empty capsids that are nearly identical to the capsids formed in vivo. Aminoacid substitutions were made at the N-terminus of wild-type PhMV CP with single or tandem repeats of infection related B-cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) non-structural proteins (NSPs) 3B1, 3B2, 3AB, 3D and 3ABD of lengths 48, 66, 49, 51 and 55, respectively to produce chimeras pR-Ph-3B1, pR-Ph-3B2, pR-Ph- 3AB, pR-Ph-3D and pR-Ph-3ABD. Expression of these constructs in E. coli resulted in chimeric proteins which self-assembled into chimeric tymovirus-like particles (TVLPs), Ph-3B1, Ph-3B2, Ph-3AB, Ph-3D and Ph-3ABD as determined by ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. Ph-3B1, Ph-3B2, Ph-3AB and Ph-3ABD reacted with polyclonal anti-3AB antibodies in ELISA and electroblot immunoassay, while wild-type PhMV TVLP and Ph-3D antigens did not react. An indirect ELISA (I-ELISA) was developed using Ph-3AB to detect FMDV-NSP antibodies in sera of animals that showed clinical signs of FMD. Field serum samples from cattle, buffalos, sheep, goats and pigs were examined by using these chimeric TVLPs for the differentiation of FMDV infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA). The assay was demonstrated to be highly specific (100%) and reproducible with sensitivity levels (94%) comparable to the Ceditest kit (P>0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masarapu Hema
- Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Paton DJ, de Clercq K, Greiner M, Dekker A, Brocchi E, Bergmann I, Sammin DJ, Gubbins S, Parida S. Application of non-structural protein antibody tests in substantiating freedom from foot-and-mouth disease virus infection after emergency vaccination of cattle. Vaccine 2006; 24:6503-12. [PMID: 16872727 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been much debate about the use of the so-called "vaccinate-to-live" policy for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Europe, according to which, spread of the FMD virus (FMDV) from future outbreaks could be controlled by a short period of "emergency" vaccination of surrounding herds, reducing the need for large-scale preemptive culling of at-risk animals. Since vaccinated animals may become subclinically infected with FMDV following challenge exposure, it is necessary to either remove all vaccinates (vaccinate-to-kill) or to detect and remove vaccinates in which virus is circulating or has established persistent infections (vaccinate-to-live), in order to rapidly regain the most favoured trading status of FMD-free without vaccination. The latter approach can be supported by testing vaccinated animals for the presence of antibodies to certain non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMDV, which are induced by infection with the virus, but not by vaccination with purified FMD vaccines. Using test sensitivity and specificity data established at a recent workshop on NSP assays [Brocchi E, Bergmann I, Dekker A, Paton DJ, Sammin DJ, Greiner M, et al. Comparative performance of six ELISAs for antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease. Vaccine, in press], this paper examines the ways in which serological testing with NSP ELISAs can be used and interpreted and the effect that this will have on the confidence with which freedom from infection can be demonstrated within guidelines specified by the World Animal Health Organisation and the European Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Paton
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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