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Danielewicz N, Rosato F, Dai W, Römer W, Turnbull WB, Mairhofer J. Microbial carbohydrate-binding toxins – From etiology to biotechnological application. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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2
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Emerson J, Kara B, Glassey J. Multivariate data analysis in cell gene therapy manufacturing. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107637. [PMID: 32980438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of cell gene therapy (CGT) as a safe and efficacious treatment for numerous severe inherited and acquired human diseases has led to growing interest and investment in new CGT products. The most successful of these have been autologous viral vector-based treatments. The development of viral vector manufacturing processes and ex vivo patient cell processing capabilities is a pressing issue in the advancement of autologous viral vector-based CGT treatments. In viral vector production, scale-up is a critical task due to the limited scalability of traditional laboratory systems and the demand for high volumes of viral vector manufactured in accordance with current good manufacturing practice. Ex vivo cell processing methods require optimisation and automation before they can be scaled out, and several other manufacturing challenges are prevalent such as high levels of raw material and process variability, difficulty characterising complex materials, and a lack of knowledge of critical process parameters and their effect on critical quality attributes of the viral vector and cell drug products. Multivariate data analysis (MVDA) has been leveraged successfully in a variety of applications in the chemical and biochemical industries, including for tasks such as bioprocess monitoring, identification of critical process parameters and assessment of process variability and comparability during process development, scale-up and technology transfer. Henceforth, MVDA is reviewed here as a suitable tool for tackling some of the challenges faced in the development of CGT manufacturing processes. A summary of some key CGT manufacturing challenges is provided along with a review of MVDA applications to mammalian and microbial processes, and an exploration of the potential benefits, requirements and pre-requisites of MVDA applications in the development of CGT manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Emerson
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Bo Kara
- Currently, Evox Therapeutics, Medawar Centre, Oxford OX4 4HG, UK.
| | - Jarka Glassey
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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Thalen M, Debrie AS, Coutte L, Raze D, Solovay K, Rubin K, Mielcarek N, Locht C. Manufacture of a Stable Lyophilized Formulation of the Live Attenuated Pertussis Vaccine BPZE1. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030523. [PMID: 32933132 PMCID: PMC7565209 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pertussis vaccines protect against disease, but not against colonization by and transmission of Bordetella pertussis, whereas natural infection protects against both. The live attenuated vaccine BPZE1 was developed to mimic immunogenicity of natural infection without causing disease, and in preclinical models protected against pertussis disease and B. pertussis colonization after a single nasal administration. Phase 1 clinical studies showed that BPZE1 is safe and immunogenic in humans when administered as a liquid formulation, stored at ≤-70 °C. Although BPZE1 is stable for two years at ≤-70 °C, a lyophilized formulation stored at ≥5 °C is required for commercialization. The development of a BPZE1 drug product, filled and lyophilized directly in vials, showed that post-lyophilization survival of BPZE1 depended on the time of harvest, the lyophilization buffer, the time between harvest and lyophilization, as well as the lyophilization cycle. The animal component-free process, well defined in terms of harvest, processing and lyophilization, resulted in approximately 20% survival post-lyophilization. The resulting lyophilized drug product was stable for at least two years at -20 °C ± 10 °C, 5 °C ± 3 °C and 22.5 °C ± 2.5 °C and maintained its vaccine potency, as evaluated in a murine protection assay. This manufacturing process thus enables further clinical and commercial development of BPZE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Thalen
- ILiAD Biotechnologies, New York, NY 10003, USA; (M.T.); (K.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Anne-Sophie Debrie
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institute Pasteur de Lille, U1019–UMR9017–CIIL–Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.-S.D.); (L.C.); (D.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Loic Coutte
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institute Pasteur de Lille, U1019–UMR9017–CIIL–Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.-S.D.); (L.C.); (D.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Dominique Raze
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institute Pasteur de Lille, U1019–UMR9017–CIIL–Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.-S.D.); (L.C.); (D.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Ken Solovay
- ILiAD Biotechnologies, New York, NY 10003, USA; (M.T.); (K.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Keith Rubin
- ILiAD Biotechnologies, New York, NY 10003, USA; (M.T.); (K.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Nathalie Mielcarek
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institute Pasteur de Lille, U1019–UMR9017–CIIL–Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.-S.D.); (L.C.); (D.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Camille Locht
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institute Pasteur de Lille, U1019–UMR9017–CIIL–Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.-S.D.); (L.C.); (D.R.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-320-87-11-51
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Raeven RHM, van Vlies N, Salverda MLM, van der Maas L, Uittenbogaard JP, Bindels THE, Rigters J, Verhagen LM, Kruijer S, van Riet E, Metz B, van der Ark AAJ. The Role of Virulence Proteins in Protection Conferred by Bordetella pertussis Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E429. [PMID: 32751680 PMCID: PMC7563335 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited protective immunity induced by acellular pertussis vaccines demands development of novel vaccines that induce broader and longer-lived immunity. In this study, we investigated the protective capacity of outer membrane vesicle pertussis vaccines (omvPV) with different antigenic composition in mice to gain insight into which antigens contribute to protection. We showed that total depletion of virulence factors (bvg(-) mode) in omvPV led to diminished protection despite the presence of high antibody levels. Antibody profiling revealed overlap in humoral responses induced by vaccines in bvg(-) and bvg(+) mode, but the potentially protective responses in the bvg(+) vaccine were mainly directed against virulence-associated outer membrane proteins (virOMPs) such as BrkA and Vag8. However, deletion of either BrkA or Vag8 in our outer membrane vesicle vaccines did not affect the level of protection. In addition, the vaccine-induced immunity profile, which encompasses broad antibody and mixed T-helper 1, 2 and 17 responses, was not changed. We conclude that the presence of multiple virOMPs in omvPV is crucial for protection against Bordetella pertussis. This protective immunity does not depend on individual proteins, as their absence or low abundance can be compensated for by other virOMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- René H. M. Raeven
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (N.v.V.); (M.L.M.S.); (L.v.d.M.); (J.P.U.); (T.H.E.B.); (J.R.); (L.M.V.); (S.K.); (E.v.R.); (B.M.); (A.A.J.v.d.A.)
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5
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Kanojia G, Raeven RHM, van der Maas L, Bindels THE, van Riet E, Metz B, Soema PC, Ten Have R, Frijlink HW, Amorij JP, Kersten GFA. Development of a thermostable spray dried outer membrane vesicle pertussis vaccine for pulmonary immunization. J Control Release 2018; 286:167-178. [PMID: 30048656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide resurgence of whooping cough calls for improved, next-generation pertussis vaccines that induce broad and long-lasting immunity. A mucosal pertussis vaccine based on outer membrane vesicles (omvPV) is a promising candidate. Further, a vaccine that is stable outside the cold chain would be of substantial advantage for worldwide distribution and application. A vaccine formulated as a powder could both stabilize the vaccine as well as make it suitable for pulmonary vaccination. To that end, we developed a spray dried omvPV with improved stability compared to the liquid omvPV formulation. Spray drying did not affect the structural integrity of the omvPV. The antigenicity of Vag8, a major antigen in omvPV was diminished slightly and an altered tryptophan fluorescence indicated some changes in protein structure. However, when administered via the pulmonary route in mice after reconstitution, spray dried omvPV showed comparable immune responses and protection against challenge with live B. pertussis as liquid omvPV. Mucosal IgA and Th17 responses were established in addition to broad systemic IgG and Th1/Th17 responses, indicating the induction of an effective immunity profile. Overall, a spray dried omvPV was developed that maintained effective immunogenic properties and has an improved storage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kanojia
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - René H M Raeven
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Tim H E Bindels
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elly van Riet
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C Soema
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rimko Ten Have
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- University of Groningen, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Amorij
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Luu LDW, Octavia S, Zhong L, Raftery M, Sintchenko V, Lan R. Characterisation of the Bordetella pertussis secretome under different media. J Proteomics 2017; 158:43-51. [PMID: 28242451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the Bordetella pertussis secretome remains limited including the role of different growth conditions in the secretome. In this study the secretome of L1423, a clinical isolate from the 2008-2012 Australian epidemic, cultured on Stainer-Scholte (SS) and Thalen-IJssel (THIJS) media for 12h was characterised using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In the supernatant, LC-MS/MS identified 260 proteins with 143 bioinformatically predicted to be secreted. Eighty percent of proteins were identified in both media. Proteins secreted were functionally associated with cell surface (41%), pathogenicity (16%) and transport (17%). The most abundant proteins identified were pathogenic proteins including toxins (PtxA and CyaA), adhesins (TcfA) and type III secretion (T3SS) proteins. There were 46 proteins found uniquely in THIJS including 8 virulence associated proteins. These included T3SS proteins, adhesins (FhaL and FhaS) and a putative toxin (BP1251). Nine proteins were found uniquely in SS and these were metabolic and transport-related proteins. None of the unique proteins detected in SS were known to be virulence associated. This study found that THIJS promotes secretion of virulence factors based on the number of unique virulence proteins found and may be a growth media of choice for the study of B. pertussis virulence and vaccine development. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Over the past two decades, the number of B. pertussis notifications has risen despite vaccination. There is a greater need to understand the biology behind B. pertussis infections. The secretome of B. pertussis in two different media was characterised using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that THIJS promotes secretion of importance virulence factors which may be important for the development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Raftery
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Metz B, Hoonakker M, Uittenbogaard JP, Weyts M, Mommen GPM, Meiring HD, Tilstra W, Pennings JLA, van der Pol LA, Kuipers B, Sloots A, van den IJssel J, van de Waterbeemd B, van der Ark A. Proteome Analysis Is a Valuable Tool to Monitor Antigen Expression during Upstream Processing of Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccines. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:528-537. [PMID: 27977922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical and immunochemical assays were applied to substantiate the relation between upstream processing and the quality of whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Bordetella pertussis bacteria were cultured on a chemically defined medium using a continuous cultivation process in stirred tank reactors to obtain uniform protein expression. Continuous culture favors the consistent production of proteins known as virulence factors. Magnesium sulfate was added during the steady state of the culture in order to diminish the expression of virulence proteins. Changes in gene expression and antigen composition were measured by microarrays, mass spectrometry and ELISA. Transcriptome and proteome data revealed high similarity between the biological triplicates demonstrating consistent cultivation of B. pertussis. The addition of magnesium sulfate resulted in an instant downregulation of the virulence genes in B. pertussis, but a gradual decrease of virulence proteins. The quantity of virulence proteins concurred highly with the potency of the corresponding whole-cell pertussis vaccines, which were determined by the Kendrick test. In conclusion, proteome analysis provided detailed information on the composition and proportion of virulence proteins present in the whole-cell preparations of B. pertussis. Moreover, proteome analysis is a valuable method to monitor the production process of whole-cell biomass and predict the product quality of whole-cell pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Metz
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Hoonakker
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P Uittenbogaard
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Weyts
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geert P M Mommen
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wichard Tilstra
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A van der Pol
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Betsy Kuipers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Sloots
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van den IJssel
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van de Waterbeemd
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arno van der Ark
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Identification of pertussis-specific effector memory T cells in preschool children. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:561-9. [PMID: 25787136 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00695-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Whooping cough remains a problem despite vaccination, and worldwide resurgence of pertussis is evident. Since cellular immunity plays a role in long-term protection against pertussis, we studied pertussis-specific T-cell responses. Around the time of the preschool acellular pertussis (aP) booster dose at 4 years of age, T-cell memory responses were compared in children who were primed during infancy with either a whole-cell pertussis (wP) or an aP vaccine. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stimulated with pertussis vaccine antigens for 5 days. T cells were characterized by flow-based analysis of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution and CD4, CD3, CD45RA, CCR7, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression. Before the aP preschool booster vaccination, both the proliferated pertussis toxin (PT)-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell fractions (CFSE(dim)) were higher in aP- than in wP-primed children. Post-booster vaccination, more pertussis-specific CD4(+) effector memory cells (CD45RA(-) CCR7(-)) were induced in aP-primed children than in those primed with wP. The booster vaccination did not appear to significantly affect the T-cell memory subsets and functionality in aP-primed or wP-primed children. Although the percentages of Th1 cytokine-producing cells were alike in aP- and wP-primed children pre-booster vaccination, aP-primed children produced more Th1 cytokines due to higher numbers of proliferated pertussis-specific effector memory cells. At present, infant vaccinations with four aP vaccines in the first year of life result in pertussis-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector memory T-cell responses that persist in children until 4 years of age and are higher than those in wP-primed children. The booster at 4 years of age is therefore questionable; this may be postponed to 6 years of age.
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Mahmood K, Pelkowski S, Atherly D, Sitrin RD, Donnelly JJ. Hexavalent IPV-based combination vaccines for public-sector markets of low-resource countries. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1894-902. [PMID: 23787559 PMCID: PMC3906353 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In anticipation of the successful eradication of wild polio virus, alternative vaccination strategies for public-sector markets of low-resource countries are extremely important, but are still under development. Following polio eradication, inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) would be the only polio vaccine available, and would be needed for early childhood immunization for several years, as maintenance of herd immunity will be important for sustaining polio eradication. Low-cost combination vaccines containing IPV could provide reliable and continuous immunization in the post-polio eradication period. Combination vaccines can potentially simplify complex pediatric routine immunization schedules, improve compliance, and reduce costs. Hexavalent vaccines containing Diphtheria (D), Tetanus (T), whole cell pertussis (wP), Hepatitis B (HBV), Haemophilus b (Hib) and the three IPV serotype antigens have been considered as the ultimate combination vaccine for routine immunization. This product review evaluates potential hexavalent vaccine candidates by composition, probable time to market, expected cost of goods, presentation, and technical feasibility and offers suggestions for development of low-cost hexavalent combination vaccines. Because there are significant technical challenges facing wP-based hexavalent vaccine development, this review also discusses other alternative approaches to hexavalent that could also ensure a timely and reliable supply of low-cost IPV based combination vaccines.
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Streefland M, Martens DE, Beuvery EC, Wijffels RH. Process analytical technology (PAT) tools for the cultivation step in biopharmaceutical production. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Streefland
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - Dirk E. Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | | | - René H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; Wageningen; The Netherlands
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Dias WO, van der Ark AAJ, Sakauchi MA, Kubrusly FS, Prestes AFRO, Borges MM, Furuyama N, Horton DSPQ, Quintilio W, Antoniazi M, Kuipers B, van der Zeijst BAM, Raw I. An improved whole cell pertussis vaccine with reduced content of endotoxin. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:339-48. [PMID: 23291935 PMCID: PMC3859757 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved whole cell pertussis vaccine, designated as Plow, which is low in endotoxicity due to a chemical extraction of lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS) from the outer membrane, was evaluated for safety, immunogenicity and potency, comparatively to a traditional whole cell pertussis vaccine. Current whole cell pertussis vaccines are effective but contain large quantities of endotoxin and consequently display local and systemic adverse reactions after administration. Endotoxin is highly inflammatory and contributes considerably to the reactogenicity as well as the potency of these vaccines. In contrast, acellular pertussis vaccines hardly contain endotoxin and are significantly less reactogenic, but their elevated costs limit their global use, especially in developing countries. In this paper, bulk products of Plow and a traditional whole cell vaccine, formulated as plain monocomponents or combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTPlow or DTP, respectively) were compared by in vitro and in vivo assays. Chemical extraction of LOS resulted in a significant decrease in endotoxin content (20%) and a striking decline in endotoxin related toxicity (up to 97%), depending on the used in vitro or in vivo test. The LOS extraction did not affect the integrity of the product and, more importantly, did not affect the potency and/or stability of DTPlow. Moreover, hardly any differences in antibody and T-cell responses were observed. The development of Plow is a significant improvement regarding the endotoxicity of whole cell pertussis vaccines and therefore a promising and affordable alternative to currently available whole cell or acellular pertussis vaccines for developing countries.
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Hendrikx LH, de Rond LGH, Oztürk K, Veenhoven RH, Sanders EAM, Berbers GAM, Buisman AM. Impact of infant and preschool pertussis vaccinations on memory B-cell responses in children at 4 years of age. Vaccine 2011; 29:5725-30. [PMID: 21669247 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is reemerging in the vaccinated population. Antibody levels to pertussis antigens wane rapidly after both whole-cell (wP) and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccination and protection may largely depend on long-term B- and T-cell immunity. We studied the effect of wP and aP infant priming at 2, 3, 4 and 11 months according to the Dutch immunization program on pertussis-specific memory B-cell responses before and after a booster vaccination with either a high- or low-pertussis dose vaccine at 4 years of age. Purified B-cells were characterized by FACS-analysis and after polyclonal stimulation, memory B-cells were detected by ELISPOT-assays specific for pertussis toxin, filamentous haemagglutinin and pertactin. Before and after the booster, higher memory B-cell responses were measured in aP primed children compared with wP primed children. In contrast with antibody levels, no dose-effect was observed on the numbers of memory B-cell responses. In aP primed children a fifth high-dose aP vaccination tended to induce even lower memory B-cell responses than a low-dose aP booster. In both wP and aP primed children, the number of memory B-cells increased after the booster and correlated with the pertussis-specific antibody concentrations and observed affinity maturation. This study indicates that aP vaccinations in the first year of life induce higher pertussis-specific memory B-cell responses in children 4 years of age compared with Dutch wP primary vaccinations. Since infant aP vaccinations have improved protection against whooping cough in children despite waning antibody levels, this suggests that an enhanced memory B-cell pool induction may have an important role in protection. However, the pertussis-dose of the preschool booster needs to be considered depending on the vaccine used for priming to optimize long-term protection against whooping cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte H Hendrikx
- Centre for Infectious Disease and Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Jiménez-Alberto A, Parreiras P, Castelán-Vega J, Sirota L, Arciniega J. Feasibility of the use of ELISA in an immunogenicity-based potency test of anthrax vaccines. Biologicals 2011; 39:236-41. [PMID: 21664832 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexities of lethal challenge animal models have prompted the investigation of immunogenicity assays as potency tests of anthrax vaccines. An ELISA was used to measure the antibody response to protective antigen (PA) in mice immunized once with a commercially available (AVA) or a recombinant PA vaccine (rPAV) formulated in-house with aluminum hydroxide. Results from the anti-PA ELISA were used to select a single dose appropriate for the development of a potency test. Immunization with 0.2 mL of AVA induced a measurable response in the majority of animals. This dose was located in the linear range of the vaccine dose-antibody response curve. In the case of rPAV, practical limitations prevented the finding of the best single dose for the potency testing of purified vaccines. In additional immunogenicity experiments neither the magnitude of the response to a single dose of vaccine, nor the estimation of the dose necessary to induce a measurable response were able to consistently detect brief exposure of vaccines to potentially damaging temperatures. However, differences detected for rPAV in the proportion of mice responding to the same dose of treated and untreated vaccine suggested that further assay development to increase the sensitivity of the latter design may be warranted.
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Fast, antigen-saving multiplex immunoassay to determine levels and avidity of mouse serum antibodies to pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus antigens. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:595-603. [PMID: 21325488 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00061-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To enhance preclinical evaluation of serological immune responses to the individual diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) components of DTP combination vaccines, a fast hexavalent bead-based method was developed. This multiplex immunoassay (MIA) can simultaneously determine levels of specific mouse serum IgG antibodies to P antigens P.69 pertactin (P.69 Prn), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertussis toxin (Ptx), and combined fimbria type 2 and 3 antigens (Fim2/3) and to diphtheria toxin (Dtx) and tetanus toxin (TT) in a single well. The mouse DTP MIA was shown to be specific and sensitive and to correlate with the six single in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for all antigens. Moreover, the MIA was expanded to include avidity measurements of DTP antigens in a multivalent manner. The sensitivities of the mouse DTP avidity MIA per antigen were comparable to those of the six individual in-house avidity ELISAs, and good correlations between IgG concentrations obtained by both methods for all antigens tested were shown. The regular and avidity mouse DTP MIAs were reproducible, with good intra- and interassay coefficients of variability (CV) for all antigens. Finally, the usefulness of the assay was demonstrated in a longitudinal study of the development and avidity maturation of specific IgG antibodies in mice having received different DTP vaccines. We conclude that the hexaplex mouse DTP MIA is a specific, sensitive, and high-throughput alternative for ELISA to investigate the quantity and quality of serological responses to DTP antigens in preclinical vaccine studies.
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Hendrikx LH, Öztürk K, de Rond LG, Veenhoven RH, Sanders EA, Berbers GA, Buisman AM. Identifying long-term memory B-cells in vaccinated children despite waning antibody levels specific for Bordetella pertussis proteins. Vaccine 2011; 29:1431-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stenger RM, Smits M, Kuipers B, van Gaans-van den Brink J, Poelen M, Boog CJP, van Els CACM. Impaired long-term maintenance and function of Bordetella pertussis specific B cell memory. Vaccine 2010; 28:6637-46. [PMID: 20637762 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Frequent occurrence of whooping cough in vaccinated populations suggests limited duration of vaccine-induced immunological memory. To investigate peculiarities in B cell memory specific for pertussis antigens P.69 pertactin (P.69 Prn), pertussis toxin (Ptx) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), we monitored the induction and maintenance of specific serum IgG, long-lived bone marrow (BM)-derived plasma cell (PC) and splenic memory B cell (B(mem)) populations in a long-term preclinical vaccination model. Groups of BALB/c mice were primed and boosted (day 28) with a combined diphtheria (D), tetanus (T), acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine (DTaP) or whole cell pertussis (P) vaccine (DTP) and the immune status was followed over time. Levels of pertussis specific IgG, induced after primary and booster immunization, peaked at day 98 to decline thereafter. This was not paralleled by a decay, but rather an increase in BM resident specific PC, over time (>1 year). In contrast, splenic B(mem) peaked after booster immunization to decline till background levels. Late recall of immunological memory more than 1 year after primary and booster vaccination, however, did reveal a rapid proliferative response of pre-existing B(mem) but failed to evoke an anamnestic IgG response. A combination of waning P-antigen specific IgG production by PC and poor functions of the B(mem) compartment such as self-maintenance and anamnestic IgG responses could be a hallmark of waning pertussis immunity. A better understanding of the mechanisms of limited immunological memory to pertussis may help to improve current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Stenger
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Netherlands Vaccine Institute, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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IgG responses after booster vaccination with different pertussis vaccines in Dutch children 4 years of age: Effect of vaccine antigen content. Vaccine 2009; 27:6530-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stability testing of vaccines: Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers' Network (DCVMN) perspective. Biologicals 2009; 37:360-3. [PMID: 19717310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stability testing is an integral part of the vaccine manufacturing process and is crucial for the success of immunization programs. WHO (World Health Organization) has recently published guidelines on the stability testing of vaccines. These guidelines enlist scientific basis and principles for stability testing at various stages like development, pre-clinical, clinical, licensing, lot release and post-licensure monitoring. DCVMN (Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers' Network) is an international body of developing countries vaccine manufacturers and has viewpoints on technical and administrative issues in stability testing of vaccines. We here highlight viewpoints, possible roles and global expectations of DCVMN in the area of stability testing of vaccines.
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van de Waterbeemd B, Streefland M, Pennings J, van der Pol L, Beuvery C, Tramper J, Martens D. Gene-expression-based quality scores indicate optimal harvest point in Bordetella pertussis cultivation for vaccine production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:900-8. [PMID: 19405154 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of vaccine product quality during batch cultivation of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, was investigated with the goal to determine the optimal harvest point. The process was explored by measuring mRNA expression at frequent intervals during cultivation. The genes that are involved in virulence are already known for this product and changes in their expression levels are proposed to be indicative for product quality. A quantitative product quality score is calculated based on the expression levels of these virulence genes, which allows comparison of expected product quality between culture samples. Product quality scores were maximal throughout the logarithmic growth phase, but dropped significantly at the start of the stationary phase. This showed that the decreasing lactate and glutamate concentrations towards the end of the batch are critical for product quality. On-line measurement of these nutrients allows the cultivation process to be harvested at the optimal harvest point, increasing process robustness and consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas van de Waterbeemd
- Nederlands Vaccin Instituut (NVI), Unit Research and Development, PO Box 457, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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