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Molenaar-de Backer MWA, Doodeman P, Rezai F, Verhagen LM, van der Ark A, Plagmeijer EM, Metz B, van Vlies N, Ophorst O, Raeven RHM. In vitro alternative for reactogenicity assessment of outer membrane vesicle based vaccines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12675. [PMID: 37542099 PMCID: PMC10403550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic or added immune activating molecules are key for most vaccines to provide desired immunity profiles but may increase systemic reactogenicity. Regulatory agencies require rabbit pyrogen testing (RPT) for demonstration of vaccine reactogenicity. Recently, the monocyte activation test (MAT) gained popularity as in vitro alternative, yet this assay was primarily designed to test pyrogen-free products. The aim was to adjust the MAT to enable testing of pyrogen containing vaccines in an early stage of development where no reference batch is yet available. The MAT and RPT were compared for assessing unknown safety profiles of pertussis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine candidates to those of Bexsero as surrogate reference vaccine. Pertussis OMVs with wild-type LPS predominantly activated TLR2 and TLR4 and were more reactogenic than Bexsero. However, this reactogenicity profile for pertussis OMVs could be equalized or drastically reduced compared to Bexsero or a whole-cell pertussis vaccine, respectively by dose changing, modifying the LPS, intranasal administration, or a combination of these. Importantly, except for LPS modified products, reactogenicity profiles obtained with the RPT and MAT were comparable. Overall, we demonstrated that this pertussis OMV vaccine candidate has an acceptable safety profile. Furthermore, the MAT proved its applicability to assess reactogenicity levels of pyrogen containing vaccines at multiple stages of vaccine development and could eventually replace rabbit pyrogen testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulien Doodeman
- Department of Virology and MAT Services, Sanquin Diagnostiek, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fereshte Rezai
- Department of Virology and MAT Services, Sanquin Diagnostiek, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M Verhagen
- Intravacc, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arno van der Ark
- Intravacc, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Els M Plagmeijer
- Department of Virology and MAT Services, Sanquin Diagnostiek, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Naomi van Vlies
- Intravacc, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Ophorst
- Intravacc, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - René H M Raeven
- Intravacc, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Metz B, Hoonakker M, Uittenbogaard JP, Weyts M, Mommen GPM, Meiring HD, Tilstra W, Pennings JLA, van der Pol LA, Kuipers B, Sloots A, van den IJssel J, van de Waterbeemd B, van der Ark A. Proteome Analysis Is a Valuable Tool to Monitor Antigen Expression during Upstream Processing of Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccines. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:528-537. [PMID: 27977922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical and immunochemical assays were applied to substantiate the relation between upstream processing and the quality of whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Bordetella pertussis bacteria were cultured on a chemically defined medium using a continuous cultivation process in stirred tank reactors to obtain uniform protein expression. Continuous culture favors the consistent production of proteins known as virulence factors. Magnesium sulfate was added during the steady state of the culture in order to diminish the expression of virulence proteins. Changes in gene expression and antigen composition were measured by microarrays, mass spectrometry and ELISA. Transcriptome and proteome data revealed high similarity between the biological triplicates demonstrating consistent cultivation of B. pertussis. The addition of magnesium sulfate resulted in an instant downregulation of the virulence genes in B. pertussis, but a gradual decrease of virulence proteins. The quantity of virulence proteins concurred highly with the potency of the corresponding whole-cell pertussis vaccines, which were determined by the Kendrick test. In conclusion, proteome analysis provided detailed information on the composition and proportion of virulence proteins present in the whole-cell preparations of B. pertussis. Moreover, proteome analysis is a valuable method to monitor the production process of whole-cell biomass and predict the product quality of whole-cell pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Metz
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Hoonakker
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P Uittenbogaard
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Weyts
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geert P M Mommen
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wichard Tilstra
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A van der Pol
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Betsy Kuipers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Sloots
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van den IJssel
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van de Waterbeemd
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arno van der Ark
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc) , P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Salverda MLM, Meinderts SM, Hamstra HJ, Wagemakers A, Hovius JWR, van der Ark A, Stork M, van der Ley P. Surface display of a borrelial lipoprotein on meningococcal outer membrane vesicles. Vaccine 2016; 34:1025-33. [PMID: 26801064 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are gaining attention as vaccine candidates. The successful expression of heterologous antigens in OMVs, with the OMV functioning both as adjuvant and delivery vehicle, has greatly enhanced their vaccine potential. Since there are indications that surface exposed antigens might induce a superior immune response, targeting of heterologous antigens to the OMV surface is of special interest. Several systems for surface display of heterologous antigens on OMVs have been developed. However, these systems have not been used to display lipidated membrane-associated proteins known as lipoproteins, which are emerging as key targets for protective immunity. We were therefore interested to see whether we could express a foreign lipoprotein on the outer surface of OMVs. When outer surface protein A (OspA), a borrelial surface-exposed lipoprotein, was expressed in meningococci, it was found that although OspA was present in OMVs, it was no longer surface-exposed. Therefore, a set of fusions of OspA to different regions of factor H binding protein (fHbp), a meningococcal surface-exposed lipoprotein, were designed and tested for their surface-exposure. An N-terminal part of fHbp was found to be necessary for the successful surface display of OspA on meningococcal OMVs. When mice were immunized with this set of OMVs, an OspA-specific antibody response was only elicited by OMVs with clearly surface-exposed OspA, strengthening the idea that the exact positioning of an antigen in the OMV affects the immune response. This method for the surface display of heterologous lipoproteins on OMVs is a step forward in the development of OMVs as a vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merijn L M Salverda
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Sanne M Meinderts
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik-Jan Hamstra
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (IIV), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Wagemakers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joppe W R Hovius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arno van der Ark
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Stork
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Ley
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Raeven RHM, van der Maas L, Tilstra W, Uittenbogaard JP, Bindels THE, Kuipers B, van der Ark A, Pennings JLA, van Riet E, Jiskoot W, Kersten GFA, Metz B. Immunoproteomic Profiling of Bordetella pertussis Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine Reveals Broad and Balanced Humoral Immunogenicity. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2929-42. [PMID: 25988566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current resurgence of whooping cough is alarming, and improved pertussis vaccines are thought to offer a solution. Outer membrane vesicle vaccines (omvPV) are potential vaccine candidates, but omvPV-induced humoral responses have not yet been characterized in detail. The purpose of this study was to determine the antigen composition of omvPV and to elucidate the immunogenicity of the individual antigens. Quantitative proteome analysis revealed the complex composition of omvPV. The omvPV immunogenicity profile in mice was compared to those of classic whole cell vaccine (wPV), acellular vaccine (aPV), and pertussis infection. Pertussis-specific antibody levels, antibody isotypes, IgG subclasses, and antigen specificity were determined after vaccination or infection by using a combination of multiplex immunoassays, two-dimensional immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry. The vaccines and infection raised strong antibody responses, but large quantitative and qualitative differences were measured. The highest antibody levels were obtained by omvPV. All IgG subclasses (IgG1/IgG2a/IgG2b/IgG3) were elicited by omvPV and in a lower magnitude by wPV, but not by aPV (IgG1) or infection (IgG2a/b). The majority of omvPV-induced antibodies were directed against Vag8, BrkA, and LPS. The broad and balanced humoral response makes omvPV a promising pertussis vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- René H M Raeven
- †Intravacc, Bilthoven 3720 AL, The Netherlands.,‡Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Betsy Kuipers
- §Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- ∥Centre for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Jiskoot
- ‡Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- †Intravacc, Bilthoven 3720 AL, The Netherlands.,‡Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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Gaillard ME, Bottero D, Errea A, Ormazábal M, Zurita ME, Moreno G, Rumbo M, Castuma C, Bartel E, Flores D, van der Ley P, van der Ark A, F Hozbor D. Acellular pertussis vaccine based on outer membrane vesicles capable of conferring both long-lasting immunity and protection against different strain genotypes. Vaccine 2014; 32:931-7. [PMID: 24397896 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite high vaccination coverage rates, pertussis continues to be a global concern, with increased incidence widely noted. The current pertussis epidemiologic situation has been mainly attributed to waning immunity and pathogen adaptation. To improve the disease control, a new generation of vaccines capable to overcome those weaknesses associated to the current vaccines need to be developed. Previously we have demonstrated that the outer membrane vesicles obtained from the recombinant Bordetella pertussis strain expressing PagL enzyme (OMVs(BpPagL)) are good vaccine candidates to protect against pertussis. In this work the OMVs(BpPagL) formulated with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (Tdap(OMVsBpPagL)) was used to evaluate its capacity to offer protection against Argentinean clinical isolates and to induce long-term immunity. To these aims BALB/c mice were immunized with Tdap(OMVsBpPagL) and challenged with sublethal doses of the clinical isolate Bp106 selected as a representative circulating isolate. Comparisons with a current commercial Tdap vaccine used at a dose in which pertussis toxin level was equivalent to that of Tdap(OMVsBpPagL) were performed. With the normalized doses of both vaccines we observed that Tdap(OMVsBpPagL) protected against the clinical isolate infection, whereas current commercial Tdap vaccine showed little protection against such pathogen. Regarding long-term immunity we observed that the Tdap(OMVsBpPagL) protective capacity against the recommended WHO reference strain persisted at least 9 months. In agreement with these results Tdap(OMVsBpPagL) induced Th1 and Th2 immune response. In contrast, commercial Tdap induced Th2 but weak Th1 responses. All results presented here showed that Tdap(OMVsBpPagL) is an interesting formulation to be considered for the development of novel acellular multi-antigen vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Emilia Gaillard
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata. Calles 50 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela Bottero
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata. Calles 50 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Agustina Errea
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune (LISIN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Ormazábal
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata. Calles 50 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Eugenia Zurita
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata. Calles 50 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Griselda Moreno
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune (LISIN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Martin Rumbo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune (LISIN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Celina Castuma
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata. Calles 50 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Erika Bartel
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata. Calles 50 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Dario Flores
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata. Calles 50 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Peter van der Ley
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening (LIS) Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arno van der Ark
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening (LIS) Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela F Hozbor
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-CONICET La Plata. Calles 50 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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King AJ, van der Lee S, Mohangoo A, van Gent M, van der Ark A, van de Waterbeemd B. Genome-wide gene expression analysis of Bordetella pertussis isolates associated with a resurgence in pertussis: elucidation of factors involved in the increased fitness of epidemic strains. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66150. [PMID: 23776625 PMCID: PMC3679012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) is the causative agent of whooping cough, which is a highly contagious disease in the human respiratory tract. Despite vaccination since the 1950s, pertussis remains the most prevalent vaccine-preventable disease in developed countries. A recent resurgence pertussis is associated with the expansion of B. pertussis strains with a novel allele for the pertussis toxin (ptx) promoter ptxP3 in place of resident ptxP1 strains. The recent expansion of ptxP3 strains suggests that these strains carry mutations that have increased their fitness. Compared to the ptxP1 strains, ptxP3 strains produce more Ptx, which results in increased virulence and immune suppression. In this study, we investigated the contribution of gene expression changes of various genes on the increased fitness of the ptxP3 strains. Using genome-wide gene expression profiling, we show that several virulence genes had higher expression levels in the ptxP3 strains compared to the ptxP1 strains. We provide the first evidence that wildtype ptxP3 strains are better colonizers in an intranasal mouse infection model. This study shows that the ptxP3 mutation and the genetic background of ptxP3 strains affect fitness by contributing to the ability to colonize in a mouse infection model. These results show that the genetic background of ptxP3 strains with a higher expression of virulence genes contribute to increased fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey J. King
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening (LIS) Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Saskia van der Lee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening (LIS) Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Archena Mohangoo
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening (LIS) Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Gent
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening (LIS) Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arno van der Ark
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Department of Vaccinology, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van de Waterbeemd
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Department of Vaccinology, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
This work describes the development of an animal-component free medium (IPT-AFM) that allows an optimal growth of Vero cells, an adherent cell line used for the production of viral vaccines. Statistical experimental design was applied to identify crucial nutrients that affect cell growth. Using Medium 199 or MEM as a basal medium, a serum-free medium (SFM) referred as IPT-SFM that only enclosed transferrin as a component of animal origin was developed at first. Then, the composition of IPT-SFM was further improved to obtain an animal-component free medium named IPT-AFM. IPT-AFM contains M199 as a basal medium, plant hydrolysates, epidermal growth factor, ethanolamine, ferric citrate, and vitamin C. Among various plant hydrolysates, specific combinations of soy (Hypep 1510) and wheat gluten (Hypeps 4601 and 4605) hydrolysates, were identified to promote cell growth; whereas individual Hypeps had a minor positive effect on cell growth. Nevertheless, the removal of serum did influence cell attachment. Coating tissue-culture flasks with teleostean, a product extracted from cold water fish skin, had not only enhanced cell attachment but also improved cell growth performance in static cultures. Different non-animal proteases were also assessed as an alternative to trypsin. TrypLE Select, a recombinant trypsin, gave the best cell growth performances. Kinetics of cell growth in IPT-AFM were investigated in T-flasks, cell growth was comparable with that obtained in MEM+10% fetal calf serum (FCS). A mean cell division number equal to 2.26 +/- 0.18 and a specific growth rate micro 0.019 +/- 0.003 h(-1) were achieved in IPT-AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Rourou
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
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Rourou S, van der Ark A, Majoul S, Trabelsi K, van der Velden T, Kallel H. A novel animal-component-free medium for rabies virus production in Vero cells grown on Cytodex 1 microcarriers in a stirred bioreactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:53-63. [PMID: 19521697 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vero cells growth and rabies production in IPT-AF medium, a property animal-component-free medium are described in this work. Kinetics of cell growth and rabies virus (strain LP 2061) production were first conducted in spinner flasks. Over eight independent experiments, Vero cell growth in IPT-AF medium, on 2 g/l Cytodex 1 was consistent. An average Cd (cell division number) of 3.3+/-0.4 and a specific growth rate micro of 0.017+/-0.006 h(-1) were achieved. Such performances were comparable to those obtained in serum-containing medium (MEM+10% FCS). Rabies virus production on Vero cells in IPT-AF medium was also optimised in spinner flasks. The effects of multiplicity of infection (MOI), regulation of glucose level at 1 g/l and cell washing step, were investigated. The highest virus titer was achieved when the cells were infected at an MOI of 0.1; this level was equal to 10(7) FFU/ml. The step of medium exchange before cell infection can be omitted; nevertheless in this case glucose level should be maintained at 1 g/l to avoid a decrease of specific virus productivity. Process optimisation in a 2-l stirred bioreactor pointed out that the aeration mode was the prominent parameter that affected cell growth in IPT-AF medium and on Cytodex 1 microcarriers. An acceptable level of cell density (cell density level of 1.5x10(6) cells/ml) was achieved when cells were grown in batch mode and using headspace aeration. Nevertheless, this aeration mode is not optimal for large-scale culture. The addition of Pluronic F68 at 0.1% at 24 h post inoculation as well as the switch from surface aeration mode to the sparged mode, 2 days after the start of the culture, had markedly improved cell growth performance. A cell density level of 5.5x10(6) cells/ml was reached when cells were grown in a 2-l bioreactor, on 3 g/l Cytodex 1 in IPT-AF medium and using the recirculation culture mode. Cell infection at an MOI of 0.1 and using perfused culture, resulted in a maximal virus titer of 3.5x10(7) FFU/ml. The activity of the pooled inactivated rabies virus harvests showed a protective activity that meets WHO requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Rourou
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis. 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia
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Verwer CM, van der Ark A, van Amerongen G, van den Bos R, Hendriksen CFM. Reducing variation in a rabbit vaccine safety study with particular emphasis on housing conditions and handling. Lab Anim 2008; 43:155-64. [PMID: 19116295 DOI: 10.1258/la.2008.007134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the results of a study of the effects of modified housing conditions, conditioning and habituation on humans using a rabbit model for monitoring whole-cell pertussis vaccine (pWCV)-induced adverse effects. The study has been performed with reference to previous vaccine safety studies of pWCV in rabbits in which results were difficult to interpret due to the large variation in experimental outcome, especially in the key parameter deep-body temperature (T(b)). Certain stressful laboratory conditions, as well as procedures involving humans, e.g. blood sampling, inoculation and cage-cleaning, were hypothesized to cause this large variation. The results of this study show that under modified housing conditions rabbits have normal circadian body temperatures. This allowed discrimination of pWCV-induced adverse effects in which handled rabbits tended to show a dose-related increase in temperature after inoculation with little variance, whereas non-handled rabbits did not. Effects of experimental and routine procedures on body temperature were significantly reduced under modified conditions and were within the normal T(b) range. Handled animals reacted less strongly and with less variance to experimental procedures, such as blood sampling, injection and cage-cleaning, than non-handled rabbits. Overall, handling had a positive effect on the behaviour of the animals. Data show that the housing modifications have provided a more robust model for monitoring pWCV adverse effects. Furthermore, conditioning and habituation of rabbits to humans reduce the variation in experimental outcome, which might allow for a reduction in the number of animals used. In addition, this also reduces distress and thus contributes to refining this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Verwer
- Department of Animals, Science and Society, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Rourou S, van der Ark A, van der Velden T, Kallel H. A microcarrier cell culture process for propagating rabies virus in Vero cells grown in a stirred bioreactor under fully animal component free conditions. Vaccine 2007; 25:3879-89. [PMID: 17307281 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus strain production in Vero cells grown on Cytodex 1 in a 2 L stirred tank bioreactor and in a medium free of components of human or animal origin (VP-SFM) is described. Cell banking procedure in VP-SFM supplemented with an animal components free mixture (10%DMSO+0.1%methylcellulose) was reported and cell growth after revitalization was assessed. Vero cells exhibited growth performances (specific growth rate and cell division number) similar to that obtained in serum containing medium. To design a scalable process that is totally free of animal-derived substances, two proteases: TrypLE Select and Accutase, were assessed as an alternative to trypsin which is routinely used for cell passage. Growth performance of Vero cells grown in VP-SFM and MEM+10% fetal calf serum (FCS) over four passages and subcultivated with either TrypLE Select or Accutase was evaluated. TrypLE Select showed the best performance in terms of specific growth rate and cell division number. Kinetics of cell growth and rabies virus production (LP2061/Vero strain) were investigated in spinner flask and in a 2 L bioreactor. In spinner flask, a maximal cell density level of 1.85x10(6) cells/mL was achieved when the cells were grown in VP-SFM on 2 g/L Cytodex 1. Cell infection experiments conducted at an MOI of 0.3 and without the medium exchange step, typically needed for serum containing rabies virus production, resulted in a maximal virus titer equal to 2x10(7) (Fluorescent Focus Unit) FFU/mL. In stirred tank bioreactor, Vero cell growth in VP-SFM on 3 g/L Cytodex 1 was shown to be sensitive to the aeration mode. Sparging the culture was detrimental for cell growth, whereas cell density level was greatly enhanced when only headspace aeration was used. A cell density level of 2.6x10(6) cells/mL was obtained when the cells were grown on 3g/L Cytodex 1 and in batch culture mode. Cell infection at an MOI of 0.1 without any medium exchange, yielded a maximal rabies virus titer of 2.4x10(7) FFU/mL. Furthermore, Vero cell growth in a 2 L bioreactor using recirculation culture mode during cell proliferation step and perfusion for virus multiplication phase was investigated. In comparison to batch culture, a higher cell density level that was equal to 5x10(6) cells/mL was reached. Cell infection under conditions similar to batch culture, resulted in a maximal virus titer equal to 1.38x10(8) FFU/mL. The potency of the pooled inactivated virus harvests showed an activity of 2.58 IU/mL which was comparable to that obtained in serum supplemented medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Rourou
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
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