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Liu DX, Pahar B, Cooper TK, Perry DL, Xu H, Huzella LM, Adams RD, Hischak AMW, Hart RJ, Bernbaum R, Rivera D, Anthony S, Claire MS, Byrum R, Cooper K, Reeder R, Kurtz J, Hadley K, Wada J, Crozier I, Worwa G, Bennett RS, Warren T, Holbrook MR, Schmaljohn CS, Hensley LE. Ebola Virus Disease Features Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis/Macrophage Activation Syndrome in the Rhesus Macaque Model. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:371-382. [PMID: 37279544 PMCID: PMC10428198 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) is one of the most severe and fatal viral hemorrhagic fevers and appears to mimic many clinical and laboratory manifestations of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome (HLS), also known as macrophage activation syndrome. However, a clear association is yet to be firmly established for effective host-targeted, immunomodulatory therapeutic approaches to improve outcomes in patients with severe EVD. METHODS Twenty-four rhesus monkeys were exposed intramuscularly to the EBOV Kikwit isolate and euthanized at prescheduled time points or when they reached the end-stage disease criteria. Three additional monkeys were mock-exposed and used as uninfected controls. RESULTS EBOV-exposed monkeys presented with clinicopathologic features of HLS, including fever, multiple organomegaly, pancytopenia, hemophagocytosis, hyperfibrinogenemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercytokinemia, increased concentrations of soluble CD163 and CD25 in serum, and the loss of activated natural killer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that EVD in the rhesus macaque model mimics pathophysiologic features of HLS/macrophage activation syndrome. Hence, regulating inflammation and immune function might provide an effective treatment for controlling the pathogenesis of acute EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna L Perry
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Louis M Huzella
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ricky D Adams
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda M W Hischak
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Randy J Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Bernbaum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Deja Rivera
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott Anthony
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Reeder
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Kurtz
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyra Hadley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Travis Warren
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Prior JT, Davitt C, Kurtz J, Gellings P, McLachlan JB, Morici LA. Bacterial-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles are Potent Adjuvants that Drive Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020131. [PMID: 33498352 PMCID: PMC7909432 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery and development of novel adjuvants that can improve existing or next generation vaccine platforms have received considerable interest in recent years. In particular, adjuvants that can elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses would be particularly advantageous because the majority of licensed vaccines are formulated with aluminum hydroxide (alum) which predominantly promotes antibodies. We previously demonstrated that bacterial-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMV) possess inherent adjuvanticity and drive antigen-specific antibody and cellular immune responses to OMV components. Here, we investigated the ability of OMVs to stimulate innate and adaptive immunity and to function as a stand-alone adjuvant. We show that OMVs are more potent than heat-inactivated and live-attenuated bacteria in driving dendritic cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Mice immunized with OMVs admixed with heterologous peptides generated peptide-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells responses. Notably, OMV adjuvant induced much greater antibody and B cell responses to co-delivered ovalbumin compared to the responses elicited by the adjuvants alum and CpG DNA. Additionally, pre-existing antibodies raised against the OMVs did not impair OMV adjuvanticity upon repeat immunization. These results indicate that vaccines adjuvanted with OMVs elicit robust cellular and humoral immune responses, supporting further development of OMV adjuvant for use in next-generation vaccines.
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Cai Y, Iwasaki M, Motooka D, Liu DX, Yu S, Cooper K, Hart R, Adams R, Burdette T, Postnikova EN, Kurtz J, St Claire M, Ye C, Kuhn JH, Martínez-Sobrido L, de la Torre JC. A Lassa Virus Live-Attenuated Vaccine Candidate Based on Rearrangement of the Intergenic Region. mBio 2020; 11:e00186-20. [PMID: 32209677 PMCID: PMC7157513 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00186-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) poses a significant public health problem within the regions of Lassa fever endemicity in Western Africa. LASV infects several hundred thousand individuals yearly, and a considerable number of Lassa fever cases are associated with high morbidity and lethality. No approved LASV vaccine is available, and current therapy is limited to an off-label usage of ribavirin that is only partially effective and associated with significant side effects. The impact of Lassa fever on human health, together with the limited existing countermeasures, highlights the importance of developing effective vaccines against LASV. Here, we present the development and characterization of a recombinant LASV (rLASV) vaccine candidate [rLASV(IGR/S-S)], which is based on the presence of the noncoding intergenic region (IGR) of the small (S) genome segment (S-IGR) in both large (L) and S LASV segments. In cultured cells, rLASV(IGR/S-S) was modestly less fit than wild-type rLASV (rLASV-WT). rLASV(IGR/S-S) was highly attenuated in guinea pigs, and a single subcutaneous low dose of the virus completely protected against otherwise lethal infection with LASV-WT. Moreover, rLASV(IGR/S-S) was genetically stable during serial passages in cultured cells. These findings indicate that rLASV(IGR/S-S) can be developed into a LASV live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) that has the same antigenic composition as LASV-WT and a well-defined mechanism of attenuation that overcomes concerns about increased virulence that could be caused by genetic changes in the LAV during multiple rounds of multiplication.IMPORTANCE Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever, infects several hundred thousand people in Western Africa, resulting in many lethal Lassa fever cases. No U.S. Food and Drug Administration-licensed countermeasures are available to prevent or treat LASV infection. We describe the generation of a novel LASV live-attenuated vaccine candidate rLASV(IGR/S-S), which is based on the replacement of the large genomic segment noncoding intergenic region (IGR) with that of the small genome segment. rLASV(IGR/S-S) is less fit in cell culture than wild-type virus and does not cause clinical signs in inoculated guinea pigs. Importantly, rLASV(IGR/S-S) protects immunized guinea pigs against an otherwise lethal exposure to LASV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Masaharu Iwasaki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Laboratory of Pathogen Detection and Identification, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Randy Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ricky Adams
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracey Burdette
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena N Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Kurtz
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Kutzer MAM, Kurtz J, Armitage SAO. Genotype and diet affect resistance, survival, and fecundity but not fecundity tolerance. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:159-171. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. M. Kutzer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - J. Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - S. A. O. Armitage
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity; University of Münster; Münster Germany
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Lugert V, Meyer EI, Kurtz J, Scharsack JP. Effects of an anthropogenic saltwater inlet on three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) (Teleostei: Gasterosteidae) and their parasites in an inland brook. The European Zoological Journal 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2017.1356386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. Lugert
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster , Münster, Germany
| | - E. I. Meyer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Department of Limnology, University of Münster , Münster, Germany
| | - J. Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster , Münster, Germany
| | - J. P. Scharsack
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster , Münster, Germany
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Lee F, Davitt C, Kurtz J, Mclachlan J, Morici L. Naturally Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles confer Immunity to Salmonella typhimurium in a Murine Model. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw172.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Lee
- Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Christopher Davitt
- Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Jonathan Kurtz
- Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - James Mclachlan
- Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Lisa Morici
- Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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Goggins J, Kurtz J, Israel K, McLachlan J. Determining the contribution of antigen-specific, CD4+ recent thymic emigrants to Salmonella persistence in vivo (LYM5P.661). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.134.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Typhoid fever, caused by infection with Salmonella bacteria affects approximately 21 million people annually, killing nearly 200,000. Recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) are the youngest subset of peripheral T cells, which are known to differ in how they functionally contribute to the naïve T cell pool. This distinctive cell population is known to contribute to the maintenance of T cell receptor diversity in the peripheral T cell pool, but their involvement in combating chronic bacterial infections, such as typhoid fever, has not been explored. In the present study, we hypothesized that RTEs are essential contributors to the CD4 T cell response during persistent Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) infection, which predominantly relies on helper T cell immunity to control bacteria. Here, we show that thymectomy of adult mice prior to oral infection with ST led to significantly increased bacterial burdens in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and liver 30 days post-infection compared to sham surgical controls, suggesting Salmonella-specific RTEs may contribute to bacterial clearance. Surprisingly, existing peripheral Salmonella-specific T cells also increased significantly in number, implying that these cells are somehow incapable of controlling infection in the absence of RTEs. The results of this study provide insight into how new pathogen-specific T cells leaving the thymus participate in combatting a persistent bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Goggins
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Jonathan Kurtz
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Kate Israel
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - James McLachlan
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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Wagner SJ, Skripchenko A, Seetharaman S, Kurtz J. Amelioration of lesions associated with 24-hour suboptimal platelet storage at 16 °C by a p38MAPK inhibitor, VX-702. Vox Sang 2014; 108:226-32. [PMID: 25471280 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous studies with p38MAPK inhibitors at room temperature demonstrated that they improve a large number of platelet storage parameters, but cannot substantially inhibit p38MAPK activation nor protect against widespread decrements in platelet quality parameters during 4 °C storage. In this study, platelet quality parameters and inhibition of p38MAPK by VX-702 were studied after incubation of platelets at 16 °C without agitation, suboptimal storage conditions which produce moderate platelet decrements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Trima apheresis units were collected and aliquoted into three 60-ml CLX storage bags: (i) a control aliquot which was held at 20-24 °C with constant agitation; (ii) a test aliquot which was held at 20-24 °C with agitation until Day 2, when it was reincubated at 16 ± 1 °C for 24 ± 0·5 h without agitation and then returned 20-24 °C with agitation; (iii) a test aliquot containing 1 μm VX-702 stored in an identical fashion as aliquot 2. Aliquots were tested for an array of platelet storage parameters and p38MAPK activation on Days 1, 4 and 7. RESULTS Many platelet storage parameters and p38MAPK activation were adversely affected by 24-h incubation at 16 °C without agitation. With the exception of ESC, addition of VX-702 prevented p38MAPK activation and the decrements in most observed parameters. CONCLUSION Unlike 4 °C storage, VX-702 prevents activation of p38MAPK and decrements in many platelet storage parameters after exposure to 16 °C without agitation for 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wagner
- Blood Components Department, American Red Cross Holland Laboratory, Rockville, MD, USA
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Joop G, Roth O, Schmid-Hempel P, Kurtz J. Experimental evolution of external immune defences in the red flour beetle. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1562-71. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Joop
- Department of Experimental Ecology; Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ); Zürich Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics; Zoological Institute; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - O. Roth
- Department of Experimental Ecology; Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ); Zürich Switzerland
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity; University of Münster; Münster Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes; Helmholtz Institut für Ozeanforschung GEOMAR; Kiel Germany
| | - P. Schmid-Hempel
- Department of Experimental Ecology; Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ); Zürich Switzerland
| | - J. Kurtz
- Department of Experimental Ecology; Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ); Zürich Switzerland
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity; University of Münster; Münster Germany
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Kurtz J. The Effectiveness of a Pre-Operative Medically Supervised Weight Loss Program on Surgical Risk and Nutritional Injury. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kurtz J, McLachlan J. Liver induced immunosuppression by Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells during persistent infection (P3097). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.187.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
What role microenvironments play in dictating immune outcomes during infection is largely unknown. Our lab uniquely combines a murine model of persistent S. typhimurium infection with recombineered Salmonella strains and MHC-II tetramers to visualize endogenous Salmonella-specific CD4 T cell responses during infection in various organs. We hypothesize that an immunological stalemate between bacterial persistence and the host immune response is determined by anatomical location, which dictates T cell function and infection outcome. We show Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells adoptively transferred from lymphoid organs protect mice from subsequent challenge, while CD4 T cells transferred from infected livers increase susceptibility. Furthermore, lymphoid Salmonella-specific Th1-cells produce higher levels of interferon-γ, while FoxP3- liver CD4 T cells produce larger amounts of interleukin-10, with a decreased proliferative capacity. Additionally, we show lymphoid Th1 cells are potent activators of iNOS and reduce macrophage bacterial loads, while liver-derived Tr1-like cells fail to control bacterial replication, through attenuated iNOS activation. Whether these immunosuppressive Tr1-like cells are induced in the liver, or phenotypically switch upon entering the organ, remains under investigation. These results demonstrate that during persistent Salmonella infection different immunological responses occur at different anatomical sites, which may dictate the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kurtz
- 1Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - James McLachlan
- 1Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
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Nieves W, Asakrah S, Qazi O, Brown KA, Kurtz J, Aucoin DP, McLachlan JB, Roy CJ, Morici LA. A naturally derived outer-membrane vesicle vaccine protects against lethal pulmonary Burkholderia pseudomallei infection. Vaccine 2011; 29:8381-9. [PMID: 21871517 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, and other members of the Burkholderia, are among the most antibiotic-resistant bacterial species encountered in human infection. Mortality rates associated with severe B. pseudomallei infection approach 50% despite therapeutic treatment. A protective vaccine against B. pseudomallei would dramatically reduce morbidity and mortality in endemic areas and provide a safeguard for the U.S. and other countries against biological attack with this organism. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of B. pseudomallei-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Vesicles are produced by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and contain many of the bacterial products recognized by the host immune system during infection. We demonstrate that subcutaneous (SC) immunization with OMVs provides significant protection against an otherwise lethal B. pseudomallei aerosol challenge in BALB/c mice. Mice immunized with B. pseudomallei OMVs displayed OMV-specific serum antibody and T-cell memory responses. Furthermore, OMV-mediated immunity appears species-specific as cross-reactive antibody and T cells were not generated in mice immunized with Escherichia coli-derived OMVs. These results provide the first compelling evidence that OMVs represent a non-living vaccine formulation that is able to produce protective humoral and cellular immunity against an aerosolized intracellular bacterium. This vaccine platform constitutes a safe and inexpensive immunization strategy against B. pseudomallei that can be exploited for other intracellular respiratory pathogens, including other Burkholderia and bacteria capable of establishing persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wildaliz Nieves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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13
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Bompas E, Campion L, Italiano A, Cesne AL, Giaj Levra M, Chevreau C, Piperno-Neumann S, Isambert N, Thyss A, Rios M, Kurtz J, Delcambre C, Bay J, Duffaud F, Trassard M, Soulie P, Blay J. Outcome of 157 adult rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) patients: A retrospective study from the French Group Sarcoma (GSF-GETO). J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.10070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Thariat J, Ray-Coquard IL, Thyss A, Italiano A, Sarini J, Miller RC, Bompas E, Brouchet A, Dassonville O, Salas S, Maingon P, Kurtz J, Reychler H, de La Motte Rouge T, Aldabbagh K, Usseglio J, Kerbrat P, Lotz J, Chaigneau L, Julieron M. Primary osteosarcomas of the mandible: Joint study of the Groupe Sarcome Francais (GSF), Rare Cancer Network, and Groupe d’Etude des Tumeurs de la Tete et du Cou (GETTEC). J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Isambert N, Ray-Coquard IL, Bui Nguyen B, Rios M, Kerbrat P, Blouet A, Chaigneau L, Duffaud F, Piperno-Neumann S, Kurtz J, Thariat J, Girard N, Collard O, Bompas E, Penel N, Bay J, Guillemet C, Collin F, Blay J, Le Cesne A. Management and outcomes for primary cardiac sarcomas (PCS): A retrospective study of the French Sarcoma Group (FSG). J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.10093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kurtz J, Hilpert F, Dorum A, Veillard A, Elit L, Buck M, Petru E, Reed N, Scambia G, Varsellona N. Can elderly patients with recurrent ovarian cancer (ROC) be treated with a platinum-based doublet? Results from the CALYPSO trial. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.5031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Dufour PR, Rousseau F, Meyer N, Delozier T, Serin D, Nabet M, Djafari L, Kurtz J. Phase II trial of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide combination as first-line chemotherapy in elderly metastatic breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.19565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
19565 Background: Although the majority of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients (pts) responds to endocrine therapy, treatment failure is a concern, as well as front-line therapy for pts with ER/PR negative disease.The combination of anthracyclines (A) and cyclophosphamide (C) is active in younger pts, but cardiac toxicity of A in elderly MBC pts has to be considered. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) (Caelyx®) is active in MBC and has much less cardiotoxicity than A, and we present the preliminary data of the PLD/C in elderly MBC pts. Methods: This was a multicentric phase II trial. Inclusion criteria included: pts aged between 65 and 75, histologically proven measurable MBC, ECOG PS 0–1, LVEF = 50%, first-line chemotherapy for MBC. Prior adjuvant chemotherapy was allowed if stopped for = 6 or 12 months without and with anthracyclines, respectively. Endocrine therapy either in the adjuvant or metastatic setting had to be stopped for = 1 month. All pts gave a written informed consent. The treatment schedule was : PLD 40mg/m2 and C 500mg/m2 d1 every 4 weeks. Efficacy as well as response duration and tolerance were the primary and secondary end-points, respectively. Results: 35 patients were enrolled (Median age 71.3, range 65.6–75.9). A total of 166 cycles have been administered. The median number of cycles was 6 (range 1–9). No toxic death was reported, one patient died of diabetes mellitus decompensation. No congestive heart failure or decrease in LVEF was reported, although 1 pt experience grade 3 dyspnea and stopped treatment. Other (gr3–4) NCI-CTC toxicity included: neutropenia in 7 (gr3) and 3 (gr4) pts; gr3 mucositis (4). No febrile neutropenia was reported. Grade 3 hand-foot syndrome occurred in 1 pt, whereas treatment was stopped due to a generalized rash in 1 pt. An objective response (CR + PR) was achieved in 10 (28,6%) pts (1 CR and 8 PR), and a disease control in 24 (68.6%) with a progression free survival of 8.8 months and a median survival of 20.4 months Conclusions: The LPD-C combination is active in elderly MBC pts, with an acceptable toxicity profile. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Dufour
- Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes,, Marseille, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg,, Strasbourg, France; Centre Francois Baclesse, Caen, France; Clinique St. Catherine, Avignon, France; Clinique Claude Bernard, Metz, France; Schering-Plough, Levallois-Perret, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - F. Rousseau
- Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes,, Marseille, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg,, Strasbourg, France; Centre Francois Baclesse, Caen, France; Clinique St. Catherine, Avignon, France; Clinique Claude Bernard, Metz, France; Schering-Plough, Levallois-Perret, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - N. Meyer
- Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes,, Marseille, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg,, Strasbourg, France; Centre Francois Baclesse, Caen, France; Clinique St. Catherine, Avignon, France; Clinique Claude Bernard, Metz, France; Schering-Plough, Levallois-Perret, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - T. Delozier
- Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes,, Marseille, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg,, Strasbourg, France; Centre Francois Baclesse, Caen, France; Clinique St. Catherine, Avignon, France; Clinique Claude Bernard, Metz, France; Schering-Plough, Levallois-Perret, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - D. Serin
- Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes,, Marseille, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg,, Strasbourg, France; Centre Francois Baclesse, Caen, France; Clinique St. Catherine, Avignon, France; Clinique Claude Bernard, Metz, France; Schering-Plough, Levallois-Perret, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - M. Nabet
- Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes,, Marseille, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg,, Strasbourg, France; Centre Francois Baclesse, Caen, France; Clinique St. Catherine, Avignon, France; Clinique Claude Bernard, Metz, France; Schering-Plough, Levallois-Perret, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - L. Djafari
- Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes,, Marseille, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg,, Strasbourg, France; Centre Francois Baclesse, Caen, France; Clinique St. Catherine, Avignon, France; Clinique Claude Bernard, Metz, France; Schering-Plough, Levallois-Perret, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - J. Kurtz
- Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes,, Marseille, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg,, Strasbourg, France; Centre Francois Baclesse, Caen, France; Clinique St. Catherine, Avignon, France; Clinique Claude Bernard, Metz, France; Schering-Plough, Levallois-Perret, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Kurtz J, Hammerschmidt K. Resistance against heterogeneous sequential infections: experimental studies with a tapeworm and its copepod host. J Helminthol 2007; 80:199-206. [PMID: 16768863 DOI: 10.1079/joh2006349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Parasite heterogeneity is thought to be an important factor influencing the likelihood and the dynamics of infection. Previous studies have demonstrated that simultaneous exposure of hosts to a heterogeneous mixture of parasites might increase infection success. Here this view is extended towards the effect of parasite heterogeneity on subsequent infections. Using a system of the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus and its copepod intermediate host, heterogeneity of the tapeworm surface carbohydrates is investigated, i.e. structures that are potentially recognized by the invertebrate host's immune system. With lectin labelling, a significant proportion of variation in surface carbohydrates is related to differences in worm sibships (i.e. families). Tapeworm sibships were used for experimental exposure of copepods to either homogeneous combinations of tapeworm larvae, i.e. worms derived from the same sibship or heterogeneous mixtures of larvae, and copepods were subsequently challenged with an unrelated larva to study re-infection. Contrary to expectation, neither an effect of parasite heterogeneity on the current infection, nor on re-infection were found. The effect of parasitic heterogeneity on host immunity is therefore complex, potentially involving increased cross-protection on the one hand, with higher costs of raising a more heterogeneous immune response on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kurtz
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute of Limnology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306 Plön, Germany.
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Krobbach CK, Kalbe M, Kurtz J, Scharsack JP. Infectivity of two nematode parasites, Camallanus lacustris and Anguillicola crassus, in a paratenic host, the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus. Dis Aquat Organ 2007; 74:119-26. [PMID: 17432041 DOI: 10.3354/dao074119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus are frequent paratenic hosts of the nematode parasites Anguillicola crassus and Camallanus lacustris. As paratenic hosts, sticklebacks could spread infection by carrying high numbers of infective stages. In contrast, low infective ability of either parasite for the paratenic host could hinder the spread of infection. In the present study, G. aculeatus was, for the first time, infected under controlled laboratory conditions with defined doses of the parasites. Sticklebacks were exposed to 6, 12, 18 and 24 parasite larvae to determine the infective ability of the 2 nematode species. There were significantly higher infection rates for C. lacustris (18 to 49%) than for A. crassus (4 to 14%) at each exposure dose. In C. lacustris-infected sticklebacks, infection rates tended to be highest after exposure to 12 C. lacustris larvae and lowest after exposure to 24 parasites. In A. crassus-infected sticklebacks, no effect of parasite exposure dose on infection rates was observed. Immunity parameters such as respiratory burst activity and lymphocyte proliferation of head kidney leukocytes recorded 18 wk post exposure were not significantly affected by either parasite or exposure dose. Granulocyte:lymphocyte ratios were elevated only within the stickleback group showing the highest infection intensity of C. lacustris, i.e. to those exposed 18 parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Krobbach
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Limnology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
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Renella R, Verkooijen HM, Fioretta G, Vlastos G, Kurtz J, Sappino AP, Schäfer P, Neyroud-Caspar I, Bouchardy C. Increased risk of acute myeloid leukaemia after treatment for breast cancer. Breast 2006; 15:614-9. [PMID: 16386906 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the risk of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in patients treated for breast cancer. We included all 6360 breast cancer patients that were recorded at the Geneva Cancer Registry between 1970 and 1999. Patients were followed for AML occurrence until December 2000. We calculated standardized incidence ratios of AML and identified factors modifying the risk of AML by multivariate Cox analysis. Twelve (0.2%) patients developed AML. In general, patients treated for breast cancer had a 3.5-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8-6.0) increased risk of developing AML compared with the general population. In particular, patients who were older than 70 years at breast cancer diagnosis and those treated with radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) had a significantly increased risk of developing AML. This population-based study confirms that radiotherapy increases the risk of AML. Due to the relatively low number of women treated with chemotherapy without radiotherapy and due to the infrequency of the disease, the question of whether chemotherapy alone increases this risk of AML cannot yet be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Renella
- Geneva Cancer Registry, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Geneva, 55 Boulevard de la Cluse, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Kalbe M, Kurtz J. Local differences in immunocompetence reflect resistance of sticklebacks against the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. Parasitology 2006; 132:105-16. [PMID: 16393359 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005008681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We investigated population differences in immunological adaptation of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to one of their most abundant macroparasites, the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. We compared infection success in lab-bred fish of 2 populations in northern Germany, from a lake, where eye flukes are prevalent, and a river, where these parasites do not occur. In order to discriminate between protection through innate and acquired immunity, we exposed fish either only once or repeatedly. Lake fish were significantly less susceptible than river sticklebacks already after a single exposure, indicating that in sympatric hosts innate immunity plays the major role in the defence against this helminth infection. In both habitat types, previous exposures only marginally decreased infection rates within 12 weeks. Lake fish showed higher immunocompentence by means of respiratory burst activity and spleen size, regardless of the infection status. Furthermore, they were in a better energy status than river fish, as indicated by a higher hepatosomatic index and haematocrit value. Interestingly, F1 hybrid fish of both populations ranged between the pure habitat types in parasite susceptibility as well as in immunological and condition parameters. Our results suggest that sticklebacks from lakes are better adapted to cope with higher parasite abundance in this habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kalbe
- Max Planck Institute for Limnology, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, D-24306 Plön, Germany.
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Wegner KM, Kalbe M, Rauch G, Kurtz J, Schaschl H, Reusch TBH. Genetic variation in MHC class II expression and interactions with MHC sequence polymorphism in three-spined sticklebacks. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:1153-64. [PMID: 16599974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been studied for several decades because of their pronounced allelic polymorphism. Structural allelic polymorphism is, however, not the only source of variability subjected to natural selection. Genetic variation may also exist in gene expression patterns. Here, we show that in a natural population of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) the expression of MHC class IIB genes was positively correlated with parasite load, which indicates increased immune activation of the MHC when infections are frequent. To experimentally study MHC expression, we used laboratory-bred sticklebacks that were exposed to three naturally occurring species of parasite. We found strong differences in MHC class IIB expression patterns among fish families, which were consistent over two generations, thus demonstrating a genetic component. The average number of MHC class IIB sequence variants within families was negatively correlated to the MHC expression level suggesting compensatory up-regulation in fish with a low (i.e. suboptimal) MHC sequence variability. The observed differences among families and the negative correlation with individual sequence diversity imply that MHC expression is evolutionary relevant for the onset and control of the immune response in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Wegner
- Max-Planck-Institute of Limnology, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, August--Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306 Plön, Germany.
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Abstract
Parasite-mediated sexual selection theory presumes that variation in sexual traits reliably reflects variation in parasite resistance among available mates. One mechanism that may warrant signal honesty involves costs of immune system activation in the case of a parasitic infection. We investigated this hypothesis in male field crickets Gryllus campestris, whose attractiveness to females depends on characteristics of the sound-producing harp that are essentially fixed following adult eclosion. During the nymphal stage, males subjected to one of two feeding regimes were challenged with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to investigate condition-dependent effects on harp development as compared to other adult traits. Nymphal nutritional status positively affected adult body size, condition, and harp size. However, nymphal immune status affected harp size only, with LPS-males having smaller harps than control-injected males. In addition, the harps of LPS-males showed a lesser degree of melanization, indicating an enhanced substrate use by the melanin-producing enzyme cascade of the immune system. Thus, past immune status is specifically mirrored in sexual traits, suggesting a key role for deployment costs of immunity in parasite-mediated sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jacot
- University of Bern, Zoological Institute, Division of Evolutionary Ecology, Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.
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Fehr T, Takeuchi Y, Kurtz J, Sykes M. CD8+ T CELL TOLERANCE AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION USING NON-MYELOABLATIVE CONDITIONING WITH TBI AND ANTI-CD154 MAB: IMPORTANCE OF SIGNAL 1, CD4+ T CELLS AND CTLA4, BUT NO EVIDENCE FOR LONG-TERM REGULATION. Transplantation 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200407271-00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Scharsack JP, Kalbe M, Derner R, Kurtz J, Milinski M. Modulation of granulocyte responses in three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus infected with the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. Dis Aquat Organ 2004; 59:141-150. [PMID: 15212281 DOI: 10.3354/dao059141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes isolated from the head kidney and peripheral blood of 3-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus L. were analysed by means of flow cytometry during infection with the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus (Müller, 1776). Although parasites increased their body weight continuously throughout the observation period (98 d), proportions of granulocytes increased in blood and head kidney only up to Day 63 post-infection (p.i.). Thereafter, declining proportions of granulocytes were observed in both organs. Thus the relative decrease in granulocyte number was not correlated to a decline in the parasitic load of the fish. To investigate a possible modulatory impact of S. solidus on granulocyte function, head kidney leukocytes were isolated at times before Day 63 p.i. and tested in vitro for their capacity to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Head kidney leukocytes from S. solidus-infected fish, analysed immediately after isolation (ex vivo, Day 40 p.i.), exhibited a higher ROS production when stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), than leukocytes from naive, sham-treated control fish and fish that had resisted or cleared the infection (exposed but not infected). The latter showed an increased spontaneous ROS production that was not correlated to the numbers of granulocytes present in the head kidney isolates. In infected sticklebacks, spontaneous and PMA-induced ROS production was significantly correlated with numbers of granulocytes present in the head kidney isolates, suggesting that elevated ROS production was due to higher numbers of responding cells rather than an increased capacity of single cells. In vitro, after cultivation for 4 d in the presence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or extracts from S. solidus, head kidney leukocytes from control fish showed an increased ROS production and phagocytic activity compared with non-stimulated control cultures. In contrast, head kidney leukocytes from infected fish isolated on Days 48 and 44 p.i., failed to respond to S. solidus antigens in vitro. During S. solidus infection, granulocyte mobilisation resulted in elevated numbers of these cells in head kidneys, but the lack of an in vitro response to S. solidus antigens indicates an in vivo priming of granulocytes by the parasite. These observations may reflect the ability of S. solidus to impair the host's immune response once the parasite is developing in the body cavity of G. aculeatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Scharsack
- Max Planck Institute of Limnology, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
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Verkooijen H, Fioretta G, Vlastos G, Schaefer P, Kurtz J, Sappino A, Schubert H, Bouchardy C. Patient's refusal of surgery strongly decreases prognosis of non metastatic breast cancer. EJC Suppl 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(04)91043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is rare, but associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. After a baby, subsequently proven to have HSE, had initially been diagnosed as non-accidental injury (NAI), we reviewed the clinical features and radiology of infants with HSE recently diagnosed by our laboratory. METHODS Screening of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples sent to Oxford for HSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, from wide range of British hospitals, identified HSV infected infants. After a diagnosis was made, the case notes and neuroradiology (where available) were reviewed and a limited follow-up was undertaken. RESULTS Thirteen infants had HSV encephalitis (HSE), which in four followed a relapsing course. On subsequent assessment six infants had neurological sequelae, six appeared to be normal, and one was lost to follow-up. Neither a history of primary HSV infection in pregnancy, nor skin lesions in the baby, were helpful diagnostically. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated haemorrhage in the cortex, but no subdural haematomata, a hallmark of NAI, in 5/6 infants. CONCLUSIONS The early clinical features of HSE and NAI may be indistinguishable. As early diagnosis is important, infants with an unidentified encephalopathic illness should be examined by neuroradiology and their CSF tested for HSV DNA. Together these examinations can confirm and differentiate between those two conditions. Relapsing HSE may mimic recurrent encephalopathy caused by multiple NAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kurtz
- Department of Virology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kurtz
- Radiation Oncology Division, Hopitaux universitaires de Genève, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Parasites are able to influence intermediate hosts in a way that optimizes their growth and transmission to the next host. Macrocyclops albidus (Copepoda) suffer from a reduced escaping ability and an increased level of general activity, when infected with Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda). This facilitates predation by the subsequent host, the three-spined stickleback. However, instead of adaptive host manipulation by the tapeworm, the altered copepod behaviour might be explained more simply as a constraint of the infection. Energy depletion could lead to decreased muscle performance and increased food searching activity. Furthermore, resource allocation among host tissues might change after infection. We therefore analysed the amount of storage lipids and muscle tissue before and after experimental infection. To determine the amount of muscles, we developed a new polarization-microscopic technique. Irrespective of infection, lipids and muscles were predictors of copepod survival. However, we found no effect of the parasite infection on muscles or lipids, and no indication of a change in resource allocation between these tissues. Our study suggests that behavioural changes in infected copepods are mediated by a mechanism different from energy depletion or a re-allocation of resources between muscles and lipids. We rather propose that the tapeworms directly manipulate copepod behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Franz
- Max Planck Institute of Limnology, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Plön, Germany
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Verkooijen HM, Fioretta G, De Wolf C, Vlastos G, Kurtz J, Borisch B, Schäfer P, Spiliopoulos A, Sappino AP, Renella R, Pittet B, Schmid De Gruneck J, Wespi Y, Neyroud-Caspar I, Bouchardy C. Management of women with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a population-based study. Ann Oncol 2002; 13:1236-45. [PMID: 12181247 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdf194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) confronts patients and clinicians with optimal treatment decisions. This multidisciplinary study investigates therapeutic modalities of DCIS in daily practice and provides recommendations on how to increase quality of care. PATIENTS AND METHODS All women (n = 116) with unilateral DCIS recorded in the Geneva Cancer Registry from 1995 to 1999 were considered. Information concerned patient and tumor characteristics, treatment and outcome. Factors linked to therapy were determined using a case-control approach. Cases were women with treatment of interest and controls other women on the study. RESULTS Most DCIS cases (62%) were discovered by mammography screening. Ninety (78%) women had breast-conserving surgery (BCS), 18 (16%) mastectomy and seven (6%) bilateral mastectomy. Eight (7%) patients had tumor-positive margins, 18 (16%) lymph node dissection and two (1.7%) chemotherapy. Twenty-five per cent of women with BCS had no radiotherapy, three had radiotherapy after mastectomy. Less than 50% underwent breast reconstruction after mastectomy. Method of discovery, multifocality, tumor localization, size and differentiation were linked to the use of BCS or lymph node dissection. CONCLUSIONS Because of important disparities in DCIS management, recommendations are made to increase quality of care, in particular to prevent axillary dissection or bilateral mastectomy and to increase the use of radiotherapy after BCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Verkooijen
- Geneva Cancer Registry, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- P Simmonds
- Laboratory for Clinical and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
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Abstract
The outcome of a parasite infection is the result of the interaction between the host and the parasite. In the system we studied, there are 3 critical stages for the outcome of infection of the (intermediate) host, the copepod Macrocyclops albidus, with the cestode Schistocephalus solidus. During the establishment phase of the parasite, the host may firstly avoid ingesting the parasite and, secondly, may prevent the parasite from entering the body cavity and, thirdly, during the growth phase of the parasite, the host's immune system may eliminate the parasite from the body cavity. We were able to study the growth phase separately from the establishment phase. The establishment phase was influenced by characteristics of the host as well as characteristics of the parasites. Small copepods and males performed poorly; they were more often infected and had a lower survival. Parasites from different sib-groups differed in infectivity. During the growth phase some disappearance of parasites was observed. However, this could not be related to any of the studied characteristics of the host, and the sib-groups of parasites did not seem to differ in their likelihood to disappear. Instead, we suggest that disappearance of parasites, once they have entered the body cavity, may be due to intrinsic mortality of the parasites, independent of the host or the sib-group that the parasites belong to. This indicates that the crucial interactions between host and parasite determining the outcome of infection takes place in the short time-period between ingestion and penetration of the gut-wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T van der Veen
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology, Plön, Germany.
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Kurtz J. Association of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) with tumour characteristics in a population of patients suitable for screening. Eur J Cancer 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(02)80451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Blaha P, Kiss C, Langer F, Selzer E, Bergmeister H, Kurtz J, Roth E, Muehlbacher F, Sykes M, Wekerle T. The effects of rapamycin and cyclosporin a on tolerance induction through bone marrow transplantation with costimulation blockade. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(01)00712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Boxall E, Kurtz J. National Blood Service can provide useful data for antenatal detection of HIV. BMJ 2001; 323:1369. [PMID: 11739229 PMCID: PMC1121819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Boxall E, Kurtz J. National Blood Service can provide useful data for antenatal detection of HIV. West J Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.323.7325.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kurtz J, Ito H, Wekerle T, Shaffer J, Sykes M. Mechanisms involved in the establishment of tolerance through costimulatory blockade and BMT: lack of requirement for CD40L-mediated signaling for tolerance or deletion of donor-reactive CD4+ cells. Am J Transplant 2001; 1:339-49. [PMID: 12099378 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2001.10409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that high levels of multiline-age mixed hematopoietic chimerism and systemic T-cell tolerance can be achieved in mice without myeloablation through the use of anti-CD40L and costimulatory blockade alone (plus CTLA4Ig) or with recipient CD8 depletion and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Chimeric mice permanently accept donor skin grafts (> 100 days), and rapidly reject third-party grafts. The mechanisms by which costimulatory blockade facilitates the engraftment of allogeneic hematopoietic cells have not been defined. To further understand the in vivo mechanisms by which the administration of anti-CD40L mAb facilitates the engraftment of donor bone marrow and rapidly tolerizes CD4+ T cells, we analyzed the establishment of chimerism and tolerance in CD40L -/- mice. We demonstrate here that anti-CD40L mAb treatment is required only to prevent CD40L/CD40 interactions, and that no signal to the T cell through CD40L is necessary for the induction of CD4+ tolerance. Peripheral deletion of donor-reactive CD4+ T cells occurs rapidly in CD40L -/- mice receiving bone marrow transplantation (BMT), indicating that this deletion in the presence of anti-CD40L is not due to targeting of activated CD4+ cells by the antibody. Complete CD4+ cell tolerance is observed by both skin graft acceptance and in vitro assays before deletion is complete, indicating that additional mechanisms play a role in inducing CD4+ T-cell tolerance as the result of BMT in the presence of CD40/CD40L blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kurtz
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kurtz
- Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Okologie, Universität Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, Bonn, 3121, Germany.
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Kurtz J. Cytomegalovirus and renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 2001; 71:710-1. [PMID: 11330528 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200103270-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Kurtz
- Public Health Laboratory, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, UK
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Ito H, Kurtz J, Shaffer J, Sykes M. CD4 T cell-mediated alloresistance to fully MHC-mismatched allogeneic bone marrow engraftment is dependent on CD40-CD40 ligand interactions, and lasting T cell tolerance is induced by bone marrow transplantation with initial blockade of this pathway. J Immunol 2001; 166:2970-81. [PMID: 11207246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory blockade can be used to promote allogeneic marrow engraftment and tolerance induction, but on its own is not 100% reliable. We sought to determine whether one or the other of the CD4 or CD8 T cell subsets of the recipient was primarily responsible for resistance to allogeneic marrow engraftment in mice receiving costimulatory blockade, and to use this information to develop a more reliable, minimal conditioning regimen for induction of mixed chimerism and transplantation tolerance. We demonstrate that a single anti-CD40 ligand mAb treatment is sufficient to completely overcome CD4 cell-mediated resistance to allogeneic marrow engraftment and rapidly induce CD4 cell tolerance, but does not reliably overcome CD8 CTL-mediated alloresistance. The data suggest that costimulation, which activates alloreactive CTL, is insufficient to activate alloreactive CD4 cells when the CD40 pathway is blocked. The addition of host CD8 T cell depletion to anti-CD40 ligand treatment reliably allows the induction of mixed chimerism and donor-specific skin graft tolerance in 3 Gy-irradiated mice receiving fully MHC-mismatched bone marrow grafts. Thus, despite the existence of multiple costimulatory pathways and pathways of APC activation, our studies demonstrate an absolute dependence on CD40-mediated events for CD4 cell-mediated rejection of allogeneic marrow. Exposure to donor bone marrow allows rapid tolerization of alloreactive CD4 cells when the CD40 pathway is blocked, leading to permanent marrow engraftment and intrathymic tolerization of T cells that develop subsequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ito
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Wekerle T, Kurtz J, Sayegh M, Ito H, Wells A, Bensinger S, Shaffer J, Turka L, Sykes M. Peripheral deletion after bone marrow transplantation with costimulatory blockade has features of both activation-induced cell death and passive cell death. J Immunol 2001; 166:2311-6. [PMID: 11160287 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two major pathways of death of previously activated T cells have been described: activation-induced cell death can be triggered by restimulating activated T cells with high concentrations of Ag, is Fas-dependent, is not influenced by proteins of the Bcl family, and is blocked by cyclosporin A; in contrast, passive cell death is induced by the withdrawal of growth factors and activation stimuli, is Fas-independent, and is blocked by Bcl family proteins. We examined the role of these two forms of cell death in the peripheral deletion of donor-reactive host T cells after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and costimulatory blockade with anti-CD154 plus CTLA4Ig in two murine models. The substantial decline in donor-reactive CD4 cells seen in wild-type recipients 1 wk after bone marrow transplantation with costimulatory blockade was largely inhibited in Fas-deficient recipients and in Bcl-x(L)-transgenic recipients. We observed these effects both in a model involving low-dose total body irradiation and a conventional dose of bone marrow, and in a radiation-free regimen using high-dose bone marrow transplantation. Furthermore, cyclosporin A did not completely block the deletion of donor-reactive CD4(+) T cells in recipients of bone marrow transplantation with costimulatory blockade. Thus, the deletion of donor-reactive T cells occurring early after bone marrow transplantation with costimulatory blockade has features of both activation-induced cell death and passive cell death. Furthermore, these in vivo data demonstrate for the first time the significance of in vitro results indicating that proteins of the Bcl family can prevent Fas-mediated apoptosis under certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wekerle
- BMT Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Kurtz J, Smith N, Harbour S. HTLV-1 is lower in blood donors in West Midlands than South Thames. BMJ 2000; 321:380-1. [PMID: 10991562 PMCID: PMC1118343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Morabia A, Bernstein MS, Bouchardy I, Kurtz J, Morris MA. Breast cancer and active and passive smoking: the role of the N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152:226-32. [PMID: 10933269 DOI: 10.1093/aje/152.3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of breast cancer with passive and active smoking was investigated in slow and fast acetylators of aromatic amines in a Geneva, Switzerland, study in 1996-1997. A slow acetylator was homozygous for one, or heterozygous for two, of three N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphisms determined on buccal cell DNA from 177 breast cancer cases and 170 age-matched, population controls. The reference group consisted of women never regularly exposed to active or passive smoke. Among premenopausal women, the odds ratios were homogeneous in slow and fast acetylators: 3.2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 8.7) for passive smoking and 2.9 (95% CI: 1.1, 7.5) for active smoking. Among postmenopausal women, the odds ratios for fast acetylators were 11.6 (95% CI: 2.2, 62.2) for passive and 8.2 (95% CI: 1.4, 46.0) for active smoking; the corresponding effects were also apparent but less strong in slow acetylators. After the nonexposed and the passive smokers were grouped in a single reference category, active smoking was associated with postmenopausal breast cancer in slow acetylators (odds ratio (OR) = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.0, 6.2) but not in fast acetylators (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 0.5, 3.3). Thus, the associations of both passive and active smoking with breast cancer appear stronger in fast than in slow NAT2 genotypes. Separating passive smokers from the nonexposed impacts on the inference about a possible NAT2-smoking interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morabia
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Veronesi U, Costa A, Zurrida S, Goldhirsch A, Colleoni M, Cinieri S, Marsiglia H, Gelber S, Castiglione-Gertsh M, Jellins J, Cataliotti L, Sacchini V, Kurtz J, Dixon JM, Orvieto E, Braun S, Siena S. Breast cancer at the end of a successful century: Meeting highlights from the First Milan Breast Cancer Conference and discussion paper for the Second Conference (Milan, 14–16 June, 2000). Breast 2000; 9:161-70. [PMID: 14731842 DOI: 10.1054/brst.2000.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Wekerle T, Kurtz J, Ito H, Ronquillo JV, Dong V, Zhao G, Shaffer J, Sayegh MH, Sykes M. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with co-stimulatory blockade induces macrochimerism and tolerance without cytoreductive host treatment. Nat Med 2000; 6:464-9. [PMID: 10742157 DOI: 10.1038/74731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (in immunocompetent adults) has always required cytoreductive treatment of recipients with irradiation or cytotoxic drugs to achieve lasting engraftment at levels detectable by non-PCR-based techniques ('macrochimerism' or 'mixed chimerism'). Only syngeneic marrow engraftment at such levels has been achieved in unconditioned hosts. This requirement for potentially toxic myelosuppressive host pre-conditioning has precluded the clinical use of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for many indications other than malignancies, including tolerance induction. We demonstrate here that treatment of naive mice with a high dose of fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched allogeneic bone marrow, followed by one injection each of monoclonal antibody against CD154 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 immunoglobulin, resulted in multi-lineage hematopoietic macrochimerism (of about 15%) that persisted for up to 34 weeks. Long-term chimeras developed donor-specific tolerance (donor skin graft survival of more than 145 days) and demonstrated ongoing intrathymic deletion of donor-reactive T cells. A protocol of high-dose bone marrow transplantation and co-stimulatory blockade can thus achieve allogeneic bone marrow engraftment without cytoreduction or T-cell depletion of the host, and eliminates a principal barrier to the more widespread use of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Although efforts have been made to minimize host pre-treatment for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for tolerance induction, so far none have succeeded in eliminating pre-treatment completely. Our demonstration that this can be achieved provides the rationale for a safe approach for inducing robust transplantation tolerance in large animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wekerle
- BMT Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, MGH East, Bldg. 149-5102, 13th Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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