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Kempa M, Mikołajczak K, Ogrodowicz P, Pniewski T, Krajewski P, Kuczyńska A. The impact of multiple abiotic stresses on ns-LTP2.8 gene transcript and ns-LTP2.8 protein accumulation in germinating barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) embryos. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299400. [PMID: 38502680 PMCID: PMC10950244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stresses occur more often in combination than alone under regular field conditions limiting in more severe way crop production. Stress recognition in plants primarily occurs in the plasma membrane, modification of which is necessary to maintain homeostasis in response to it. It is known that lipid transport proteins (ns-LTPs) participate in modification of the lipidome of cell membranes. Representative of this group, ns-LTP2.8, may be involved in the reaction to abiotic stress of germinating barley plants by mediating the intracellular transport of hydrophobic particles, such as lipids, helping to maintain homeostasis. The ns-LTP2.8 protein was selected for analysis due to its ability to transport not only linear hydrophobic molecules but also compounds with a more complex spatial structure. Moreover, ns-LTP2.8 has been qualified as a member of pathogenesis-related proteins, which makes it particularly important in relation to its high allergenic potential. This paper demonstrates for the first time the influence of various abiotic stresses acting separately as well as in their combinations on the change in the ns-LTP2.8 transcript, ns-LTP2.8 protein and total soluble protein content in the embryonal axes of germinating spring barley genotypes with different ns-LTP2.8 allelic forms and stress tolerance. Tissue localization of ns-LTP2.8 transcript as well as ns-LTP2.8 protein were also examined. Although the impact of abiotic stresses on the regulation of gene transcription and translation processes remains not fully recognized, in this work we managed to demonstrate different impact on applied stresses on the fundamental cellular processes in very little studied tissue of the embryonal axis of barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kempa
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Ogrodowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pniewski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anetta Kuczyńska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Hu CM, Zhou CL, Wan JN, Guo T, Ji GY, Luo SZ, Ji KP, Cao Y, Tan Q, Bao DP, Yang RH. Selection and validation of internal control genes for quantitative real-time RT‒qPCR normalization of Phlebopus portentosus gene expression under different conditions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288982. [PMID: 37756330 PMCID: PMC10530043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlebopus portentosus (Berk. and Broome) Boedijn is an attractive edible mushroom and is considered the only bolete for which artificial cultivation in vitro has been achieved. Gene expression analysis has become widely used in research on edible fungi and is important for elucidating the functions of genes involved in complex biological processes. Selecting appropriate reference genes is crucial to ensuring reliable RT‒qPCR gene expression analysis results. In our study, a total of 12 candidate control genes were selected from 25 traditional housekeeping genes based on their expression stability in 9 transcriptomes of 3 developmental stages. These genes were further evaluated using geNorm, NormFinder, and RefFinder under different conditions and developmental stages. The results revealed that MSF1 domain-containing protein (MSF1), synaptobrevin (SYB), mitogen-activated protein kinase genes (MAPK), TATA-binding protein 1 (TBP1), and SPRY domain protein (SPRY) were the most stable reference genes in all sample treatments, while elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1), actin and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBCE) were the most unstably expressed. The gene SYB was selected based on the transcriptome results and was identified as a novel reference gene in P. portentosus. This is the first detailed study on the identification of reference genes in this fungus and may provide new insights into selecting genes and quantifying gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Menghui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Ning Wan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Yan Ji
- Hongzhen Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Jinghong, China
| | - Shun-Zhen Luo
- Hongzhen Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Jinghong, China
| | - Kai-Ping Ji
- Hongzhen Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Jinghong, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Hongzhen Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Jinghong, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Peng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Heng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Wang X, Shu X, Su X, Xiong Y, Xiong Y, Chen M, Tong Q, Ma X, Zhang J, Zhao J. Selection of Suitable Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Gene Expression Analysis in Centipedegrass under Different Abiotic Stress. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1874. [PMID: 37895223 PMCID: PMC10606319 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a C4 warm-season turfgrass, centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.) is known for its exceptional resilience to intensive maintenance practices. In this research, the most stably expressed reference genes in the leaves of centipedegrass under different stress treatments, including salt, cold, drought, aluminum (Al), and herbicide, were screened by the quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) technique. The stability of 13 candidate reference genes was evaluated by software GeNorm V3.4, NormFinder V20, BestKeeper V1.0, and ReFinder V1.0. The results of this experiment demonstrated that the expression of the UBC (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme) remained the most stable under cold and Al stress conditions. On the other hand, the MD (malate dehydrogenase) gene exhibited the best performance in leaf tissues subjected to salt and drought stresses. Under herbicide stress, the expression level of the RIP (60S ribosomal protein L2) gene ranked the highest. The expression levels of abiotic stress-associated genes such as PIP1, PAL, COR413, ALMT9, and BAR were assessed to validate the reliability of the selected reference genes. This study provides valuable information and reference points for gene expression under abiotic stress conditions in centipedegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Shu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoli Su
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanli Xiong
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Minli Chen
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Pidu, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Pidu, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Pidu, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Junming Zhao
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
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Czajkowski M, Wierzbicki PM, Kotulak-Chrząszcz A, Małkiewicz B, Sosnowski R, Kmieć Z, Matuszewski M. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in Penile Cancer: Preliminary Studies. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1623. [PMID: 37763742 PMCID: PMC10535686 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Penile cancer is a rare neoplasm in developed countries with an incidence of 0.8/100,000 per male inhabitant. Despite the development of personalized medicine and multimodal treatment, the outcome of penile cancer treatment is insufficient. Our study aimed to assess the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines' mRNA such as interleukin 1-A (encoded by IL1A gene, alias IL-1A), interleukin 1-B (IL1B, IL-1B), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN, IL-1RN), interleukin 6 (IL6, IL-6), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1, TGFβ-1), and Interferon-gamma (INFG, INF-γ) in penile cancer tissue and associate them with tumor progression and patient survival. Material and Methods: Skin biopsies from patients suffering from penile cancer (n = 6) and unchanged foreskin from 13 healthy adult males undergoing circumcision due to a short frenulum were obtained. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels were quantified through qPCR. Results: We observed higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-6, INF-γ, TGF-β) in penile cancer tissue. The average follow-up period was 48 months (range: 38-54 months), during which only one penile tumor progression was observed However, this was without association with the nature of tumor (patient refused radical treatment). Conclusions: This is the first study to show increased expression of cytokines such as IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-6, INF-γ, and TGF-β in penile cancer with positive correlation between TNM staging and INF-γ levels in tumor samples (rs = 0.672, p = 0.045), which may be associated with the immunosuppressive role of the tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Czajkowski
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr M. Wierzbicki
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Bartosz Małkiewicz
- Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, University Center of Excellence in Urology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Roman Sosnowski
- Department of Uro-Oncology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 00-001 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kmieć
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Matuszewski
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
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Hu J, Zhao C, Tan J, Lai S, Zhou Y, Dai L. Transcriptome analysis of Euwallacea interjectus reveals differentially expressed unigenes related to developmental stages and egg laying. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 47:101100. [PMID: 37329642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Euwallacea interjectus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is an ambrosia beetle species in its early stages of research. Therefore, studying the related molecular mechanism associated with the development and egg laid is essential. Transcriptome sequencing was used in this study to compare the gene expression of the beetles at different developmental stages and female adults before and after oviposition. A total of 40,047 annotated unigenes were obtained. There were 4225 differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs) from larva to prepupa stage, 3651 DEUs between prepupa and pupa, 1675 DEUs generated from pupa to adult, and 4762 DEUs between females before and after oviposition. The most significant pathway differences between different development stages and before and after oviposition were selected through functional annotation of DEUs between different stages. Among them, there were many pathways related to protein metabolism including: neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, endoplasmic reticulum and RNA transport. This study provides valuable information on the molecular regulation mechanism of development and the egg laid of E. interjectus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210036, China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210036, China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Jiajin Tan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210036, China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Shengchang Lai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210036, China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210036, China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Lulu Dai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210036, China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210036, China.
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Paluschinski M, Schira-Heinen J, Pellegrino R, Heij LR, Bednarsch J, Neumann UP, Longerich T, Stuehler K, Luedde T, Castoldi M. Uncovering Novel Roles of miR-122 in the Pathophysiology of the Liver: Potential Interaction with NRF1 and E2F4 Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4129. [PMID: 37627157 PMCID: PMC10453129 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA miR-122 plays a pivotal role in liver function. Despite numerous studies investigating this miRNA, the global network of genes regulated by miR-122 and its contribution to the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain largely unknown. To gain a deeper understanding of miR-122 activity, we employed two complementary approaches. Firstly, through transcriptome analysis of polyribosome-bound RNAs, we discovered that miR-122 exhibits potential antagonistic effects on specific transcription factors known to be dysregulated in liver disease, including nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1) and the E2F transcription factor 4 (E2F4). Secondly, through proteome analysis of hepatoma cells transfected with either miR-122 mimic or antagomir, we discovered changes in several proteins associated with increased malignancy. Interestingly, many of these proteins were reported to be transcriptionally regulated by NRF1 and E2F4, six of which we validated as miR-122 targets. Among these, a negative correlation was observed between miR-122 and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels in the livers of patients with hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. This study provides novel insights into potential alterations of molecular pathway occurring at the early stages of liver disease, driven by the dysregulation of miR-122 and its associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Paluschinski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (M.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Jessica Schira-Heinen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (MPL), Institute for Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Rossella Pellegrino
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Lara R. Heij
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (L.R.H.); (J.B.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Jan Bednarsch
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (L.R.H.); (J.B.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Ulf P. Neumann
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (L.R.H.); (J.B.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Kai Stuehler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (MPL), Institute for Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (M.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Mirco Castoldi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (M.P.); (T.L.)
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Starr H, Howerth E, Gogal R, Barber J, Leon R, Blubaugh A, Banovic F. Characterization of the serum and skin inflammatory profile in canine pemphigus foliaceus using multiplex assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 262:110631. [PMID: 37473673 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Canine pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is a common autoimmune skin disease characterized by autoantibodies binding to epithelial adhesion molecules resulting inflammatory response. The immune network of cytokine and chemokine abnormalities that characterize the immune response in canine PF are poorly explored. This study evaluated serum and lesional skin cytokine and chemokine profiles of dogs diagnosed with PF compared to healthy control dogs. Serum samples obtained from 11 PF dogs and 16 healthy control dogs were analyzed using commercially available canine multiplex assay for 13 biomarkers (Canine Milliplex assay). Eight lesional skin samples from seven PF dogs and five healthy site-matched samples from five healthy dogs were evaluated for 20 immune markers using quantitative real-time PCR. Immunomodulating medications were suspended for at least four weeks in all dogs before obtaining serum and skin samples. PF patients showed significantly higher serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)- 6, IL-8, IL-18, CCL2, KC-like, and granulocyte-macrophages colony-stimulating factor when compared to healthy controls (Mann-Whitney U test; p < 0.05 for all). Lesional PF skin exhibited significant expression and upregulation of pro-inflammatory/T helper (Th1) 1 markers IL-1β, MX1, GZMB, OAS1, and IFN-γ as well as Th2 cytokines IL-13, IL-33, TSLP, IL-31 and Th17/22 markers IL-17A and IL-22 (Mann-Whitney U test; p < 0.05 for all). Taken together, the findings from this study describe the role of numerous cytokines and chemokines associated with immune response in the skin and serum of canine PF patients. Further larger-sample proteomics and RNA-sequencing transcriptomics studies are needed to understand the immune pathogenesis of canine PF skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Starr
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert Gogal
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jamie Barber
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Renato Leon
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Amanda Blubaugh
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Paluschinski M, Kordes C, Vucur M, Buettner V, Roderburg C, Xu HC, Shinte PV, Lang PA, Luedde T, Castoldi M. Differential Modulation of miR-122 Transcription by TGFβ1/BMP6: Implications for Nonresolving Inflammation and Hepatocarcinogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:1955. [PMID: 37566034 PMCID: PMC10416984 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is widely recognized as a significant factor that promotes and worsens the development of malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma. This study aimed to explore the potential role of microRNAs in inflammation-associated nonresolving hepatocarcinogenesis. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of altered microRNAs in animal models with liver cancer of various etiologies, we identified miR-122 as the most significantly downregulated microRNA in the liver of animals with inflammation-associated liver cancer. Although previous research has indicated the importance of miR-122 in maintaining hepatocyte function, its specific role as either the trigger or the consequence of underlying diseases remains unclear. Through extensive analysis of animals and in vitro models, we have successfully demonstrated that miR-122 transcription is differentially regulated by the immunoregulatory cytokines, by the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1), and the bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP6). Furthermore, we presented convincing evidence directly linking reduced miR-122 transcription to inflammation and in chronic liver diseases. The results of this study strongly suggest that prolonged activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, leading to disruption of cytokine-mediated regulation of miR-122, may significantly contribute to the onset and exacerbation of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Paluschinski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (M.P.); (C.K.); (M.V.); (V.B.); (C.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Claus Kordes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (M.P.); (C.K.); (M.V.); (V.B.); (C.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (M.P.); (C.K.); (M.V.); (V.B.); (C.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Veronika Buettner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (M.P.); (C.K.); (M.V.); (V.B.); (C.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (M.P.); (C.K.); (M.V.); (V.B.); (C.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Haifeng C. Xu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (H.C.X.); (P.V.S.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Prashant V. Shinte
- Institute for Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (H.C.X.); (P.V.S.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Philipp A. Lang
- Institute for Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (H.C.X.); (P.V.S.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (M.P.); (C.K.); (M.V.); (V.B.); (C.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Mirco Castoldi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (M.P.); (C.K.); (M.V.); (V.B.); (C.R.); (T.L.)
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Sanders K, Kooistra HS, van den Heuvel M, Mokry M, Grinwis GCM, van den Dungen NAM, van Steenbeek FG, Galac S. Transcriptome sequencing reveals two subtypes of cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours in dogs and identifies CYP26B1 as a potential new therapeutic target. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:100-110. [PMID: 36582114 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a serious endocrine disorder that is relatively common in dogs, but rare in humans. In ~15%-20% of cases, CS is caused by a cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumour (csACT). To identify differentially expressed genes that can improve prognostic predictions after surgery and represent novel treatment targets, we performed RNA sequencing on csACTs (n = 48) and normal adrenal cortices (NACs; n = 10) of dogs. A gene was declared differentially expressed when the adjusted p-value was <.05 and the log2 fold change was >2 or < -2. Between NACs and csACTs, 98 genes were differentially expressed. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA) the csACTs were separated in two groups, of which Group 1 had significantly better survival after adrenalectomy (p = .002) than Group 2. Between csACT Group G1 and Group 2, 77 genes were differentially expressed. One of these, cytochrome P450 26B1 (CYP26B1), was significantly associated with survival in both our canine csACTs and in a publicly available data set of 33 human cortisol-secreting adrenocortical carcinomas. In the validation cohort, CYP26B1 was also expressed significantly higher (p = .012) in canine csACTs compared with NACs. In future studies it would be interesting to determine whether CYP26B1 inhibitors could inhibit csACT growth in both dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sanders
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van den Heuvel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Mokry
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje A M van den Dungen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank G van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Wierzbicki PM, Czajkowski M, Kotulak-Chrząszcz A, Bukowicz J, Dzieciuch K, Sokołowska-Wojdyło M, Kmieć Z, Matuszewski M. Altered mRNA Expression of NFKB1 and NFKB2 Genes in Penile Lichen Sclerosus, Penile Cancer and Zoon Balanitis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247254. [PMID: 36555871 PMCID: PMC9784631 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear factor-κB transcription factors 1 and 2 (NFKB1 and NFKB2) are key components of the NF-κB pathway, which responds to inflammatory signals. Since the NFKB1/2 factors are activated via different inflammatory molecules, we aimed to check their expression levels in penile cancer (PC), penile dermatoses: lichen sclerosus (PLS) and zoon balanitis (ZB). METHODS Skin biopsies from altered and healthy looking foreskin were obtained from 59 (49 LS; early PLS: 13, moderate PLS: 32, severe PLS: 4; 6 PC; 4 ZB) and unchanged foreskin from 13 healthy control adult males undergoing circumcision. NFKB1/2 mRNA levels were quantified by qPCR. RESULTS The highest levels of NFKB1 and NFKB2 were observed in PC, ca. 22 and 3.5 times higher than in control, respectively. NFKB1 expression was correlated with PLS progression (rs = 0.667) and was ca. 20 times higher in advanced PLS than in controls and early PLS. Occurrence of micro-incontinence was associated with elevated NFKB1 levels in PLS. CONCLUSION This is the first study regarding gene profiles of NFKB1/2 in PC and penile dermatoses. New drugs targeting modulation of canonical-activated NF-κB pathway should be studied and introduced to the treatment of PLS and PC apart from other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr M. Wierzbicki
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Czajkowski
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Justyna Bukowicz
- Hematology Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Dzieciuch
- Early Phase Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sokołowska-Wojdyło
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kmieć
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Matuszewski
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
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11
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HPRT1 Most Suitable Reference Gene for Accurate Normalization of mRNA Expression in Canine Dermal Tissues with Radiation Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13111928. [DOI: 10.3390/genes13111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference genes are crucial in molecular biological studies as an internal control for gene re-search as they exhibit consistent expression patterns across many tissue types. In canines, radiation therapy is the most important therapeutic tool to cure various diseases like cancer. However, when using radiation for therapeutic strategy, radiation exposure to healthy tissues leads to some possible side effects such as acute radiation-induced skin injury and alters gene expression. Therefore, the analysis of a change in reference gene expression during the skin recovery process after radiation therapy is essential in healthy canine tissue. In the present study, we analyzed eight reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, YWHAZ, GUSB, HPRT1, RPL4, RPS5, and TBP) in canine dermal tissues at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 weeks of radiation exposure that affected the skin condition of canines. The stability of reference genes is determined by evaluating radiation therapy’s effect on healthy canine dermal tissue. Epidermal marker, Keratin 10 expression varies each week after irradiation, and HPRT1 is found to be the most suitable for normalization of mRNA expression in radiation-exposed canine dermal tissues. Changes in the gene expression level were evaluated by using a reliable tool such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In order to achieve a valid qRT-PCR result, the most stable reference genes used for normalization after the radiation exposure process are important. Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate the most stable reference gene for the post-irradiation canine tissues. After radiation exposure, the alternation of reference gene expression was estimated by three algorithms (geNorm, Normfinder, and Bestkeeper). The RG validation programs (GeNorm and NormFinder) suggested that HPRT1, RPL4, and TBP were suitable for normalization in qRT-PCR. Furthermore, three algorithms suggested that HPRT1 was the most stable reference gene for normalization with qRT-PCR results, regardless of before and after radiation exposure. Whereas GAPDH was found to be the most unstable reference gene. In addition, the use of stable or unstable reference genes for the normalization of Keratin 10 expression showed statistical differences. Therefore, we observed that, to obtain accurate and suitable PCR results of the canine tissues with and without radiation exposure, the HPRT1 reference gene is recommended for normalization with its high stability. Additionally, the use of RGs such as HPRT1, RPL4, and TBP for normalization in qRT-PCR experiments is recommended for post-radiation canine tissues to generate more accurate and reliable data. These results will provide fundamental information regarding internal controls for gene expression studies and can be used for the analysis of gene patterns in regenerative medicine.
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12
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Biochemical, Sensory, and Molecular Evaluation of Flavour and Consumer Acceptability in Australian Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Varieties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116313. [PMID: 35682992 PMCID: PMC9181177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Inconsistency in flavour is one of the major challenges to the Australian papaya industry. However, objectively measurable standards of the compound profiles that provide preferable taste and aroma, together with consumer acceptability, have not been set. In this study, three red-flesh papayas (i.e., ‘RB1’, ‘RB4’, and ‘Skybury’) and two yellow-flesh papayas (i.e., ‘1B’ and ‘H13’) were presented to a trained sensory panel and a consumer panel to assess sensory profiles and liking. The papaya samples were also examined for sugar components, total soluble solids, and 14 selected volatile compounds. Additionally, the expression patterns of 10 genes related to sweetness and volatile metabolism were assessed. In general, red papaya varieties had higher sugar content and tasted sweeter than yellow varieties, while yellow varieties had higher concentrations of citrus floral aroma volatiles and higher aroma intensity. Higher concentrations of glucose, linalool oxide, and terpinolene were significantly associated with decreased consumer liking. Significant differences were observed in the expression profiles of all the genes assessed among the selected papaya varieties. Of these, cpGPT2 and cpBGLU31 were positively correlated to glucose production and were expressed significantly higher in ‘1B’ than in ‘RB1’ or ‘Skybury’. These findings will assist in the strategic selective breeding for papaya to better match consumer and, hence, market demand.
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13
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The role of occlusion and micro-incontinence in the pathogenesis of penile lichen sclerosus: an observational study of pro-inflammatory cytokines' gene expression. Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:763-772. [PMID: 35103930 PMCID: PMC8924098 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the expression of selected cytokines in penile lichen sclerosus (PLS) and associate them with the occurrence of micro-incontinence (MI) in different stages of PLS. Methods The skin biopsies from 49 PLS affected, and 13 from nonlesional foreskins (healthy control adult males undergoing circumcision due to phimosis caused by short frenulum) were obtained. All specimens were used for RNA extraction and RT-qPCR. Quantitative assessment of the gene expression of interleukin 1-A (IL-1A), interleukin 1-B (IL-1B), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN), interleukin 6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) was performed. To determinate the presence of MI, the patients were asked about voiding patterns, especially leaking tiny drops of urine from the urethral meatus after urination. Results IL-1A, IL-6, and INF-γ mRNA levels were approximately 150, 16, and 59 times higher in PLS than in control samples, respectively. The highest IL-1A mRNA levels were observed in early PLS (n = 13), INF-γ in moderate PLS (n = 32), while IL-6 in severe PLS (n = 4). MI was noted in 45 PLS patients vs. 0 in control (p < 0.0001). IL-1A and IL-6 vs control ratios were concentration (ca.) 400 and 30 times higher, respectively, in MI PLS samples than in PLS without MI. Conclusion Occlusion and irritating urine effect are associated with the clinical progression of penile LS with increased mRNA expression of IL-1A, INF-γ, and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines in the foreskin.
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14
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Jeong MH, Park CH, Kim JA, Choi ED, Kim S, Hur JS, Park SY. Production and Activity of Cristazarin in the Lichen-Forming Fungus Cladonia metacorallifera. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:601. [PMID: 34436140 PMCID: PMC8397021 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens are a natural source of bioactive compounds. Cladonia metacorallifera var. reagens KoLRI002260 is a rare lichen known to produce phenolic compounds, such as rhodocladonic, thamnolic, and didymic acids. However, these metabolites have not been detected in isolated mycobionts. We investigated the effects of six carbon sources on metabolite biosynthesis in the C. metacorallifera mycobiont. Red pigments appeared only in Lilly and Barnett's media with fructose at 15 °C after 3 weeks of culture and decreased after 6 weeks. We purified these red pigments using preparative-scale high performance liquid chromatography and analyzed them via nuclear magnetic resonance. Results indicated that 1% fructose-induced cristazarin and 6-methylcristazarin production under light conditions. In total, 27 out of 30 putative polyketide synthase genes were differentially expressed after 3 weeks of culture, implying that these genes may be required for cristazarin production in C. metacorallifera. Moreover, the white collar genes Cmwc-1 and Cmwc-2 were highly upregulated at all times under light conditions, indicating a possible correlation between cristazarin production and gene expression. The cancer cell lines AGS, CT26, and B16F1 were sensitive to cristazarin, with IC50 values of 18.2, 26.1, and 30.9 μg/mL, respectively, which highlights the value of cristazarin. Overall, our results suggest that 1% fructose under light conditions is required for cristazarin production by C. metacorallifera mycobionts, and cristazarin could be a good bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hye Jeong
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchoeon 57922, Korea; (M.-H.J.); (C.-H.P.)
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Chan-Ho Park
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchoeon 57922, Korea; (M.-H.J.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Jung A Kim
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.A.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Eu Ddeum Choi
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Soonok Kim
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.A.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchoeon 57922, Korea; (M.-H.J.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
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15
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Thutwa K, van Wyk JB, Dzama K, Scholtz AJ, Cloete SWP. Expression of cytokine genes at tick attachment and control sites of Namaqua Afrikaner, Dorper and South African Mutton Merino sheep. Vet Parasitol 2021; 291:109384. [PMID: 33657515 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are immune response components important in innate immunity and inflammatory response. They are harnessed as part of local immunological responses by animals to combat local infections and/or infestations. This study investigated expression of four selected cytokine genes, namely, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), chemokine C-C ligand 2 (CCL2), chemokine C-C ligand 26 (CCL26) and interleukin 8 (IL-8), at tick attachment and control sites in a South African indigenous sheep breed the Namaqua Afrikaner (NA) and two commercial breeds, the Dorper and South African Mutton Merino (SAMM). The NA was previously shown to be more resistant to infestation by ticks than the two commercial breeds. NA ewes expressed IL-1β more at tick attachment sites compared to Dorpers. The NA breed was also more likely to upregulate the expression of the CCL2, CCL26 and IL-8 genes at tick attachment sites compared to control sites than the other breeds. The results of this study gave an indication that cytokines are involved in immune responses to tick challenge and laid a foundation for further studies under controlled challenge conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketshephaone Thutwa
- Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Department of Animal Science, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Jacob B van Wyk
- Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Kennedy Dzama
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Anna J Scholtz
- Directorate Animal Sciences: Elsenburg, Department of Agriculture, Western Cape Government, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg, 7609, South Africa
| | - Schalk W P Cloete
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Directorate Animal Sciences: Elsenburg, Department of Agriculture, Western Cape Government, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg, 7609, South Africa.
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16
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Wang W, Hu S, Cao Y, Chen R, Wang Z, Cao X. Selection and evaluation of reference genes for qRT-PCR of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi under different experimental conditions. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1115-1126. [PMID: 33511512 PMCID: PMC7842394 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is a famous medicinal plant with its dried roots having been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal for more than 2000 years. Although its genome sequence has previously been published and molecular biology methods have been used to study this species, no suitable internal reference genes have been investigated for standardization of gene expression via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Here, the stabilities of 10 candidate reference genes, ACT11, ACT7, α-TUB, β-TUB, GAPDH, UBC, RPL, SAM, HSP70, and PP2A, were analyzed by four different procedures of GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. Their expression stabilities were evaluated under various conditions, including different tissue types (root, stem, leaf, and flower), hormone stimuli treatments (methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid), and abiotic stresses (heavy metal, salt, drought, cold, and wounding). The results indicated that β-TUB was the most stable gene for all tested samples, while ACT11 was the most unstable. The most stable reference gene was not consistent under different conditions. β-TUB exhibited the highest stability for different tissue types and abiotic stresses, while for hormone stimuli treatments, ACT7 showed the highest stability. To confirm the applicability of suitable reference genes, we selected to SbF6H and SbF8H as target genes to analyze their expression levels in different tissues. This study helps to the accurate quantification of the relative expression levels of interest genes in S. baicalensis via qRT-PCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Suying Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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17
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Gerber N, Brunner MAT, Jagannathan V, Leeb T, Gerhards NM, Welle MM, Dettwiler M. Transcriptional Differences between Canine Cutaneous Epitheliotropic Lymphoma and Immune-Mediated Dermatoses. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:160. [PMID: 33504055 PMCID: PMC7912288 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma (CETL) and immune-mediated T-cell predominant dermatoses (IMD) share several clinical and histopathological features, but differ substantially in prognosis. The discrimination of ambiguous cases may be challenging, as diagnostic tests are limited and may prove equivocal. This study aimed to investigate transcriptional differences between CETL and IMD, as a basis for further research on discriminating diagnostic biomarkers. We performed 100bp single-end sequencing on RNA extracted from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded skin biopsies from dogs with CETL and IMD, respectively. DESeq2 was used for principal component analysis (PCA) and differential gene expression analysis. Genes with significantly different expression were analyzed for enriched pathways using two different tools. The expression of selected genes and their proteins was validated by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. PCA demonstrated the distinct gene expression profiles of CETL and IMD. In total, 503 genes were upregulated, while 4986 were downregulated in CETL compared to IMD. RT-qPCR confirmed the sequencing results for 5/6 selected genes tested, while the protein expression detected by immunohistochemistry was not entirely consistent. Our study revealed transcriptional differences between canine CETL and IMD, with similarities to human cutaneous lymphoma. Differentially expressed genes are potential discriminatory markers, but require further validation on larger sample collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Gerber
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (N.G.); (M.A.T.B.); (N.M.G.); (M.M.W.)
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (V.J.); (T.L.)
- Grosstierpraxis Weibel + Werner, Oberdorfstrasse 15, 3438 Lauperswil, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena A. T. Brunner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (N.G.); (M.A.T.B.); (N.M.G.); (M.M.W.)
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (V.J.); (T.L.)
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (V.J.); (T.L.)
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (V.J.); (T.L.)
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nora M. Gerhards
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (N.G.); (M.A.T.B.); (N.M.G.); (M.M.W.)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Monika M. Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (N.G.); (M.A.T.B.); (N.M.G.); (M.M.W.)
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (V.J.); (T.L.)
| | - Martina Dettwiler
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (N.G.); (M.A.T.B.); (N.M.G.); (M.M.W.)
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (V.J.); (T.L.)
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Selection of suitable reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis of Begonia semperflorens under stress conditions. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6027-6037. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Sanders K, van Staalduinen GJ, Uijens MCM, Mol JA, Teske E, Slob A, Hesselink JW, Kooistra HS, Galac S. Molecular markers of prognosis in canine cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:545-552. [PMID: 31301217 PMCID: PMC6899893 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypercortisolism is caused by a cortisol‐secreting adrenocortical tumour (ACT) in approximately 15%‐20% of cases in dogs. Little is known about which molecular markers are associated with malignant behaviour of canine ACTs. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers of prognosis, which could be useful to refine prognostic prediction and to identify potential treatment targets. Cortisol‐secreting ACTs were included from 40 dogs, of which follow‐up information was available. The ACTs were classified as low risk of recurrence tumours (LRT; n = 14) or moderate‐high risk of recurrence tumours (MHRT; n = 26), based on the novel histopathological Utrecht score. Normal adrenals (NAs) were included from 11 healthy dogs as reference material. The mRNA expression of 14 candidate genes was analysed in the 40 ACTs and in 11 NAs with quantitative RT‐PCR. The genes' expression levels were statistically compared between NAs, LRTs and MHRTs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association of the genes' expression levels with survival. Seven genes were differentially expressed between NAs and ACTs, of which pituitary tumour‐transforming gene‐1 (PTTG1) and topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) were also differentially expressed between LRTs and MHRTs. In survival analyses, high expression levels of Steroidogenic factor‐1 (SF‐1), PTTG1 and TOP2A were significantly associated with poor survival. In conclusion, we have identified several genes that are part of the molecular signature of malignancy in canine ACTs. These findings can be used to refine prognostic prediction, but also offer insights for future studies on druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sanders
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjanne J van Staalduinen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten C M Uijens
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Adri Slob
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Hesselink
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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20
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Zhou W, Wang S, Yang L, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Li B, Wang B, Li L, Wang D, Wang Z. Reference genes for qRT-PCR normalisation in different tissues, developmental stages, and stress conditions of Hypericum perforatum. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7133. [PMID: 31259099 PMCID: PMC6589333 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. is a widely known medicinal herb used mostly as a remedy for depression because it contains high levels of naphthodianthrones, phloroglucinols, alkaloids, and some other secondary metabolites. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is an optimized method for the efficient and reliable quantification of gene expression studies. In general, reference genes are used in qRT-PCR analysis because of their known or suspected housekeeping roles. However, their expression level cannot be assumed to remain stable under all possible experimental conditions. Thus, the identification of high quality reference genes is essential for the interpretation of qRT-PCR data. In this study, we investigated the expression of 14 candidate genes, including nine housekeeping genes (HKGs) (ACT2, ACT3, ACT7, CYP1, EF1-α, GAPDH, TUB-α, TUB-β, and UBC2) and five potential candidate genes (GSA, PKS1, PP2A, RPL13, and SAND). Three programs-GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper-were applied to evaluate the gene expression stability across four different plant tissues, four developmental stages and a set of abiotic stress and hormonal treatments. Integrating all of the algorithms and evaluations revealed that ACT2 and TUB-β were the most stable combination in different developmental stages samples and all of the experimental samples. ACT2, TUB-β, and EF1-α were identified as the three most applicable reference genes in different tissues and stress-treated samples. The majority of the conventional HKGs performed better than the potential reference genes. The obtained results will aid in improving the credibility of the standardization and quantification of transcription levels in future expression studies on H. perforatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,College of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, NanChang, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Donghao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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21
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Di Martino L, Osme A, Kossak-Gupta S, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. TWEAK/Fn14 Is Overexpressed in Crohn's Disease and Mediates Experimental Ileitis by Regulating Critical Innate and Adaptive Immune Pathways. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:427-446. [PMID: 31181286 PMCID: PMC6718944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Crohn's disease (CD) is a debilitating inflammatory disorder that affects more than 1.6 million people in North America alone. Members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily are key regulators of intestinal inflammation; specifically, tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor, fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14), are involved in normal and pathologic tissue remodeling. Our aim was to determine the role of TWEAK/Fn14 in CD and a murine model of CD-like ileitis (ie, SAMP1/YitFc [SAMP] strain). METHODS SAMP mice deficient in Fn14 (SAMP × Fn14-/-) were developed and a detailed time-course study was performed evaluating ileal tissues by histology and stereomicroscopy, as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction and NanoString technology (Seattle, WA). Reciprocal bone marrow chimeras were generated to assess the relevance of Fn14 in hematopoietic vs nonhematopoietic compartments. Surgically resected intestinal tissues and mucosal biopsy specimens from patients with CD, ulcerative colitis, and healthy controls were analyzed for the expression of TWEAK/Fn14 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS SAMP × Fn14-/- showed a marked decrease in ileitis severity at 20 weeks of age compared with SAMP WT controls. Bone marrow chimeras showed that Fn14 was required in both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartments for ileitis to develop. Transcriptome data showed multiple cellular pathways regulated by Fn14 signaling. Finally, increased expression of TWEAK and Fn14 was observed in tissue lesions from CD patients compared with ulcerative colitis and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS TWEAK/Fn14 are up-regulated in CD, and also mediate experimental CD-like ileitis, by regulation of multiple innate and adaptive cellular pathways. Therefore, TWEAK/Fn14 may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of small intestinal inflammation in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Di Martino
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Abdullah Osme
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sarah Kossak-Gupta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Theresa T Pizarro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Pathology, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Pathology, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
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22
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Chermprapai S, Broere F, Schlotter YM, Veldhuizen EJA, Rutten VPMG. A canine keratinocyte cell line expresses antimicrobial peptide and cytokine genes upon stimulation with bacteria, microbial ligands and recombinant cytokines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 206:35-40. [PMID: 30502910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes (KC) are the main cellular components of the stratum corneum that constitutes a solid physical skin barrier representing the first line of defense against pathogens. Moreover, KC are potent producers of inflammatory mediators and antimicrobial peptides (AMP) when activated through their pattern recognition receptors. In atopic dermatitis (AD) the protective skin barrier may be compromised due to barrier disruption, secondary infection and accelerated secretion of inflammatory cytokines which may also affect AMP expression in the skin. In the present study, we addressed the responses of a canine KC cell line upon exposure to Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, typically found on canine atopic skin during secondary infections, and stimulation by individual AD-associated ligands and cytokines. All stimuli induced a significant increase in expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-8, but with different kinetics. Limited effects were observed on AMP gene expression except for K9CATH which was significantly upregulated upon bacterial infection but with none of the individual AD-associated ligands. Interestingly, K9CATH possessed antimicrobial activity towards Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, indicating that K9CATH expression is a specific defense reaction towards bacterial infection and not part of a general pro-inflammatory profile of KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttiwee Chermprapai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, The Netherlands; Department of Companion Animals Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Yvette M Schlotter
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, The Netherlands.
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, The Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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23
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Sanders K, de Wit WL, Mol JA, Kurlbaum M, Kendl S, Kroiss M, Kooistra HS, Galac S. Abiraterone Acetate for Cushing Syndrome: Study in a Canine Primary Adrenocortical Cell Culture Model. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3689-3698. [PMID: 30219917 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abiraterone acetate (AA) is a potent inhibitor of steroidogenic enzyme 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1). AA is approved for the treatment of prostate cancer but could also be used to treat patients with Cushing syndrome (CS). Similar to humans, canine glucocorticoid synthesis requires CYP17A1, providing a useful animal model. The objective of this study was to preclinically investigate the effect of AA on adrenocortical hormone production, cell viability, and mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes in canine primary adrenocortical cell cultures (n = 9) from the adrenal glands of nine healthy dogs. The cells were incubated with AA (0.125 nM to 10 μM) for 72 hours under basal conditions and with 100 nM ACTH(1-24). Adrenocortical hormone concentrations were measured in culture medium using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, RNA was isolated from cells for subsequent real-time quantitative PCR analysis, and cell viability was assessed with an alamarBlue™ assay. AA reduced cortisol (IC50, 21.4 ± 4.6 nM) without affecting aldosterone under basal and ACTH-stimulated conditions. AA increased progesterone under basal and ACTH-stimulated conditions but reduced corticosterone under basal conditions, suggesting concurrent inhibition of 21-hydroxylation. AA did not affect the mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes and did not inhibit cell viability. In summary, primary canine adrenocortical cell culture is a useful model system for drug testing. For the treatment of CS, AA may to be superior to other steroidogenesis inhibitors due to its low toxicity. For future in vivo studies, dogs with endogenous CS may provide a useful animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sanders
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wesley L de Wit
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan A Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Max Kurlbaum
- University Hospital Würzburg, Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Kendl
- University Hospital Würzburg, Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- University Hospital Würzburg, Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Qian J, Gao Y, Wáng Y, Wu Y, Wāng Y, Zhao Y, Chen H, Bao D, Xu J, Bian X. Selection and Evaluation of Appropriate Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Normalization of Volvariella volvacea Gene Expression under Different Conditions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6125706. [PMID: 30079349 PMCID: PMC6069580 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6125706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Volvariella volvacea (V. volvacea), commonly referred to as Chinese (paddy straw) mushroom, is a basidiomycete with a protein-rich volva and pileus. Selecting appropriate reference genes is a crucial step in the normalization of quantitative real-time PCR data. Therefore, 12 candidate reference genes were selected from the V. volvacea transcriptome based on previous studies and then BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder were used to identify reference genes stably expressed during different developmental stages and conditions. Of the 12 candidate reference genes, SPRY domain protein (SPRYp), alpha-tubulin (TUBα), cyclophilin (CYP), L-asparaginase (L-asp), and MSF1-domain-containing protein (MSF1) were the most stably expressed under different experimental conditions, while 18S ribosomal RNA (18S), 28S ribosomal RNA (28S), and beta-actin (ACTB) were the least stably expressed. This investigation not only revealed potential factors influencing the suitability of reference genes, but also identified optimal reference genes from a pool of candidate genes under a wide range of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Qian
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yingnv Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi and Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding and Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wáng
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi and Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding and Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi and Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding and Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wāng
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi and Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding and Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi and Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding and Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Bao
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi and Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding and Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyang Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaohong Bian
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China
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25
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Marton K, Flajšman M, Radišek S, Košmelj K, Jakše J, Javornik B, Berne S. Comprehensive analysis of Verticillium nonalfalfae in silico secretome uncovers putative effector proteins expressed during hop invasion. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198971. [PMID: 29894496 PMCID: PMC5997321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular plant pathogen Verticillium nonalfalfae causes Verticillium wilt in several important crops. VnaSSP4.2 was recently discovered as a V. nonalfalfae virulence effector protein in the xylem sap of infected hop. Here, we expanded our search for candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) in the V. nonalfalfae predicted secretome using a bioinformatic pipeline built on V. nonalfalfae genome data, RNA-Seq and proteomic studies of the interaction with hop. The secretome, rich in carbohydrate active enzymes, proteases, redox proteins and proteins involved in secondary metabolism, cellular processing and signaling, includes 263 CSEPs. Several homologs of known fungal effectors (LysM, NLPs, Hce2, Cerato-platanins, Cyanovirin-N lectins, hydrophobins and CFEM domain containing proteins) and avirulence determinants in the PHI database (Avr-Pita1 and MgSM1) were found. The majority of CSEPs were non-annotated and were narrowed down to 44 top priority candidates based on their likelihood of being effectors. These were examined by spatio-temporal gene expression profiling of infected hop. Among the highest in planta expressed CSEPs, five deletion mutants were tested in pathogenicity assays. A deletion mutant of VnaUn.279, a lethal pathotype specific gene with sequence similarity to SAM-dependent methyltransferase (LaeA), had lower infectivity and showed highly reduced virulence, but no changes in morphology, fungal growth or conidiation were observed. Several putative secreted effector proteins that probably contribute to V. nonalfalfae colonization of hop were identified in this study. Among them, LaeA gene homolog was found to act as a potential novel virulence effector of V. nonalfalfae. The combined results will serve for future characterization of V. nonalfalfae effectors, which will advance our understanding of Verticillium wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Marton
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Flajšman
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Katarina Košmelj
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Berne
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Sookoian S, Flichman D, Garaycoechea ME, San Martino J, Castaño GO, Pirola CJ. Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 as a common molecular driver in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and chronic immune-mediated liver damage. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:654-665. [PMID: 29881817 PMCID: PMC5983147 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are functional molecules that orchestrate gene expression. To identify lncRNAs involved in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) severity, we performed a multiscale study that included: (a) systems biology modeling that indicated metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) as a candidate lncRNA for exploring disease‐related associations, (b) translational exploration in the clinical setting, and (c) mechanistic modeling. MALAT1 liver profiling was performed in three consecutive phases, including an exploratory stage (liver samples from patients with NAFLD who were morbidly obese [n = 47] and from 13 individuals with normal liver histology); a replication stage (patients with NAFLD and metabolic syndrome [n =49]); and a hypothesis‐driven stage (patients with chronic hepatitis C and autoimmune liver diseases, [n = 65]). Liver abundance of MALAT1 was associated with NAFLD severity (P = 1 × 10–6); MALAT1 expression levels were up‐regulated 1.75‐fold (P = 0.029) and 3.6‐fold (P = 0.012) in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis compared to those diagnosed with simple steatosis (discovery and replication set, respectively; analysis of covariance adjusted by age, homeostasis model assessment, and body mass index). Quantification of liver vascular endothelial growth factor A messenger RNA, a target of MALAT1, revealed a significant correlation between the two RNAs (R, 0.58; P = 5 × 10–8). Increased levels of MALAT1 were also associated with autoimmune liver diseases. Interactome assessment uncovered significant biological pathways, including Janus kinase‐signal transducers and activators of transcription and response to interferon‐γ. Conclusion: Deregulated expression of MALAT1 stratifies patients into the histologic phenotypes associated with NAFLD severity. MALAT1 up‐regulation seems to be a common molecular mechanism in immune‐mediated chronic inflammatory liver damage. This suggests that convergent pathophenotypes (inflammation and fibrosis) share similar molecular mediators. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:654‐665)
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari Buenos Aires Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, University of Buenos Aires-Institute of Medical Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Diego Flichman
- University of Buenos Aires, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Virology-National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Martin E Garaycoechea
- Hospital de Alta Complejidad en Red El Cruce, Department of Surgery-Centros de Medicina del Trabajo Florencio Valera Argentina
| | - Julio San Martino
- Hospital Diego Thompson, San Martin, Department of Pathology Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gustavo O Castaño
- Hospital Abel Zubizarreta, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Liver Unit Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Carlos J Pirola
- University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari Buenos Aires Argentina.,Hospital de Alta Complejidad en Red El Cruce, Department of Surgery-Centros de Medicina del Trabajo Florencio Valera Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, University of Buenos Aires-Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases Buenos Aires Argentina
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27
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Hu X, Du S, Yu J, Yang X, Yang C, Zhou D, Wang Q, Qin S, Yan X, He L, Han D, Wan C. Common housekeeping proteins are upregulated in colorectal adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, making the total protein a better "housekeeper". Oncotarget 2018; 7:66679-66688. [PMID: 27556505 PMCID: PMC5341829 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Housekeeping proteins are essential endogenous controls for normalization as they are expected to be stably expressed. However, the stability of the expression level of housekeeping proteins needs to be assessed considering various experimental conditions. Our study evaluated the degree of variability of 7 commonly used housekeeping proteins with regard to their potential utility as normalizers in 56 pairs of matched colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) tissue samples and 6 pairs of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue samples using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and Western blot analyses. A comprehensive experimental design and strict statistical analysis revealed that the expression levels of these 7 housekeeping proteins were not as stable as expected and they all exhibited upregulations to varying degrees in both the CRC and the HCC tissue samples. Consequently, we verified that using the amount of total protein instead of that of an individual protein can serve as a preferable control for studies of protein expression that require normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Hu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for The Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
| | - Shujiao Du
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for The Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
| | - Jiekai Yu
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, PR China
| | - Xuhan Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for The Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
| | - Chao Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for The Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
| | - Daizhan Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for The Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for The Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for The Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for The Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
| | - Dongmei Han
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Chunling Wan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for The Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
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28
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Selvarajah GT, Bonestroo FAS, Timmermans Sprang EPM, Kirpensteijn J, Mol JA. Reference gene validation for gene expression normalization in canine osteosarcoma: a geNorm algorithm approach. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:354. [PMID: 29178874 PMCID: PMC5702123 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a common method for quantifying mRNA expression. Given the heterogeneity present in tumor tissues, it is crucial to normalize target mRNA expression data using appropriate reference genes that are stably expressed under a variety of pathological and experimental conditions. No studies have validated specific reference genes in canine osteosarcoma (OS). Previous gene expression studies involving canine OS have used one or two reference genes to normalize gene expression. This study aimed to validate a panel of reference genes commonly used for normalization of canine OS gene expression data using the geNorm algorithm. qPCR analysis of nine canine reference genes was performed on 40 snap-frozen primary OS tumors and seven cell lines. RESULTS Tumors with a variety of clinical and pathological characteristics were selected. Gene expression stability and the optimal number of reference genes for gene expression normalization were calculated. RPS5 and HNRNPH were highly stable among OS cell lines, while RPS5 and RPS19 were the best combination for primary tumors. Pairwise variation analysis recommended four and two reference genes for optimal normalization of the expression data of canine OS tumors and cell lines, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate combinations of reference genes are recommended to normalize mRNA levels in canine OS tumors and cell lines to facilitate standardized and reliable quantification of target gene expression, which is essential for investigating key genes involved in canine OS metastasis and for comparative biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Thevi Selvarajah
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Yalelaan 104, 3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Floor A S Bonestroo
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Yalelaan 104, 3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elpetra P M Timmermans Sprang
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Yalelaan 104, 3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolle Kirpensteijn
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Yalelaan 104, 3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Yalelaan 104, 3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Pisamai S, Rungsipipat A, Kalpravidh C, Suriyaphol G. Gene expression profiles of cell adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in canine oral tumors. Res Vet Sci 2017; 113:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sookoian S, Flichman D, Scian R, Rohr C, Dopazo H, Gianotti TF, Martino JS, Castaño GO, Pirola CJ. Mitochondrial genome architecture in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Pathol 2016; 240:437-449. [PMID: 27577682 DOI: 10.1002/path.4803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, a decreased liver mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, and impaired energy metabolism. To understand the clinical implications of mtDNA diversity in the biology of NAFLD, we applied deep-coverage whole sequencing of the liver mitochondrial genomes. We used a multistage study design, including a discovery phase, a phenotype-oriented study to assess the mutational burden in patients with steatohepatitis at different stages of liver fibrosis, and a replication study to validate findings in loci of interest. We also assessed the potential protein-level impact of the observed mutations. To determine whether the observed changes are tissue-specific, we compared the liver and the corresponding peripheral blood entire mitochondrial genomes. The nuclear genes POLG and POLG2 (mitochondrial DNA polymerase-γ) were also sequenced. We observed that the liver mtDNA of patients with NAFLD harbours complex genomes with a significantly higher mutational (1.28-fold) rate and degree of heteroplasmy than in controls. The analysis of liver mitochondrial genomes of patients with different degrees of fibrosis revealed that the disease severity is associated with an overall 1.4-fold increase in mutation rate, including mutations in genes of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) chain. Significant differences in gene and protein expression patterns were observed in association with the cumulative number of OXPHOS polymorphic sites. We observed a high degree of homology (∼98%) between the blood and liver mitochondrial genomes. A missense POLG p.Gln1236His variant was associated with liver mtDNA copy number. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that OXPHOS genes contain the highest number of hotspot positions associated with a more severe phenotype. The variability of the mitochondrial genomes probably originates from a common germline source; hence, it may explain a fraction of the 'missing heritability' of NAFLD. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Flichman
- Department of Virology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Scian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristian Rohr
- Biomedical Genomics and Evolution Laboratory. Ecology, Genetics and Evolution Department, Faculty of Science, IEGEBA, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán Dopazo
- Biomedical Genomics and Evolution Laboratory. Ecology, Genetics and Evolution Department, Faculty of Science, IEGEBA, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomas Fernández Gianotti
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julio San Martino
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Diego Thompson, San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo O Castaño
- Liver Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, Hospital Abel Zubizarreta, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos J Pirola
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Montserrat-Sangrà S, Alborch L, Ordeix L, Solano-Gallego L. TLR-2 and TLR-4 transcriptions in unstimulated blood from dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up treatment. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:172-179. [PMID: 27692322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity, in particular, the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs), has not been extensively studied in canine L. infantum infection. The main aim of this study was to determine the transcription of TLR2 and TLR4 in the blood of dogs with natural clinical leishmaniosis at the time of diagnosis and during treatment follow-up and subsequently correlate these findings with clinical, serological and parasitological data. Forty-six Leishmania-seropositive sick dogs with a high antibody level at the time of diagnosis were studied and compared with 34 healthy seronegative dogs. Twenty-two of these sick dogs were treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol and followed-up at 30, 180 and 365days following the start of treatment. Clinical status was defined by a thorough physical examination, complete blood count, biochemistry profile, electrophoresis of serum proteins, and urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPC). EDTA blood was stored in RNAlater® solution before RNA extraction and cDNA production were performed. TLR2, TLR4 and three reference genes (HPRT-1, CG14980 and SDHA) were studied in each blood sample by real time PCR. The relative quantification of TLR2 was higher (mean 3.5) in sick dogs when compared with seronegative healthy dogs (mean 1.3; P=0.0001) while the relative quantification of TLR4 was similar in both groups. In addition, the relative quantification of TLR2 significantly decreased during follow-up at all time points compared with day 0 whereas no changes were observed with TLR4 transcription. A significant positive correlation was noted between TLR2 and UPC, total protein, beta and gamma globulins, specific L. infantum antibodies and blood parasite load while a negative correlation was observed with albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, hematocrit and hemoglobin. TLR4 transcript did not correlate with any parameter. These findings indicate an up-regulation of TLR2 transcription in unstimulated blood in naturally infected sick dogs as compared to healthy dogs suggesting active innate immune and proinflammatory responses. In addition, TLR2 transcription is reduced with clinical improvement during treatment. In contrast, TLR4 transcription appears to be similar among groups at the time of diagnosis with no changes during treatment follow-up suggesting a less important role for this TLR in clinical canine leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Lorena Alborch
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Sanders K, Mol JA, Kooistra HS, Slob A, Galac S. New Insights in the Functional Zonation of the Canine Adrenal Cortex. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:741-50. [PMID: 27108660 PMCID: PMC4913559 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current understanding of adrenal steroidogenesis is that the production of aldosterone or cortisol depends on the expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and 11β-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (CYP11B1), respectively. However, this has never been studied in dogs, and in some species, a single CYP11B catalyzes both cortisol and aldosterone formation. Analysis of the canine genome provides data of a single CYP11B gene which is called CYP11B2, and a large sequence gap exists near the so-called CYP11B2 gene. OBJECTIVES To investigate the zonal expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the canine adrenal cortex and to determine whether dogs have 1 or multiple CYP11B genes. ANIMALS Normal adrenal glands from 10 healthy dogs. METHODS Zona fasciculata (zF) and zona glomerulosa (zG) tissue was isolated by laser microdissection. The mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes and their major regulators was studied with RT-qPCR. Southern blot was performed to determine whether the sequence gap contains a CYP11B gene copy. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17). RESULTS Equal expression (P = .62) of the so-called CYP11B2 gene was found in the zG and zF. Southern blot revealed a single gene. CYP17 expression (P = .05) was significantly higher in the zF compared with the zG, which was confirmed with IHC. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We conclude that there is only 1 CYP11B gene in canine adrenals. The zone-specific production of aldosterone and cortisol is probably due to zone-specific CYP17 expression, which makes it an attractive target for selective inhibition of cortisol synthesis without affecting mineralocorticoid production in the zG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sanders
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J A Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Slob
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Heat Shock Protein 27 is down-regulated in Ballooned Hepatocytes of Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Sci Rep 2016; 6:22528. [PMID: 26935030 PMCID: PMC4776115 DOI: 10.1038/srep22528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ballooning degeneration (BD) of hepatocytes is a distinguishing histological feature associated with the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Under the assumption that NAFLD severity is associated with metabolic-stress we explored the hypothesis that heat shock 27 kDa protein 1 (HSP27), a protein chaperone involved in stress resistance and cytoskeletal-remodeling, might be deregulated in ballooned hepatocytes. We observed that fasting plasma glucose (fpG) (p = 0.00002), total cholesterol (p = 0.02) and triglycerides (p = 0.01) levels, and female sex (p = 0.01) were significantly associated with the presence of BD. A logistic regression model showed that BD was independently associated with fpG (p = 0.002); OR per unit of glucose concentration 1.05, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.09. Furthermore, BD was associated with a significant 2.24-fold decrease in the expression level of HSP27-mRNA in comparison with absence of ballooning, p = 0.002. Ballooned hepatocytes showed very low HSP27 immunoreactivity compared with hepatocyes without ballooning (p = 0.009); HSP27 immunoreactivity was inversely correlated with fpG levels (R: -0.49, p = 0.01). In conclusion, BD is associated with down-regulation of liver HSP27 gene and protein expression, suggesting that ballooned hepatocytes fail to ensure a robust physiological response to metabolic-induced stress.
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Kool MMJ, Galac S, van der Helm N, Corradini S, Kooistra HS, Mol JA. Insulin-like growth factor--phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase signaling in canine cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumors. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:214-24. [PMID: 25619516 PMCID: PMC4858057 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercortisolism is a common endocrine disorder in dogs, caused by a cortisol‐secreting adrenocortical tumor (AT) in approximately 15% of cases. In adrenocortical carcinomas of humans, activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway by insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) signaling represents a promising therapeutic target. Objectives To investigate the involvement of PI3K signaling in the pathogenesis of ATs in dogs and to identify pathway components that may hold promise as future therapeutic targets or as prognostic markers. Animals Analyses were performed on 36 canine cortisol‐secreting ATs (11 adenomas and 25 carcinomas) and 15 normal adrenal glands of dogs. Methods mRNA expression analysis was performed for PI3K target genes, PI3K inhibitor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), IGFs, IGF receptors, IGF binding proteins and epidermal growth factor receptors. Mutation analysis was performed on genes encoding PTEN and PI3K catalytic subunit (PIK3CA). Results Target gene expression indicated PI3K activation in carcinomas, but not in adenomas. No amino acid‐changing mutations were detected in PTEN or PIK3CA and no significant alterations in IGF‐II or IGFR1 expression were detected. In carcinomas, ERBB2 expression tended to be higher than in normal adrenal glands, and higher expression of inhibitor of differentiation 1 and 2 (ID1 and ID2) was detected in carcinomas with recurrence within 2.5 years after adrenalectomy. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Based on these results, ERBB2 might be a promising therapeutic target in ATs in dogs, whereas ID1 and 2 might be valuable as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M J Kool
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Liu Z, Zhu Q, Li J, Yu J, Li Y, Huang X, Wang W, Tan R, Zhou J, Liao H. Selection and evaluation of reference genes for expression analysis of Cassi. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1818-26. [PMID: 26076901 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1052771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cassia obtusifolia, belonging to legume family, is important in many fields with high pharmaceutical, economic, and ecological values. These interests of C. obtusifolia triggered in-depth and fundamental genetic and molecular research. Therefore, the stable reference gene is necessary for normalization of the gene expression studies. In this study, 10 candidate reference genes were subjected to expression analysis in 12 different tissues and under different stresses by qRT-PCR. The expression stability was evaluated using geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper software. In conclusion, different suitable reference genes were selected in different tissues and under different stress. CYP1, EF1α2, ACT2, UBQ1 were the most stable reference genes in all samples. The relative expression levels of WRKY gene were detected to confirm the reliability of the selected reference genes. These results provided suitable reference genes that could be used for normalization in C. obtusifolia tissues and under different stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubi Liu
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Qiankun Zhu
- b College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Jihua Yu
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yangyang Li
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Xinhe Huang
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Wanjun Wang
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Rui Tan
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Hai Liao
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
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Ali H, Du Z, Li X, Yang Q, Zhang YC, Wu M, Li Y, Zhang G. Identification of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in lung cancer in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3767-73. [PMID: 25573171 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine 10 housekeeping genes (HKGs), including 18s ribosomal RNA (18S), glyceraldehyde‑3‑phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal protein large P0 (RPLP0), β‑actin (ACTB), peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), phosphoglycerate kinase‑1 (PGK1), β‑2‑microglobulin (B2M), ribosomal protein LI3a (RPL13A), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase‑1 (HPRT1) and TATA box binding protein (TBP) in order to identify the most stable and suitable reference genes for use in expression studies in non‑small cell lung cancer. The mRNA expression encoding the panel of the 10 HKGs was determined using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR) in human lung cancer cell lines. Three software programs, BestKeeper, NormFinder and geNorm, were used to ascertain the most suitable reference genes to normalize the RNA input. The present study examined three lung cancer cell lines (A549, NCI‑H446 and NCI‑H460). The analysis of the experimental data using BestKeeper software revealed that all 10 HKGs were stable, with GADPH, followed by 18S being the most stable genes and PPIA and HPRT1 being the least stable genes. The NormFinder software results demonstrated that PPIA followed by ACTB were the most stable and B2M and RPLP0 were the least stable. The geNorm software results revealed that ACTB and PGK1, followed by PPIA were the most stable genes and B2M and RPLP0 were identified as the least stable genes. Due to discrepancies in the ranking orders of the reference genes obtained by different analyzing software programs, it was not possible to determine a single universal reference gene. The suitability of selected reference genes requires unconditional validation prior to each study. Based on the three analyzing programs, ACTB, PPIA and PGK1 were the most stable reference genes in lung cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ali
- Department of Central Laboratory, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwu Du
- Department of Central Laboratory, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Xiuying Li
- Department of Central Research, China‑Japan Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Qiwei Yang
- Department of Central Research, China‑Japan Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yu Cheng Zhang
- Department of Central Research, China‑Japan Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Mei Wu
- Department of Central Research, China‑Japan Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guizhen Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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Zornhagen KW, Kristensen AT, Hansen AE, Oxboel J, Kjaer A. Selection of suitable reference genes for normalization of genes of interest in canine soft tissue sarcomas using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 13:485-93. [PMID: 24995963 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a sensitive technique for quantifying gene expression. Stably expressed reference genes are necessary for normalization of RT-qPCR data. Only a few articles have been published on reference genes in canine tumours. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how to identify suitable reference genes for normalization of genes of interest in canine soft tissue sarcomas using RT-qPCR. Primer pairs for 17 potential reference genes were designed and tested in archival tumour biopsies from six dogs. The geNorm algorithm was used to analyse the most suitable reference genes. Eight potential reference genes were excluded from this final analysis because of their dissociation curves. β-Glucuronidase (GUSB) and proteasome subunit, beta type, 6 (PSMB6) were most stably expressed with an M value of 0.154 and a CV of 0.053 describing their average stability. We suggest that choice of reference genes should be based on specific testing in every new experimental set-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Zornhagen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - A T Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - A E Hansen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J Oxboel
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - A Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Boerkamp KM, van Steenbeek FG, Penning LC, Groot Koerkamp MJA, van Leenen D, Vos-Loohuis M, Grinwis GCM, Rutteman GR. The two main forms of histiocytic sarcoma in the predisposed Flatcoated retriever dog display variation in gene expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98258. [PMID: 24886914 PMCID: PMC4041757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of gene functions in specific tumor types improves insight in tumorigenesis and helps design better treatments. Due to the rarity of histiocytic/dendritic cell sarcoma in humans, it is difficult to accrue such knowledge. Therefore, comparative research of these cancers in predisposed dog breeds, such as the Flatcoated retriever, can be of value. Histiocytic sarcoma in the dog can be grouped into a soft tissue- and visceral form. The soft tissue form at first is localized, while the visceral form progresses more quickly to a terminal state, which might be related to variations in gene expression. Microarray analyses were performed on fresh-frozen tissue from Flatcoated retrievers with either soft tissue- or visceral histiocytic sarcoma. Expression differences of ten most significantly differentially expressed genes were validated with quantitative real-time PCR (q PCR) analyses. Q PCR analyses confirmed the significantly aberrant expression of three of the selected genes: C6 was up-regulated; CLEC12A and CCL5 were down-regulated in the visceral histiocytic sarcoma compared to the soft tissue form. The findings of our study indicate that these two forms of histiocytic sarcoma in the dog display a variation in gene expression and warrant analysis of functional changes in the expression of those genes in these rare sarcomas in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Boerkamp
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. Penning
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dik van Leenen
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Vos-Loohuis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy C. M. Grinwis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard R. Rutteman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Schumann J, Basiouni S, Gück T, Fuhrmann H. Treating canine atopic dermatitis with unsaturated fatty acids: the role of mast cells and potential mechanisms of action. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 98:1013-20. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Schumann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - S. Basiouni
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Benha University; Moshtohor Toukh Qalioubeya Egypt
| | - T. Gück
- Hills Pet Nutrition; Hamburg Germany
| | - H. Fuhrmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Bai WL, Yin RH, Yin RL, Jiang WQ, Wang JJ, Wang ZY, Zhu YB, Zhao ZH, Yang RJ, Luo GB, He JB. Selection and validation of suitable reference genes in skin tissue of Liaoning cashmere goat during hair follicle cycle. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yamazaki H, Takagi S, Hoshino Y, Hosoya K, Okumura M. Inhibition of survivin influences the biological activities of canine histiocytic sarcoma cell lines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79810. [PMID: 24260303 PMCID: PMC3829869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine histiocytic sarcoma (CHS) is an aggressive malignant neoplasm that originates from histiocytic lineage cells, including dendritic cells and macrophages, and is characterized by progressive local infiltration and a very high metastatic potential. Survivin is as an apoptotic inhibitory factor that has major functions in cell proliferation, including inhibition of apoptosis and regulation of cell division, and is expressed in most types of human and canine malignant neoplasms, including melanoma and osteosarcoma. To investigate whether survivin was expressed at high levels in CHS and whether its expression was correlated with the aggressive biological behavior of CHS, we assessed relation between survivin expression and CHS progression, as well as the effects of survivin inhibition on the biological activities of CHS cells. We comparatively analyzed the expression of 6 selected anti-apoptotic genes, including survivin, in specimens from 30 dogs with histiocytic sarcoma and performed annexin V staining to evaluate apoptosis, methylthiazole tetrazolium assays to assess cell viability and chemosensitivity, and latex bead assays to measure changes in phagocytic activities in 4 CHS cell lines and normal canine fibroblasts transfected with survivin siRNA. Survivin gene expression levels in 30 specimens were significantly higher than those of the other 6 genes. After transfection with survivin siRNA, apoptosis, cell growth inhibition, enhanced chemosensitivity, and weakened phagocytic activities were observed in all CHS cell lines. In contrast, normal canine fibroblasts were not significantly affected by survivin knockdown. These results suggested that survivin expression may mediate the aggressive biological activities of CHS and that survivin may be an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuki Hoshino
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji Hosoya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okumura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Park SJ, Huh JW, Kim YH, Lee SR, Kim SH, Kim SU, Kim HS, Kim MK, Chang KT. Selection of internal reference genes for normalization of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis in the canine brain and other organs. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:47-57. [PMID: 22531949 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a specific and sensitive technique for quantifying gene expression. To analyze qRT-PCR data accurately, suitable reference genes that show consistent expression patterns across different tissues and experimental conditions should be selected. The objective of this study was to obtain the most stable reference genes in dogs, using samples from 13 different brain tissues and 10 other organs. 16 well-known candidate reference genes were analyzed by the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper programs. Brain tissues were derived from several different anatomical regions, including the forebrain, cerebrum, diencephalon, hindbrain, and metencephalon, and grouped accordingly. Combination of the three different analyses clearly indicated that the ideal reference genes are ribosomal protien S5 (RPS5) in whole brain, RPL8 and RPS5 in whole body tissues, RPS5 and RPS19 in the forebrain and cerebrum, RPL32 and RPS19 in the diencephalon, GAPDH and RPS19 in the hindbrain, and MRPS7 and RPL13A in the metencephalon. These genes were identified as ideal for the normalization of qRT-PCR results in the respective tissues. These findings indicate more suitable and stable reference genes for future studies of canine gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Je Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
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Gene expression profiling of histiocytic sarcomas in a canine model: the predisposed flatcoated retriever dog. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71094. [PMID: 23936488 PMCID: PMC3731289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determination of altered expression of genes in specific tumor types and their effect upon cellular processes may create insight in tumorigenesis and help to design better treatments. The Flatcoated retriever is a dog breed with an exceptionally high incidence of histiocytic sarcomas. The breed develops two distinct entities of histiocytic neoplasia, a soft tissue form and a visceral form. Gene expression studies of these tumors have value for comparable human diseases such as histiocytic/dendritic cell sarcoma for which knowledge is difficult to accrue due to their rare occurrence. In addition, such studies may help in the search for genetic aberrations underlying the genetic predisposition in this dog breed. METHODS Microarray analysis and pathway analyses were performed on fresh-frozen tissues obtained from Flatcoated retrievers with localized, soft tissue histiocytic sarcomas (STHS) and disseminated, visceral histiocytic sarcomas (VHS) and on normal canine spleens from various breeds. Expression differences of nine genes were validated with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analyses. RESULTS QPCR analyses identified the significantly altered expression of nine genes; PPBP, SpiC, VCAM1, ENPEP, ITGAD (down-regulated), and GTSF1, Col3a1, CD90 and LUM (up-regulated) in the comparison of both the soft tissue and the visceral form with healthy spleen. DAVID pathway analyses revealed 24 pathways that were significantly involved in the development of HS in general, most of which were involved in the DNA repair and replication process. CONCLUSIONS This study identified altered expression of nine genes not yet implicated in histiocytic sarcoma manifestations in the dog nor in comparable human histiocytic/dendritic sarcomas. Exploration of the downside effect of canine inbreeding strategies for the study of similar sarcomas in humans might also lead to the identification of genes related to these rare malignancies in the human.
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Haritova AM, Krastev SZ, Santos RR, Schrickx JA, Fink-Gremmels J. ABC Transporters in the Eyes of Dogs and Implications in Drug Therapy. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38:271-7. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.754903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Theerawatanasirikul S, Sailasuta A, Thanawongnuwech R, Suriyaphol G. Alterations of keratins, involucrin and filaggrin gene expression in canine atopic dermatitis. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1287-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bartoskova A, Turanek-Knotigova P, Matiasovic J, Oreskovic Z, Vicenova M, Stepanova H, Ondrackova P, Vitasek R, Leva L, Moore PF, Faldyna M. γδ T lymphocytes are recruited into the inflamed uterus of bitches suffering from pyometra. Vet J 2012; 194:303-8. [PMID: 22771147 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Very little is known about the occurrence of immune system cells in the canine uterus. The aim of this study was to generate information about lymphocyte subsets that are present in the healthy canine uterus and that are recruited under inflammatory conditions caused by pyometra. Using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, a significant influx of γδ T lymphocytes was found in pyometra samples mainly due to recruitment of γδ(+)/CD8(-) T lymphocytes. The relative expression of genes encoding selected cytokines/chemokines was evaluated in samples from healthy and pyometra-affected uteri. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-17 and IFN-γ) and chemokines (including CXCL10, CCL4 and CCL5) was upregulated in pyometra samples confirming the presence of inflammation. In contrast, the expression of the homeostatic chemokine CCL25 and of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was downregulated and unchanged, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bartoskova
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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Deo A, Carlsson J, Lindlöf A. How to choose a normalization strategy for miRNA quantitative real-time (qPCR) arrays. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2012; 9:795-812. [PMID: 22084014 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720011005793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Low-density arrays for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) are increasingly being used as an experimental technique for miRNA expression profiling. As with gene expression profiling using microarrays, data from such experiments needs effective analysis methods to produce reliable and high-quality results. In the pre-processing of the data, one crucial analysis step is normalization, which aims to reduce measurement errors and technical variability among arrays that might have arisen during the execution of the experiments. However, there are currently a number of different approaches to choose among and an unsuitable applied method may induce misleading effects, which could affect the subsequent analysis steps and thereby any conclusions drawn from the results. The choice of normalization method is hence an important issue to consider. In this study we present the comparison of a number of data-driven normalization methods for TaqMan low-density arrays for qPCR and different descriptive statistical techniques that can facilitate the choice of normalization method. The performance of the normalization methods was assessed and compared against each other as well as against standard normalization using endogenous controls. The results clearly show that the data-driven methods reduce variation and represent robust alternatives to using endogenous controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Deo
- Systems Biology Research Centre, University of Skövde, Box 408 Skövde, 541 28, Sweden.
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Roque JB, O'Leary CA, Kyaw-Tanner M, Duffy DL, Shipstone M. Real-time PCR quantification of the canine filaggrin orthologue in the skin of atopic and non-atopic dogs: a pilot study. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:554. [PMID: 22188733 PMCID: PMC3339370 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease associated with defects in the epidermal barrier, particularly in West Highland white terriers (WHWTs). It shares many similarities with human AD, and so may be a useful animal model for this disease. Epidermal dysfunction in human AD can be caused by mutations in the gene encoding the epidermal protein filaggrin (FLG) and, in some atopic patients, be associated with altered FLG mRNA and protein expression in lesional and/or non-lesional skin. In experimental models of canine AD, mRNA expression of the orthologous canine filaggrin gene may be reduced in non-lesional skin compared with healthy controls. However, there is no published data on canine filaggrin mRNA expression in the skin of dogs with naturally-occurring AD. Hence, the aim of this pilot study was to develop a reverse transcriptase real-time PCR assay to compare filaggrin mRNA expression in the skin of atopic (n = 7) and non-atopic dogs (n = 5) from five breeds, including eight WHWTs. FINDINGS Overall, filaggrin mRNA expression in non-lesional atopic skin was decreased compared to non-lesional non-atopic skin (two fold change); however this difference was only statistically significant in the subgroup of WHWTs (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Although limited by the small sample size, these results indicate that, comparable to some cases of human AD, altered filaggrin mRNA expression may exist in the skin of some atopic dogs with naturally-occurring disease. Additional studies, including larger sample numbers, will be necessary to confirm this finding and to investigate whether mutations in the filaggrin gene exist and contribute to epidermal lesions of AD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Barros Roque
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Caroline A O'Leary
- Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4069, Australia
| | - Myat Kyaw-Tanner
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - David L Duffy
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Michael Shipstone
- Dermatology for Animals, Stafford Heights, Queensland 4053, Australia
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Peletto S, Bertuzzi S, Campanella C, Modesto P, Maniaci MG, Bellino C, Ariello D, Quasso A, Caramelli M, Acutis PL. Evaluation of internal reference genes for quantitative expression analysis by real-time PCR in ovine whole blood. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7732-47. [PMID: 22174628 PMCID: PMC3233434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12117732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of reference genes is commonly accepted as the most reliable approach to normalize qRT-PCR and to reduce possible errors in the quantification of gene expression. The most suitable reference genes in sheep have been identified for a restricted range of tissues, but no specific data on whole blood are available. The aim of this study was to identify a set of reference genes for normalizing qRT-PCR from ovine whole blood. We designed 11 PCR assays for commonly employed reference genes belonging to various functional classes and then determined their expression stability in whole blood samples from control and disease-stressed sheep. SDHA and YWHAZ were considered the most suitable internal controls as they were stably expressed regardless of disease status according to both geNorm and NormFinder software; furthermore, geNorm indicated SDHA/HPRT, YWHAZ/GAPDH and SDHA/YWHAZ as the best reference gene combinations in control, disease-stressed and combined sheep groups, respectively. Our study provides a validated panel of optimal control genes which may be useful for the identification of genes differentially expressed by qRT-PCR in a readily accessible tissue, with potential for discovering new physiological and disease markers and as a tool to improve production traits (e.g., by identifying expression Quantitative Trait Loci). An additional outcome of the study is a set of intron-spanning primer sequences suitable for gene expression experiments employing SYBR Green chemistry on other ovine tissues and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Peletto
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (S.B.); (C.C.); (P.M.); (M.G.M.); (M.C.); (P.L.A.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-011-2686245; Fax: +39-011-2686322
| | - Simone Bertuzzi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (S.B.); (C.C.); (P.M.); (M.G.M.); (M.C.); (P.L.A.)
| | - Chiara Campanella
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (S.B.); (C.C.); (P.M.); (M.G.M.); (M.C.); (P.L.A.)
| | - Paola Modesto
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (S.B.); (C.C.); (P.M.); (M.G.M.); (M.C.); (P.L.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Maniaci
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (S.B.); (C.C.); (P.M.); (M.G.M.); (M.C.); (P.L.A.)
| | - Claudio Bellino
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Dario Ariello
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale TO3, Sanità Animale, 10098 Rivoli, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Antonio Quasso
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale AT, Sanità Animale, 14100 Asti, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Maria Caramelli
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (S.B.); (C.C.); (P.M.); (M.G.M.); (M.C.); (P.L.A.)
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; E-Mails: (S.B.); (C.C.); (P.M.); (M.G.M.); (M.C.); (P.L.A.)
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Kukekova AV, Johnson JL, Teiling C, Li L, Oskina IN, Kharlamova AV, Gulevich RG, Padte R, Dubreuil MM, Vladimirova AV, Shepeleva DV, Shikhevich SG, Sun Q, Ponnala L, Temnykh SV, Trut LN, Acland GM. Sequence comparison of prefrontal cortical brain transcriptome from a tame and an aggressive silver fox (Vulpes vulpes). BMC Genomics 2011; 12:482. [PMID: 21967120 PMCID: PMC3199282 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two strains of the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes), with markedly different behavioral phenotypes, have been developed by long-term selection for behavior. Foxes from the tame strain exhibit friendly behavior towards humans, paralleling the sociability of canine puppies, whereas foxes from the aggressive strain are defensive and exhibit aggression to humans. To understand the genetic differences underlying these behavioral phenotypes fox-specific genomic resources are needed. Results cDNA from mRNA from pre-frontal cortex of a tame and an aggressive fox was sequenced using the Roche 454 FLX Titanium platform (> 2.5 million reads & 0.9 Gbase of tame fox sequence; >3.3 million reads & 1.2 Gbase of aggressive fox sequence). Over 80% of the fox reads were assembled into contigs. Mapping fox reads against the fox transcriptome assembly and the dog genome identified over 30,000 high confidence fox-specific SNPs. Fox transcripts for approximately 14,000 genes were identified using SwissProt and the dog RefSeq databases. An at least 2-fold expression difference between the two samples (p < 0.05) was observed for 335 genes, fewer than 3% of the total number of genes identified in the fox transcriptome. Conclusions Transcriptome sequencing significantly expanded genomic resources available for the fox, a species without a sequenced genome. In a very cost efficient manner this yielded a large number of fox-specific SNP markers for genetic studies and provided significant insights into the gene expression profile of the fox pre-frontal cortex; expression differences between the two fox samples; and a catalogue of potentially important gene-specific sequence variants. This result demonstrates the utility of this approach for developing genomic resources in species with limited genomic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Kukekova
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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