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Karron RA, Herbert K, Wanionek K, Schmidt AC, Schaap-Nutt A, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ. Evaluation of a Live-Attenuated Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 Vaccine in Adults and Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2023; 12:173-176. [PMID: 36594442 PMCID: PMC10112673 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a phase I clinical trial of the live-attenuated recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) vaccine candidate rHPIV2-15C/948L/∆1724 sequentially in adults, HPIV2-seropositive children, and HPIV2-seronegative children, the target population for vaccination. rHPIV2-15C/948L/∆1724 was appropriately restricted in replication in adults and HPIV2-seropositive children but was overattenuated for HPIV2-seronegative children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristi Herbert
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberli Wanionek
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander C Schmidt
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Present Affiliation: Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Schaap-Nutt
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter L Collins
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Karron RA, San Mateo J, Thumar B, Schaap-Nutt A, Buchholz UJ, Schmidt AC, Bartlett EJ, Murphy BR, Collins PL. Evaluation of a Live-Attenuated Human Parainfluenza Type 1 Vaccine in Adults and Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2015; 4:e143-6. [PMID: 26582883 PMCID: PMC4681387 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piu104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a phase I clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov identifier, NCT00641017) of the experimental live-attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV-1) vaccine rHPIV-1/84/del 170/942A sequentially in 3 groups: adults, HPIV-1-seropositive children, and HPIV-1-seronegative children, the target population for vaccination. rHPIV-1/84/del 170/942A was appropriately restricted in replication in adults and HPIV-1-seropositive children but was overattenuated (ie, insufficiently infectious and immunogenic) for HPIV-1-seronegative children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jocelyn San Mateo
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bhagvanji Thumar
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anne Schaap-Nutt
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ursula J. Buchholz
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexander C. Schmidt
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emmalene J. Bartlett
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian R. Murphy
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter L. Collins
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Schaap-Nutt A, Thyssen DA, Drell DW, Entschladen F. Anti-metastatics: an overview of drug candidates in current pipelines. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:6522-8. [PMID: 25341929 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140826152610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As the number of novel drugs that have entered the market in oncology has slowed in recent years, there has been a dramatic shift towards new therapeutic approaches. The majority of cancer patients die from metastasis formation, which has prompted the pharmaceutical industry to begin to investigate a new class of agents: anti-metastatics. This review provides an overview of the targets, mechanisms of action, and drug substances currently in the pharma pipeline to inhibit tumor cell migration and metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frank Entschladen
- MetaVi Labs Inc, 16238 Ranch Road 620 North, Suite F-347, Austin, Texas 78717, USA.
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Englund JA, Karron RA, Cunningham CK, Larussa P, Melvin A, Yogev R, Handelsman E, Siberry GK, Thumar B, Schappell E, Bull CV, Chu HY, Schaap-Nutt A, Buchholz U, Collins PL, Schmidt AC. Safety and infectivity of two doses of live-attenuated recombinant cold-passaged human parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine rHPIV3cp45 in HPIV3-seronegative young children. Vaccine 2013; 31:5706-12. [PMID: 24103895 PMCID: PMC3889708 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
rHPIV3cp45 vaccine was immunogenic and well-tolerated in seronegative young children. A second dose of rHPIV3cp45 given 6 months later was restricted in those previously infected. Antibody responses were boosted after a second dose of rHPIV3cp45. A second dose of rHPIV3cp45 induced antibody responses in two previously uninfected children.
Background Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) is a common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. Live-attenuated cold-adapted HPIV3 vaccines have been evaluated in infants but a suitable interval for administration of a second dose of vaccine has not been defined. Methods HPIV3-seronegative children between the ages of 6 and 36 months were randomized 2:1 in a blinded study to receive two doses of 105 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) of live-attenuated, recombinant cold-passaged human PIV3 vaccine (rHPIV3cp45) or placebo 6 months apart. Serum antibody levels were assessed prior to and approximately 4–6 weeks after each dose. Vaccine virus infectivity, defined as detection of vaccine-HPIV3 in nasal wash and/or a ≥ 4-fold rise in serum antibody titer, and reactogenicity were assessed on days 3, 7, and 14 following immunization. Results Forty HPIV3-seronegative children (median age 13 months; range 6–35 months) were enrolled; 27 (68%) received vaccine and 13 (32%) received placebo. Infectivity was detected in 25 (96%) of 26 evaluable vaccinees following doses 1 and 9 of 26 subject (35%) following dose 2. Among those who shed virus, the median duration of viral shedding was 12 days (range 6–15 days) after dose 1 and 6 days (range 3–8 days) after dose 2, with a mean peak log10 viral titer of 3.4 PFU/mL (SD: 1.0) after dose 1 compared to 1.5 PFU/mL (SD: 0.92) after dose 2. Overall, reactogenicity was mild, with no difference in rates of fever and upper respiratory infection symptoms between vaccine and placebo groups. Conclusion rHPIV3cp45 was immunogenic and well-tolerated in seronegative young children. A second dose administered 6 months after the initial dose was restricted in those previously infected with vaccine virus; however, the second dose boosted antibody responses and induced antibody responses in two previously uninfected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Englund
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, United States.
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Schaap-Nutt A, Liesman R, Bartlett EJ, Scull MA, Collins PL, Pickles RJ, Schmidt AC. Human parainfluenza virus serotypes differ in their kinetics of replication and cytokine secretion in human tracheobronchial airway epithelium. Virology 2012; 433:320-8. [PMID: 22959894 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) cause acute respiratory illness in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. PIV3 is a common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia, whereas PIV1 and 2 are frequent causes of upper respiratory tract illness and croup. To assess how PIV1, 2, and 3 differ with regard to replication and induction of type I interferons, interleukin-6, and relevant chemokines, we infected primary human airway epithelium (HAE) cultures from the same tissue donors and examined replication kinetics and cytokine secretion. PIV1 replicated to high titer yet did not induce cytokine secretion until late in infection, while PIV2 replicated less efficiently but induced an early cytokine peak. PIV3 replicated to high titer but induced a slower rise in cytokine secretion. The T cell chemoattractants CXCL10 and CXCL11 were the most abundant chemokines induced. Differences in replication and cytokine secretion might explain some of the differences in PIV serotype-specific pathogenesis and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaap-Nutt
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2007, USA
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Schomacker H, Schaap-Nutt A, Collins PL, Schmidt AC. Pathogenesis of acute respiratory illness caused by human parainfluenza viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:294-9. [PMID: 22709516 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a common cause of acute respiratory illness throughout life. Infants, children, and the immunocompromised are the most likely to develop severe disease. HPIV1 and HPIV2 are best known to cause croup while HPIV3 is a common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. HPIVs replicate productively in respiratory epithelial cells and do not spread systemically unless the host is severely immunocompromised. Molecular studies have delineated how HPIVs evade and block cellular innate immune responses to permit efficient replication, local spread, and host-to-host transmission. Studies using ex vivo human airway epithelium have focused on virus tropism, cellular pathology and the epithelial inflammatory response, elucidating how events early in infection shape the adaptive immune response and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrick Schomacker
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Schmidt AC, Schaap-Nutt A, Bartlett EJ, Schomacker H, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Karron RA, Collins PL. Progress in the development of human parainfluenza virus vaccines. Expert Rev Respir Med 2011; 5:515-26. [PMID: 21859271 DOI: 10.1586/ers.11.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In children under 5 years of age, human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) as a group are the second most common etiology of acute respiratory illness leading to hospitalization, surpassed only by respiratory syncytial virus but ahead of influenza viruses. Using reverse genetics systems for HPIV serotypes 1, 2 and 3 (HPIV1, 2 and 3), several live-attenuated HPIVs have been generated and evaluated as intranasal vaccines in adults and in children. Two vaccines against HPIV3 were found to be well tolerated, infectious and immunogenic in Phase I trials in HPIV3-seronegative infants and children and should progress to proof-of-concept trials. Vaccines against HPIV1 and HPIV2 are less advanced and have just entered pediatric trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Schmidt
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Schaap-Nutt A, D'Angelo C, Amaro-Carambot E, Nolan SM, Davis S, Wise SM, Higgins C, Bradley K, Kim O, Mayor R, Skiadopoulos MH, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Schmidt AC. Recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 2 with mutations in V that permit cellular interferon signaling are not attenuated in non-human primates. Virology 2010; 406:65-79. [PMID: 20667570 PMCID: PMC2932766 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The HPIV2 V protein inhibits type I interferon (IFN) induction and signaling. To manipulate the V protein, whose coding sequence overlaps that of the polymerase-associated phosphoprotein (P), without altering the P protein, we generated an HPIV2 virus in which P and V are expressed from separate genes (rHPIV2-P+V). rHPIV2-P+V replicated like HPIV2-WT in vitro and in non-human primates. HPIV2-P+V was modified by introducing two separate mutations into the V protein to create rHPIV2-L101E/L102E and rHPIV2-Delta122-127. In contrast to HPIV2-WT, both mutant viruses were unable to degrade STAT2, leaving virus-infected cells susceptible to IFN. Neither mutant, nor HPIV2-WT, induced significant amounts of IFN-beta in infected cells. Surprisingly, neither rHPIV2-L101E/L102E nor rHPIV2-Delta122-127 was attenuated in two species of non-human primates. This indicates that loss of HPIV2's ability to inhibit IFN signaling is insufficient to attenuate virus replication in vivo as long as IFN induction is still inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaap-Nutt
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ku CC, Che XB, Reichelt M, Rajamani J, Schaap-Nutt A, Huang KJ, Sommer MH, Chen YS, Chen YY, Arvin AM. Herpes simplex virus-1 induces expression of a novel MxA isoform that enhances viral replication. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:173-82. [PMID: 20603636 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
MxA is an antiviral protein induced by interferon (IFN)-α/β that is known to inhibit the replication of many RNA viruses. In these experiments, the 76-kDa MxA protein expressed in IFN-α-treated cells was shown to have antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a human DNA virus. However, MxA was expressed as a 56-kDa protein in HSV-1-infected cells in the absence of IFN-α. This previously unrecognized MxA isoform was produced from an alternatively spliced MxA transcript that had a deletion of Exons 14-16 and a frame shift altering the C-terminus. The variant MxA (varMxA) isoform was associated with HSV-1 regulatory proteins and virions in nuclear replication compartments. varMxA expression enhanced HSV-1 infection as shown by a reduction in infectious virus titers from cells in which MxA had been inhibited by RNA interference and by an increase in HSV-1 titers when the 56-kDa varMxA was expressed constitutively. Thus, the human MxA gene encodes two MxA isoforms, which are expressed differentially depending on whether the stimulus is IFN-α or HSV-1. These findings show that alternative splicing of cellular mRNA can result in expression of a novel isoform of a host defense gene that supports instead of restricting viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Ku
- The Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Schaap-Nutt A, Scull MA, Schmidt AC, Murphy BR, Pickles RJ. Growth restriction of an experimental live attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 2 vaccine in human ciliated airway epithelium in vitro parallels attenuation in African green monkeys. Vaccine 2010; 28:2788-98. [PMID: 20139039 PMCID: PMC2844349 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are common causes of severe pediatric respiratory viral disease. We characterized wild-type HPIV2 infection in an in vitro model of human airway epithelium (HAE) and found that the virus replicates to high titer, sheds apically, targets ciliated cells, and induces minimal cytopathology. Replication of an experimental, live attenuated HPIV2 vaccine strain, containing both temperature sensitive (ts) and non-ts attenuating mutations, was restricted >30-fold compared to rHPIV2-WT in HAE at 32 °C and exhibited little productive replication at 37 °C. This restriction paralleled attenuation in the upper and lower respiratory tract of African green monkeys, supporting the HAE model as an appropriate and convenient system for characterizing HPIV2 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaap-Nutt
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-2007, USA
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Schaap-Nutt A, D'Angelo C, Scull MA, Amaro-Carambot E, Nishio M, Pickles RJ, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Schmidt AC. Human parainfluenza virus type 2 V protein inhibits interferon production and signaling and is required for replication in non-human primates. Virology 2009; 397:285-98. [PMID: 19969320 PMCID: PMC2822077 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In wild-type human parainfluenza virus type 2 (WT HPIV2), one gene (the P/V gene) encodes both the polymerase-associated phosphoprotein (P) and the accessory V protein. We generated a HPIV2 virus (rHPIV2-Vko) in which the P/V gene encodes only the P protein to examine the role of V in replication in vivo and as a potential live attenuated virus vaccine. Preventing expression of V protein severely impaired virus recovery from cDNA and growth in vitro, particularly in IFN-competent cells. rHPIV2-Vko, unlike WT HPIV2, strongly induced IFN-β and permitted IFN signaling, leading to establishment of a robust antiviral state. rHPIV2-Vko infection induced extensive syncytia and cytopathicity that was due to both apoptosis and necrosis. Replication of rHPIV2-Vko was highly restricted in the respiratory tract of African green monkeys and in differentiated primary human airway epithelial (HAE) cultures, suggesting that V protein is essential for efficient replication of HPIV2 in organized epithelial cells and that rHPIV2-Vko is over-attenuated for use as a live attenuated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaap-Nutt
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Nolan SM, Skiadopoulos MH, Bradley K, Kim OS, Bier S, Amaro-Carambot E, Surman SR, Davis S, St. Claire M, Elkins R, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Schaap-Nutt A. Recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 2 vaccine candidates containing a 3' genomic promoter mutation and L polymerase mutations are attenuated and protective in non-human primates. Vaccine 2007; 25:6409-22. [PMID: 17658669 PMCID: PMC2040028 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we identified several attenuating mutations in the L polymerase protein of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) and genetically stabilized those mutations using reverse genetics [Nolan SM, Surman S, Amaro-Carambot E, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Skiadopoulos MH. Live-attenuated intranasal parainfluenza virus type 2 vaccine candidates developed by reverse genetics containing L polymerase protein mutations imported from heterologous paramyxoviruses. Vaccine 2005;39(23):4765-74]. Here we describe the discovery of an attenuating mutation at nucleotide 15 (15(T-->C)) in the 3' genomic promoter that was also present in the previously characterized mutants. We evaluated the properties of this promoter mutation alone and in various combinations with the L polymerase mutations. Amino acid substitutions at L protein positions 460 (460A or 460P) or 948 (948L), or deletion of amino acids 1724 and 1725 (Delta1724), each conferred a temperature sensitivity (ts) phenotype whereas the 15(T-->C) mutation did not. The 460A and 948L mutations each contributed to restricted replication in the lower respiratory tract of African green monkeys, but the Delta1724 mutation increased attenuation only in certain combinations with other mutations. We constructed two highly attenuated viruses, rV94(15C)/460A/948L and rV94(15C)/948L/Delta1724, that were immunogenic and protective against challenge with wild-type HPIV2 in African green monkeys and, therefore, appear to be suitable for evaluation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne Schaap-Nutt
- *Corresponding author. Mailing address: NIH, 50 South Drive, Bldg 50, Room 6509, MSC 8007, Bethesda, MD 20892. Phone (301) 594-1650. Fax: (301) 480-1268.
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Schaap-Nutt A, Sommer M, Che X, Zerboni L, Arvin AM. ORF66 protein kinase function is required for T-cell tropism of varicella-zoster virus in vivo. J Virol 2006; 80:11806-16. [PMID: 16971426 PMCID: PMC1642581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00466-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several functions have been attributed to the serine/threonine protein kinase encoded by open reading frame 66 (ORF66) of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), including modulation of the apoptosis and interferon pathways, down-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I cell surface expression, and regulation of IE62 localization. The amino acid sequence of the ORF66 protein contains a recognizable conserved kinase domain. Point mutations were introduced into conserved protein kinase motifs to evaluate their importance to ORF66 protein functions. Two substitution mutants were generated, including a G102A substitution, which blocked autophosphorylation and altered IE62 localization, and an S250P substitution, which had no effect on either autophosphorylation or IE62 localization. Both kinase domain mutants grew to titers equivalent to recombinant parent Oka (pOka) in vitro. pOka66G102A had slightly reduced growth in skin, which was comparable to the reduction observed when ORF66 translation was prevented by stop codon insertions in pOka66S. In contrast, infection of T-cell xenografts with pOka66G102A was associated with a significant decrease in infectious virus production equivalent to the impaired T-cell tropism found with pOka66S infection of T-cell xenografts in vivo. Disrupting kinase activity with the G102A mutation did not alter IE62 cytoplasmic localization in VZV-infected T cells, suggesting that decreased T-cell tropism is due to other ORF66 protein functions. The G102A mutation reduced the antiapoptotic effects of VZV infection of T cells. These experiments indicate that the T-cell tropism of VZV depends upon intact ORF66 protein kinase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaap-Nutt
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA.
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