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Walvekar P, Kumar P, Choonara YE. Long-acting vaccine delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114897. [PMID: 37225091 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bolus vaccines are often administered multiple times due to rapid clearance and reduced transportation to draining lymph nodes resulting in inadequate activation of T and B lymphocytes. In order to achieve adaptive immunity, prolonged exposure of antigens to these immune cells is crucial. Recent research has been focusing on developing long-acting biomaterial-based vaccine delivery systems, which can modulate the release of encapsulated antigens or epitopes to facilitate enhanced antigen presentation in lymph nodes and subsequently achieve robust T and B cell responses. Over the past few years, various polymers and lipids have been extensively explored to develop effective biomaterial-based vaccine strategies. The article reviews relevant polymer and lipid-based strategies used to prepare long-acting vaccine carriers and discusses their results concerning immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Walvekar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa.
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2
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Karunakaran B, Gupta R, Patel P, Salave S, Sharma A, Desai D, Benival D, Kommineni N. Emerging Trends in Lipid-Based Vaccine Delivery: A Special Focus on Developmental Strategies, Fabrication Methods, and Applications. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030661. [PMID: 36992244 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based vaccine delivery systems such as the conventional liposomes, virosomes, bilosomes, vesosomes, pH-fusogenic liposomes, transferosomes, immuno-liposomes, ethosomes, and lipid nanoparticles have gained a remarkable interest in vaccine delivery due to their ability to render antigens in vesicular structures, that in turn prevents its enzymatic degradation in vivo. The particulate form of lipid-based nanocarriers confers immunostimulatory potential, making them ideal antigen carriers. Facilitation in the uptake of antigen-loaded nanocarriers, by the antigen-presenting cells and its subsequent presentation through the major histocompatibility complex molecules, leads to the activation of a cascade of immune responses. Further, such nanocarriers can be tailored to achieve the desired characteristics such as charge, size, size distribution, entrapment, and site-specificity through modifications in the composition of lipids and the selection of the appropriate method of preparation. This ultimately adds to its versatility as an effective vaccine delivery carrier. The current review focuses on the various lipid-based carriers that have been investigated to date as potential vaccine delivery systems, the factors that affect their efficacy, and their various methods of preparation. The emerging trends in lipid-based mRNA vaccines and lipid-based DNA vaccines have also been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Karunakaran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
| | - Raghav Gupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
| | - Pranav Patel
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
| | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
| | - Dhruv Desai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Derajram Benival
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
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Nano-Microparticle Platforms in Developing Next-Generation Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060606. [PMID: 34198865 PMCID: PMC8228777 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first vaccines ever made were based on live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, either whole cells or fragments. Although these vaccines required the co-administration of antigens with adjuvants to induce a strong humoral response, they could only elicit a poor CD8+ T-cell response. In contrast, next-generation nano/microparticle-based vaccines offer several advantages over traditional ones because they can induce a more potent CD8+ T-cell response and, at the same time, are ideal carriers for proteins, adjuvants, and nucleic acids. The fact that these nanocarriers can be loaded with molecules able to modulate the immune response by inducing different effector functions and regulatory activities makes them ideal tools for inverse vaccination, whose goal is to shut down the immune response in autoimmune diseases. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and liposomes are biocompatible materials approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use and are, therefore, suitable for nanoparticle-based vaccines. Recently, another candidate platform for innovative vaccines based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been shown to efficiently co-deliver antigens and adjuvants. This review will discuss the potential use of PLGA-NPs, liposomes, and EVs as carriers of peptides, adjuvants, mRNA, and DNA for the development of next-generation vaccines against endemic and emerging viruses in light of the recent COVID-19 pandemic.
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Azadi Y, Ahmadpour E, Ahmadi A. Targeting Strategies in Therapeutic Applications of Toxoplasmosis: Recent Advances in Liposomal Vaccine Delivery Systems. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:541-558. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666191023151423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a prevalent parasitic pathogen that infected over one-third of the global population. Toxoplasmosis is diagnosed by isolating the parasite and detecting host antibodies. In contrast, the main problem with diagnosis relates to the sensitivity and specificity of the tests. Currently, treatment with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine is recommended, despite their side effects and toxicity to humans. Moreover, the absence of a vaccine to completely protect against this infection is the main obstacle to the effective treatment and prevention of toxoplasmosis. Recently, nanoparticles and nanomaterials have been studied as delivery systems for the immunization and treatment of T. gondii infections. One of the most important applications of liposomes is drug and vaccine delivery, due to their biodegradability, low inherent toxicity, and immunogenicity. Liposomes are flexible delivery systems and immunological adjuvants able not only to load diverse antigens, such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates but also to combine them with immunostimulators. Liposomes have the incredible potential within the development of modern types of vaccines and numerous endeavors have been made to improve the effectiveness of vaccines in recent years. In this review, we concentrate on the viable targeting strategies of liposome-based vaccine delivery systems to prevent, control and treat toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaghob Azadi
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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5
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Khalaj‐Hedayati A, Chua CLL, Smooker P, Lee KW. Nanoparticles in influenza subunit vaccine development: Immunogenicity enhancement. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:92-101. [PMID: 31774251 PMCID: PMC6928032 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of novel influenza infections has sparked research efforts to develop subunit vaccines that can induce a more broadly protective immunity by targeting selected regions of the virus. In general, subunit vaccines are safer but may be less immunogenic than whole cell inactivated or live attenuated vaccines. Hence, novel adjuvants that boost immunogenicity are increasingly needed as we move toward the era of modern vaccines. In addition, targeting, delivery, and display of the selected antigens on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells are also important in vaccine design and development. The use of nanosized particles can be one of the strategies to enhance immunogenicity as they can be efficiently recognized by antigen-presenting cells. They can act as both immunopotentiators and delivery system for the selected antigens. This review will discuss on the applications, advantages, limitations, and types of nanoparticles (NPs) used in the preparation of influenza subunit vaccine candidates to enhance humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atin Khalaj‐Hedayati
- School of BiosciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesTaylor's UniversitySubang JayaMalaysia
| | - Caroline Lin Lin Chua
- School of BiosciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesTaylor's UniversitySubang JayaMalaysia
| | - Peter Smooker
- Department of Biosciences and Food TechnologySchool of ScienceRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Khai Wooi Lee
- School of BiosciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesTaylor's UniversitySubang JayaMalaysia
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6
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Vemula SV, Sayedahmed EE, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Vaccine approaches conferring cross-protection against influenza viruses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:1141-1154. [PMID: 28925296 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1379396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Annual vaccination is one of the most efficient and cost-effective strategies to prevent and control influenza epidemics. Most of the currently available influenza vaccines are strong inducers of antibody responses against viral surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), but are poor inducers of cell-mediated immune responses against conserved internal proteins. Moreover, due to the high variability of viral surface proteins because of antigenic drift or antigenic shift, many of the currently licensed vaccines confer little or no protection against drift or shift variants. Areas covered: Next generation influenza vaccines that can induce humoral immune responses to receptor-binding epitopes as well as broadly neutralizing conserved epitopes, and cell-mediated immune responses against highly conserved internal proteins would be effective against variant viruses as well as a novel pandemic influenza until circulating strain-specific vaccines become available. Here we discuss vaccine approaches that have the potential to provide broad spectrum protection against influenza viruses. Expert commentary: Based on current progress in defining cross-protective influenza immunity, it seems that the development of a universal influenza vaccine is feasible. It would revolutionize the strategy for influenza pandemic preparedness, and significantly impact the shelf-life and protection efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai V Vemula
- a Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Immunology , Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Ekramy E Sayedahmed
- a Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Immunology , Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- b Influenza Division , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Suresh K Mittal
- a Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Immunology , Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
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Liu F, Sun X, Fairman J, Lewis DB, Katz JM, Levine M, Tumpey TM, Lu X. A cationic liposome-DNA complexes adjuvant (JVRS-100) enhances the immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy of pre-pandemic influenza A (H5N1) vaccine in ferrets. Virology 2016; 492:197-203. [PMID: 26967975 PMCID: PMC5796654 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A (H5N1) viruses continue to pose a public health threat. As inactivated H5N1 vaccines are poorly immunogenic, adjuvants are needed to improve the immunogenicity of H5N1 vaccine in humans. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy in ferrets of a clade 2.2-derived vaccine with addition of JVRS-100, an adjuvant consisting of cationic liposome-DNA complexes (CLDC). After the first vaccination, significantly higher levels of hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) and neutralizing antibody titers were detected in ferrets immunized with adjuvanted vaccine compared to unadjuvanted vaccine. Following a second dose of adjuvanted vaccine, HAI antibody titers of ≥ 40 were detected against viruses from multiple H5N1 clades. HAI antibodies against newly isolated H5N2 and H5N8 viruses were also augmented by JVRS-100. Ferrets were challenged with a heterologous H5N1 virus. All ferrets that received two doses of adjuvanted vaccine exhibited mild illness, significantly reduced nasal wash virus titers and protection from lethal challenge. In contrast, ferrets that received unadjuvanted vaccine showed greater weight loss, high viral titers and 3 of 6 animals succumbed to the lethal challenge. Our results indicate that the addition of JVRS-100 to H5N1 vaccine enhanced immunogenicity and cross-protection against lethal H5N1 virus disease in ferrets. JVRS-100 warrants further investigation as a potential adjuvant for influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - David B Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Interdepartmental Program in Immunology, and Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Min Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiuhua Lu
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Sanitt P, Apiratikul N, Niyomtham N, Yingyongnarongkul BE, Assavalapsakul W, Panyim S, Udomkit A. Cholesterol-based cationic liposome increases dsRNA protection of yellow head virus infection in Penaeus vannamei. J Biotechnol 2016; 228:95-102. [PMID: 27140871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Protection of shrimp from yellow head virus (YHV) infection has been demonstrated by injection and oral delivery of dsRNA-YHV protease gene (dsYHV) or shrimp endogenous gene (dsRab7). However, to achieve complete viral suppression and to prolong dsRNA activity, the development of an effective dsRNA delivery system is required. In this study, four cationic liposomes were synthesized and tested for their ability to increase dsRNA efficiency. The results demonstrated that entrapping dsYHV in a cholesterol-based cationic liposome gave the best protection against YHV infection when compared with other cationic lipids. The cholesterol-based cationic liposome-dsYHV (Chol-dsYHV) complex conferred YHV protection in a dose-dependent manner. Injection with Chol-dsYHV at 0.05μg dsYHV/g shrimp could give comparable level of YHV protection to the injection with 1.25μg naked dsYHV/g shrimp. The shrimp injected with Chol- dsYHV at 1.25μg dsRNA/g shrimp showed only 50% mortality at 60days post injection whereas the naked dsYHV at the same concentration gave 90% mortality. Thus, the liposome-entrapped dsYHV could lower an effective dsRNA concentration in viral protection and prolong dsRNA activity. In addition, encapsulating dsRab7 in the cholesterol-based cationic liposome could protect the dsRab7 from enzymatic digestion, and continuous feeding the shrimp with the diet formulated with the liposome-entrapped dsRab7 for 4days in the total of 960μg dsRab7/g shrimp could enhance YHV protection efficiency compared with the naked dsRab7. Our studies reveal that cholesterol-based cationic liposome is a promising dsRNA carrier to enhance dsRNA efficiency in both injection and oral delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poohrawind Sanitt
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Nuttapon Apiratikul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Nattisa Niyomtham
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Boon-Ek Yingyongnarongkul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Assavalapsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sakol Panyim
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Apinunt Udomkit
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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9
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Cao W, Davis WG, Kim JH, De La Cruz JA, Taylor A, Hendrickson GR, Kumar A, Ranjan P, Lyon LA, Katz JM, Gangappa S, Sambhara S. An oil-in-water nanoemulsion enhances immunogenicity of H5N1 vaccine in mice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1909-1917. [PMID: 27112307 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the immunogenicity of the Influenza H5N1 vaccine, we developed an oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE) adjuvant. NE displayed good temperature stability and maintained particle size. More importantly, it significantly enhanced IL-6 and MCP-1 production to recruit innate cells, including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells to the local environment. Furthermore, NE enhanced dendritic cell function to induce robust antigen-specific T and B cell immune responses. NE-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine not only elicited significantly higher and long-lasting antibody responses, but also conferred enhanced protection against homologous clade 1 as well as heterologous clade 2 H5N1 virus challenge in young as well as in aged mice. The pre-existing immunity to seasonal influenza did not affect the immunogenicity of NE-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Cao
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - William G Davis
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jin Hyang Kim
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan A De La Cruz
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grant R Hendrickson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA, USA
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L Andrew Lyon
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Qiao C, Liu J, Yang J, Li Y, Weng J, Shao Y, Zhang X. Enhanced non-inflammasome mediated immune responses by mannosylated zwitterionic-based cationic liposomes for HIV DNA vaccines. Biomaterials 2016; 85:1-17. [PMID: 26851653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA vaccine can induce cellular and humoral immunity. A safe and effective HIV DNA vaccine is urgent need to prevent the spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The major drawback of DNA vaccines is the low immunogenicity, which is caused by the poor delivery to antigen presenting cells and insufficient antigen expression. Sparked by the capability of endosomal/lysosomal escape of the zwitterionic lipid distearoyl phosphoethanol-amine-polycarboxybetaine (DSPE-PCB), we attempted to develop a zwitterionic-based cationic liposome with enhanced immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. The mannosylated zwitterionic-based cationic liposome (man-ZCL) was constructed as a DNA vaccine adjuvant for HIV vaccination. Man-ZCL could complex with DNA antigens to form a tight structure and protect them from nuclei enzyme degradation. Benefited from the capability of the specific mannose receptor mediated antigen processing cells targeting and enhanced endosomal/lysosomal escape, the man-ZCL lipoplexes were supposed to promote antigen presentation and the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. In vitro and in vivo results revealed that man-ZCL lipoplexes showed enhanced anti-HIV immune responses and lower toxicity compared with CpG/DNA and Lipo2k/DNA, and triggered a Th1/Th2 mixed immunity. An antigen-depot effect was observed in the administration site, and this resulted in enhanced retention of DNA antigens in draining lymph nodes. Most importantly, the man-ZCL could assist to activate T cells through a non-inflammasome pathway. These findings suggested that the man-ZCL could be potentially applied as a safe and efficient DNA adjuvant for HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmeng Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Jiandong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Jie Weng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China.
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 102206, PR China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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11
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Swaminathan G, Thoryk EA, Cox KS, Meschino S, Dubey SA, Vora KA, Celano R, Gindy M, Casimiro DR, Bett AJ. A novel lipid nanoparticle adjuvant significantly enhances B cell and T cell responses to sub-unit vaccine antigens. Vaccine 2015; 34:110-9. [PMID: 26555351 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sub-unit vaccines are primarily designed to include antigens required to elicit protective immune responses and to be safer than whole-inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines. But their purity and inability to self-adjuvant often result in weaker immunogenicity. Emerging evidence suggests that bio-engineered nanoparticles can be used as immunomodulatory adjuvants. Therefore, in this study we explored the potential of novel Merck-proprietary lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations to enhance immune responses to sub-unit viral antigens. Immunization of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice revealed that LNPs alone or in combination with a synthetic TLR9 agonist, immune-modulatory oligonucleotides, IMO-2125 (IMO), significantly enhanced immune responses to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and ovalbumin (OVA). LNPs enhanced total B-cell responses to both antigens tested, to levels comparable to known vaccine adjuvants including aluminum based adjuvant, IMO alone and a TLR4 agonist, 3-O-deactytaled monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). Investigation of the quality of B-cell responses demonstrated that the combination of LNP with IMO agonist elicited a stronger Th1-type response (based on the IgG2a:IgG1 ratio) than levels achieved with IMO alone. Furthermore, the LNP adjuvant significantly enhanced antigen specific cell-mediated immune responses. In ELISPOT assays, depletion of specific subsets of T cells revealed that the LNPs elicited potent antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+)T cell responses. Intracellular FACS analyses revealed that LNP and LNP+IMO formulated antigens led to higher frequency of antigen-specific IFNγ(+)TNFα(+)IL-2(+), multi-functional CD8(+)T cell responses, than unadjuvanted vaccine or vaccine with IMO only. Overall, our results demonstrate that lipid nanoparticles can serve as future sub-unit vaccine adjuvants to boost both B-cell and T-cell responses in vivo, and that addition of IMO can be used to manipulate the quality of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Swaminathan
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Thoryk
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Kara S Cox
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Steven Meschino
- Medical Affairs, Merck Global Human Health, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., North Wales, PA, United States
| | - Sheri A Dubey
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Robert Celano
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Marian Gindy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Danilo R Casimiro
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Andrew J Bett
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States.
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Inactivated Influenza Vaccine That Provides Rapid, Innate-Immune-System-Mediated Protection and Subsequent Long-Term Adaptive Immunity. mBio 2015; 6:e01024-15. [PMID: 26507227 PMCID: PMC4626850 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01024-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The continual threat to global health posed by influenza has led to increased efforts to improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccines for use in epidemics and pandemics. We show in this study that formulation of a low dose of inactivated detergent-split influenza vaccine with a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonist-based lipopeptide adjuvant (R4Pam2Cys) provides (i) immediate, antigen-independent immunity mediated by the innate immune system and (ii) significant enhancement of antigen-dependent immunity which exhibits an increased breadth of effector function. Intranasal administration of mice with vaccine formulated with R4Pam2Cys but not vaccine alone provides protection against both homologous and serologically distinct (heterologous) viral strains within a day of administration. Vaccination in the presence of R4Pam2Cys subsequently also induces high levels of systemic IgM, IgG1, and IgG2b antibodies and pulmonary IgA antibodies that inhibit hemagglutination (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) activities of homologous but not heterologous virus. Improved primary virus nucleoprotein (NP)-specific CD8+ T cell responses are also induced by the use of R4Pam2Cys and are associated with robust recall responses to provide heterologous protection. These protective effects are demonstrated in wild-type and antibody-deficient animals but not in those depleted of CD8+ T cells. Using a contact-dependent virus transmission model, we also found that heterologous virus transmission from vaccinated mice to naive mice is significantly reduced. These results demonstrate the potential of adding a TLR2 agonist to an existing seasonal influenza vaccine to improve its utility by inducing immediate short-term nonspecific antiviral protection and also antigen-specific responses to provide homologous and heterologous immunity. The innate and adaptive immune systems differ in mechanisms, specificities, and times at which they take effect. The innate immune system responds within hours of exposure to infectious agents, while adaptive immunity takes several days to become effective. Here we show, by using a simple lipopeptide-based TLR2 agonist, that an influenza detergent-split vaccine can be made to simultaneously stimulate and amplify both systems to provide immediate antiviral protection while giving the adaptive immune system time to implement long-term immunity. Both types of immunity induced by this approach protect against vaccine-matched as well as unrelated virus strains and potentially even against strains yet to be encountered. Conferring dual functionality to influenza vaccines is beneficial for improving community protection, particularly during periods between the onset of an outbreak and the time when a vaccine becomes available or in scenarios in which mass vaccination with a strain to which the population is immunologically naive is imperative.
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Yam KK, Gupta J, Winter K, Allen E, Brewer A, Beaulieu É, Mallett CP, Burt DS, Ward BJ. AS03-Adjuvanted, Very-Low-Dose Influenza Vaccines Induce Distinctive Immune Responses Compared to Unadjuvanted High-Dose Vaccines in BALB/c Mice. Front Immunol 2015; 6:207. [PMID: 25972874 PMCID: PMC4413846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2009–2010 influenza pandemic, an adjuvanted, dose-sparing vaccine was recommended for most Canadians. We hypothesize that differences exist in the responses to AS03-adjuvanted, low antigen (Ag) dose versus unadjuvanted, full-dose vaccines. We investigated the relationship between Ag dose and the oil-in-water emulsion Adjuvant System AS03. BALB/c mice received two IM doses of AS03A or AS03B with exaggerated dilutions of A/Uruguay/716/2007 H3N2 split virion vaccine Ag. Immune responses were assessed 3 weeks after the booster. Unadjuvanted “high” (3 μg) and low-dose (0.03–0.003 μg) vaccines generated similar serum antibody titers and cytokine secretion patterns in restimulated splenocytes. Compared to unadjuvanted “high-dose” vaccination, both AS03A and AS03B-adjuvanted low-dose vaccines tended to elicit higher serum antibody titers, broader induction of cytokine secretion and generated more influenza-specific antibody secreting cells and cytokine-secreting CD4 and CD8 T cells in splenocytes. We show that varying Ag and/or AS03 dose in this influenza vaccination mouse model can strongly influence both the magnitude and pattern of the immune response elicited. These findings are highly relevant given the likelihood of expanded use of adjuvanted, dose-sparing vaccines and raise questions about the use of “standard” doses of vaccines in pre-clinical vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Yam
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Jyotsana Gupta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Kaitlin Winter
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Angela Brewer
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | | | | | | | - Brian J Ward
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Vaccine Study Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, QC , Canada
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Vaccine self-assembling immune matrix is a new delivery platform that enhances immune responses to recombinant HBsAg in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:336-43. [PMID: 25609075 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00714-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination remains the most effective public health tool to prevent infectious diseases. Many vaccines are marginally effective and need enhancement for immunocompromised, elderly, and very young populations. To enhance immunogenicity, we exploited the biphasic property of the (RADA)4 synthetic oligopeptide to create VacSIM (vaccine self-assembling immune matrix), a new delivery method. VacSIM solution can easily be mixed with antigens, organisms, and adjuvants for injection. Postinjection, the peptides self-assemble into hydrated nanofiber gel matrices, forming a depot with antigens and adjuvants in the aqueous phase. We believe the depot provides slow release of immunogens, leading to increased activation of antigen-presenting cells that then drive enhanced immunogenicity. Using recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen (rHBsAg) as a model immunogen, we compared VacSIM delivery to delivery in alum or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Delivery of the rHBsAg antigen to mice via VacSIM without adjuvant elicited higher specific IgG responses than when rHBsAg was delivered in alum or CFA. Evaluating IgG subtypes showed a mixed Th1/Th2 type response following immunization with VacSIM, which was driven further toward Th1 with addition of CpG as the adjuvant. Increased specific IgG endpoint titers were observed in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, representative of Th1 and Th2 environments, respectively. Restimulation of splenocytes suggests that VacSIM does not cause an immediate proinflammatory response in the host. Overall, these results suggest that VacSIM, as a new delivery method, has the potential to enhance immunogenicity and efficacy of numerous vaccines.
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15
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Schwendener RA. Liposomes as vaccine delivery systems: a review of the recent advances. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 2:159-82. [PMID: 25364509 DOI: 10.1177/2051013614541440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes and liposome-derived nanovesicles such as archaeosomes and virosomes have become important carrier systems in vaccine development and the interest for liposome-based vaccines has markedly increased. A key advantage of liposomes, archaeosomes and virosomes in general, and liposome-based vaccine delivery systems in particular, is their versatility and plasticity. Liposome composition and preparation can be chosen to achieve desired features such as selection of lipid, charge, size, size distribution, entrapment and location of antigens or adjuvants. Depending on the chemical properties, water-soluble antigens (proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, haptens) are entrapped within the aqueous inner space of liposomes, whereas lipophilic compounds (lipopeptides, antigens, adjuvants, linker molecules) are intercalated into the lipid bilayer and antigens or adjuvants can be attached to the liposome surface either by adsorption or stable chemical linking. Coformulations containing different types of antigens or adjuvants can be combined with the parameters mentioned to tailor liposomal vaccines for individual applications. Special emphasis is given in this review to cationic adjuvant liposome vaccine formulations. Examples of vaccines made with CAF01, an adjuvant composed of the synthetic immune-stimulating mycobacterial cordfactor glycolipid trehalose dibehenate as immunomodulator and the cationic membrane forming molecule dimethyl dioctadecylammonium are presented. Other vaccines such as cationic liposome-DNA complexes (CLDCs) and other adjuvants like muramyl dipeptide, monophosphoryl lipid A and listeriolysin O are mentioned as well. The field of liposomes and liposome-based vaccines is vast. Therefore, this review concentrates on recent and relevant studies emphasizing current reports dealing with the most studied antigens and adjuvants, and pertinent examples of vaccines. Studies on liposome-based veterinary vaccines and experimental therapeutic cancer vaccines are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto A Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Laboratory of Liposome Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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Sun X, Cao W, Pappas C, Liu F, Katz JM, Tumpey TM. Effect of receptor binding specificity on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza virus A H1 vaccines. Virology 2014; 464-465:156-165. [PMID: 25078114 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The biological basis for the poor immunogenicity of unadjuvanted avian influenza A virus vaccines in mammals is not well understood. Here, we mutated the hemagglutinin (HA) of two H1N1 virus vaccines to determine whether virus receptor binding specificity contributes to the low immunogenicity of avian influenza virus vaccines. Mutations were introduced into the HA of an avian influenza virus, A/Duck/New York/15024-21/96 (Dk/96) which switched the binding preference from α2,3- to α2,6-linked sialic acid (SA). A switch in receptor specificity of the human A/South Carolina/1/18 (SC/18) virus generated a mutant virus with α2,3 SA (avian) binding preference. Inactivated vaccines were generated and administered to mice and ferrets intramuscularly. We found that the vaccines with human receptor binding preference induced slightly higher antibody titers and cell-mediated immune responses compared to their isogenic viruses with avian receptor binding specificity. Upon challenge with DK/96 or SC18 virus, differences in lung virus titers between the vaccine groups with different receptor-binding specificities were minimal. Overall, our data suggest that receptor binding specificity contributes only marginally to the immunogenicity of avian influenza vaccines and that other factors may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Sun
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS: G16, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Weiping Cao
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS: G16, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS: G16, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Feng Liu
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS: G16, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS: G16, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS: G16, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.
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Standard trivalent influenza virus protein vaccination does not prime antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in macaques. J Virol 2013; 87:13706-18. [PMID: 24109221 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01666-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Yearly vaccination with the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) is recommended, since current vaccines induce little cross neutralization to divergent influenza strains. Whether the TIV can induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses that can cross-recognize divergent influenza virus strains is unknown. We immunized 6 influenza-naive pigtail macaques twice with the 2011-2012 season TIV and then challenged the macaques, along with 12 control macaques, serially with H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. We measured ADCC responses in plasma to a panel of H1 and H3 hemagglutinin (HA) proteins and influenza virus-specific CD8 T cell (CTL) responses using a sensitive major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramer reagent. The TIV was weakly immunogenic and, although binding antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), did not induce detectable influenza virus-specific ADCC or CTL responses. The H1N1 challenge elicited robust ADCC to both homologous and heterologous H1 HA proteins, but not influenza virus HA proteins from different subtypes (H2 to H7). There was no anamnestic influenza virus-specific ADCC or CTL response in vaccinated animals. The subsequent H3N2 challenge did not induce or boost ADCC either to H1 HA proteins or to divergent H3 proteins but did boost CTL responses. ADCC or CTL responses were not induced by TIV vaccination in influenza-naive macaques. There was a marked difference in the ability of infection compared to that of vaccination to induce cross-reactive ADCC and CTL responses. Improved vaccination strategies are needed to induce broad-based ADCC immunity to influenza.
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Korsholm KS, Andersen PL, Christensen D. Cationic liposomal vaccine adjuvants in animal challenge models: overview and current clinical status. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:561-77. [PMID: 22827242 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cationic liposome formulations can function as efficient vaccine adjuvants. However, due to the highly diverse nature of lipids, cationic liposomes have different physical-chemical characteristics that influence their adjuvant mechanisms and their relevance for use in different vaccines. These characteristics can be further manipulated by incorporation of additional lipids or stabilizers, and inclusion of carefully selected immunostimulators is a feasible strategy when tailoring cationic liposomal adjuvants for specific disease targets. Thus, cationic liposomes present a plasticity, which makes them promising adjuvants for future vaccines. This versatility has also led to a vast amount of literature on different experimental liposomal formulations in combination with a wide range of immunostimulators. Here, we have compiled information about the animal challenge models and administration routes that have been used to study vaccine adjuvants based on cationic liposomes and provide an overview of the applicability, progress and clinical status of cationic liposomal vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Smith Korsholm
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sabarth N, Savidis-Dacho H, Schwendinger MG, Brühl P, Portsmouth D, Crowe BA, Kistner O, Barrett PN, Kreil TR, Howard MK. A cell culture-derived whole-virus H5N1 vaccine induces long-lasting cross-clade protective immunity in mice which is augmented by a homologous or heterologous booster vaccination. Vaccine 2012; 30:5533-40. [PMID: 22749797 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preparation for an H5N1 influenza pandemic in humans could include priming the population in the pre-pandemic period with a vaccine produced from an existing H5N1 vaccine strain, with the possibility of boosting with a pandemic virus vaccine when it becomes available. We investigated the longevity of the immune response after one or two priming immunizations with a whole-virus H5N1 vaccine and the extent to which this can be boosted by later immunization with either a homologous or heterologous vaccine. METHODS Mice received one or two priming immunizations with a Vero cell culture-derived, whole-virus clade 1 H5N1 vaccine formulated to contain either 750 ng or 30 ng hemagglutinin. Six months after the first priming immunization, mice received either a booster immunization with the same clade 1 vaccine or a heterologous clade 2.1 vaccine, or buffer. Humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated before and at regular intervals after immunizations. Three weeks after booster immunization, mice were challenged with a lethal dose of wild-type H5N1 virus from clades 1, 2.1 or 2.2 and survival was monitored for 14 days. RESULTS One or two priming immunizations with the 750 ng or 30 ng HA formulations, respectively, induced H5N1-neutralizing antibody titers which were maintained for ≥ 6 months and provided long-term cross-clade protection against wild-type virus challenge. Both humoral and cellular immune responses were substantially increased by a booster immunization after 6 months. The broadest protective immunity was provided by an immunization regimen consisting of one or two priming immunizations with a clade 1 vaccine and a boosting immunization with a clade 2.1 vaccine. CONCLUSIONS These data support the concept that pre-pandemic vaccination can provide robust and long-lasting H5N1 immunity which could be effectively boosted by immunization either with another pre-pandemic vaccine or with the pandemic strain vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sabarth
- Vaccine R&D, Baxter BioScience, Biomedical Research Centre, Uferstraße 15, A-2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
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