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Vos WAJW, Groenendijk AL, Blaauw MJT, van Eekeren LE, Navas A, Cleophas MCP, Vadaq N, Matzaraki V, dos Santos JC, Meeder EMG, Fröberg J, Weijers G, Zhang Y, Fu J, ter Horst R, Bock C, Knoll R, Aschenbrenner AC, Schultze J, Vanderkerckhove L, Hwandih T, Wonderlich ER, Vemula SV, van der Kolk M, de Vet SCP, Blok WL, Brinkman K, Rokx C, Schellekens AFA, de Mast Q, Joosten LAB, Berrevoets MAH, Stalenhoef JE, Verbon A, van Lunzen J, Netea MG, van der Ven AJAM. The 2000HIV study: Design, multi-omics methods and participant characteristics. Front Immunol 2022; 13:982746. [PMID: 36605197 PMCID: PMC9809279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Even during long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), people living with HIV (PLHIV) have a dysregulated immune system, characterized by persistent immune activation, accelerated immune ageing and increased risk of non-AIDS comorbidities. A multi-omics approach is applied to a large cohort of PLHIV to understand pathways underlying these dysregulations in order to identify new biomarkers and novel genetically validated therapeutic drugs targets. Methods The 2000HIV study is a prospective longitudinal cohort study of PLHIV on cART. In addition, untreated HIV spontaneous controllers were recruited. In-depth multi-omics characterization will be performed, including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and metagenomics, functional immunological assays and extensive immunophenotyping. Furthermore, the latent viral reservoir will be assessed through cell associated HIV-1 RNA and DNA, and full-length individual proviral sequencing on a subset. Clinical measurements include an ECG, carotid intima-media thickness and plaque measurement, hepatic steatosis and fibrosis measurement as well as psychological symptoms and recreational drug questionnaires. Additionally, considering the developing pandemic, COVID-19 history and vaccination was recorded. Participants return for a two-year follow-up visit. The 2000HIV study consists of a discovery and validation cohort collected at separate sites to immediately validate any finding in an independent cohort. Results Overall, 1895 PLHIV from four sites were included for analysis, 1559 in the discovery and 336 in the validation cohort. The study population was representative of a Western European HIV population, including 288 (15.2%) cis-women, 463 (24.4%) non-whites, and 1360 (71.8%) MSM (Men who have Sex with Men). Extreme phenotypes included 114 spontaneous controllers, 81 rapid progressors and 162 immunological non-responders. According to the Framingham score 321 (16.9%) had a cardiovascular risk of >20% in the next 10 years. COVID-19 infection was documented in 234 (12.3%) participants and 474 (25.0%) individuals had received a COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion The 2000HIV study established a cohort of 1895 PLHIV that employs multi-omics to discover new biological pathways and biomarkers to unravel non-AIDS comorbidities, extreme phenotypes and the latent viral reservoir that impact the health of PLHIV. The ultimate goal is to contribute to a more personalized approach to the best standard of care and a potential cure for PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm A. J. W. Vos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Wilhelm A. J. W. Vos,
| | - Albert L. Groenendijk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious diseases, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc J. T. Blaauw
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Elizabeth-Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Louise E. van Eekeren
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Adriana Navas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maartje C. P. Cleophas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nadira Vadaq
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jéssica C. dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Elise M. G. Meeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Janeri Fröberg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gert Weijers
- Medical UltraSound Imaging Center (MUSIC) Department of Medical Imaging, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Yue Zhang
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rob ter Horst
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems (CeMSIIS), Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Knoll
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) eingetragener Verein (e.V.), Bonn, Germany,Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna C. Aschenbrenner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics (PRECISE), DZNE and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim Schultze
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) eingetragener Verein (e.V.), Bonn, Germany,Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics (PRECISE), DZNE and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Linos Vanderkerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Talent Hwandih
- Medical Science Department, Sysmex Europe Societas Europaea (SE), Norderstedt, Germany
| | | | - Sai V. Vemula
- Clinical Development, ViiV Healthcare, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mike van der Kolk
- Translational Medical Research, ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom
| | - Sterre C. P. de Vet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem L. Blok
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kees Brinkman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious diseases, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arnt F. A. Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marvin A. H. Berrevoets
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Elizabeth-Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Janneke E. Stalenhoef
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious diseases, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan van Lunzen
- Translational Medical Research, ViiV Healthcare, Brentford, United Kingdom
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andre J. A. M. van der Ven
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Hassan AO, Amen O, Sayedahmed EE, Vemula SV, Amoah S, York I, Gangappa S, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Adenovirus vector-based multi-epitope vaccine provides partial protection against H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186244. [PMID: 29023601 PMCID: PMC5638338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza virus subtypes in humans reveals their pandemic potential. Although human-to-human transmission has been limited, the genetic reassortment of the avian and human/porcine influenza viruses or mutations in some of the genes resulting in virus replication in the upper respiratory tract of humans could generate novel pandemic influenza viruses. Current vaccines do not provide cross protection against antigenically distinct strains of the H5, H7, and H9 influenza viruses. Therefore, newer vaccine approaches are needed to overcome these potential threats. We developed an egg-independent, adenovirus vector-based, multi-epitope (ME) vaccine approach using the relatively conserved immunogenic domains of the H5N1 influenza virus [M2 ectodomain (M2e), hemagglutinin (HA) fusion domain (HFD), T-cell epitope of nucleoprotein (TNP). and HA α-helix domain (HαD)]. Our ME vaccine induced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and caused a significant reduction in the viral loads in the lungs of vaccinated mice that were challenged with antigenically distinct H5, H7, or H9 avian influenza viruses. These results suggest that our ME vaccine approach provided broad protection against the avian influenza viruses. Further improvement of this vaccine will lead to a pre-pandemic vaccine that may lower morbidity, hinder transmission, and prevent mortality in a pandemic situation before a strain-matched vaccine becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O. Hassan
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Omar Amen
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Sai V. Vemula
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Samuel Amoah
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ian York
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKM); (SS)
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKM); (SS)
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Annual vaccination is one of the most efficient and cost-effective strategies to prevent and control influenza epidemics. Most of the currently available influenza vaccines are strong inducers of antibody responses against viral surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), but are poor inducers of cell-mediated immune responses against conserved internal proteins. Moreover, due to the high variability of viral surface proteins because of antigenic drift or antigenic shift, many of the currently licensed vaccines confer little or no protection against drift or shift variants. Areas covered: Next generation influenza vaccines that can induce humoral immune responses to receptor-binding epitopes as well as broadly neutralizing conserved epitopes, and cell-mediated immune responses against highly conserved internal proteins would be effective against variant viruses as well as a novel pandemic influenza until circulating strain-specific vaccines become available. Here we discuss vaccine approaches that have the potential to provide broad spectrum protection against influenza viruses. Expert commentary: Based on current progress in defining cross-protective influenza immunity, it seems that the development of a universal influenza vaccine is feasible. It would revolutionize the strategy for influenza pandemic preparedness, and significantly impact the shelf-life and protection efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai V Vemula
- a Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Immunology , Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Ekramy E Sayedahmed
- a Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Immunology , Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- b Influenza Division , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Suresh K Mittal
- a Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute for Immunology , Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
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Hassan AO, Vemula SV, Sharma A, Bangari DS, Mishra KK, Mittal SK. 155R is a novel structural protein of bovine adenovirus type 3, but it is not essential for virus replication. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:749-753. [PMID: 28086071 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine adenovirus (AdV) type 3 (BAdV-3) E1 region shares functional homology with E1 of human AdV type C5. Sequence analysis of the BAdV-3 E1 region revealed the presence of a novel 155R ORF that is not observed in other AdVs, on the lower strand antiparallel to a portion of the E1B region. The 155R gene products in BAdV-3-infected cells were identified by Northern blot, reverse transcriptase PCR followed by sequencing and Western blot analysis using the155R-specific antibody. 155R seems to be a late protein and is present in purified BAdV-3 particles. Replication kinetics of BAdV mutants with either one (BAdV/155R/mt1) or two (BAdV/155R/mt2) stop codons in the 155R ORF were comparable to those of BAdV-3, indicating that 155R is not essential for virus replication in cell culture. These results suggest that 155R-deleted BAdV-3 vectors could be generated in a cell line that fully complements BAdV-3 E1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sai V Vemula
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Present address: Merck Sharp and Dohme, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dinesh S Bangari
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Present address: Department of Pathology, Sanofi Genzyme, 5 Mountain Road, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Krishna K Mishra
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Present address: Department of Biology, Ivy Tech Community College, Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Suresh K Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Amen O, Vemula SV, Zhao J, Ibrahim R, Hussein A, Hewlett IK, Moussa S, Mittal SK. Identification and characterization of a highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus during an outbreak in vaccinated chickens in Egypt. Virus Res 2015; 210:337-43. [PMID: 26363196 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5N1 viruses continue to be a major veterinary and public health problem in Egypt. Continued surveillance of these viruses is necessary to devise strategies to control the spread of the virus and to monitor its evolutionary patterns. This is a report of the identification of a variant strain of HPAI H5N1 virus during an outbreak in 2010 in vaccinated chicken flocks in a poultry farm in Assiut, Egypt. Vaccination of chickens with an oil-emulsified inactivated A/chicken/Mexico/232/94 (H5N2) vaccine induced high levels of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers reaching up to 9 log2. However, all flocks irrespective of the number of vaccine doses and the resultant HI titer levels came down with severe influenza infections. The qRT-PCR and rapid antigen test confirmed the influenza virus to be from H5N1 subtype. Sequencing of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene fragment from ten independent samples demonstrated that a single H5N1 strain was involved. This strain belonged to clade 2.2.1 and had several mutations in the receptor-binding site of the HA protein, thereby producing a variant strain of HPAI H5N1 virus which was antigenically different from the parent clade 2.2.1 virus circulating in Egypt at that time. In order to define the variability in HPAI H5N1 viruses over time in Egypt, we sequenced another H5N1 virus that was causing infections in chickens in 2014. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both viruses had further distanced from the parent virus circulating during 2010. This study highlights that the antigenic mutations in HPAI H5N1 viruses represent a definitive challenge for the development of an effective vaccine for poultry. Overall, the results emphasize the need for continued surveillance of H5N1 outbreaks and extensive characterization of virus isolates from vaccinated and non-vaccinated poultry populations to better understand genetic changes and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Amen
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - S V Vemula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - J Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - R Ibrahim
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - A Hussein
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - I K Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - S Moussa
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - S K Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Ahi YS, Vemula SV, Hassan AO, Costakes G, Stauffacher C, Mittal SK. Adenoviral L4 33K forms ring-like oligomers and stimulates ATPase activity of IVa2: implications in viral genome packaging. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:318. [PMID: 25954255 PMCID: PMC4404914 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of genome packaging in adenoviruses (AdVs) is presumed to be similar to that of dsDNA viruses including herpesviruses and dsDNA phages. First, the empty capsids are assembled after which the viral genome is pushed through a unique vertex by a motor which consists of three minimal components: an ATPase, a small terminase and a portal. Various components of this motor exist as ring-like structures forming a central channel through which the DNA travels during packaging. In AdV, the IVa2 protein is believed to function as a packaging ATPase, however, the equivalents of the small terminase and the portal have not been identified in AdVs. IVa2 interacts with another viral protein late region 4 (L4) 33K which is important for genome packaging. Both IVa2 and 33K are expressed at high levels during the late stage of virus infection. The oligomeric state of IVa2 and 33K was analyzed in virus-infected cells, IVa2 and 33K transfected cells, AdV particles, or as recombinant purified proteins. Electron microscopy of the purified proteins showed ring-like oligomers for both proteins which is consistent with their putative roles as a part of the packaging motor. We found that the ATPase activity of IVa2 is stimulated in the presence of 33K and the AdV genome. Our results suggest that the 33K functions analogous to the small terminase proteins and so will be part of the packaging motor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadvinder S. Ahi
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sai V. Vemula
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ahmed O. Hassan
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Greg Costakes
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Cynthia Stauffacher
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
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Vemula SV, Amen O, Katz JM, Donis R, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Beta-defensin 2 enhances immunogenicity and protection of an adenovirus-based H5N1 influenza vaccine at an early time. Virus Res 2013; 178:398-403. [PMID: 24051000 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reports of human infections with highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses in many countries in Asia and Africa with varying case fatality rates highlight the pandemic potential of these viruses. In order to contain a rapidly spreading influenza virus in a pandemic scenario, a vaccine which can induce rapid and robust immune responses, preferably in a single dose, is necessary. Murine beta-defensin 2 (Mbd2), a small molecular weight protein expressed by epithelial cells, has been shown to enhance antigen-specific immune responses by recruiting and activating professional antigen presenting cells to the site of vaccination. This study assessed the potential of Mbd2 to enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a human adenovirus (HAd)-based vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) [HAd-HA-NP] of an H5N1 influenza virus. A single inoculation of mice with both HAd-HA-NP and a HAd vector expressing Murine β-defensin 2 (HAd-Mbd2) resulted in significantly higher levels of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses compared to the groups vaccinated only with HAd-HA-NP. These responses were evident even at day 7 post-immunization. Furthermore, the HAd-HA-NP+HAd-Mbd2-immunized group receiving the lowest vector dose (2 × 10(7)+1 × 10(7)) was completely protected against an rgH5N1 virus challenge on day 7 post-vaccination. These results highlight the potential of Mbd2 as a genetic adjuvant in inducing rapid and robust immune responses to a HAd-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai V Vemula
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Vemula SV, Pandey A, Singh N, Katz JM, Donis R, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Adenoviral vector expressing murine β-defensin 2 enhances immunogenicity of an adenoviral vector based H5N1 influenza vaccine in aged mice. Virus Res 2013; 177:55-61. [PMID: 23892144 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to resist infections and respond to vaccinations is greatly reduced in the older adult population owing to a general decline in innate and adaptive immune functions with aging. Over the years several strategies such as increasing the vaccine dose, number of immunizations and using adjuvants have been evaluated to improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines in the older adult population. Murine β-defensin 2 (Mbd2) has been shown to function as a molecular adjuvant by recruiting and activating immature dendritic cells (DCs), professional antigen-presenting cells (APC), to the site of the immunization. In this study, we evaluated the potential utility of Mbd2 to enhance the efficacy of an adenoviral vector-based H5N1 influenza vaccine expressing hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) (HAd-HA-NP) in an aged mouse model. Our results indicated that immunostimulation with an adenoviral vector expressing Mbd2 (HAd-Mbd2) activated DCs and significantly enhanced the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by HAd-HA-NP. Furthermore, immunostimulation with HAd-Mbd2 followed by immunization with HAd-HA-NP resulted in significantly lower virus titers in the lungs following challenge with a H5N1 influenza virus compared to the group immunized with HAd-HA-NP without immunostimulation. Overall, our results highlight the potential utility of Mbd2 as a molecular adjuvant to enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai V Vemula
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Vemula SV, Ahi YS, Swaim AM, Katz JM, Donis R, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Broadly protective adenovirus-based multivalent vaccines against highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses for pandemic preparedness. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62496. [PMID: 23638099 PMCID: PMC3640067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent outbreaks of H5, H7 and H9 avian influenza viruses in domestic poultry accompanied by their occasional transmission to humans have highlighted the public health threat posed by these viruses. Newer vaccine approaches for pandemic preparedness against these viruses are needed, given the limitations of vaccines currently approved for H5N1 viruses in terms of their production timelines and the ability to induce protective immune responses in the absence of adjuvants. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of an adenovirus (AdV)-based multivalent vaccine approach for pandemic preparedness against H5, H7 and H9 avian influenza viruses in a mouse model. Replication-defective AdV vectors expressing hemagglutinin (HA) from different subtypes and nucleoprotein (NP) from one subtype induced high levels of humoral and cellular immune responses and conferred protection against virus replication following challenge with H5, H7 and H9 avian influenza virus subtypes. Inclusion of HA from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus in the vaccine formulation further broadened the vaccine coverage. Significantly high levels of HA stalk-specific antibodies were observed following immunization with the multivalent vaccine. Inclusion of NP into the multivalent HA vaccine formulation resulted in the induction of CD8 T cell responses. These results suggest that a multivalent vaccine strategy may provide reasonable protection in the event of a pandemic caused by H5, H7, or H9 avian influenza virus before a strain-matched vaccine can be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai V. Vemula
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yadvinder S. Ahi
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Anne-Marie Swaim
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruben Donis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SM); (SS)
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SM); (SS)
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Abstract
Adenovirus (AdV) is thought to follow a sequential assembly pathway similar to that observed in dsDNA bacteriophages and herpesviruses. First, empty capsids are assembled, and then the genome is packaged through a ring-like structure, referred to as a portal, located at a unique vertex. In human AdV serotype 5 (HAdV5), the IVa2 protein initiates specific recognition of viral genome by associating with the viral packaging domain located between nucleotides 220 and 400 of the genome. IVa2 is located at a unique vertex on mature capsids and plays an essential role during genome packaging, most likely by acting as a DNA packaging ATPase. In this study, we demonstrated interactions among IVa2, 33K and DNA-binding protein (DBP) in virus-infected cells by in vivo cross-linking of HAdV5-infected cells followed by Western blot, and co-immunoprecipitation of IVa2, 33K and DBP from nuclear extracts of HAdV5-infected cells. Confocal microscopy demonstrated co-localization of IVa2, 33K and DBP in virus-infected cells and also in cells transfected with IVa2, 33K and DBP genes. Immunogold electron microscopy of purified HAdV5 showed the presence of IVa2, 33K or DBP at a single site on the virus particles. Our results provide indirect evidence that IVa2, 33K and DBP may form a complex at a unique vertex on viral capsids and cooperate in genome packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadvinder S Ahi
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sai V Vemula
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Suresh K Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Tandon M, Vemula SV, Sharma A, Ahi YS, Mittal S, Bangari DS, Mittal SK. EphrinA1-EphA2 interaction-mediated apoptosis and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptor ligand-induced immunotherapy inhibit tumor growth in a breast cancer mouse model. J Gene Med 2012; 14:77-89. [PMID: 22228563 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 is overexpressed in several types of cancers and is currently being pursued as a target for breast cancer therapeutics. The EphA2 ligand EphrinA1 induces EphA2 phosphorylation and intracellular internalization and degradation, thus inhibiting tumor progression. The hematopoietic growth factor, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptor ligand (Flt3L), promotes expansion and mobilization of functional dendritic cells. METHODS We tested the EphrinA1-EphA2 interaction in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells focusing on the receptor-ligand-mediated apoptosis of breast cancer cells. To determine whether EphrinA1-EphA2 interaction-associated apoptosis and Flt3L-mediated immunotherapy would have an additive effect in inhibiting tumor growth, we used an immunocompetent mouse model of breast cancer to evaluate intratumoral (i.t.) inoculation strategies with human adenovirus (HAd) vectors expressing either EphrinA1 (HAd-EphrinA1-Fc), Flt3L (HAd-Flt3L) or a combination of EphrinA1-Fc + Flt3L (HAd-EphrinA1-Fc + HAd-Flt3L). RESULTS In vitro analysis demonstrated that an EphrinA1-EphA2 interaction led to apoptosis-related changes in breast cancer cells. In vivo, three i.t. inoculations of HAd-EphrinA1-Fc showed potent inhibition of tumor growth. Furthermore, increased inhibition in tumor growth was observed with the combination of HAd-EphrinA1-Fc and HAd-Flt3L accompanied by the generation of an anti-tumor adaptive immune response. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the present study, indicating the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of mammary tumor growth, show the potential therapeutic benefits of HAd-EphrinA1-Fc. In combination with HAd-Flt3L, this represents a promising strategy for effectively inducing mammary tumor regression by HAd vector-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Tandon
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Pandey A, Singh N, Vemula SV, Couëtil L, Katz JM, Donis R, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Impact of preexisting adenovirus vector immunity on immunogenicity and protection conferred with an adenovirus-based H5N1 influenza vaccine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33428. [PMID: 22432020 PMCID: PMC3303828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of preexisting immunity to adenoviruses in the majority of the human population might adversely impact the development of adaptive immune responses against adenovirus vector-based vaccines. To address this issue, we primed BALB/c mice either intranasally (i.n.) or intramuscularly (i.m.) with varying doses of wild type (WT) human adenovirus subtype 5 (HAd5). Following the development of immunity against HAd5, we immunized animals via the i.n. or i.m. route of inoculation with a HAd vector (HAd-HA-NP) expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) of A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) influenza virus. The immunogenicity and protection results suggest that low levels of vector immunity (<520 virus-neutralization titer) induced by priming mice with up to 10(7) plaque forming units (p.f.u.) of HAd-WT did not adversely impact the protective efficacy of the vaccine. Furthermore, high levels of vector immunity (approximately 1500 virus-neutralization titer) induced by priming mice with 10(8) p.f.u. of HAd-WT were overcome by either increasing the vaccine dose or using alternate routes of vaccination. A further increase in the priming dose to 10(9) p.f.u. allowed only partial protection. These results suggest possible strategies to overcome the variable levels of human immunity against adenoviruses, leading to better utilization of HAd vector-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseem Pandey
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Neetu Singh
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sai V. Vemula
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Laurent Couëtil
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruben Donis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (SKM)
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (SKM)
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Sharma A, Bangari DS, Vemula SV, Mittal SK. Persistence and the state of bovine and porcine adenoviral vector genomes in human and nonhuman cell lines. Virus Res 2011; 161:181-7. [PMID: 21864589 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The state of vector genome in transduced cells influences the duration of transgene expression and can be a safety concern if it gets integrated randomly into the host genome. Although human adenovirus (Ad) serotype 5 (HAd5) mainly persists in a linear episomal form, information regarding the state of bovine Ad serotype 3 (BAd3) and porcine Ad serotype 3 (PAd3) vector genomes in human and nonhuman cells is currently unknown. To address this issue, MDA-MB-231 (human), MDBK (bovine), PK-15 (porcine), MT1A2 (mouse) and NIH-3T3 (mouse) cell lines were infected with replication-defective BAd3, PAd3 or HAd5 vectors carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. The persistence and the state of vector genome were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and Southern blot hybridization, respectively. Levels of transgene and Ad gene expressions were quantified using real-time RT-PCR. Persistence of BAd3 or PAd3 vectors was comparable to that of HAd5 vector. Only the linear episomal form of the vector genome was observed with each vector. In addition, expression levels of transgene as well as viral genes by all three vectors were comparable and correlated with their transduction levels in each cell type. These results indicate comparable biologic behavior of BAd3, PAd3 and HAd5 vectors in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sharma
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD With the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses that have crossed species barriers and are responsible for lethal infections in humans in many countries, there is an urgent need for the development of effective vaccines which can be produced in large quantities at a short notice and confer broad protection against these H5N1 variants. In order to meet the potential global vaccine demand in a pandemic scenario, new vaccine-production strategies must be explored in addition to the currently used egg-based technology for seasonal influenza. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Adenovirus (Ad) based influenza vaccines represent an attractive alternative/supplement to the currently licensed egg-based influenza vaccines. Ad-based vaccines are relatively inexpensive to manufacture, and their production process does not require either chicken eggs or labor-intensive and time-consuming processes necessitating enhanced biosafety facilities. Most importantly, in a pandemic situation, this vaccine strategy could offer a stockpiling option to reduce the response time before a strain-matched vaccine could be developed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review discusses Ad-vector technology and the current progress in the development of Ad-based influenza vaccines. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Ad vector-based influenza vaccines for pandemic preparedness are under development to meet global vaccine demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai V Vemula
- Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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