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Rupprecht CE, Buchanan T, Cliquet F, King R, Müller T, Yakobson B, Yang DK. A Global Perspective on Oral Vaccination of Wildlife against Rabies. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:241-284. [PMID: 38381612 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The long-term mitigation of human-domestic animal-wildlife conflicts is complex and difficult. Over the last 50 yr, the primary biomedical concepts and actualized collaborative global field applications of oral rabies vaccination to wildlife serve as one dramatic example that revolutionized the field of infectious disease management of free-ranging animals. Oral vaccination of wildlife occurred in diverse locales within Africa, Eurasia, the Middle East, and North America. Although rabies is not a candidate for eradication, over a billion doses of vaccine-laden baits distributed strategically by hand, at baiting stations, or via aircraft, resulted in widespread disease prevention, control, or local disease elimination among mesocarnivores. Pure, potent, safe, and efficacious vaccines consisted of either modified-live, highly attenuated, or recombinant viruses contained within attractive, edible baits. Since the late 1970s, major free-ranging target species have included coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus; Vulpes vulpes), jackals (Canis aureus; Lupulella mesomelas), raccoons (Procyon lotor), raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Operational progress has occurred in all but the latter species. Programmatic evaluations of oral rabies vaccination success have included: demonstration of biomarkers incorporated within vaccine-laden baits in target species as representative of bait contact; serological measurement of the induction of specific rabies virus neutralizing antibodies, indicative of an immune response to vaccine; and most importantly, the decreasing detection of rabies virus antigens in the brains of collected animals via enhanced laboratory-based surveillance, as evidence of management impact. Although often conceived mistakenly as a panacea, such cost-effective technology applied to free-ranging wildlife represents a real-world, One Health application benefiting agriculture, conservation biology, and public health. Based upon lessons learned with oral rabies vaccination of mesocarnivores, opportunities for future extension to other taxa and additional diseases will have far-reaching, transdisciplinary benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Rupprecht
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Tore Buchanan
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L1Z8, Canada
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, CS 40009 Malzeville, France
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Boris Yakobson
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Derech HaMaccabim 62, Rishon Lezion, 50250, Israel
| | - Dong-Kun Yang
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
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Murr M, Freuling C, Pérez-Bravo D, Grund C, Mettenleiter TC, Römer-Oberdörfer A, Müller T, Finke S. Immune response after oral immunization of goats and foxes with an NDV vectored rabies vaccine candidate. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011639. [PMID: 38408125 PMCID: PMC10919857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of the reservoir species is a key component in the global fight against rabies. For wildlife reservoir species and hard to reach spillover species (e. g. ruminant farm animals), oral vaccination is the only solution. In search for a novel potent and safe oral rabies vaccine, we generated a recombinant vector virus based on lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Clone 30 that expresses the glycoprotein G of rabies virus (RABV) vaccine strain SAD L16 (rNDV_GRABV). Transgene expression and virus replication was verified in avian and mammalian cells. To test immunogenicity and viral shedding, in a proof-of-concept study six goats and foxes, representing herbivore and carnivore species susceptible to rabies, each received a single dose of rNDV_GRABV (108.5 TCID50/animal) by direct oral application. For comparison, three animals received the similar dose of the empty viral vector (rNDV). All animals remained clinically inconspicuous during the trial. Viral RNA could be isolated from oral and nasal swabs until four (goats) or seven days (foxes) post vaccination, while infectious NDV could not be re-isolated. After four weeks, three out of six rNDV_GRABV vaccinated foxes developed RABV binding and virus neutralizing antibodies. Five out of six rNDV_GRABV vaccinated goats displayed RABV G specific antibodies either detected by ELISA or RFFIT. Additionally, NDV and RABV specific T cell activity was demonstrated in some of the vaccinated animals by detecting antigen specific interferon γ secretion in lymphocytes isolated from pharyngeal lymph nodes. In conclusion, the NDV vectored rabies vaccine rNDV_GRABV was safe and immunogenic after a single oral application in goats and foxes, and highlight the potential of NDV as vector for oral vaccines in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Murr
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Pérez-Bravo
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angela Römer-Oberdörfer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Natesan K, Isloor S, Vinayagamurthy B, Ramakrishnaiah S, Doddamane R, Fooks AR. Developments in Rabies Vaccines: The Path Traversed from Pasteur to the Modern Era of Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040756. [PMID: 37112668 PMCID: PMC10147034 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a disease of antiquity and has a history spanning millennia ever since the first interactions between humans and dogs. The alarming fatalities caused by this disease have triggered rabies prevention strategies since the first century BC. There have been numerous attempts over the past 100 years to develop rabies vaccineswith the goal of preventing rabies in both humans and animals. Thepre-Pasteurian vaccinologists, paved the way for the actual history of rabies vaccines with the development of first generation vaccines. Further improvements for less reactive and more immunogenic vaccines have led to the expansion of embryo vaccines, tissue culture vaccines, cell culture vaccines, modified live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and adjuvanted vaccines. The adventof recombinant technology and reverse genetics have given insight into the rabies viral genome and facilitated genome manipulations, which in turn led to the emergence of next-generation rabies vaccines, such as recombinant vaccines, viral vector vaccines, genetically modified vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines. These vaccines were very helpful in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional rabies vaccines with increased immunogenicity and clinical efficacies. The path traversed in the development of rabies vaccines from Pasteur to the modern era vaccines, though, faced numerous challenges;these pioneering works have formed the cornerstone for the generation of thecurrent successful vaccines to prevent rabies. In the future, advancements in the scientific technologies and research focus will definitely lay the path for much more sophisticated vaccine candidates for rabies elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithiga Natesan
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9449992287
| | | | - Sharada Ramakrishnaiah
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Rathnamma Doddamane
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Yale G, Lopes M, Isloor S, Head JR, Mazeri S, Gamble L, Dukpa K, Gongal G, Gibson AD. Review of Oral Rabies Vaccination of Dogs and Its Application in India. Viruses 2022; 14:155. [PMID: 35062358 PMCID: PMC8777998 DOI: 10.3390/v14010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral rabies vaccines (ORVs) have been in use to successfully control rabies in wildlife since 1978 across Europe and the USA. This review focuses on the potential and need for the use of ORVs in free-roaming dogs to control dog-transmitted rabies in India. Iterative work to improve ORVs over the past four decades has resulted in vaccines that have high safety profiles whilst generating a consistent protective immune response to the rabies virus. The available evidence for safety and efficacy of modern ORVs in dogs and the broad and outspoken support from prominent global public health institutions for their use provides confidence to national authorities considering their use in rabies-endemic regions. India is estimated to have the largest rabies burden of any country and, whilst considerable progress has been made to increase access to human rabies prophylaxis, examples of high-output mass dog vaccination campaigns to eliminate the virus at the source remain limited. Efficiently accessing a large proportion of the dog population through parenteral methods is a considerable challenge due to the large, evasive stray dog population in many settings. Existing parenteral approaches require large skilled dog-catching teams to reach these dogs, which present financial, operational and logistical limitations to achieve 70% dog vaccination coverage in urban settings in a short duration. ORV presents the potential to accelerate the development of approaches to eliminate rabies across large areas of the South Asia region. Here we review the use of ORVs in wildlife and dogs, with specific consideration of the India setting. We also present the results of a risk analysis for a hypothetical campaign using ORV for the vaccination of dogs in an Indian state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwin Lopes
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services, Government of Goa, Panjim 403001, India;
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Bangalore Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India;
| | - Jennifer R. Head
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (S.M.); (A.D.G.)
- Mission Rabies, Dorset, Cranborne BH21 5PZ, UK;
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Dorset, Cranborne BH21 5PZ, UK;
| | - Kinzang Dukpa
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Regional Representation for Asia and the Pacific, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
| | - Gyanendra Gongal
- World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi 110002, India;
| | - Andrew D. Gibson
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (S.M.); (A.D.G.)
- Mission Rabies, Dorset, Cranborne BH21 5PZ, UK;
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te Kamp V, Friedrichs V, Freuling CM, Vos A, Potratz M, Klein A, Zaeck LM, Eggerbauer E, Schuster P, Kaiser C, Ortmann S, Kretzschmar A, Bobe K, Knittler MR, Dorhoi A, Finke S, Müller T. Comparable Long-Term Rabies Immunity in Foxes after IntraMuscular and Oral Application Using a Third-Generation Oral Rabies Virus Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010049. [PMID: 33466701 PMCID: PMC7828770 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The live genetically-engineered oral rabies virus (RABV) variant SPBN GASGAS induces long-lasting immunity in foxes and protection against challenge with an otherwise lethal dose of RABV field strains both after experimental oral and parenteral routes of administration. Induction of RABV-specific binding antibodies and immunoglobulin isotypes (IgM, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2) were comparable in orally and parenterally vaccinated foxes. Differences were only observed in the induction of virus-neutralizing (VNA) titers, which were significantly higher in the parenterally vaccinated group. The dynamics of rabies-specific antibodies pre- and post-challenge (365 days post vaccination) suggest the predominance of type-1 immunity protection of SPBN GASGAS. Independent of the route of administration, in the absence of IgG1 the immune response to SPBN GAGAS was mainly IgG2 driven. Interestingly, vaccination with SPBN GASGAS does not cause significant differences in inducible IFN-γ production in vaccinated animals, indicating a relatively weak cellular immune response during challenge. Notably, the parenteral application of SPBN GASGAS did not induce any adverse side effects in foxes, thus supporting safety studies of this oral rabies vaccine in various species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena te Kamp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Virginia Friedrichs
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (M.R.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (A.V.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Madlin Potratz
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
| | - Antonia Klein
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
| | - Elisa Eggerbauer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
- Thüringer Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz, 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Peter Schuster
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (A.V.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Christian Kaiser
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (A.V.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Steffen Ortmann
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (A.V.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Antje Kretzschmar
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (A.V.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Katharina Bobe
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (A.V.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.O.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Michael R. Knittler
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (M.R.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (M.R.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.t.K.); (C.M.F.); (M.P.); (A.K.); (L.M.Z.); (E.E.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-71659
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Te Kamp V, Freuling CM, Vos A, Schuster P, Kaiser C, Ortmann S, Kretzschmar A, Nemitz S, Eggerbauer E, Ulrich R, Schinköthe J, Nolden T, Müller T, Finke S. Responsiveness of various reservoir species to oral rabies vaccination correlates with differences in vaccine uptake of mucosa associated lymphoid tissues. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2919. [PMID: 32076025 PMCID: PMC7031338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is highly effective in foxes and raccoon dogs, whereas for unknown reasons the efficacy of ORV in other reservoir species is less pronounced. To investigate possible variations in species-specific cell tropism and local replication of vaccine virus, different reservoir species including foxes, raccoon dogs, raccoons, mongooses, dogs and skunks were orally immunised with a highly attenuated, high-titred GFP-expressing rabies virus (RABV). Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR screenings revealed clear differences among species suggesting host specific limitations to ORV. While for responsive species the palatine tonsils (tonsilla palatina) were identified as a main site of virus replication, less virus dissemination was observed in the tonsils of rather refractory species. While our comparison of vaccine virus tropism emphasizes the important role that the tonsilla palatina plays in eliciting an immune response to ORV, our data also indicate that other lymphoid tissues may have a more important role than originally anticipated. Overall, these data support a model in which the susceptibility to oral live RABV vaccine infection of lymphatic tissue is a major determinant in vaccination efficacy. The present results may help to direct future research for improving vaccine uptake and efficacy of oral rabies vaccines under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Te Kamp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Thescon GmbH, 48653, Coesfeld, Germany
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, 06861, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Peter Schuster
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, 06861, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Nemitz
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- BioNTech IMFS GmbH, 55743, Idar-Oberstein, Germany
| | - Elisa Eggerbauer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Thüringer Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz, 99947, Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Nolden
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Neukirch L, Fougeroux C, Andersson AMC, Holst PJ. The potential of adenoviral vaccine vectors with altered antigen presentation capabilities. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:25-41. [PMID: 31889453 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1711054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite their appeal as vaccine vectors, adenoviral vectors are yet unable to induce protective immune responses against some weakly immunogenic antigens. Additionally, the maximum doses of adenovirus-based vaccines are limited by vector-induced toxicity, causing vector elimination and diminished immune responses against the target antigen. In order to increase immune responses to the transgene, while maintaining a moderate vector dose, new technologies for improved transgene presentation have been developed for adenoviral vaccine vectors.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of different genetic-fusion adjuvants that aim to improve antigen presentation in the context of adenoviral vector-based vaccines. The influence on both T cell and B cell responses are discussed, with a main focus on two technologies: MHC class II-associated invariant chain and virus-like-vaccines.Expert opinion: Different strategies have been tested to improve adenovirus-based vaccinations with varying degrees of success. The reviewed genetic adjuvants were designed to increase antigen processing and MHC presentation, or promote humoral immune responses with an improved conformational antigen display. While none of the introduced technologies is universally applicable, this review shall give an overview to identify potential improvements for future vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Neukirch
- Clinical Cooperation Unit "Applied Tumor Immunity", National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cyrielle Fougeroux
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Carola Andersson
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,InProTher ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,InProTher ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Guo X, Mei L, Yan B, Zou X, Hung T, Lu Z. Site-directed modification of adenoviral vector with combined DNA assembly and restriction-ligation cloning. J Biotechnol 2019; 307:193-201. [PMID: 31751597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Commonly used and well accepted approaches are lacking for site-directed modification of adenoviral vectors. Here, we attempt to introduce an easy-to-implement strategy for such purpose with an example of establishing a replication competent adenoviral vector system from pKAd5 plasmid, an infectious clone of human adenovirus 5 (HAdV-5). PCR products of GFP expression cassette and plasmid backbone were fused with the EcoRI/NdeI-digested fragment of pKAd5 to generate a modified intermediate plasmid pMDXE3GA by DNA assembly. NdeI-digested fragment of pMDXE3GA was brought back to pKAd5 to form the adenoviral plasmid pKAd5XE3GA by restriction-ligation cloning. Recombinant adenovirus HAdV5-XE3GA was rescued, amplified and purified. The expression of GFP and the propagation of virus in adherent HEp-2 and suspension K562 cells were investigated. Expression of target gene was significantly enhanced in both cell lines infected with HAdV5-XE3GA due to virus replication. However, propagation of virus could not sustain in culture of K562 cells. Shuttle plasmid pSh5RC-GFP was constructed to facilitate exchange of transgene. In summary, the strategy of combined DNA assembly and restriction-ligation cloning is functional, cost-effective and suitable for genetic modification of adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Lingling Mei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China; School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Bingyu Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China; College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Tao Hung
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Zhuozhuang Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Joint Research Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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9
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Abstract
Oral rabies vaccination is the principal strategy used to control rabies in wildlife. No oral rabies vaccine is licensed for small Indian mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus). The Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait (ONRAB) is a human adenovirus type-5 rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine licensed for rabies control in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in Canada and is under experimental evaluation in the US. We evaluated varying doses of ONRAB vaccine by direct instillation into the oral cavity with three groups of 10 mongooses: Group 1 received 109.5 TCID50, group 2 received 108.8 TCID50, and group 3 received 108.5 TCID50 of vaccine. Six control mongooses were sham-vaccinated with culture media. We collected a serum sample prior to vaccination and on days 14 and 30 postvaccination (PV). We quantified the level of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) from mongoose sera and compared titers among vaccinated groups and time points PV, where values greater than or equal to 0.1 IU/mL were considered positive. On day 14 PV, 87% (26 of 30, 95% confidence interval 70-95%) of vaccinates had seroconverted, whereas all vaccinates demonstrated RVNA by day 30 PV. There was a marginal effect of vaccine dose on group means of log-transformed RVNA titers at day 14 PV (F=2.5, P=0.099), but not day 30 PV. Sham-vaccinated animals were seronegative during all time points.
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10
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Nadin-Davis SA, Fehlner-Gardiner C. Origins of the arctic fox variant rabies viruses responsible for recent cases of the disease in southern Ontario. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007699. [PMID: 31490919 PMCID: PMC6750613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A subpopulation of the arctic fox lineage of rabies virus has circulated extensively in red fox populations of Ontario, Canada, between the 1960s and 1990s. An intensive wildlife rabies control program, in which field operations were initiated in 1989, resulted in elimination of the disease in eastern Ontario. However in southwestern Ontario, as numbers of rabid foxes declined the proportion of skunks confirmed to be infected with this rabies virus variant increased and concerted control efforts targeting this species were employed to eliminate the disease. Since 2012 no cases due to this viral variant were reported in southwestern Ontario until 2015 when a single case of rabies due to the arctic fox variant was reported in a bovine. Several additional cases have been documented subsequently. Since routine antigenic typing cannot discriminate between the variants which previously circulated in Ontario and those from northern Canada it was unknown whether these recent cases were the result of a new introduction of this variant or a continuation of the previous enzootic. To explore the origins of this new outbreak whole genome sequences of a collection of 128 rabies viruses recovered from Ontario between the 1990s to the present were compared with those representative of variants circulating in the Canadian north. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the variant responsible for current cases in southwestern Ontario has evolved from those variants known to circulate in Ontario previously and is not due to a new introduction from northern regions. Thus despite ongoing passive surveillance the persistence of wildlife rabies went undetected in the study area for almost three years. The apparent adaptation of this rabies virus variant to the skunk host provided the opportunity to explore coding changes in the viral genome which might be associated with this host shift. Several such changes were identified including a subset for which the operation of positive selection was supported. The location of a small number of these amino acid substitutions in or close to protein motifs of functional importance suggests that some of them may have played a role in this host shift. Rabies, a serious disease which almost invariably results in death once clinical signs appear, is caused by the rabies virus. The arctic fox lineage of rabies virus persists in fox populations in northern Canada and from the 1960s onwards a sub-population of this virus has circulated in red foxes in the province of Ontario, Canada. By 2000 a provincial wildlife control program attempting to control fox rabies in southern Ontario had eliminated the disease in most of the targeted regions except for a focus of rabies in certain counties in southwestern Ontario which involved mostly skunks. Modified control efforts resulted in apparent rabies elimination with no cases reported in southern Ontario after May 2012 until a rabid bovine was identified in December 2015. Additional cases, mostly in skunks and livestock, have been reported subsequently. To discriminate between a re-introduction of the virus from the north and re-emergence of the Ontario viral variant, we sequenced and compared the genome of multiple viruses from both areas. The sequence data indicate that sub-types of the Ontario variant which eluded control efforts are responsible for these recent cases. These data also permit an examination of potential genetic changes in the virus that may facilitate its circulation in this new wildlife host, the skunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Nadin-Davis
- National Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory–Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine Fehlner-Gardiner
- National Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory–Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario
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11
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Freuling CM, Kamp VT, Klein A, Günther M, Zaeck L, Potratz M, Eggerbauer E, Bobe K, Kaiser C, Kretzschmar A, Ortmann S, Schuster P, Vos A, Finke S, Müller T. Long-Term Immunogenicity and Efficacy of the Oral Rabies Virus Vaccine Strain SPBN GASGAS in Foxes. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090790. [PMID: 31461981 PMCID: PMC6784248 DOI: 10.3390/v11090790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the long-term immunogenicity of the live-attenuated, oral rabies vaccine SPBN GASGAS in a full good clinical practice (GCP) compliant study, forty-six (46) healthy, seronegative red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were allocated to two treatment groups: group 1 (n = 31) received a vaccine bait containing 1.7 ml of the vaccine of minimum potency (106.6 FFU/mL) and group 2 (n = 15) received a placebo-bait. In total, 29 animals of group 1 and 14 animals of group 2 were challenged at 12 months post-vaccination with a fox rabies virus isolate (103.0 MICLD50/mL). While 90% of the animals offered a vaccine bait resisted the challenge, only one animal (7%) of the controls survived. All animals that had seroconverted following vaccination survived the challenge infection at 12 months post-vaccination. Rabies specific antibodies could be detected as early as 14 days post-vaccination. Based on the kinetics of the antibody response to SPBN GASGAS as measured in ELISA and RFFIT, the animals maintained stable antibody titres during the 12-month pre-challenge observation period at a high level. The results indicate that successful vaccination using the oral route with this new rabies virus vaccine strain confers long-term duration of immunity beyond one year, meeting the same requirements as for licensure as laid down by the European Pharmacopoeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Verena Te Kamp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Antonia Klein
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Maria Günther
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Luca Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Madlin Potratz
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elisa Eggerbauer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adriaan Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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12
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Sobey KG, Jamieson SE, Walpole AA, Rosatte RC, Donovan D, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Nadin-Davis SA, Davies JC, Kyle CJ. ONRAB® oral rabies vaccine is shed from, but does not persist in, captive mammals. Vaccine 2019; 37:4310-4317. [PMID: 31248686 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
ONRAB® is a human adenovirus rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine developed to control rabies in wildlife. To support licensing and widespread use of the vaccine, safety studies are needed to assess its potential residual impact on wildlife populations. We examined the persistence of the ONRAB® vaccine virus in captive rabies vector and non-target mammals. This research complements work on important rabies vector species (raccoon, striped skunk, and red fox) but also adds to previous findings with the addition of some non-target species (Virginia opossum, Norway rats, and cotton rats) and a prolonged period of post vaccination monitoring (41 days). Animals were directly inoculated orally with the vaccine and vaccine shedding was monitored using quantitative real-time PCR applied to oral and rectal swabs. ONRAB® DNA was detected in both oral and rectal swabs from 6 h to 3 days post-inoculation in most animals, followed by a resurgence of shedding between days 17 and 34 in some species. Overall, the duration over which ONRAB® DNA was detectable was shorter for non-target mammals, and by day 41, no animal had detectable DNA in either oral or rectal swabs. All target species, as well as cotton rats and laboratory-bred Norway rats, developed robust humoral immune responses as measured by competitive ELISA, with all individuals being seropositive at day 31. Similarly, opossums showed good response (89% seropositive; 8/9), whereas only one of nine wild caught Norway rats was seropositive at day 31. These results support findings of other safety studies suggesting that ONRAB® does not persist in vector and non-target mammals exposed to the vaccine. As such, we interpret these data to reflect a low risk of adverse effects to wild populations following distribution of ONRAB® to control sylvatic rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk G Sobey
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Sarah E Jamieson
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Aaron A Walpole
- Wildlife Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 300 Water Street, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 8M5, Canada.
| | - Rick C Rosatte
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Dennis Donovan
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Christine Fehlner-Gardiner
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, PO Box 11300, Station H, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada.
| | - Susan A Nadin-Davis
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, PO Box 11300, Station H, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada.
| | - J Chris Davies
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Kyle
- Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Centre, 2140 East Bank Drive, DNA Building, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
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13
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Smith SP, Wu G, Fooks AR, Ma J, Banyard AC. Trying to treat the untreatable: experimental approaches to clear rabies virus infection from the CNS. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1171-1186. [PMID: 31237530 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus causes an invariably fatal encephalitis following the onset of clinical disease. Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, the clinical stages of rabies encephalitis remain untreatable, with few survivors being documented. A principal obstacle to the treatment of rabies is the neurotropic nature of the virus, with the blood-brain barrier size exclusion limit rendering the delivery of antiviral drugs and molecules to the central nervous system inherently problematic. This review focuses on efforts to try and overcome barriers to molecule delivery to treat clinical rabies and overviews current progress in the development of experimental live rabies virus vaccines that may have future applications in the treatment of clinical rabies, including the attenuation of rabies virus vectors through either the duplication or mutation of existing genes or the incorporation of non-viral elements within the genome. Rabies post-infection treatment (PIT) remains the holy grail of rabies research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Smith
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Guanghui Wu
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julian Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex, UK.,Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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14
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Mendoza EJ, Warner B, Kobinger G, Ogden NH, Safronetz D. Baited vaccines: A strategy to mitigate rodent-borne viral zoonoses in humans. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:711-727. [PMID: 29931738 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rodents serve as the natural reservoir and vector for a variety of pathogens, some of which are responsible for severe and life-threatening disease in humans. Despite the significant impact in humans many of these viruses, including Old and New World hantaviruses as well as Arenaviruses, most have no specific vaccine or therapeutic to treat or prevent human infection. The recent success of wildlife vaccines to mitigate rabies in animal populations offers interesting insight into the use of similar strategies for other zoonotic agents of human disease. In this review, we discuss the notion of using baited vaccines as a means to interrupt the transmission of viral pathogens between rodent reservoirs and to susceptible human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelissa J Mendoza
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bryce Warner
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicholas H Ogden
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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15
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Wohlers A, Lankau EW, Oertli EH, Maki J. Challenges to controlling rabies in skunk populations using oral rabies vaccination: A review. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:373-385. [PMID: 29633545 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlling rabies in skunk populations is an important public health concern in many parts of the United States due to the potential for skunk rabies outbreaks in urban centres and the possible role for skunks in raccoon rabies variant circulation. Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programmes have supported wildlife rabies control efforts globally but using ORV to control rabies in skunk populations has proven more challenging than with other target species, like foxes, coyotes and raccoons. A review of published studies found that some ORV constructs are immunogenic in skunks and protect against virulent rabies virus challenges, especially when delivered by direct installation into the oral cavity. However, in field ORV programmes using currently available vaccine-bait formats and distribution methods targeting other rabies reservoir species, skunks often fail to seroconvert. Field effectiveness of ORV in skunks appears to be limited by poor bait uptake or inadequate ingestion of vaccine rather than from poor vaccine efficacy. Observations of captive skunks revealed vaccine spillage when handling and biting into baits such that modification of bait formats might improve field effectiveness. In addition, a dose-response relationship between bait distribution density and post-baiting seroconversion among skunks was observed across the limited number of field studies. Additional research is needed to identify opportunities to modify ORV baits and distribution strategies to improve the viability of ORV as a rabies control strategy in skunks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wohlers
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Athens, GA, USA
| | - E W Lankau
- LandCow Consulting, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Ronin Institute, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | | | - J Maki
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Athens, GA, USA
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16
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Papatheodorou DP, Tasioudi KE, Korou LM, Georgiou V, Iliadou P, Markantonatos G, Kirtzalidou A, Tzani M, Chondrokouki E, Mangana-Vougiouka O. First four Oral Rabies Vaccination campaigns of the red foxes in Greece: Evaluating factors and assessment. Vet Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29519504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the last animal rabies outbreak in Greece in 2012, Oral Rabies Vaccination (ORV) campaigns of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were conducted in order to halt the spread of the disease, as widely and effectively have also been implemented in other countries. The present study aims to report the main outcomes following the first Greek ORV campaigns during autumn 2013, 2014, 2015 and spring 2016, to assess their effectiveness and to investigate factors potentially related to their success. Blood samples, mandible bones and teeth, derived by 452 foxes, were tested for rabies antibody titration, animal age determination and tetracycline (TTC) detection. The laboratory results obtained were statistically analyzed. High seroprevalence and TTC detection rates were obtained following the autumn campaigns studied, while these rates were significantly reduced following the spring campaign. The year or the season of the vaccination campaign, the estimated age group of the animal and the geographical Regional Unit (RU), where the animal was hunted, were identified as important factors. On the contrary, no significance could be ascertained for TTC detection based on exclusively previous uptake, use of filter paper, blood sample type and quality, as well as sex of animal. Based on the monitoring results achieved, the first ORV campaigns conducted in the country can be generally considered to be satisfactory. No positives cases were detected since May 2014. Seasonal, geographical parameters and factors related to fox ecology may interfere with monitoring results and should be always considered when planning future ORV programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimos P Papatheodorou
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantia E Tasioudi
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Laskarina-Maria Korou
- Department of Zoonoses, Animal Health Directorate, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Peristera Iliadou
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Markantonatos
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Kirtzalidou
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Myrsini Tzani
- Department of Zoonoses, Animal Health Directorate, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Chondrokouki
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Mangana-Vougiouka
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
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17
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Immunization with recombinant FliD confers protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice. Mol Immunol 2018; 94:176-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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FLAVOR PREFERENCE AND EFFICACY OF VARIABLE DOSE ONTARIO RABIES VACCINE BAIT (ONRAB) DELIVERY IN STRIPED SKUNKS (MEPHITIS MEPHITIS). J Wildl Dis 2018; 54:122-132. [DOI: 10.7589/2017-04-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Efficacy of the oral rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in foxes and raccoon dogs. Vaccine 2017; 37:4750-4757. [PMID: 29042202 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To test the immunogenicity and efficacy of a new oral rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in wildlife target species, one group of foxes and two groups of raccoon dogs were offered a bait containing 1.7 ml of the vaccine (106.6 FFU/ml; 106.8 FFU/dose) and subsequently challenged approximately 180 days later with a fox rabies virus isolate. One group of raccoon dogs (n=30) received the same challenge dose (100.7 MICLD50/ml) as the red foxes (n=29). The other group with raccoon dogs (n=28) together with 8 animals that received the vaccine dose by direct instillation into the oral cavity (DIOC) were infected with a 40-fold higher dose of the challenge virus (102.3 MICLD50/ml). All but one of the 29 vaccinated foxes survived the challenge infection; meanwhile all 12 control foxes succumbed to rabies. Twenty-eight of 30 vaccinated raccoon dogs challenged with the same dose survived the infection, however only six of 12 control animals succumbed. When the higher challenge dose was administered, all 12 control animals died from rabies and all 36 vaccinated animals (28 baited plus 8 DIOC) survived. Blood samples were collected at different time points post vaccination and examined by both RFFIT and ELISA. The kinetics of the measured immune response was similar for both species, although in RFFIT slightly higher values were observed in foxes than in raccoon dogs. However, the immune response as measured in ELISA was identical for both species. The oral rabies virus vaccine SPBN GASGAS meets the efficacy requirements for live rabies virus vaccines as laid down by the European Pharmacopoeia.
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Rabies Virus Antibodies from Oral Vaccination as a Correlate of Protection against Lethal Infection in Wildlife. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:tropicalmed2030031. [PMID: 30270888 PMCID: PMC6082110 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Both cell-mediated and humoral immune effectors are important in combating rabies infection, although the humoral response receives greater attention regarding rabies prevention. The principle of preventive vaccination has been adopted for strategies of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of wildlife reservoir populations for decades to control circulation of rabies virus in free-ranging hosts. There remains much debate about the levels of rabies antibodies (and the assays to measure them) that confer resistance to rabies virus. In this paper, data from published literature and our own unpublished animal studies on the induction of rabies binding and neutralizing antibodies following oral immunization of animals with live attenuated or recombinant rabies vaccines, are examined as correlates of protection against lethal rabies infection in captive challenge settings. Analysis of our studies suggests that, though serum neutralization test results are expected to reflect in vivo protection, the blocking enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) result at Day 28 was a better predictor of survival. ELISA kits may have an advantage of greater precision and ability to compare results among different studies and laboratories based on the inherent standardization of the kit format. This paper examines current knowledge and study findings to guide meaningful interpretation of serology results in oral baiting monitoring.
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Vos A, Freuling CM, Hundt B, Kaiser C, Nemitz S, Neubert A, Nolden T, Teifke JP, Te Kamp V, Ulrich R, Finke S, Müller T. Oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: Differences among host species in vaccine uptake efficiency. Vaccine 2017. [PMID: 28641888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral vaccination using attenuated and recombinant rabies vaccines has been proven a powerful tool to combat rabies in wildlife. However, clear differences have been observed in vaccine titers needed to induce a protective immune response against rabies after oral vaccination in different reservoir species. The mechanisms contributing to the observed resistance against oral rabies vaccination in some species are not completely understood. Hence, the immunogenicity of the vaccine virus strain, SPBN GASGAS, was investigated in a species considered to be susceptible to oral rabies vaccination (red fox) and a species refractory to this route of administration (striped skunk). Additionally, the dissemination of the vaccine virus in the oral cavity was analyzed for these two species. It was shown that the palatine tonsils play a critical role in vaccine virus uptake. Main differences could be observed in palatine tonsil infection between both species, revealing a locally restricted dissemination of infected cells in foxes. The absence of virus infected cells in palatine tonsils of skunks suggests a less efficient uptake of or infection by vaccine virus which may lead to a reduced response to oral vaccination. Understanding the mechanisms of oral resistance to rabies virus vaccine absorption and primary replication may lead to the development of novel strategies to enhance vaccine efficacy in problematic species like the striped skunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Boris Hundt
- IDT Biologika GmbH, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Nemitz
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Nolden
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Exlgasse 20a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria(1)
| | - Jens P Teifke
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 174 93 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Verena Te Kamp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 174 93 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Elmore SA, Chipman RB, Slate D, Huyvaert KP, VerCauteren KC, Gilbert AT. Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005249. [PMID: 28301480 PMCID: PMC5354248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an ancient viral disease that significantly impacts human and animal health throughout the world. In the developing parts of the world, dog bites represent the highest risk of rabies infection to people, livestock, and other animals. However, in North America, where several rabies virus variants currently circulate in wildlife, human contact with the raccoon rabies variant leads to the highest per capita population administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Previous rabies variant elimination in raccoons (Canada), foxes (Europe), and dogs and coyotes (United States) demonstrates that elimination of the raccoon variant from the eastern US is feasible, given an understanding of rabies control costs and benefits and the availability of proper tools. Also critical is a cooperatively produced strategic plan that emphasizes collaborative rabies management among agencies and organizations at the landscape scale. Common management strategies, alone or as part of an integrated approach, include the following: oral rabies vaccination (ORV), trap-vaccinate-release (TVR), and local population reduction. As a complement, mathematical and statistical modeling approaches can guide intervention planning, such as through contact networks, circuit theory, individual-based modeling, and others, which can be used to better understand and predict rabies dynamics through simulated interactions among the host, virus, environment, and control strategy. Strategies derived from this ecological lens can then be optimized to produce a management plan that balances the ecological needs and program financial resources. This paper discusses the management and modeling strategies that are currently used, or have been used in the past, and provides a platform of options for consideration while developing raccoon rabies virus elimination strategies in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A. Elmore
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Chipman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Dennis Slate
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Kathryn P. Huyvaert
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kurt C. VerCauteren
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Yang DK, Kim HH, Choi SS, Lee SH, Cho IS. A recombinant rabies virus (ERAGS) for use in a bait vaccine for swine. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2016; 5:169-74. [PMID: 27489807 PMCID: PMC4969281 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2016.5.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Rabies viruses (RABV) circulating worldwide in various carnivores occasionally cause fatal encephalitis in swine. In this study, the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant rabies virus, the ERAGS strain constructed with a reverse genetics system, was evaluated in domestic pigs. Materials and Methods Growing pigs were administered 1 mL (108.0 FAID50/mL) of the ERAGS strain via intramuscular (IM) or oral routes and were observed for 4 weeks' post-inoculation. Three sows were also inoculated with 1 mL of the ERAGS strain via the IM route. The safety and immunogenicity in swine were evaluated using daily observation and a virus-neutralizing assay (VNA). Fluorescent antibody tests (FAT) for the RABV antigen and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for the detection of the nucleocapsid (N) gene of RABV were conducted with brain tissues from the sows after necropsy. Results The growing pigs and sows administered the ERAGS strain did not exhibit any clinical sign of rabies during the test period test and did develop VNA titers. The growing pigs inoculated with the ERAGS strain via the IM route showed higher VNA titers than did those receiving oral administration. FAT and RT-PCR assays were unable to detect RABV in several tissues, including brain samples from the sows. Conclusion Our results suggest that the ERAGS strain was safe in growing pigs and sows and induced moderate VNA titers in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kun Yang
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, MAFRA, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Ha-Hyun Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, MAFRA, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Sung-Suk Choi
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, MAFRA, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Seong Heon Lee
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, MAFRA, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - In-Soo Cho
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, MAFRA, Gimcheon, Korea
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Raghavan RK, Hanlon CA, Goodin DG, Davis R, Moore M, Moore S, Anderson GA. Bayesian Spatiotemporal Pattern and Eco-climatological Drivers of Striped Skunk Rabies in the North Central Plains. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004632. [PMID: 27127994 PMCID: PMC4851358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Striped skunks are one of the most important terrestrial reservoirs of rabies virus in North America, and yet the prevalence of rabies among this host is only passively monitored and the disease among this host remains largely unmanaged. Oral vaccination campaigns have not efficiently targeted striped skunks, while periodic spillovers of striped skunk variant viruses to other animals, including some domestic animals, are routinely recorded. In this study we evaluated the spatial and spatio-temporal patterns of infection status among striped skunk cases submitted for rabies testing in the North Central Plains of US in a Bayesian hierarchical framework, and also evaluated potential eco-climatological drivers of such patterns. Two Bayesian hierarchical models were fitted to point-referenced striped skunk rabies cases [n = 656 (negative), and n = 310 (positive)] received at a leading rabies diagnostic facility between the years 2007-2013. The first model included only spatial and temporal terms and a second covariate model included additional covariates representing eco-climatic conditions within a 4 km(2) home-range area for striped skunks. The better performing covariate model indicated the presence of significant spatial and temporal trends in the dataset and identified higher amounts of land covered by low-intensity developed areas [Odds ratio (OR) = 3.41; 95% Bayesian Credible Intervals (CrI) = 2.08, 3.85], higher level of patch fragmentation (OR = 1.70; 95% CrI = 1.25, 2.89), and diurnal temperature range (OR = 0.54; 95% CrI = 0.27, 0.91) to be important drivers of striped skunk rabies incidence in the study area. Model validation statistics indicated satisfactory performance for both models; however, the covariate model fared better. The findings of this study are important in the context of rabies management among striped skunks in North America, and the relevance of physical and climatological factors as risk factors for skunk to human rabies transmission and the space-time patterns of striped skunk rabies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram K. Raghavan
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Cathleen A. Hanlon
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Douglas G. Goodin
- Department of Geography, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Rolan Davis
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Michael Moore
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Susan Moore
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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Li H, Zhang J, He Y, Li B, Chen L, Huang W, Zou Q, Wu C. Intranasal immunization with an epitope-based vaccine results in earlier protection, but not better protective efficacy, against Helicobacter pylori compared to subcutaneous immunization. Immunol Res 2015; 62:368-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kallel H, Kamen AA. Large-scale adenovirus and poxvirus-vectored vaccine manufacturing to enable clinical trials. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:741-7. [PMID: 25914340 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to make vaccines against infectious diseases and immunotherapies for cancer have evolved to utilize a variety of heterologous expression systems such as viral vectors. These vectors are often attenuated or engineered to safely deliver genes encoding antigens of different pathogens. Adenovirus and poxvirus vectors are among the viral vectors that are most frequently used to develop prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases as well as therapeutic cancer vaccines. This mini-review describes the trends and processes in large-scale production of adenovirus and poxvirus vectors to meet the needs of clinical applications. We briefly describe the general principles for the production and purification of adenovirus and poxvirus viral vectors. Currently, adenovirus and poxvirus vector manufacturing methods rely on well-established cell culture technologies. Several improvements have been evaluated to increase the yield and to reduce the overall manufacturing cost, such as cultivation at high cell densities and continuous downstream processing. Additionally, advancements in vector characterization will greatly facilitate the development of novel vectored vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héla Kallel
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology Vaccinology and Biotechnology Development, Viral Vaccines R&D Unit. Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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