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Abu-Shmais AA, Miller RJ, Janke AK, Wolters RM, Holt CM, Raju N, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE, Mousa JJ, Georgiev IS. Potent HPIV3-neutralizing IGHV5-51 Antibodies Identified from Multiple Individuals Show L Chain and CDRH3 Promiscuity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1450-1456. [PMID: 38488511 PMCID: PMC11018509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) is a widespread pathogen causing severe and lethal respiratory illness in at-risk populations. Effective countermeasures are in various stages of development; however, licensed therapeutic and prophylactic options are not available. The fusion glycoprotein (HPIV3 F), responsible for facilitating viral entry into host cells, is a major target of neutralizing Abs that inhibit infection. Although several neutralizing Abs against a small number of HPIV3 F epitopes have been identified to date, relatively little is known about the Ab response to HPIV3 compared with other pathogens, such as influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we aimed to characterize a set of HPIV3-specific Abs identified in multiple individuals for genetic signatures, epitope specificity, neutralization potential, and publicness. We identified 12 potently neutralizing Abs targeting three nonoverlapping epitopes on HPIV3 F. Among these, six Abs identified from two different individuals used Ig heavy variable gene IGHV 5-51, with five of the six Abs targeting the same epitope. However, despite the use of the same H chain variable (VH) gene, these Abs used multiple different L chain variable genes (VL) and diverse H chain CDR 3 (CDRH3) sequences. Together, these results provide further information about the genetic and functional characteristics of HPIV3-neutralizing Abs and suggest the existence of a reproducible VH-dependent Ab response associated with VL and CDRH3 promiscuity. Understanding sites of HPIV3 F vulnerability and the genetic and molecular characteristics of Abs targeting these sites will help guide efforts for effective vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A. Abu-Shmais
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and
Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rose J. Miller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alexis K. Janke
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachael M. Wolters
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and
Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Clinton M. Holt
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and
Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and
Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin
College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and
Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and
Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Computational Microbiology and
Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Karron RA, Herbert K, Wanionek K, Schmidt AC, Schaap-Nutt A, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ. Evaluation of a Live-Attenuated Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 Vaccine in Adults and Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2023; 12:173-176. [PMID: 36594442 PMCID: PMC10112673 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a phase I clinical trial of the live-attenuated recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) vaccine candidate rHPIV2-15C/948L/∆1724 sequentially in adults, HPIV2-seropositive children, and HPIV2-seronegative children, the target population for vaccination. rHPIV2-15C/948L/∆1724 was appropriately restricted in replication in adults and HPIV2-seropositive children but was overattenuated for HPIV2-seronegative children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristi Herbert
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberli Wanionek
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander C Schmidt
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Present Affiliation: Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Schaap-Nutt
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter L Collins
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Parainfluenza viruses, members of the enveloped, negative-sense, single stranded RNA Paramyxoviridae family, impact global child health as the cause of significant lower respiratory tract infections. Parainfluenza viruses enter cells by fusing directly at the cell surface membrane. How this fusion occurs via the coordinated efforts of the two molecules that comprise the viral surface fusion complex, and how these efforts may be blocked, are the subjects of this chapter. The receptor binding protein of parainfluenza forms a complex with the fusion protein of the virus, remaining stably associated until a receptor is reached. At that point, the receptor binding protein actively triggers the fusion protein to undergo a series of transitions that ultimately lead to membrane fusion and viral entry. In recent years it has become possible to examine this remarkable process on the surface of viral particles and to begin to understand the steps in the transition of this molecular machine, using a structural biology approach. Understanding the steps in entry leads to several possible strategies to prevent fusion and inhibit infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Marcink
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy; Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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Greninger AL, Rybkina K, Lin MJ, Drew-Bear J, Marcink TC, Shean RC, Makhsous N, Boeckh M, Harder O, Bovier F, Burstein SR, Niewiesk S, Rima BK, Porotto M, Moscona A. Human parainfluenza virus evolution during lung infection of immunocompromised humans promotes viral persistence. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:150506. [PMID: 34609969 DOI: 10.1172/jci150506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of respiratory viruses to undergo evolution within the respiratory tract raises the possibility of evolution under the selective pressure of the host environment or drug treatment. Long-term infections in immunocompromised hosts are potential drivers of viral evolution and development of infectious variants. We show that intra-host evolution in chronic human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) infection in immunocompromised individuals elicited mutations that favor viral entry and persistence, suggesting that similar processes may operate across enveloped respiratory viruses. We profiled longitudinal HPIV3 infections from two immunocompromised individuals that persisted for 278 and 98 days. Mutations accrued in the HPIV3 attachment protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), including the first in vivo mutation in HN's receptor binding site responsible for activating the viral fusion process. Fixation of this mutation was associated with exposure to a drug that cleaves host cell sialic acid moieties. Longitudinal adaptation of HN was associated with features that promote viral entry and persistence in cells, including greater avidity for sialic acid and more active fusion activity in vitro, but not with antibody escape. Long term infection thus led to mutations promoting viral persistence, suggesting that host-directed therapeutics may support the evolution of viruses that alter their biophysical characteristics to persist in the face of these agents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Ksenia Rybkina
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle J Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Drew-Bear
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Tara C Marcink
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan C Shean
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Negar Makhsous
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Olivia Harder
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Francesca Bovier
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Shana R Burstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Bert K Rima
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sceinces, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
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Karron RA, Luongo C, Mateo JS, Wanionek K, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ. Safety and Immunogenicity of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L in RSV-Seronegative Children. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:82-91. [PMID: 31605113 PMCID: PMC7199783 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading global cause of severe pediatric acute respiratory tract illness, and a vaccine is needed. RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L contains 2 attenuating elements: (1) deletion of the interferon antagonist NS2 gene and (2) deletion of codon 1313 of the RSV polymerase gene and the stabilizing missense mutation I1314L. This live vaccine candidate was temperature-sensitive, genetically stable, replication restricted, and immunogenic in nonhuman primates. Methods A single intranasal dose of RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (vaccine-placebo ratio, 2:1) at 106 plaque-forming units (PFU) in 15 RSV-seropositive children and at 105 and 106 PFU in 21 and 30 RSV-seronegative children, respectively. Results In RSV-seronegative children, the 105 PFU dose was overattenuated, but the 106 PFU dose was well tolerated, infectious (RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L replication detected in 90% of vaccinees), and immunogenic (geometric mean serum RSV plaque-reduction neutralizing antibody titer, 1:64). After the RSV season, 9 of 20 vaccinees had increases in the RSV titer that were significantly greater than those in 8 of 10 placebo recipients (1:955 vs 1:69, respectively), indicating that the vaccine primed for anamnestic responses after natural RSV exposure. Conclusion Rational design yielded a genetically stable candidate RSV vaccine that is attenuated yet immunogenic in RSV-seronegative children, warranting further evaluation. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01893554.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Cindy Luongo
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jocelyn San Mateo
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Kimberli Wanionek
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Peter L Collins
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections, with the most severe disease in young infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. HPIV-3 infections are currently untreatable with licensed therapeutics, and prophylactic and therapeutic options are needed for patients at risk. To complement existing human airway models of HPIV-3 infection and develop an animal model to assess novel intervention strategies, we evaluated infection and transmission of HPIV-3 in ferrets. A well-characterized human clinical isolate (CI) of HPIV-3 engineered to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP) was passaged on primary human airway epithelial cells (HAE) or airway organoids (AO) to avoid tissue culture adaptations. rHPIV3 CI-1-EGFP infection was assessed in vitro in ferret AO and in ferrets in vivo. Undifferentiated and differentiated ferret AO cultures supported rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP replication, but the ferret primary airway cells from AO were less susceptible and permissive than HAE. In vivo rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP replicated in the upper and lower airways of ferrets and targeted respiratory epithelial cells, olfactory epithelial cells, type I pneumocytes, and type II pneumocytes. The infection efficiently induced specific antibody responses. Taken together, ferrets are naturally susceptible to HPIV-3 infection; however, limited replication was observed that led to neither overt clinical signs nor ferret-to-ferret transmission. However, in combination with ferret AO, the ferret model of HPIV-3 infection, tissue tropism, and neutralizing antibodies complements human ex vivo lung models and can be used as a platform for prevention and treatment studies for this important respiratory pathogen. IMPORTANCE HPIV-3 is an important cause of pediatric disease and significantly impacts the elderly. Increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients suffer from HPIV-3 infections, often related to problems with viral clearance. There is a need to model HPIV-3 infections in vitro and in vivo to evaluate novel prophylaxis and treatment options. Currently existing animal models lack the potential for studying animal-to-animal transmission or the effect of immunosuppressive therapy. Here, we describe the use of the ferret model in combination with authentic clinical viruses to further complement human ex vivo models, providing a platform to study approaches to prevent and treat HPIV-3 infection. Although we did not detect ferret-to-ferret transmission in our studies, these studies lay the groundwork for further refinement of the ferret model to immunocompromised ferrets, allowing for studies of severe HPIV-3-associated disease. Such models for preclinical evaluation of prophylaxis and antivirals can contribute to reducing the global health burden of HPIV-3.
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7
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McFarland EJ, Karron RA, Muresan P, Cunningham CK, Perlowski C, Libous J, Oliva J, Jean-Philippe P, Moye J, Schappell E, Barr E, Rexroad V, Fearn L, Cielo M, Wiznia A, Deville JG, Yang L, Luongo C, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ. Live-Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine With M2-2 Deletion and With Small Hydrophobic Noncoding Region Is Highly Immunogenic in Children. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:2050-2059. [PMID: 32006006 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of severe pediatric respiratory illness, and vaccines are needed. Live RSV vaccine D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII, attenuated by deletion of the RSV RNA regulatory protein M2-2, is based on previous candidate LID/ΔM2-2 but incorporates prominent differences from MEDI/ΔM2-2, which was more restricted in replication in phase 1. METHODS RSV-seronegative children aged 6-24 months received 1 intranasal dose (105 plaque-forming units [PFUs] of D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII [n = 21] or placebo [n = 11]) and were monitored for vaccine shedding, reactogenicity, RSV-antibody responses and RSV-associated medically attended acute respiratory illness (RSV-MAARI) and antibody responses during the following RSV season. RESULTS All 21 vaccinees were infected with vaccine; 20 (95%) shed vaccine (median peak titer, 3.5 log10 PFUs/mL with immunoplaque assay and 6.1 log10 copies/mL with polymerase chain reaction). Serum RSV-neutralizing antibodies and anti-RSV fusion immunoglobulin G increased ≥4-fold in 95% and 100% of vaccines, respectively. Mild upper respiratory tract symptoms and/or fever occurred in vaccinees (76%) and placebo recipients (18%). Over the RSV season, RSV-MAARI occurred in 2 vaccinees and 4 placebo recipients. Three vaccinees had ≥4-fold increases in serum RSV-neutralizing antibody titers after the RSV season without RSV-MAARI. CONCLUSIONS D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII had excellent infectivity and immunogenicity and primed vaccine recipients for anamnestic responses, encouraging further evaluation of this attenuation strategy. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03102034 and NCT03099291.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J McFarland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Petronella Muresan
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health/Frontier Science Foundation, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Coleen K Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Oliva
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Jean-Philippe
- Maternal, Adolescent and Pediatric Research Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack Moye
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Schappell
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Vivian Rexroad
- Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Fearn
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mikhaela Cielo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Maternal Child & Adolescent Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew Wiznia
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jaime G Deville
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cindy Luongo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter L Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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8
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A Parainfluenza Virus Vector Expressing the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Prefusion F Protein Is More Effective than RSV for Boosting a Primary Immunization with RSV. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01512-20. [PMID: 33115876 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01512-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated pediatric vaccines for intranasal administration are being developed for human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), an important worldwide pediatric respiratory pathogen that lacks a licensed vaccine or suitable antiviral drug. We evaluated a prime-boost strategy in which primary immunization with RSV was boosted by secondary immunization with RSV or with a chimeric recombinant bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 (rB/HPIV3) vector expressing the RSV fusion F protein. The vector-expressed F protein had been engineered (DS-Cav1 mutations) for increased stability in the highly immunogenic prefusion (pre-F) conformation, with or without replacement of its transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domains with their counterparts from bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) F protein to direct incorporation into the vector virion for increased immunogenicity. In hamsters that received a primary infection with RSV, a booster infection with RSV ∼6 weeks later was completely restricted for producing infectious virus but induced a significant increase in the serum RSV-plaque-reduction neutralizing antibody titer (RSV-PRNT). Boosting instead with the rB/HPIV3-RSV-pre-F vectors resulted in efficient replication and induced significantly higher RSV-PRNTs than RSV. In African green monkeys that received a primary infection with RSV, a booster infection with RSV ∼2, ∼6, or ∼15 months later was highly restricted, whereas booster infections with the vectors had robust replication. Compared with RSV, boosts with the vectors induced 7- to 15-fold higher titers of RSV-specific serum antibodies with high neutralizing activity, as well as significantly higher titers of RSV-specific mucosal IgA antibodies. These findings support further development of this heterologous prime-boost strategy.IMPORTANCE Immune responses to RSV in infants can be reduced due to immunological immaturity and immunosuppression by RSV-specific maternal antibodies. In infants and young children, two infections with wild-type RSV typically are needed to achieve the titers of RSV-specific serum antibodies and protection against illness that are observed in adults. Therefore, a boost might substantially improve the performance of live pediatric RSV vaccines presently being developed. Hamsters and African green monkeys received a primary intranasal infection with RSV and were given a boost with RSV or a parainfluenza virus (PIV) vector expressing RSV fusion protein engineered for enhanced immunogenicity. The RSV boost was highly restricted but induced a significant increase in serum RSV-neutralizing antibodies. The PIV vectors replicated efficiently and induced significantly higher antibody responses. The use of an attenuated PIV vector expressing RSV antigen to boost a primary immunization with an attenuated RSV warrants further evaluation.
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9
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Harris KM, Horn SE, Grant ML, Lang H, Sani G, Jensen-Wachspress MA, Kankate VV, Datar A, Lazarski CA, Bollard CM, Keller MD. T-Cell Therapeutics Targeting Human Parainfluenza Virus 3 Are Broadly Epitope Specific and Are Cross Reactive With Human Parainfluenza Virus 1. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575977. [PMID: 33123159 PMCID: PMC7573487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Parainfluenza Virus-3 (HPIV3) causes severe respiratory illness in immunocompromised patients and lacks approved anti-viral therapies. A phase I study of adoptively transferred virus-specific T-cells (VSTs) targeting HPIV3 following bone marrow transplantation is underway (NCT03180216). We sought to identify immunodominant epitopes within HPIV3 Matrix protein and their cross-reactivity against related viral proteins. VSTs were generated from peripheral blood of healthy donors by ex-vivo expansion after stimulation with a 15-mer peptide library encompassing HPIV3 matrix protein. Epitope mapping was performed using IFN-γ ELIspot with combinatorial peptide pools. Flow cytometry was used to characterize products with intracellular cytokine staining. In 10 VST products tested, we discovered 12 novel immunodominant epitopes. All products recognized an epitope at the C-terminus. On IFN-γ ELISpot, individual peptides eliciting activity demonstrated mean IFN-γ spot forming units per well (SFU)/1x105 cells of 115.5 (range 24.5-247.5). VST products were polyfunctional, releasing IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to identified epitopes, which were primarily HLA Class II restricted. Peptides from Human Parainfluenza Virus-1 corresponding to the HPIV3 epitopes showed cross-reactivity for HPIV1 in 11 of 12 tested epitopes (mean cross reactivity index: 1.19). Characterization of HPIV3 epitopes may enable development of third-party VSTs to treat immune suppressed patients with HPIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Harris
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sarah E Horn
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Melanie L Grant
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Haili Lang
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Gelina Sani
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Vaishnavi V Kankate
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Anushree Datar
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Christopher A Lazarski
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Michael D Keller
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
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Karwal P, Vats ID, Sinha N, Singhal A, Sehgal T, Kumari P. Therapeutic Applications of Peptides against Zika Virus: A Review. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3906-3923. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190111115132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Zika Virus (ZIKV) belongs to the class of flavivirus that can be transmitted by Aedes
mosquitoes. The number of Zika virus caused cases of acute infections, neurological disorders and
congenital microcephaly are rapidly growing and therefore, in 2016, the World Health Organization
declared a global “Public Health Emergency of International Concern”. Anti-ZIKV therapeutic and
vaccine development strategies are growing worldwide in recent years, however, no specific and safe
treatment is available till date to save the human life. Currently, development of peptide therapeutics
against ZIKV has attracted rising attention on account of their high safety concern and low development
cost, in comparison to small therapeutic molecules and antibody-based anti-viral drugs. In present
review, an overview of ZIKV inhibition by peptide-based inhibitors including E-protein derived
peptides, antimicrobial peptides, frog skin peptides and probiotic peptides has been discussed. Peptides
inhibitors have also been reported to act against NS5, NS2B-NS3 protease and proteasome in
order to inhibit ZIKV infection. Recent advances in peptide-based therapeutics and vaccine have
been reviewed and their future promise against ZIKV infections has been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Karwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110019, India
| | - Ishwar Dutt Vats
- Department of Chemistry, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110019, India
| | - Niharika Sinha
- Drug Development Laboratory Group, Gautam Buddha University, Noida, India
| | - Anchal Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Teena Sehgal
- Department of Chemistry, HMRITM, GGSIP University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110019, India
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11
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Pascolutti M, Dirr L, Guillon P, Van Den Bergh A, Ve T, Thomson RJ, von Itzstein M. Structural Insights into Human Parainfluenza Virus 3 Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Using Unsaturated 3- N-Substituted Sialic Acids as Probes. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1544-1550. [PMID: 29693380 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach to human parainfluenza virus 3 (hPIV-3) inhibitor design has been evaluated by targeting an unexplored pocket within the active site region of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) of the virus that is normally occluded upon ligand engagement. To explore this opportunity, we developed a highly efficient route to introduce nitrogen-based functionalities at the naturally unsubstituted C-3 position on the neuraminidase inhibitor template N-acyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-neuraminic acid ( N-acyl-Neu2en), via a regioselective 2,3-bromoazidation. Introduction of triazole substituents at C-3 on this template provided compounds with low micromolar inhibition of hPIV-3 HN neuraminidase activity, with the most potent having 48-fold improved potency over the corresponding C-3 unsubstituted analogue. However, the C-3-triazole N-acyl-Neu2en derivatives were significantly less active against the hemagglutinin function of the virus, with high micromolar IC50 values determined, and showed insignificant in vitro antiviral activity. Given the different pH optima of the HN protein's neuraminidase (acidic pH) and hemagglutinin (neutral pH) functions, the influence of pH on inhibitor binding was examined using X-ray crystallography and STD NMR spectroscopy, providing novel insights into the multifunctionality of hPIV-3 HN. While the 3-phenyltriazole- N-isobutyryl-Neu2en derivative could bind HN at pH 4.6, suitable for neuraminidase inhibition, at neutral pH binding of the inhibitor was substantially reduced. Importantly, this study clearly demonstrates for the first time that potent inhibition of HN neuraminidase activity is not necessarily directly correlated with a strong antiviral activity, and suggests that strong inhibition of the hemagglutinin function of hPIV HN is crucial for potent antiviral activity. This highlights the importance of designing hPIV inhibitors that primarily target the receptor-binding function of hPIV HN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Pascolutti
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Larissa Dirr
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Patrice Guillon
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Annelies Van Den Bergh
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Robin J. Thomson
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
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12
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Karron RA, San Mateo J, Wanionek K, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ. Evaluation of a Live Attenuated Human Metapneumovirus Vaccine in Adults and Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2018; 7:86-89. [PMID: 28444226 PMCID: PMC6075531 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pix006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a phase I clinical trial of an experimental live attenuated recombinant human metapneumovirus (HMPV) vaccine (rHMPV-Pa) sequentially in adults, HMPV-seropositive children, and HMPV-seronegative children, the target population for vaccination. rHMPV-Pa was appropriately restricted in replication in adults and HMPV-seropositive children but was overattenuated for HMPV-seronegative children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland,Correspondence: R. A. Karron, MD, Center for Immunization Research, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 ()
| | - Jocelyn San Mateo
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kimberli Wanionek
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter L Collins
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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13
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Lim FJ, Blyth CC, Fathima P, de Klerk N, Moore HC. Record linkage study of the pathogen-specific burden of respiratory viruses in children. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:502-510. [PMID: 28991397 PMCID: PMC5705691 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliance on hospital discharge diagnosis codes alone will likely underestimate the burden of respiratory viruses. Objectives To describe the epidemiology of respiratory viruses more accurately, we used record linkage to examine data relating to all children hospitalized in Western Australia between 2000 and 2012. Patients/Methods We extracted hospital, infectious disease notification and laboratory data of a cohort of children born in Western Australia between 1996 and 2012. Laboratory records of respiratory specimens collected within 48 hours of admission were linked to hospitalization records. We calculated the frequency and rates of virus detection. To identify groups where under‐ascertainment for respiratory viruses was greatest, we used logistic regression to determine factors associated with failure to test. Results and conclusions Nine percentage of 484 992 admissions linked to a laboratory record for respiratory virus testing. While 62% (n = 26 893) of laboratory‐confirmed admissions received respiratory infection diagnosis codes, 38% (n = 16 734) had other diagnoses, notably viral infection of unspecified sites. Of those tested, incidence rates were highest for respiratory syncytial virus (247 per 100 000 child‐years) followed by parainfluenza (63 per 100 000 child‐years). Admissions among older children and those without a respiratory diagnosis were associated with failure to test for respiratory viruses. Linked data can significantly enhance diagnostic codes when estimating the true burden of disease. In contrast to current emphasis on influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza were the most common viral pathogens among hospitalized children. By characterizing those failing to be tested, we can begin to quantify the under‐ascertainment of respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye J Lim
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia.,PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Parveen Fathima
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicholas de Klerk
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
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Tang JW, Lam TT, Zaraket H, Lipkin WI, Drews SJ, Hatchette TF, Heraud JM, Koopmans MP. Global epidemiology of non-influenza RNA respiratory viruses: data gaps and a growing need for surveillance. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:e320-e326. [PMID: 28457597 PMCID: PMC7164797 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Together with influenza, the non-influenza RNA respiratory viruses (NIRVs), which include respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, coronavirus, rhinovirus, and human metapneumovirus, represent a considerable global health burden, as recognised by WHO's Battle against Respiratory Viruses initiative. By contrast with influenza viruses, little is known about the contemporaneous global diversity of these viruses, and the relevance of such for development of pharmaceutical interventions. Although far less advanced than for influenza, antiviral drugs and vaccines are in different stages of development for several of these viruses, but no interventions have been licensed. This scarcity of global genetic data represents a substantial knowledge gap and impediment to the eventual licensing of new antiviral drugs and vaccines for NIRVs. Enhanced genetic surveillance will assist and boost research and development into new antiviral drugs and vaccines for these viruses. Additionally, understanding the global diversity of respiratory viruses is also part of emerging disease preparedness, because non-human coronaviruses and paramyxoviruses have been listed as priority concerns in a recent WHO research and development blueprint initiative for emerging infectious diseases. In this Personal View, we explain further the rationale for expanding the genetic database of NIRVs and emphasise the need for greater investment in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian W Tang
- Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK; Department of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Tommy T Lam
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven J Drews
- Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Marion P Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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15
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The Role of Human Parainfluenza Virus Infections in the Immunopathology of the Respiratory Tract. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 17:16. [PMID: 28283855 PMCID: PMC7089069 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-017-0685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are leading causes of both upper and lower airway acute illness in all age groups of healthy persons, and have also been implicated in the acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory disorders like asthma and COPD. Human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus and coronavirus have been considered as the most important respiratory pathogens and relatively little attention has been paid to the role of parainfluenza viruses (hPIVs). Human parainfluenza viruses are single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the paramyxovirus family that may evoke lower respiratory infections in infants, children and immunocompromised individuals. Among non-immune compromised adults, hPIV infection typically causes mild disease manifested as upper respiratory tract symptoms and is infrequently associated with severe croup or pneumonia. Moreover, hPIV infection may be associated with viral exacerbations of chronic airway diseases, asthma or COPD or chronic rhinosinusitis. In this review, we summarized the basic epidemiology and immunology of hPIVs and addressed the more recent data implicating the role of parainfluenza viruses in the exacerbation of chronic airway disorders.
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16
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Dirr L, El-Deeb IM, Chavas LMG, Guillon P, Itzstein MV. The impact of the butterfly effect on human parainfluenza virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase inhibitor design. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4507. [PMID: 28674426 PMCID: PMC5495814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses represent a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children, with currently no available approved drug or vaccine. The viral surface glycoprotein haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) represents an ideal antiviral target. Herein, we describe the first structure-based study on the rearrangement of key active site amino acid residues by an induced opening of the 216-loop, through the accommodation of appropriately functionalised neuraminic acid-based inhibitors. We discovered that the rearrangement is influenced by the degree of loop opening and is controlled by the neuraminic acid’s C-4 substituent’s size (large or small). In this study, we found that these rearrangements induce a butterfly effect of paramount importance in HN inhibitor design and define criteria for the ideal substituent size in two different categories of HN inhibitors and provide novel structural insight into the druggable viral HN protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Dirr
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Ibrahim M El-Deeb
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | | | - Patrice Guillon
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
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17
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Guibas GV, Papadopoulos NG. Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. VIRAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN, VOLUME II 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121526 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54093-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The upper respiratory system is one of the most common sites of infection for adults, but even more so for children. Several viruses, from variable families, cause upper respiratory infections which, although generally underestimated due to their typically self-limiting nature, underlie enormous healthcare resource utilization and financial burden. Such, otherwise “benign” infections, can have very significant sequelae both in the form of bringing about local complications but also inducing asthma attacks, thus greatly increasing morbidity. Their enormous prevalence also indicates that rigorous research should be undertaken in order to tackle them, in both the prevention and treatment field.
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Abstract
Pneumonia is of great global public health importance. Viral infections play both direct and indirect parts in its cause across the globe. Influenza is a leading cause of viral pneumonia in both children and adults, and respiratory syncytial virus is increasingly recognized as causing disease at both extremes of age. Vaccination offers the best prospect for prevention but current influenza vaccines do not provide universal and durable protection, and require yearly reformulation. In the future, it is hoped that influenza vaccines will give better and universal protection, and that new vaccines can be found for other causes of viral pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine S Fraser
- Respiratory Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (St Mary's Campus), Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Akhilesh Jha
- Respiratory Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (St Mary's Campus), Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Peter J M Openshaw
- Respiratory Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (St Mary's Campus), Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK.
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19
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Nyombayire J, Anzala O, Gazzard B, Karita E, Bergin P, Hayes P, Kopycinski J, Omosa-Manyonyi G, Jackson A, Bizimana J, Farah B, Sayeed E, Parks CL, Inoue M, Hironaka T, Hara H, Shu T, Matano T, Dally L, Barin B, Park H, Gilmour J, Lombardo A, Excler JL, Fast P, Laufer DS, Cox JH. First-in-Human Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of an Intranasally Administered Replication-Competent Sendai Virus-Vectored HIV Type 1 Gag Vaccine: Induction of Potent T-Cell or Antibody Responses in Prime-Boost Regimens. J Infect Dis 2016; 215:95-104. [PMID: 28077588 PMCID: PMC5225252 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. We report the first-in-human safety and immunogenicity assessment of a prototype intranasally administered, replication-competent Sendai virus (SeV)–vectored, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine. Methods. Sixty-five HIV-1–uninfected adults in Kenya, Rwanda, and the United Kingdom were assigned to receive 1 of 4 prime-boost regimens (administered at 0 and 4 months, respectively; ratio of vaccine to placebo recipients, 12:4): priming with a lower-dose SeV-Gag given intranasally, followed by boosting with an adenovirus 35–vectored vaccine encoding HIV-1 Gag, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and Nef (Ad35-GRIN) given intramuscularly (SLA); priming with a higher-dose SeV-Gag given intranasally, followed by boosting with Ad35-GRIN given intramuscularly (SHA); priming with Ad35-GRIN given intramuscularly, followed by boosting with a higher-dose SeV-Gag given intranasally (ASH); and priming and boosting with a higher-dose SeV-Gag given intranasally (SHSH). Results. All vaccine regimens were well tolerated. Gag-specific IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot–determined response rates and geometric mean responses were higher (96% and 248 spot-forming units, respectively) in groups primed with SeV-Gag and boosted with Ad35-GRIN (SLA and SHA) than those after a single dose of Ad35-GRIN (56% and 54 spot-forming units, respectively) or SeV-Gag (55% and 59 spot-forming units, respectively); responses persisted for ≥8 months after completion of the prime-boost regimen. Functional CD8+ T-cell responses with greater breadth, magnitude, and frequency in a viral inhibition assay were also seen in the SLA and SHA groups after Ad35-GRIN boost, compared with those who received either vaccine alone. SeV-Gag did not boost T-cell counts in the ASH group. In contrast, the highest Gag-specific antibody titers were seen in the ASH group. Mucosal antibody responses were sporadic. Conclusions. SeV-Gag primed functional, durable HIV-specific T-cell responses and boosted antibody responses. The prime-boost sequence appears to determine which arm of the immune response is stimulated. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01705990.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omu Anzala
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative Institute of Clinical Research, Nairobi
| | - Brian Gazzard
- Chelsea and Westminster Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - Philip Bergin
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hayes
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Akil Jackson
- Chelsea and Westminster Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - Bashir Farah
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative Institute of Clinical Research, Nairobi
| | - Eddy Sayeed
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tetsuro Matano
- University of Tokyo.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Len Dally
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Harriet Park
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York
| | - Jill Gilmour
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Patricia Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York
| | - Dagna S Laufer
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York
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20
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Packaging and Prefusion Stabilization Separately and Additively Increase the Quantity and Quality of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by an RSV Fusion Protein Expressed by a Parainfluenza Virus Vector. J Virol 2016; 90:10022-10038. [PMID: 27581977 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01196-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) are major pediatric respiratory pathogens that lack vaccines. A chimeric bovine/human PIV3 (rB/HPIV3) virus expressing the unmodified, wild-type (wt) RSV fusion (F) protein from an added gene was previously evaluated in seronegative children as a bivalent intranasal RSV/HPIV3 vaccine, and it was well tolerated but insufficiently immunogenic for RSV F. We recently showed that rB/HPIV3 expressing a partially stabilized prefusion form (pre-F) of RSV F efficiently induced "high-quality" RSV-neutralizing antibodies, defined as antibodies that neutralize RSV in vitro without added complement (B. Liang et al., J Virol 89:9499-9510, 2015, doi:10.1128/JVI.01373-15). In the present study, we modified RSV F by replacing its cytoplasmic tail (CT) domain or its CT and transmembrane (TM) domains (TMCT) with counterparts from BPIV3 F, with or without pre-F stabilization. This resulted in RSV F being packaged in the rB/HPIV3 particle with an efficiency similar to that of RSV particles. Enhanced packaging was substantially attenuating in hamsters (10- to 100-fold) and rhesus monkeys (100- to 1,000-fold). Nonetheless, TMCT-directed packaging substantially increased the titers of high-quality RSV-neutralizing serum antibodies in hamsters. In rhesus monkeys, a strongly additive immunogenic effect of packaging and pre-F stabilization was observed, as demonstrated by 8- and 30-fold increases of RSV-neutralizing serum antibody titers in the presence and absence of added complement, respectively, compared to pre-F stabilization alone. Analysis of vaccine-induced F-specific antibodies by binding assays indicated that packaging conferred substantial stabilization of RSV F in the pre-F conformation. This provides an improved version of this well-tolerated RSV/HPIV3 vaccine candidate, with potently improved immunogenicity, which can be returned to clinical trials. IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) are major viral agents of acute pediatric bronchiolitis and pneumonia worldwide that lack vaccines. A bivalent intranasal RSV/HPIV3 vaccine candidate consisting of a chimeric bovine/human PIV3 (rB/HPIV3) strain expressing the RSV fusion (F) protein was previously shown to be well tolerated by seronegative children but was insufficiently immunogenic for RSV F. In the present study, the RSV F protein was engineered to be packaged efficiently into vaccine virus particles. This resulted in a significantly enhanced quantity and quality of RSV-neutralizing antibodies in hamsters and nonhuman primates. In nonhuman primates, this effect was strongly additive to the previously described stabilization of the prefusion conformation of the F protein. The improved immunogenicity of RSV F by packaging appeared to involve prefusion stabilization. These findings provide a potently more immunogenic version of this well-tolerated vaccine candidate and should be applicable to other vectored vaccines.
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Human parainfluenza virus-3 can be targeted by rapidly ex vivo expanded T lymphocytes. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1515-1524. [PMID: 27692559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Human parainfluenza virus-3 (HPIV) is a common cause of respiratory infection in immunocompromised patients and currently has no effective therapies. Virus-specific T-cell therapy has been successful for the treatment or prevention of viral infections in immunocompromised patients but requires determination of T-cell antigens on targeted viruses. METHODS HPIV3-specific T cells were expanded from peripheral blood of healthy donors using a rapid generation protocol targeting four HPIV3 proteins. Immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry. Viral specificity was determined by interferon (IFN)-γ ELISpot, intracellular cytokine staining and cytokine measurements from culture supernatants by Luminex assay. Cytotoxic activity was tested by 51Cr release and CD107a mobilization assays. Virus-specific T cells targeting six viruses were then produced by rapid protocol, and the phenotype of HPIV3-specific T cells was determined by immunomagnetic sorting for IFN-γ-producing cells. RESULTS HPIV3-specific T cells were expanded from 13 healthy donors. HPIV3-specific T cells showed a CD4+ predominance (mean CD4:CD8 ratio 2.89) and demonstrated specificity for multiple HPIV3 antigens. The expanded T cells were polyfunctional based on cytokine production but only had a minor cytotoxic component. T cells targeting six viruses in a single product similarly showed HPIV3 specificity, with a predominant effector memory phenotype (CD3+/CD45RA-/CCR7-) in responder cells. DISCUSSION HPIV3-specific T cells can be produced using a rapid ex vivo protocol from healthy donors and are predominantly CD4+ T cells with Th1 activity. HPIV3 epitopes can also be successfully targeted alongside multiple other viral epitopes in production of six-virus T cells, without loss of HPIV3 specificity. These products may be clinically beneficial to combat HPIV3 infections by adoptive T-cell therapy in immune-compromised patients.
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23
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Karron RA, Luongo C, Thumar B, Loehr KM, Englund JA, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ. A gene deletion that up-regulates viral gene expression yields an attenuated RSV vaccine with improved antibody responses in children. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:312ra175. [PMID: 26537255 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac8463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of severe pediatric respiratory illness, and a safe and effective vaccine for use in infancy and early childhood is needed. We previously showed that deletion of the coding sequence for the viral M2-2 protein (ΔM2-2) down-regulated viral RNA replication and up-regulated gene transcription and antigen synthesis, raising the possibility of development of an attenuated vaccine with enhanced immunogenicity. RSV MEDI ΔM2-2 was therefore evaluated as a live intranasal vaccine in adults, RSV-seropositive children, and RSV-seronegative children. When results in RSV-seronegative children were compared to those achieved with the previous leading live attenuated RSV candidate vaccine, vaccine virus shedding was significantly more restricted, yet the postvaccination RSV-neutralizing serum antibody achieved [geometric mean titer (GMT) = 1:97] was significantly greater. Surveillance during the subsequent RSV season showed that several seronegative RSV MEDI ΔM2-2 recipients had substantial antibody rises without reported illness, suggesting that the vaccine was protective yet primed for anamnestic responses to RSV. Rational design appears to have yielded a candidate RSV vaccine that is intrinsically superior at eliciting protective antibody in RSV-naïve children and highlights an approach for the development of live attenuated RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Cindy Luongo
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bhagvanji Thumar
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Karen M Loehr
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Janet A Englund
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Peter L Collins
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abedi GR, Prill MM, Langley GE, Wikswo ME, Weinberg GA, Curns AT, Schneider E. Estimates of Parainfluenza Virus-Associated Hospitalizations and Cost Among Children Aged Less Than 5 Years in the United States, 1998-2010. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2016; 5:7-13. [PMID: 26908486 PMCID: PMC5813689 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is the second leading cause of hospitalization for respiratory illness in young children in the United States. Infection can result in a full range of respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia. The recognized human subtypes of PIV are numbered 1-4. This study calculates estimates of PIV-associated hospitalizations among U.S. children younger than 5 years using the latest available data. METHODS Data from the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System were used to characterize seasonal PIV trends from July 2004 through June 2010. To estimate the number of PIV-associated hospitalizations that occurred annually among U.S. children aged <5 years from 1998 through 2010, respiratory hospitalizations from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample were multiplied by the proportion of acute respiratory infection hospitalizations positive for PIV among young children enrolled in the New Vaccine Surveillance Network. Estimates of hospitalization charges attributable to PIV infection were also calculated. RESULTS Parainfluenza virus seasonality follows type-specific seasonal patterns, with PIV-1 circulating in odd-numbered years and PIV-2 and -3 circulating annually. The average annual estimates of PIV-associated bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia hospitalizations among children aged <5 years in the United States were 3888 (0.2 hospitalizations per 1000), 8481 per year (0.4 per 1000 children), and 10,186 (0.5 per 1000 children), respectively. Annual charges for PIV-associated bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia hospitalizations were approximately $43 million, $58 million, and $158 million, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The majority of PIV-associated hospitalizations in young children occur among those aged 0 to 2 years. When vaccines for PIV become available, immunization would be most effective if realized within the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R. Abedi
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mila M. Prill
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gayle E. Langley
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary E. Wikswo
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Geoffrey A. Weinberg
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York
| | - Aaron T. Curns
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eileen Schneider
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Long-Term Shedding of Influenza Virus, Parainfluenza Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Nosocomial Epidemiology in Patients with Hematological Disorders. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148258. [PMID: 26866481 PMCID: PMC4750950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are a cause of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), but can be associated with severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in immunocompromised patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic variability of influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the duration of viral shedding in hematological patients. Nasopharyngeal swabs from hematological patients were screened for influenza, parainfluenza and RSV on admission as well as on development of respiratory symptoms. Consecutive swabs were collected until viral clearance. Out of 672 tested patients, a total of 111 patients (17%) were infected with one of the investigated viral agents: 40 with influenza, 13 with parainfluenza and 64 with RSV; six patients had influenza/RSV or parainfluenza/RSV co-infections. The majority of infected patients (n = 75/111) underwent stem cell transplantation (42 autologous, 48 allogeneic, 15 autologous and allogeneic). LRTI was observed in 48 patients, of whom 15 patients developed severe LRTI, and 13 patients with respiratory tract infection died. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a variety of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), influenza B, parainfluenza 3 and RSV A, B viruses. RSV A was detected in 54 patients, RSV B in ten patients. The newly emerging RSV A genotype ON1 predominated in the study cohort and was found in 48 (75%) of 64 RSV-infected patients. Furthermore, two distinct clusters were detected for RSV A genotype ON1, identical RSV G gene sequences in these patients are consistent with nosocomial transmission. Long-term viral shedding for more than 30 days was significantly associated with prior allogeneic transplantation (p = 0.01) and was most pronounced in patients with RSV infection (n = 16) with a median duration of viral shedding for 80 days (range 35–334 days). Long-term shedding of respiratory viruses might be a catalyzer of nosocomial transmission and must be considered for efficient infection control in immunocompromised patients.
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Karron RA, San Mateo J, Thumar B, Schaap-Nutt A, Buchholz UJ, Schmidt AC, Bartlett EJ, Murphy BR, Collins PL. Evaluation of a Live-Attenuated Human Parainfluenza Type 1 Vaccine in Adults and Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2015; 4:e143-6. [PMID: 26582883 PMCID: PMC4681387 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piu104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a phase I clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov identifier, NCT00641017) of the experimental live-attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV-1) vaccine rHPIV-1/84/del 170/942A sequentially in 3 groups: adults, HPIV-1-seropositive children, and HPIV-1-seronegative children, the target population for vaccination. rHPIV-1/84/del 170/942A was appropriately restricted in replication in adults and HPIV-1-seropositive children but was overattenuated (ie, insufficiently infectious and immunogenic) for HPIV-1-seronegative children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jocelyn San Mateo
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bhagvanji Thumar
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anne Schaap-Nutt
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ursula J. Buchholz
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexander C. Schmidt
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emmalene J. Bartlett
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian R. Murphy
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter L. Collins
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Marangu D, Kovacs S, Walson J, Bonhoeffer J, Ortiz JR, John-Stewart G, Horne DJ. Wheeze as an adverse event in pediatric vaccine and drug randomized controlled trials: A systematic review. Vaccine 2015; 33:5333-5341. [PMID: 26319071 PMCID: PMC4743983 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wheeze is an important sign indicating a potentially severe adverse event in vaccine and drug trials, particularly in children. However, there are currently no consensus definitions of wheeze or associated respiratory compromise in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). OBJECTIVE To identify definitions and severity grading scales of wheeze as an adverse event in vaccine and drug RCTs enrolling children <5 years and to determine their diagnostic performance based on sensitivity, specificity and inter-observer agreement. METHODS We performed a systematic review of electronic databases and reference lists with restrictions for trial settings, English language and publication date ≥1970. Wheeze definitions and severity grading were abstracted and ranked by a diagnostic certainty score based on sensitivity, specificity and inter-observer agreement. RESULTS Of 1205 articles identified using our broad search terms, we identified 58 eligible trials conducted in 38 countries, mainly in high-income settings. Vaccines made up the majority (90%) of interventions, particularly influenza vaccines (65%). Only 15 trials provided explicit definitions of wheeze. Of 24 studies that described severity, 11 described wheeze severity in the context of an explicit wheeze definition. The remaining 13 studies described wheeze severity where wheeze was defined as part of a respiratory illness or a wheeze equivalent. Wheeze descriptions were elicited from caregiver reports (14%), physical examination by a health worker (45%) or a combination (41%). There were 21/58 studies in which wheeze definitions included combined caregiver report and healthcare worker assessment. The use of these two methods appeared to have the highest combined sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION Standardized wheeze definitions and severity grading scales for use in pediatric vaccine or drug trials are lacking. Standardized definitions of wheeze are needed for assessment of possible adverse events as new vaccines and drugs are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marangu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Stephanie Kovacs
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Judd Walson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jan Bonhoeffer
- Brighton Collaboration Foundation, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Justin R Ortiz
- Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David J Horne
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Dirr L, El-Deeb IM, Guillon P, Carroux CJ, Chavas LMG, von Itzstein M. The Catalytic Mechanism of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Haemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Revealed. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dirr L, El-Deeb IM, Guillon P, Carroux CJ, Chavas LMG, von Itzstein M. The Catalytic Mechanism of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Haemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Revealed. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2936-40. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ho A. Viral pneumonia in adults and older children in sub-Saharan Africa - epidemiology, aetiology, diagnosis and management. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2014; 5:18-29. [PMID: 31641571 PMCID: PMC5922328 DOI: 10.15172/pneu.2014.5/446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia causes substantial morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated 131 million new cases each year. Viruses — such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus — are now recognised as important causes of respiratory disease in older children and adults in the developed world following the emergence of sensitive molecular diagnostic tests, recent severe viral epidemics, and the discovery of novel viruses. Few studies have comprehensively evaluated the viral aetiology of adult pneumonia in Africa, but it is likely to differ from Western settings due to varying seasonality and the high proportion of patients with immunosuppression and co-morbidities. Emerging data suggest a high prevalence of viral pathogens, as well as multiple viral and viral/bacterial infections in African adults with pneumonia. However, the interpretation of positive results from highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction tests can be challenging. Therapeutic and preventative options against viral respiratory infections are currently limited in the African setting. This review summarises the current state of the epidemiology, aetiology, diagnosis and management of viral pneumonia in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Ho
- 14Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi.,24Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
The common cold is the most frequent, although generally mild, human disease. Human Rhinoviruses are the prevalent causative agents, but other viruses are also implicated. Being so common, viral colds, have significant implications on public health and quality of life, but may also be life-threatening for vulnerable groups of patients. Specific diagnosis and treatment of the common cold still remain unmet needs. Molecular diagnostic techniques allow specific detection of known pathogens as well as the identification of newly emerging viruses. Although a number of medications or natural treatments have been shown to have some effect, either on the number or on the severity of common colds, no single agent is considerably effective. Virus-specific management remains in most cases a challenging potential as many factors have to be taken into account, including the diversity of the viral genomes, the heterogeneity of affected individuals, as well as the complexity of this long standing host-virus relationship.
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