1
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Liu DX, Pahar B, Perry DL, Xu H, Cooper TK, Huzella LM, Hart RJ, Hischak AMW, Bernbaum J, St Claire M, Byrum R, Bennett RS, Warren T, Holbrook MR, Hensley LE, Crozier I, Schmaljohn CS. Depletion of Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Cells in Ebolavirus-Infected Rhesus Macaques: A Possible Cause of Hematologic Abnormalities in Ebolavirus Disease. Am J Pathol 2023; 193:2031-2046. [PMID: 37689386 PMCID: PMC10699128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of long-recognized hematologic abnormalities in Ebolavirus (EBOV) disease (EVD) is unknown. From limited human sampling (of peripheral blood), it has been postulated that emergency hematopoiesis plays a role in severe EVD, but the systematic characterization of the bone marrow (BM) has not occurred in human disease or in nonhuman primate models. In a lethal rhesus macaque model of EVD, 18 sternal BM samples exposed to the Kikwit strain of EBOV were compared to those from uninfected controls (n = 3). Immunohistochemistry, RNAscope in situ hybridization, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy showed that EBOV infects BM monocytes/macrophages and megakaryocytes. EBOV exposure was associated with severe BM hypocellularity, including depletion of myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocyte hematopoietic cells. These depletions were negatively correlated with cell proliferation (Ki67 expression) and were not associated with BM apoptosis during disease progression. In EBOV-infected rhesus macaques with terminal disease, BM showed marked hemophagocytosis, megakaryocyte emperipolesis, and the release of immature hematopoietic cells into the sinusoids. Collectively, these data demonstrate not only direct EBOV infection of BM monocytes/macrophages and megakaryocytes but also that disease progression is associated with hematopoietic failure, notably in peripheral cytopenia. These findings inform current pathophysiologic unknowns and suggest a crucial role for BM dysfunction and/or failure, including emergency hematopoiesis, as part of the natural history of severe human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Donna L Perry
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Louis M Huzella
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Randy J Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Amanda M W Hischak
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - John Bernbaum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Travis Warren
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
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2
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Stein SR, Platt AP, Teague HL, Anthony SM, Reeder RJ, Cooper K, Byrum R, Drawbaugh DJ, Liu DX, Burdette TL, Hadley K, Barr B, Warner S, Rodriguez-Hernandez F, Johnson C, Stanek P, Hischak J, Kendall H, Huzella LM, Strich JR, Herbert R, St. Claire M, Vannella KM, Holbrook MR, Chertow DS. Clinical and Immunologic Correlates of Vasodilatory Shock Among Ebola Virus-Infected Nonhuman Primates in a Critical Care Model. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S635-S647. [PMID: 37652048 PMCID: PMC10651209 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing models of Ebola virus infection have not fully characterized the pathophysiology of shock in connection with daily virologic, clinical, and immunologic parameters. We implemented a nonhuman primate critical care model to investigate these associations. METHODS Two rhesus macaques received a target dose of 1000 plaque-forming units of Ebola virus intramuscularly with supportive care initiated on day 3. High-dimensional spectral cytometry was used to phenotype neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells daily. RESULTS We observed progressive vasodilatory shock with preserved cardiac function following viremia onset on day 5. Multiorgan dysfunction began on day 6 coincident with the nadir of circulating neutrophils. Consumptive coagulopathy and anemia occurred on days 7 to 8 along with irreversible shock, followed by death. The monocyte repertoire began shifting on day 4 with a decline in classical and expansion of double-negative monocytes. A selective loss of CXCR3-positive B and T cells, expansion of naive B cells, and activation of natural killer cells followed viremia onset. CONCLUSIONS Our model allows for high-fidelity characterization of the pathophysiology of acute Ebola virus infection with host innate and adaptive immune responses, which may advance host-targeted therapy design and evaluation for use after the onset of multiorgan failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney R Stein
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Andrew P Platt
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Heather L Teague
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Pathogenesis and Therapeutics Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Rebecca J Reeder
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - David J Drawbaugh
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Tracey L Burdette
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Kyra Hadley
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Bobbi Barr
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Seth Warner
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Pathogenesis and Therapeutics Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Cristal Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Phil Stanek
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Joseph Hischak
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Heather Kendall
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, Maryland, USA
| | - Louis M Huzella
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Jeffrey R Strich
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Pathogenesis and Therapeutics Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Richard Herbert
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa St. Claire
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Kevin M Vannella
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
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3
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Liu DX, Pahar B, Cooper TK, Perry DL, Xu H, Huzella LM, Adams RD, Hischak AMW, Hart RJ, Bernbaum R, Rivera D, Anthony S, Claire MS, Byrum R, Cooper K, Reeder R, Kurtz J, Hadley K, Wada J, Crozier I, Worwa G, Bennett RS, Warren T, Holbrook MR, Schmaljohn CS, Hensley LE. Ebola Virus Disease Features Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis/Macrophage Activation Syndrome in the Rhesus Macaque Model. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:371-382. [PMID: 37279544 PMCID: PMC10428198 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) is one of the most severe and fatal viral hemorrhagic fevers and appears to mimic many clinical and laboratory manifestations of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome (HLS), also known as macrophage activation syndrome. However, a clear association is yet to be firmly established for effective host-targeted, immunomodulatory therapeutic approaches to improve outcomes in patients with severe EVD. METHODS Twenty-four rhesus monkeys were exposed intramuscularly to the EBOV Kikwit isolate and euthanized at prescheduled time points or when they reached the end-stage disease criteria. Three additional monkeys were mock-exposed and used as uninfected controls. RESULTS EBOV-exposed monkeys presented with clinicopathologic features of HLS, including fever, multiple organomegaly, pancytopenia, hemophagocytosis, hyperfibrinogenemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercytokinemia, increased concentrations of soluble CD163 and CD25 in serum, and the loss of activated natural killer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that EVD in the rhesus macaque model mimics pathophysiologic features of HLS/macrophage activation syndrome. Hence, regulating inflammation and immune function might provide an effective treatment for controlling the pathogenesis of acute EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna L Perry
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Louis M Huzella
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ricky D Adams
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda M W Hischak
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Randy J Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Bernbaum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Deja Rivera
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott Anthony
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Reeder
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Kurtz
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyra Hadley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Travis Warren
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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4
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Cong Y, Mucker EM, Perry DL, Dixit S, Kollins E, Byrum R, Huzella L, Kim R, Josleyn M, Kwilas S, Stefan C, Shoemaker CJ, Koehler J, Coyne S, Delp K, Liang J, Drawbaugh D, Hischak A, Hart R, Postnikova E, Vaughan N, Asher J, St Claire M, Hanson J, Schmaljohn C, Eakin AE, Hooper JW, Holbrook MR. Evaluation of a panel of therapeutic antibody clinical candidates for efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian hamsters. Antiviral Res 2023; 213:105589. [PMID: 37003305 PMCID: PMC10060192 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic spurred the rapid development of a range of therapeutic antibody treatments. As part of the US government's COVID-19 therapeutic response, a research team was assembled to support assay and animal model development to assess activity for therapeutics candidates against SARS-CoV-2. Candidate treatments included monoclonal antibodies, antibody cocktails, and products derived from blood donated by convalescent patients. Sixteen candidate antibody products were obtained directly from manufacturers and evaluated for neutralization activity against the WA-01 isolate of SARS-CoV-2. Products were further tested in the Syrian hamster model using prophylactic (-24 h) or therapeutic (+8 h) treatment approaches relative to intranasal SARS-CoV-2 exposure. In vivo assessments included daily clinical scores and body weights. Viral RNA and viable virus titers were quantified in serum and lung tissue with histopathology performed at 3d and 7d post-virus-exposure. Sham-treated, virus-exposed hamsters showed consistent clinical signs with concomitant weight loss and had detectable viral RNA and viable virus in lung tissue. Histopathologically, interstitial pneumonia with consolidation was present. Therapeutic efficacy was identified in treated hamsters by the absence or diminution of clinical scores, body weight loss, viral loads, and improved semiquantitative lung histopathology scores. This work serves as a model for the rapid, systematic in vitro and in vivo assessment of the efficacy of candidate therapeutics at various stages of clinical development. These efforts provided preclinical efficacy data for therapeutic candidates. Furthermore, these studies were invaluable for the phenotypic characterization of SARS CoV-2 disease in hamsters and of utility to the broader scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cong
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Eric M Mucker
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Donna L Perry
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Erin Kollins
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Russ Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Louis Huzella
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Robert Kim
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mathew Josleyn
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Steven Kwilas
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Christopher Stefan
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Charles J Shoemaker
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeff Koehler
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Susan Coyne
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Korey Delp
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - David Drawbaugh
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Amanda Hischak
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Randy Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Nick Vaughan
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jason Asher
- Leidos Supporting Department of Health and Human Services, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, 20024, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jarod Hanson
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Connie Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ann E Eakin
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jay W Hooper
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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5
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Wang Z, Bennett RS, Roehler M, Guillon G, Fischl MJ, Donadi MC, Makovetz J, Holmes N, Zaveri T, Toolan E, Gontz HL, Yearwood GD, Logue J, Bohannon JK, Mistretta L, Byrum R, Ragland D, St. Claire M, Kurtz LA, Miller T, Reed MR, Young J, Lee J, Hensley LE, Kardos K, Berry JD. Development and Clinical Evaluation of a Rapid Point of Care Test for Ebola Virus Infection in Humans. Viruses 2023; 15:336. [PMID: 36851550 PMCID: PMC9961446 DOI: 10.3390/v15020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Ebolavirus contains multiple species of viruses that are highly contagious and lethal, often causing severe hemorrhagic fever. To minimize the global threat from Ebola virus disease (EVD), sustainable, field-appropriate tools are needed to quickly screen and triage symptomatic patients and conduct rapid screening of cadavers to ensure proper handling of human remains. The OraQuick® Ebola Rapid Antigen Test is an in vitro diagnostic single-use immunoassay for the qualitative detection of Ebola virus antigens that detects all known species within the genus Ebolavirus. Here, we report the performance of the OraQuick® Ebola Rapid Antigen Test and provide a comparison of its performance with other rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for EVD. OraQuick® Ebola demonstrated clinical sensitivity of 84.0% in archived EVD patient venous whole-blood (WB) samples, 90.9% in Ebola virus-infected monkey fingerstick samples, and 97.1% in EVD patient cadaver buccal swabs, as well as clinical specificity of 98.0-100% in venous WB samples and 99.1-100% in contrived saliva samples. It is the only 510(k)-cleared Ebola rapid test, has analytical sensitivity as good as or better than all RDT comparators for EVD, and can detect the Sudan virus. Our data demonstrate that the OraQuick® Ebola Rapid Antigen Test is a sensitive and specific assay that can be used for rapid detection of EBOV in humans and could support efforts for EVD-specific interventions and control over outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- OraSure Technologies, Inc., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Richard S. Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jim Makovetz
- OraSure Technologies, Inc., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | | | - Toral Zaveri
- OraSure Technologies, Inc., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Eamon Toolan
- OraSure Technologies, Inc., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | | | - Graham D. Yearwood
- OraSure Technologies, Inc., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - James Logue
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - J. Kyle Bohannon
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lisa Mistretta
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dan Ragland
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marisa St. Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lisa A. Kurtz
- OraSure Technologies, Inc., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | | | | | - Janean Young
- OraSure Technologies, Inc., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - John Lee
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Washington, DC 20201, USA
| | - Lisa E. Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Keith Kardos
- OraSure Technologies, Inc., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Jody D. Berry
- OraSure Technologies, Inc., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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6
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Liu DX, Cooper TK, Perry DL, Huzella LM, Hischak AM, Hart RJ, Isic N, Byrum R, Ragland D, St. Claire M, Cooper K, Reeder R, Logue J, Jahrling PB, Holbrook MR, Bennett RS, Hensley LE. Expanded Histopathology and Tropism of Ebola Virus in the Rhesus Macaque Model: Potential for Sexual Transmission, Altered Adrenomedullary Hormone Production, and Early Viral Replication in Liver. Am J Pathol 2022; 192:121-129. [PMID: 34626576 PMCID: PMC8759036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Ebola virus disease (EVD) is still incomplete, in spite of the availability of a nonhuman primate modelfor more than 4 decades. To further investigate EVD pathogenesis, a natural history study was conducted using 27 Chinese-origin rhesus macaques. Of these, 24 macaques were exposed intramuscularly to Kikwit Ebola virus and euthanized at predetermined time points or when end-stage clinical disease criteria were met, and 3 sham-exposed macaques were euthanized on study day 0. This study showed for the first time that Ebola virus causes uterine cervicitis, vaginitis, posthitis, and medullary adrenalitis. Not only was Ebola virus detected in the interstitial stromal cells of the genital tract, but it was also present in the epididymal and seminal vesicular tubular epithelial cells, ectocervical and vaginal squamous epithelial cells, and seminal fluid. Furthermore, as early as day 3 after exposure, Ebola virus replicative intermediate RNA was detected in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. These findings in the nonhuman model provide additional insight into potential sexual transmission, possible disruption of sympathetic hormone production, and early virus replication sites in human EVD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David X. Liu
- Address correspondence to Lisa E. Hensley, Ph.D., M.S.P.H., or David X. Liu, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate A.C.V.P., Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa E. Hensley
- Address correspondence to Lisa E. Hensley, Ph.D., M.S.P.H., or David X. Liu, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate A.C.V.P., Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702.
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7
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Lee JH, Hammoud DA, Cong Y, Huzella LM, Castro MA, Solomon J, Laux J, Lackemeyer M, Bohannon JK, Rojas O, Byrum R, Adams R, Ragland D, St Claire M, Munster V, Holbrook MR. The Use of Large-Particle Aerosol Exposure to Nipah Virus to Mimic Human Neurological Disease Manifestations in the African Green Monkey. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:S419-S430. [PMID: 31687756 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging virus associated with outbreaks of acute respiratory disease and encephalitis. To develop a neurological model for NiV infection, we exposed 6 adult African green monkeys to a large-particle (approximately 12 μm) aerosol containing NiV (Malaysian isolate). Brain magnetic resonance images were obtained at baseline, every 3 days after exposure for 2 weeks, and then weekly until week 8 after exposure. Four of six animals showed abnormalities reminiscent of human disease in brain magnetic resonance images. Abnormalities ranged from cytotoxic edema to vasogenic edema. The majority of lesions were small infarcts, and a few showed inflammatory or encephalitic changes. Resolution or decreased size in some lesions resembled findings reported in patients with NiV infection. Histological lesions in the brain included multifocal areas of encephalomalacia, corresponding to known ischemic foci. In other regions of the brain there was evidence of vasculitis, with perivascular infiltrates of inflammatory cells and rare intravascular fibrin thrombi. This animal model will help us better understand the acute neurological features of NiV infection and develop therapeutic approaches for managing disease caused by NiV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yu Cong
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Louis M Huzella
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcelo A Castro
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Solomon
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Laux
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew Lackemeyer
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - J Kyle Bohannon
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Oscar Rojas
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Russ Byrum
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ricky Adams
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Danny Ragland
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincent Munster
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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8
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Cai Y, Iwasaki M, Motooka D, Liu DX, Yu S, Cooper K, Hart R, Adams R, Burdette T, Postnikova EN, Kurtz J, St Claire M, Ye C, Kuhn JH, Martínez-Sobrido L, de la Torre JC. A Lassa Virus Live-Attenuated Vaccine Candidate Based on Rearrangement of the Intergenic Region. mBio 2020; 11:e00186-20. [PMID: 32209677 PMCID: PMC7157513 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00186-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) poses a significant public health problem within the regions of Lassa fever endemicity in Western Africa. LASV infects several hundred thousand individuals yearly, and a considerable number of Lassa fever cases are associated with high morbidity and lethality. No approved LASV vaccine is available, and current therapy is limited to an off-label usage of ribavirin that is only partially effective and associated with significant side effects. The impact of Lassa fever on human health, together with the limited existing countermeasures, highlights the importance of developing effective vaccines against LASV. Here, we present the development and characterization of a recombinant LASV (rLASV) vaccine candidate [rLASV(IGR/S-S)], which is based on the presence of the noncoding intergenic region (IGR) of the small (S) genome segment (S-IGR) in both large (L) and S LASV segments. In cultured cells, rLASV(IGR/S-S) was modestly less fit than wild-type rLASV (rLASV-WT). rLASV(IGR/S-S) was highly attenuated in guinea pigs, and a single subcutaneous low dose of the virus completely protected against otherwise lethal infection with LASV-WT. Moreover, rLASV(IGR/S-S) was genetically stable during serial passages in cultured cells. These findings indicate that rLASV(IGR/S-S) can be developed into a LASV live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) that has the same antigenic composition as LASV-WT and a well-defined mechanism of attenuation that overcomes concerns about increased virulence that could be caused by genetic changes in the LAV during multiple rounds of multiplication.IMPORTANCE Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever, infects several hundred thousand people in Western Africa, resulting in many lethal Lassa fever cases. No U.S. Food and Drug Administration-licensed countermeasures are available to prevent or treat LASV infection. We describe the generation of a novel LASV live-attenuated vaccine candidate rLASV(IGR/S-S), which is based on the replacement of the large genomic segment noncoding intergenic region (IGR) with that of the small genome segment. rLASV(IGR/S-S) is less fit in cell culture than wild-type virus and does not cause clinical signs in inoculated guinea pigs. Importantly, rLASV(IGR/S-S) protects immunized guinea pigs against an otherwise lethal exposure to LASV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Masaharu Iwasaki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Laboratory of Pathogen Detection and Identification, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Randy Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ricky Adams
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracey Burdette
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena N Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Kurtz
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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9
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Luke T, Bennett RS, Gerhardt DM, Burdette T, Postnikova E, Mazur S, Honko AN, Oberlander N, Byrum R, Ragland D, St Claire M, Janosko KB, Smith G, Glenn G, Hooper J, Dye J, Pal S, Bishop-Lilly KA, Hamilton T, Frey K, Bollinger L, Wada J, Wu H, Jiao JA, Olinger GG, Gunn B, Alter G, Khurana S, Hensley LE, Sullivan E, Jahrling PB. Fully Human Immunoglobulin G From Transchromosomic Bovines Treats Nonhuman Primates Infected With Ebola Virus Makona Isolate. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S636-S648. [PMID: 30010950 PMCID: PMC6249570 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transchromosomic bovines (Tc-bovines) adaptively produce fully human polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies after exposure to immunogenic antigen(s). The National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research and collaborators rapidly produced and then evaluated anti-Ebola virus IgG immunoglobulins (collectively termed SAB-139) purified from Tc-bovine plasma after sequential hyperimmunization with an Ebola virus Makona isolate glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine. SAB-139 was characterized by several in vitro production, research, and clinical level assays using wild-type Makona-C05 or recombinant virus/antigens from different Ebola virus variants. SAB-139 potently activates natural killer cells, monocytes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and has high-binding avidity demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance. SAB-139 has similar concentrations of galactose-α-1,3-galactose carbohydrates compared with human-derived intravenous Ig, and the IgG1 subclass antibody is predominant. All rhesus macaques infected with Ebola virus/H.sapiens-tc/GIN/2014/Makona-C05 and treated with sufficient SAB-139 at 1 day (n = 6) or 3 days (n = 6) postinfection survived versus 0% of controls. This study demonstrates that Tc-bovines can produce pathogen-specific human Ig to prevent and/or treat patients when an emerging infectious disease either threatens to or becomes an epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Luke
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, The Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Dawn M Gerhardt
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Tracey Burdette
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Steven Mazur
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Anna N Honko
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nicholas Oberlander
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Dan Ragland
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Krisztina B Janosko
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | | | - Jay Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - John Dye
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Subhamoy Pal
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, The Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kimberly A Bishop-Lilly
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Theron Hamilton
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Kenneth Frey
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Jin-An Jiao
- SAB Biotherapeutics Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Gene G Olinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Bronwyn Gunn
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Boston
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Boston
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland.,Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
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10
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Aiosa NM, Laux J, Rojas O, Bennett RS, Logue J, Lee JH, Bollinger L, Byrum R, Claire MS, Feuerstein IM. Acute transient tachypnea following gadoxetate administration in a rhesus macaque during contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Radiol Case Rep 2019; 14:1272-1275. [PMID: 31462952 PMCID: PMC6706611 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During an infectious disease modeling study, a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), experienced acute transient tachypnea including transient severe motion during the 70-second phases of serial contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen. This same animal experienced transient severe motion during all but 2 of the 8 scans of the year-long study. This animal was the only animal in the study (1 of 12) to have this reaction to gadoxetate; the animal also vomited after the contrast injection once on day 146 of the study. On day 86, a different contrast agent (gadobutrol) was used, and the reaction did not occur. No treatment was required for any conditions relating to the reaction due to the self-limited nature. This type of reaction has not yet been reported in veterinary subjects before and is likely to be idiosyncratic after first exposure. However, this reaction should not be life threatening, and other contrast agents can be used if acute transient tachypnea does occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Aiosa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joseph Laux
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Oscar Rojas
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - James Logue
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Irwin M Feuerstein
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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11
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Di Mascio M, Srinivasula S, Kim I, Duralde G, St Claire A, DeGrange P, St Claire M, Reimann KA, Gabriel EE, Carrasquillo J, Reba RC, Paik C, Lane HC. Total body CD4+ T cell dynamics in treated and untreated SIV infection revealed by in vivo imaging. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97880. [PMID: 29997291 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral blood represents only a small fraction of the total number of lymphocytes in the body. To develop a more thorough understanding of T cell dynamics, including the effects of SIV/SHIV/HIV infection on immune cell depletion and immune reconstitution following combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), one needs to utilize approaches that allow direct visualization of lymphoid tissues. In the present study, noninvasive in vivo imaging of the CD4+ T cell pool has revealed that the timing of the CD4+ T cell pool reconstitution following initiation of ART in SIV-infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) appears seemingly stochastic among clusters of lymph nodes within the same host. At 4 weeks following initiation or interruption of cART, the changes observed in peripheral blood (PB) are primarily related to changes in the whole-body CD4 pool rather than changes in lymphocyte trafficking. Lymph node CD4 pools in long-term antiretroviral-treated and plasma viral load-suppressed hosts appear suboptimally reconstituted compared with healthy controls, while splenic CD4 pools appear similar between the 2 groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Di Mascio
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharat Srinivasula
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., NCI Campus at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Insook Kim
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., NCI Campus at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gorka Duralde
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexis St Claire
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paula DeGrange
- Battelle/Charles River-Integrated Research Facility, NIAID Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Keith A Reimann
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin E Gabriel
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jorge Carrasquillo
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Radiology Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Richard C Reba
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chang Paik
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Henry C Lane
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Dyall J, Johnson RF, Chefer S, Leyson C, Thomasson D, Seidel J, Ragland DR, Byrum R, Jett C, Cann JA, St Claire M, Jagoda E, Reba RC, Hammoud D, Blaney JE, Jahrling PB. [ 18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake in Lymphoid Tissue Serves as a Predictor of Disease Outcome in the Nonhuman Primate Model of Monkeypox Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:e00897-17. [PMID: 28814515 PMCID: PMC5640857 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00897-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time bioimaging of infectious disease processes may aid countermeasure development and lead to an improved understanding of pathogenesis. However, few studies have identified biomarkers for monitoring infections using in vivo imaging. Previously, we demonstrated that positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) can monitor monkeypox disease progression in vivo in nonhuman primates (NHPs). In this study, we investigated [18F]-FDG-PET/CT imaging of immune processes in lymphoid tissues to identify patterns of inflammation in the monkepox NHP model and to determine the value of [18F]-FDG-PET/CT as a biomarker for disease and treatment outcomes. Quantitative analysis of [18F]-FDG-PET/CT images revealed differences between moribund and surviving animals at two sites vital to the immune response to viral infections, bone marrow and lymph nodes (LNs). Moribund NHPs demonstrated increased [18F]-FDG uptake in bone marrow 4 days postinfection compared to surviving NHPs. In surviving, treated NHPs, increase in LN volume correlated with [18F]-FDG uptake and peaked 10 days postinfection, while minimal lymphadenopathy and higher glycolytic activity were observed in moribund NHPs early in infection. Imaging data were supported by standard virology, pathology, and immunology findings. Even with the limited number of subjects, imaging was able to differentiate the difference between disease outcomes, warranting additional studies to demonstrate whether [18F]-FDG-PET/CT can identify other, subtler effects. Visualizing altered metabolic activity at sites involved in the immune response by [18F]-FDG-PET/CT imaging is a powerful tool for identifying key disease-specific time points and locations that are most relevant for pathogenesis and treatment.IMPORTANCE Positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging is a universal tool in oncology and neuroscience. The application of this technology to infectious diseases is far less developed. We used PET/CT imaging with [18F]-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG) in monkeys after monkeypox virus exposure to monitor the immune response in lymphoid tissues. In lymph nodes of surviving monkeys, changes in [18F]-FDG uptake positively correlated with enlargement of the lymph nodes and peaked on day 10 postinfection. In contrast, the bone marrow and lymph nodes of nonsurvivors showed increased [18F]-FDG uptake by day 4 postinfection with minimal lymph node enlargement, indicating that elevated cell metabolic activity early after infection is predictive of disease outcome. [18F]-FDG-PET/CT imaging can provide real-time snapshots of metabolic activity changes in response to viral infections and identify key time points and locations most relevant for monitoring the development of pathogenesis and for potential treatment to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dyall
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Reed F Johnson
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Svetlana Chefer
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Leyson
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David Thomasson
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jurgen Seidel
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan R Ragland
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine Jett
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer A Cann
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elaine Jagoda
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard C Reba
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dima Hammoud
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph E Blaney
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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13
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Byrum R, Keith L, Bartos C, St Claire M, Lackemeyer MG, Holbrook MR, Janosko K, Barr J, Pusl D, Bollinger L, Wada J, Coe L, Hensley LE, Jahrling PB, Kuhn JH, Lentz MR. Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 4. Medical Imaging Procedures. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27768056 DOI: 10.3791/53601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical imaging using animal models for human diseases has been utilized for decades; however, until recently, medical imaging of diseases induced by high-consequence pathogens has not been possible. In 2014, the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick opened an Animal Biosafety Level 4 (ABSL-4) facility to assess the clinical course and pathology of infectious diseases in experimentally infected animals. Multiple imaging modalities including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography are available to researchers for these evaluations. The focus of this article is to describe the workflow for safely obtaining a CT image of a live guinea pig in an ABSL-4 facility. These procedures include animal handling, anesthesia, and preparing and monitoring the animal until recovery from sedation. We will also discuss preparing the imaging equipment, performing quality checks, communication methods from "hot side" (containing pathogens) to "cold side," and moving the animal from the holding room to the imaging suite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Lauren Keith
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Christopher Bartos
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Matthew G Lackemeyer
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Krisztina Janosko
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Jason Barr
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Daniela Pusl
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Linda Coe
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH);
| | - Margaret R Lentz
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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14
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Jahrling PB, Keith L, St Claire M, Johnson RF, Bollinger L, Lackemeyer MG, Hensley LE, Kindrachuk J, Kuhn JH. The NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, Maryland: a unique international resource to facilitate medical countermeasure development for BSL-4 pathogens. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:213-9. [PMID: 24687975 PMCID: PMC4106974 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, coordinate and facilitate preclinical research on infectious diseases to develop medical countermeasures for high‐consequence pathogens. This facility is unique in that it is the only maximum containment laboratory in the world where conventional and molecular medical imaging equipments are incorporated into the design of the facility. This capability provides investigators with unique tools to dissect disease pathogenesis, evaluate the ability of animal models to recapitulate human disease, and test candidate countermeasures. Importantly, advanced molecular imaging has the potential to provide alternative endpoints to lethality. Using these alternative endpoints, investigators can reduce the number of animals used in experiments and evaluate countermeasures in sublethal models. With the incorporation of medical imaging modalities, a clinical laboratory modeled after those existing in hospitals, and a highly trained veterinary medicine team, IRF‐Frederick is uniquely suited to advance our understanding of emerging infectious diseases and to facilitate the development of medical countermeasures and clinical care paradigms previously considered impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA; Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Song H, Janosko K, Johnson RF, Qin J, Josleyn N, Jett C, Byrum R, Claire MS, Dyall J, Blaney JE, Jennings G, Jahrling PB. Poxvirus antigen staining of immune cells as a biomarker to predict disease outcome in monkeypox and cowpox virus infection in non-human primates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60533. [PMID: 23577120 PMCID: PMC3618230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of non-human primates (NHPs) such as rhesus and cynomolgus macaques with monkeypox virus (MPXV) or cowpox virus (CPXV) serve as models to study poxvirus pathogenesis and to evaluate vaccines and anti-orthopox therapeutics. Intravenous inoculation of macaques with high dose of MPXV (>1-2×10(7) PFU) or CPXV (>10(2) PFU) results in 80% to 100% mortality and 66 to 100% mortality respectively. Here we report that NHPs with positive detection of poxvirus antigens in immune cells by flow cytometric staining, especially in monocytes and granulocytes succumbed to virus infection and that early positive pox staining is a strong predictor for lethality. Samples from four independent studies were analyzed. Eighteen NHPs from three different experiments were inoculated with two different MPXV strains at lethal doses. Ten NHPs displayed positive pox-staining and all 10 NHPs reached moribund endpoint. In contrast, none of the three NHPs that survived anticipated lethal virus dose showed apparent virus staining in the monocytes and granulocytes. In addition, three NHPs that were challenged with a lethal dose of MPXV and received cidofovir treatment were pox-antigen negative and all three NHPs survived. Furthermore, data from a CPXV study also demonstrated that 6/9 NHPs were pox-antigen staining positive and all 6 NHPs reached euthanasia endpoint, while the three survivors were pox-antigen staining negative. Thus, we conclude that monitoring pox-antigen staining in immune cells can be used as a biomarker to predict the prognosis of virus infection. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms and implications of the pox-infection of immune cells and the correlation between pox-antigen detection in immune cells and disease progression in human poxviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Song
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Krisztina Janosko
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Reed F. Johnson
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jing Qin
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicole Josleyn
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catherine Jett
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marisa St. Claire
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie Dyall
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph E. Blaney
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gerald Jennings
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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16
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Purcell RH, Engle RE, Rood MP, Kabrane-Lazizi Y, Nguyen HT, Govindarajan S, St Claire M, Emerson SU. Hepatitis E virus in rats, Los Angeles, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:2216-22. [PMID: 22172320 PMCID: PMC3311208 DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.110482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This virus is unlikely to be a zoonotic threat. The role of rats in human hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections remains controversial. A genetically distinct HEV was recently isolated from rats in Germany, and its genome was sequenced. We have isolated a genetically similar HEV from urban rats in Los Angeles, California, USA, and characterized its ability to infect laboratory rats and nonhuman primates. Two strains of HEV were isolated from serum samples of 134 wild rats that had a seroprevalence of antibodies against HEV of ≈80%. Virus was transmissible to seronegative Sprague-Dawley rats, but transmission was spotty and magnitude and duration of infection were not robust. Viremia was higher in nude rats. Serologic analysis and reverse transcription PCR were comparably sensitive in detecting infection. The sequence of the Los Angeles virus was virtually identical to that of isolates from Germany. Rat HEV was not transmissible to rhesus monkeys, suggesting that it is not a source of human infection.
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17
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Johnson RF, Dodd LE, Yellayi S, Gu W, Cann JA, Jett C, Bernbaum JG, Ragland DR, St Claire M, Byrum R, Paragas J, Blaney JE, Jahrling PB. Simian hemorrhagic fever virus infection of rhesus macaques as a model of viral hemorrhagic fever: clinical characterization and risk factors for severe disease. Virology 2011; 421:129-40. [PMID: 22014505 PMCID: PMC3210905 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (SHFV) has caused sporadic outbreaks of hemorrhagic fevers in macaques at primate research facilities. SHFV is a BSL-2 pathogen that has not been linked to human disease; as such, investigation of SHFV pathogenesis in non-human primates (NHPs) could serve as a model for hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa viruses. Here we describe the pathogenesis of SHFV in rhesus macaques inoculated with doses ranging from 50 PFU to 500,000 PFU. Disease severity was independent of dose with an overall mortality rate of 64% with signs of hemorrhagic fever and multiple organ system involvement. Analyses comparing survivors and non-survivors were performed to identify factors associated with survival revealing differences in the kinetics of viremia, immunosuppression, and regulation of hemostasis. Notable similarities between the pathogenesis of SHFV in NHPs and hemorrhagic fever viruses in humans suggest that SHFV may serve as a suitable model of BSL-4 pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed F Johnson
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Smith AL, St Claire M, Yellayi S, Bollinger L, Jahrling PB, Paragas J, Blaney JE, Johnson RF. Intrabronchial inoculation of cynomolgus macaques with cowpox virus. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:159-164. [PMID: 21940414 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.036905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The public health threat of orthopoxviruses from bioterrorist attacks has prompted researchers to develop suitable animal models for increasing our understanding of viral pathogenesis and evaluation of medical countermeasures (MCMs) in compliance with the FDA Animal Efficacy Rule. We present an accessible intrabronchial cowpox virus (CPXV) model that can be evaluated under biosafety level-2 laboratory conditions. In this dose-ranging study, utilizing cynomolgus macaques, signs of typical orthopoxvirus disease were observed with the lymphoid organs, liver, skin (generally mild) and respiratory tract as target tissues. Clinical and histopathological evaluation suggests that intrabronchial CPXV recapitulated many of the features of monkeypox and variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, infections in cynomolgus macaque models. These similarities suggest that CPXV infection in non-human primates should be pursued further as an alternative model of smallpox. Further development of the CPXV primate model, unimpeded by select agent and biocontainment restrictions, should facilitate the development of MCMs for smallpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin L Smith
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Srikanth Yellayi
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.,Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason Paragas
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joseph E Blaney
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reed F Johnson
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Johnson RF, Dyall J, Ragland DR, Huzella L, Byrum R, Jett C, St Claire M, Smith AL, Paragas J, Blaney JE, Jahrling PB. Comparative analysis of monkeypox virus infection of cynomolgus macaques by the intravenous or intrabronchial inoculation route. J Virol 2011; 85:2112-25. [PMID: 21147922 PMCID: PMC3067809 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01931-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection has recently expanded in geographic distribution and can be fatal in up to 10% of cases. The intravenous (i.v.) inoculation of nonhuman primates (NHPs) results in an accelerated fulminant disease course compared to that of naturally occurring MPXV infection in humans. Alternative routes of inoculation are being investigated to define an NHP model of infection that more closely resembles natural disease progression. Our goal was to determine if the intrabronchial (i.b.) exposure of NHPs to MPXV results in a systemic disease that better resembles the progression of human MPXV infection. Here, we compared the disease course following an i.v. or i.b. inoculation of NHPs with 10-fold serial doses of MPXV Zaire. Classical pox-like disease was observed in NHPs administered a high virus dose by either route. Several key events were delayed in the highest doses tested of the i.b. model compared to the timing of the i.v. model, including the onset of fever, lesion appearance, peak viremia, viral shedding in nasal and oral swabs, peak cytokine levels, and time to reach endpoint criteria. Virus distribution across 19 tissues was largely unaffected by the inoculation route at the highest doses tested. The NHPs inoculated by the i.b. route developed a viral pneumonia that likely exacerbated disease progression. Based on the observations of the delayed onset of clinical and virological parameters and endpoint criteria that may more closely resemble those of human MPXV infection, the i.b. MPXV model should be considered for the further investigation of viral pathogenesis and countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed F Johnson
- National Institutes of Health, NIAID/EVPS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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Maximova O, Ward J, Asher D, Faucette L, St Claire M, Finneyfrock B, Speicher J, Murphy B, Pletnev A. Comparative neuropathogenesis and neurovirulence of attenuated flaviviruses in non-human primates. BMC Proc 2008. [DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-2-s1-p39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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21
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McGee CE, Lewis MG, Claire MS, Wagner W, Lang J, Guy B, Tsetsarkin K, Higgs S, Decelle T. Recombinant chimeric virus with wild-type dengue 4 virus premembrane and envelope and virulent yellow fever virus Asibi backbone sequences is dramatically attenuated in nonhuman primates. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:693-7. [PMID: 18266603 DOI: 10.1086/527329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate vaccine ChimeriVax viruses are attenuated, efficacious, safe, and highly unlikely to be transmitted by arthropod vectors. Nevertheless, concerns have been raised about the use of these vaccines because of the potential for recombination between vaccine and wild-type (WT) strains. To evaluate the vertebrate pathogenicity of such a worst-case recombinant, ChimeriVax-dengue (DEN) 4 virus was chimerized with the WT Asibi yellow fever virus. In this worst-case scenario, chimeric viruses remained fully attenuated in nonhuman primates. We therefore conclude that, even in the highly unlikely event of "virulent" backbone reversion, the safety of ChimeriVax-DEN vaccines would not be compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E McGee
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
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22
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Darnell MER, Plant EP, Watanabe H, Byrum R, St Claire M, Ward JM, Taylor DR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in vaccinated ferrets. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:1329-38. [PMID: 17922397 PMCID: PMC7110120 DOI: 10.1086/522431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of vaccines to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is limited by the lack of well-characterized animal models. Previous vaccine reports have noted robust neutralizing antibody and inflammatory responses in ferrets, resulting in enhanced hepatitis. METHODS We evaluated the humoral immune response and pathological end points in ferrets challenged with the Urbani strain of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) after having received formalin-inactivated whole-virus vaccine or mock vaccine. RESULTS Humoral responses were observed in ferrets that received an inactivated virus vaccine. Histopathological findings in lungs showed that infection of ferrets produced residual lung lesions not seen in both mock and vaccinated ferrets. SARS-CoV infection demonstrated bronchial and bronchiolar hyperplasia and perivascular cuffing in ferret lung tissue, as seen previously in infected mice. No evidence of enhanced disease was observed in any of the ferrets. All of the ferrets cleared the virus by day 14, 1 week earlier if vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS The vaccine provided mild immune protection to the ferrets after challenge; however, there was no evidence of enhanced liver or lung disease induced by the inactivated whole-virus vaccine. The ferret may provide another useful model for evaluating SARS vaccine safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E R Darnell
- Laboratory of Hepatitis and Related Emerging Agents, Division of Emerging and Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, CBER FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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23
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Nolan SM, Skiadopoulos MH, Bradley K, Kim OS, Bier S, Amaro-Carambot E, Surman SR, Davis S, St. Claire M, Elkins R, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Schaap-Nutt A. Recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 2 vaccine candidates containing a 3' genomic promoter mutation and L polymerase mutations are attenuated and protective in non-human primates. Vaccine 2007; 25:6409-22. [PMID: 17658669 PMCID: PMC2040028 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we identified several attenuating mutations in the L polymerase protein of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) and genetically stabilized those mutations using reverse genetics [Nolan SM, Surman S, Amaro-Carambot E, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Skiadopoulos MH. Live-attenuated intranasal parainfluenza virus type 2 vaccine candidates developed by reverse genetics containing L polymerase protein mutations imported from heterologous paramyxoviruses. Vaccine 2005;39(23):4765-74]. Here we describe the discovery of an attenuating mutation at nucleotide 15 (15(T-->C)) in the 3' genomic promoter that was also present in the previously characterized mutants. We evaluated the properties of this promoter mutation alone and in various combinations with the L polymerase mutations. Amino acid substitutions at L protein positions 460 (460A or 460P) or 948 (948L), or deletion of amino acids 1724 and 1725 (Delta1724), each conferred a temperature sensitivity (ts) phenotype whereas the 15(T-->C) mutation did not. The 460A and 948L mutations each contributed to restricted replication in the lower respiratory tract of African green monkeys, but the Delta1724 mutation increased attenuation only in certain combinations with other mutations. We constructed two highly attenuated viruses, rV94(15C)/460A/948L and rV94(15C)/948L/Delta1724, that were immunogenic and protective against challenge with wild-type HPIV2 in African green monkeys and, therefore, appear to be suitable for evaluation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne Schaap-Nutt
- *Corresponding author. Mailing address: NIH, 50 South Drive, Bldg 50, Room 6509, MSC 8007, Bethesda, MD 20892. Phone (301) 594-1650. Fax: (301) 480-1268.
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Goncalvez AP, Engle RE, St. Claire M, Purcell RH, Lai CJ. Monoclonal antibody-mediated enhancement of dengue virus infection in vitro and in vivo and strategies for prevention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9422-7. [PMID: 17517625 PMCID: PMC1868655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703498104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with dengue virus (DENV) or any other flavivirus induces cross-reactive, but weakly neutralizing or nonneutralizing, antibodies that recognize epitopes involving the fusion peptide in the envelope glycoprotein. Humanized mAb IgG 1A5, derived from a chimpanzee, shares properties of cross-reactive antibodies. mAb IgG 1A5 up-regulated DENV infection by a mechanism of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in a variety of Fc receptor-bearing cells in vitro. A 10- to 1,000-fold increase of viral yield in K562 cells, dependent on the DENV serotype, was observed over a range of subneutralizing concentrations of IgG 1A5. A significant increase of DENV-4 viremia titers (up to 100-fold) was also demonstrated in juvenile rhesus monkeys immunized with passively transferred dilutions of IgG 1A5. These results, together with earlier findings of ADE of DENV-2 infection by a polyclonal serum, establish the primate model for analysis of ADE. Considering the abundance of these cross-reactive antibodies, our observations confirm that significant viral amplification could occur during DENV infections in humans with prior infection or with maternally transferred immunity, possibly leading to severe dengue. Strategies to eliminate ADE were explored by altering the antibody Fc structures responsible for binding to Fc receptors. IgG 1A5 variants, containing amino acid substitutions from the Fc region of IgG2 or IgG4 antibodies, reduced but did not eliminate DENV-4-enhancing activity in K562 cells. Importantly, a 9-aa deletion at the N terminus of the CH(2) domain in the Fc region abrogated the enhancing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Goncalvez
- *Molecular Viral Biology Section and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
| | - Ronald E. Engle
- Hepatitis Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | | | - Robert H. Purcell
- Hepatitis Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
| | - Ching-Juh Lai
- *Molecular Viral Biology Section and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
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Takikawa S, Engle RE, Emerson SU, Purcell RH, St. Claire M, Bukh J. Functional analyses of GB virus B p13 protein: development of a recombinant GB virus B hepatitis virus with a p7 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3345-50. [PMID: 16492760 PMCID: PMC1413929 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511297103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
GB virus B (GBV-B), which infects tamarins, is the virus most closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV has a protein (p7) that is believed to form an ion channel. It is critical for viability. In vitro studies suggest that GBV-B has an analogous but larger protein (p13). We found that substitutions of the -1 and/or -3 residues of the putative cleavage sites (amino acid 613/614 and 732/733) abolished processing in vitro and rendered an infectious GBV-B clone nonviable in tamarins. Internal cleavage was predicted at two sites (amino acid 669/670 and 681/682), and in vitro analysis indicated processing at both sites, suggesting that p13 is processed into two components (p6 and p7). Mutants with substitution at amino acid 669 or 681 were viable in vivo, but the recovered viruses had changes at amino acid 669 and 681, respectively, which restored cleavage. A mutant lacking amino acid 614-681 (p6 plus part of p7) was nonviable. However, a mutant lacking amino acid 614-669 (p6) produced high titer viremia and acute resolving hepatitis; viruses recovered from both animals lacked the deleted sequence and had no other mutations. Thus, p6 was dispensable but p7 was essential for infectivity. The availability of a recombinant GBV-B virus containing a p7 protein with similarities to the HCV p7 will enhance the relevance of this model and will be of importance for identifying compounds that inhibit p7 function as additional therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Takikawa
- *Hepatitis Viruses and Molecular Hepatitis Sections, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ronald E. Engle
- *Hepatitis Viruses and Molecular Hepatitis Sections, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Suzanne U. Emerson
- *Hepatitis Viruses and Molecular Hepatitis Sections, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Robert H. Purcell
- *Hepatitis Viruses and Molecular Hepatitis Sections, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | | | - Jens Bukh
- *Hepatitis Viruses and Molecular Hepatitis Sections, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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Chen Z, Moayeri M, Zhou YH, Leppla S, Emerson S, Sebrell A, Yu F, Svitel J, Schuck P, St Claire M, Purcell R. Efficient neutralization of anthrax toxin by chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies against protective antigen. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:625-33. [PMID: 16453257 PMCID: PMC7110013 DOI: 10.1086/500148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) against protective antigen (PA) and 2 scFvs against lethal factor (LF) of anthrax were isolated from a phage display library generated from immunized chimpanzees. Only 2 scFvs recognizing PA (W1 and W2) neutralized the cytotoxicity of lethal toxin in a macrophage lysis assay. Full-length immunoglobulin G (IgG) of W1 and W2 efficiently protected rats from anthrax toxin challenge. The epitope recognized by W1 and W2 was conformational and was formed by C-terminal amino acids 614–735 of PA. W1 and W2 each bound to PA with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 4×10-11 mol/L to 5 × 10−11 mol/L, which is an affinity that is 20–100-fold higher than that for the interaction of the receptor and PA. W1 and W2 inhibited the binding of PA to the receptor, suggesting that this was the mechanism of protection. These data suggest that W1 and W2 chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies may serve as PA entry inhibitors for use in the emergency prophylaxis against and treatment of anthrax
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochun Chen
- Hepatitis Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Bukreyev A, Huang Z, Yang L, Elankumaran S, St Claire M, Murphy BR, Samal SK, Collins PL. Recombinant newcastle disease virus expressing a foreign viral antigen is attenuated and highly immunogenic in primates. J Virol 2005; 79:13275-84. [PMID: 16227250 PMCID: PMC1262603 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.21.13275-13284.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses such as human parainfluenza viruses that bear inserts encoding protective antigens of heterologous viruses can induce an effective immunity against the heterologous viruses in experimental animals. However, vectors based on common human pathogens would be expected to be restricted in replication in the adult human population due to high seroprevalence, an effect that would reduce vector immunogenicity. To address this issue, we evaluated Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus that is serotypically distinct from common human pathogens, as a vaccine vector. Two strains were evaluated: the attenuated vaccine strain LaSota (NDV-LS) that replicates mostly in the chicken respiratory tract and the Beaudette C (NDV-BC) strain of intermediate virulence that produces mild systemic infection in chickens. A recombinant version of each virus was modified by the insertion, between the P and M genes, of a gene cassette encoding the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein, a test antigen with considerable historic data. The recombinant viruses were administered to African green monkeys (NDV-BC and NDV-LS) and rhesus monkeys (NDV-BC only) by combined intranasal and intratracheal routes at a dose of 10(6.5) PFU per site, with a second equivalent dose administered 28 days later. Little or no virus shedding was detected in nose-throat swabs or tracheal lavages following immunization with either strain. In a separate experiment, direct examination of lung tissue confirmed a highly attenuated, restricted pattern of replication by parental NDV-BC. The serum antibody response to the foreign HN protein induced by the first immunization with either NDV vector was somewhat less than that observed following a wild-type HPIV3 infection; however, the titer following the second dose exceeded that observed with HPIV3 infection, even though HPIV3 replicates much more efficiently than NDV in these animals. NDV appears to be a promising vector for the development of vaccines for humans; one application would be in controlling localized outbreaks of emerging pathogens.
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Graff J, Nguyen H, Yu C, Elkins WR, St Claire M, Purcell RH, Emerson SU. The open reading frame 3 gene of hepatitis E virus contains a cis-reactive element and encodes a protein required for infection of macaques. J Virol 2005; 79:6680-9. [PMID: 15890906 PMCID: PMC1112134 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.6680-6689.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An infectious cDNA clone of hepatitis E virus was mutated in order to prevent synthesis of either open reading frame 2 (ORF2) protein or ORF3 protein. HuH-7 cells transfected with an ORF2-null mutant produced ORF3, and those transfected with an ORF3-null mutant produced ORF2. Silent mutations introduced into a highly conserved nucleotide sequence in the ORF3 coding region eliminated the synthesis of both ORF2 and ORF3 proteins, suggesting that it comprised a cis-reactive element. A mutant that was not able to produce ORF3 protein did not produce a detectable infection in rhesus macaques. However, a mutant that encoded an ORF3 protein lacking a phosphorylation site reported to be critical for function was able to replicate its genome in cell culture and to induce viremia and seroconversion in rhesus monkeys, suggesting that phosphorylation of ORF3 protein was not necessary for genome replication or for production of infectious virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Graff
- Molecular Hepatitis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-8009, USA
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Graff J, Nguyen H, Kasorndorkbua C, Halbur PG, St Claire M, Purcell RH, Emerson SU. In vitro and in vivo mutational analysis of the 3'-terminal regions of hepatitis e virus genomes and replicons. J Virol 2005; 79:1017-26. [PMID: 15613330 PMCID: PMC538530 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.2.1017-1026.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) replication is not well understood, mainly because the virus does not infect cultured cells efficiently. However, Huh-7 cells transfected with full-length genomes produce open reading frame 2 protein, indicative of genome replication (6). To investigate the role of 3'-terminal sequences in RNA replication, we constructed chimeric full-length genomes with divergent 3'-terminal sequences of genotypes 2 and 3 replacing that of genotype 1 and transfected them into Huh-7 cells. The production of viral proteins by these full-length chimeras was indistinguishable from that of the wild type, suggesting that replication was not impaired. In order to better quantify HEV replication in cell culture, we constructed an HEV replicon with a reporter (luciferase). Luciferase production was cap dependent and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase dependent and increased following transfection of Huh-7 cells. Replicons harboring the 3'-terminal intergenotypic chimera sequences were also assayed for luciferase production. In spite of the large sequence differences among the 3' termini of the viruses, replication of the chimeric replicons was surprisingly similar to that of the parental replicon. However, a single unique nucleotide change within a predicted stem structure at the 3' terminus substantially reduced the efficiency of replication: RNA replication was partially restored by a covariant mutation. Similar patterns of replication were obtained when full-length genomes were inoculated into rhesus macaques, suggesting that the in vitro system could be used to predict the effect of 3'-terminal mutations in vivo. Incorporation of the 3'-terminal sequences of the swine strain of HEV into the genotype 1 human strain did not enable the human strain to infect swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Graff
- Molecular Hepatitis Section, LID, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 6535, 50 South Dr., MSC 8009, Bethesda, MD 20892-8009, USA.
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McAuliffe J, Vogel L, Roberts A, Fahle G, Fischer S, Shieh WJ, Butler E, Zaki S, St. Claire M, Murphy B, Subbarao K. Replication of SARS coronavirus administered into the respiratory tract of African Green, rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. Virology 2004; 330:8-15. [PMID: 15527829 PMCID: PMC7111808 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Revised: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) administered intranasally and intratracheally to rhesus, cynomolgus and African Green monkeys (AGM) replicated in the respiratory tract but did not induce illness. The titer of serum neutralizing antibodies correlated with the level of virus replication in the respiratory tract (AGM>cynomolgus>rhesus). Moderate to high titers of SARS-CoV with associated interstitial pneumonitis were detected in the lungs of AGMs on day 2 and were resolving by day 4 post-infection. Following challenge of AGMs 2 months later, virus replication was highly restricted and there was no evidence of enhanced disease. These species will be useful for the evaluation of the immunogenicity of candidate vaccines, but the lack of apparent clinical illness in all three species, variability from animal to animal in level of viral replication, and rapid clearance of virus and pneumonitis in AGMs must be taken into account by investigators considering the use of these species in efficacy and challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leatrice Vogel
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Anjeanette Roberts
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Gary Fahle
- Microbiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Steven Fischer
- Microbiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Wun-Ju Shieh
- Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Emily Butler
- Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Sherif Zaki
- Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | | | - Brian Murphy
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Abstract
Studies were undertaken to determine if florfenicol, an antimicrobial agent structurally similar to chloramphenicol, could be used as an effective broad spectrum antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections in primates. Florfenicol was developed as an injectable antibiotic for use in cattle on an every other day dosing schedule. Its broad spectrum activity, long duration of action following i.m. administration, and its safety as compared with chloramphenicol made it an attractive antibiotic for use in non-human primates. Previous studies had shown that florfenicol is effective against common primate pathogens such as Salmonella, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus spp., and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. We performed experiments on a total of 15 macaques. The animals were given florfenicol at 50 mg/kg i.m. and blood samples taken at various time points. Serum was evaluated for florfenicol absorption. Necropsies were also performed to determine if major organs were affected and to determine the effects of i.m. injection of florfenicol. We determined that florfenicol given every 48 hours in rhesus macaques results in blood levels that were acceptable for therapeutic use. The effect on muscle tissue of i.m. injection was similar to ketamine and normal saline. There were no gross lesions observed and no changes with tissues submitted for histology. Our work shows that with further studies, florfenicol may be useful when injectable antibiotic therapy is required in non-human primates.
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Bukreyev A, Lamirande EW, Buchholz UJ, Vogel LN, Elkins WR, St Claire M, Murphy BR, Subbarao K, Collins PL. Mucosal immunisation of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) with an attenuated parainfluenza virus expressing the SARS coronavirus spike protein for the prevention of SARS. Lancet 2004; 363:2122-7. [PMID: 15220033 PMCID: PMC7112367 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 was caused by a previously unknown coronavirus-SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We have developed an experimental SARS vaccine for direct immunisation of the respiratory tract, the major site of SARS- coronavirus transmission and disease. METHODS We expressed the complete SARS coronavirus envelope spike (S) protein from a recombinant attenuated parainfluenza virus (BHPIV3) that is being developed as a live attenuated, intranasal paediatric vaccine against human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3). We immunised eight African green monkeys, four with a single dose of BHPIV3/ SARS-S and four with a control, BHPIV3/Ctrl, administered via the respiratory tract. A SARS-coronavirus challenge was given to all monkeys 28 days after immunisation. FINDINGS Immunisation of animals with BHPIV3/SARS-S induced the production of SARS-coronavirus-neutralising serum antibodies, indicating that a systemic immune response resulted from mucosal immunisation. After challenge with SARS coronavirus, all monkeys in the control group shed SARS coronavirus, with shedding lasting 5-8 days. No viral shedding occurred in the group immunised with BHPIV3/SARS-S. INTERPRETATION A vectored mucosal vaccine expressing the SARS-coronavirus S protein alone may be highly effective in a single-dose format for the prevention of SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bukreyev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Lieberman DE, Krovitz GE, Yates FW, Devlin M, St Claire M. Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face. J Hum Evol 2004; 46:655-77. [PMID: 15183669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the technology of food preparation over the last few thousand years (especially cooking, softening, and grinding) are hypothesized to have contributed to smaller facial size in humans because of less growth in response to strains generated by chewing softer, more processed food. While there is considerable comparative evidence to support this idea, most experimental tests of this hypothesis have been on non-human primates or other very prognathic mammals (rodents, swine) raised on hard versus very soft (nearly liquid) diets. Here, we examine facial growth and in vivo strains generated in response to raw/dried foods versus cooked foods in a retrognathic mammal, the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis). The results indicate that the hyrax cranium resembles the non-human primate cranium in having a steep gradient of strains from the occlusal to orbital regions, but differs from most non-anthropoids in being primarily twisted; the hyrax mandible is bent both vertically and laterally. In general, higher strains, as much as two-fold at some sites, are generated by masticating raw versus cooked food. Hyraxes raised on cooked food had significantly less growth (approximately 10%) in the ventral (inferior) and posterior portions of the face, where strains are highest, resembling many of the differences evident between humans raised on highly processed versus less processed diets. The results support the hypothesis that food processing techniques have led to decreased facial growth in the mandibular and maxillary arches in recent human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Anthropology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Pletnev AG, Claire MS, Elkins R, Speicher J, Murphy BR, Chanock RM. Molecularly engineered live-attenuated chimeric West Nile/dengue virus vaccines protect rhesus monkeys from West Nile virus. Virology 2003; 314:190-5. [PMID: 14517072 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two molecularly engineered, live-attenuated West Nile virus (WN) vaccine candidates were highly attenuated and protective in rhesus monkeys. The vaccine candidates are chimeric viruses (designated WN/DEN4) bearing the membrane precursor and envelope protein genes of WN on a backbone of dengue 4 virus (DEN4) with or without a deletion of 30 nucleotides (Delta 30) in the 3' noncoding region of DEN4. Viremia in WN/DEN4- infected monkeys was reduced 100-fold compared to that in WN- or DEN4-infected monkeys. WN/DEN4-3'Delta 30 did not cause detectable viremia, indicating that it is even more attenuated for monkeys. These findings indicate that chimerization itself and the presence of the Delta 30 mutation independently contribute to the attenuation phenotype for nonhuman primates. Despite their high level of attenuation in monkeys, the chimeras induced a moderate-to-high titer of neutralizing antibodies and prevented viremia in monkeys challenged with WN. The more attenuated vaccine candidate, WN/DEN4-3'Delta 30, will be evaluated first in our initial clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Sakai A, Claire MS, Faulk K, Govindarajan S, Emerson SU, Purcell RH, Bukh J. The p7 polypeptide of hepatitis C virus is critical for infectivity and contains functionally important genotype-specific sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:11646-51. [PMID: 14504405 PMCID: PMC208812 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1834545100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) p7 protein in the virus life cycle is not known. Previous in vitro data indicated that this 63-aa polypeptide is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and has two transmembrane domains (TMDs) connected by a cytoplasmic loop; the amino- and carboxyl-terminal tails are oriented toward the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. Furthermore, recent in vitro studies suggested that HCV p7 could function as a virus-encoded ion channel. It might therefore be a relevant target for future drug development. We studied the role of HCV p7 in vivo. Because HCV does not replicate efficiently in cell culture, we mutagenized p7 of an infectious genotype 1a cDNA clone and tested RNA transcripts of each mutant for infectivity in chimpanzees by intrahepatic transfection. Appropriate processing of mutant polypeptides was confirmed by studies in transfected mammalian cells. Mutants with deletions of all or part of p7 and a mutant with substitutions of two conserved residues in the cytoplasmic loop were not viable. Thus, p7 is essential for infectivity of HCV. A chimera in which the p7 of the 1a clone was replaced with p7 from an infectious genotype 2a clone also was not viable. This finding suggests a genotype-specific interaction between p7 and other genomic regions. To define which portions of p7 played the most significant role for this interaction, we tested three chimeras with the 1a backbone in which only specific domains of p7 had the 2a sequence. A p7 chimera with 2a tails and TMDs and the 1a cytoplasmic loop was not viable. A mutant with 2a tails and cytoplasmic loop and 1a TMDs also was not viable. However, a p7 chimera with 2a TMDs and cytoplasmic loop and 1a tails was viable. The transfected chimpanzee became viremic at week 2, and recovered viruses had the chimeric sequence. These data indicate that the amino- and/or carboxyl-terminal intraluminal tails of p7 contain sequences with genotype-specific function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Sakai
- Hepatitis Viruses and Molecular Hepatitis Sections, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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