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Sensitivity of Anaplasma marginale genotypes to oxytetracycline assessed by analyzing the msp1α gene in experimentally infected cattle. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101787. [PMID: 34284322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the long-acting oxytetracycline (OTC) treatment on A. marginale genotypes of the isolate S1P, by analyzing the msp1α genotype based on a microsatellite (ms) and tandem repeat sequences (TRS) located at the 5´ end of the gene. DNA samples were obtained from a longitudinal study of chemosterilization; 10 2-year-old steers were experimentally infected with blood from a splenectomized calf inoculated with the A. marginale isolate S1P. All the steers had received a first dose of 20 mg kg-1 OTC to treat acute disease, and once recovered all steers received a sterilizing treatment based on three doses of 20 mg kg-1 OTC 7 days apart. Blood from two steers not sterilized by the treatment was inoculated into two splenectomized calves (receptors) 104 days after treatment. DNA samples (S) used for msp1α amplification were obtained from i) the donor calf (S0), ii) 10 steers during acute disease (S1), after the first antibiotic treatment (S2), and after the chemosterilization procedure (S3 and S4), and iii) two receptor calves (S5). Thirty clones from the donor calf and at least 5 clones from the other DNA samples were analyzed. The genotype E/αββββГ msp1α identified in the donor calf and steers, before OTC treatment, was not detected either in steers that continued infected after the sterilizing treatment or in the receptor calves, in which only genotype C/EϕFF msp1α was observed. These results highlight the existence of A. marginale genotypes with different sensitivity to OTC and the importance of other variables to successfully sterilize the carriers.
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Silvestre BT, Silveira JAGD, Facury-Filho EJ, Carvalho AÚD, Versiani AF, Estevam LGTDM, Araújo MSS, Martins-Filho OA, Negrão-Corrêa DA, Ribeiro MFB. Immune response and biochemistry of calves immunized with rMSP1a ( Anaplasma marginale) using carbon nanotubes as carrier molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 27:191-202. [PMID: 29846449 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against Anaplasma marginale has been considered an important control strategy for bovine anaplasmosis. Recently, mice immunized with rMSP1 a linked to carbon nanotubes (MWNT) showed significant immune responses, generating a new possibility for use of an inactivated vaccine. The objective of this study was to investigate the cellular and humoral responses in calves immunized with MWNT+rMSP1a , associated with inactivated vaccine of A. marginale produced in vitro, and evaluate the toxic effects of the MWNT on renal and hepatic function. rMSP1a was covalently linked to MWNT. Inactivated vaccine (AmUFMG2) was produced by cultivating A. marginale in IDE8 cells. Twenty-four Holstein calves were divided (four groups) and immunized subcutaneously with PBS and non-carboxylated MWNT (control, G1), AmUFMG2 (G2), MWNT+rMSP1a (G3), and AmUFMG2 with MWNT+rMSP1a (G4). Blood samples were collected for total leukocyte counts, biochemical profiling and evaluation of the cellular and humoral response. Immunization with MWNT+rMSP1a induced increase in the total number of leukocytes, NK cells, in the lymphocyte populations and higher levels of antibodies compared to calves immunized only with AmUFMG2. Furthermore, MWNT did not induce changes in the biochemical profile. These data indicate that MWNT+rMSP1a were able to induce the immune responses more efficiently than AmUFMG2 alone, without generating toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Torres Silvestre
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Elias Jorge Facury-Filho
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Antônio Último de Carvalho
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Alice Freitas Versiani
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Deborah Aparecida Negrão-Corrêa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Múcio Flávio Barbosa Ribeiro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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3
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Contreras M, Alberdi P, Mateos-Hernández L, Fernández de Mera IG, García-Pérez AL, Vancová M, Villar M, Ayllón N, Cabezas-Cruz A, Valdés JJ, Stuen S, Gortazar C, de la Fuente J. Anaplasma phagocytophilum MSP4 and HSP70 Proteins Are Involved in Interactions with Host Cells during Pathogen Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:307. [PMID: 28725639 PMCID: PMC5496961 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum transmembrane and surface proteins play a role during infection and multiplication in host neutrophils and tick vector cells. Recently, A. phagocytophilum Major surface protein 4 (MSP4) and Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) were shown to be localized on the bacterial membrane, with a possible role during pathogen infection in ticks. In this study, we hypothesized that A. phagocytophilum MSP4 and HSP70 have similar functions in tick-pathogen and host-pathogen interactions. To address this hypothesis, herein we characterized the role of these bacterial proteins in interaction and infection of vertebrate host cells. The results showed that A. phagocytophilum MSP4 and HSP70 are involved in host-pathogen interactions, with a role for HSP70 during pathogen infection. The analysis of the potential protective capacity of MSP4 and MSP4-HSP70 antigens in immunized sheep showed that MSP4-HSP70 was only partially protective against pathogen infection. This limited protection may be associated with several factors, including the recognition of non-protective epitopes by IgG in immunized lambs. Nevertheless, these antigens may be combined with other candidate protective antigens for the development of vaccines for the control of human and animal granulocytic anaplasmosis. Focusing on the characterization of host protective immune mechanisms and protein-protein interactions at the host-pathogen interface may lead to the discovery and design of new effective protective antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateos-Hernández
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain
| | - Isabel G Fernández de Mera
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana L García-Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario (NEIKER)Derio, Spain
| | - Marie Vancová
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of ParasitologyČeské Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain
| | - Nieves Ayllón
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of ParasitologyČeské Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice, Czechia.,UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, INRA, ANSES, ENVAMaisons Alfort, France
| | - James J Valdés
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of ParasitologyČeské Budějovice, Czechia.,Department of Virology, Veterinary Research InstituteBrno, Czechia
| | - Snorre Stuen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life SciencesSandnes, Norway
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-UCLM-JCCMCiudad Real, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK, United States
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Atif FA. Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum: Rickettsiales pathogens of veterinary and public health significance. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3941-57. [PMID: 26346451 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are the most important tick-borne bacteria of veterinary and public health significance in the family Anaplasmataceae. The objective of current review is to provide knowledge on ecology and epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum and compare major similarities and differences of A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum. Bovine anaplasmosis is globally distributed tick-borne disease of livestock with great economic importance in cattle industry. A. phagocytophilum, a cosmopolitan zoonotic tick transmitted pathogen of wide mammalian hosts. The infection in domestic animals is generally referred as tick-borne fever. Concurrent infections exist in ticks, domestic and wild animals in same geographic area. All age groups are susceptible, but the prevalence increases with age. Movement of susceptible domestic animals from tick free non-endemic regions to disease endemic regions is the major risk factor of bovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever. Recreational activities or any other high-risk tick exposure habits as well as blood transfusion are important risk factors of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. After infection, individuals remain life-long carriers. Clinical anaplasmosis is usually diagnosed upon examination of stained blood smears. Generally, detection of serum antibodies followed by molecular diagnosis is usually recommended. There are problems of sensitivity and cross-reactivity with both the Anaplasma species during serological tests. Tetracyclines are the drugs of choice for treatment and elimination of anaplasmosis in animals and humans. Universal vaccine is not available for either A. marginale or A. phagocytophilum, effective against geographically diverse strains. Major control measures for bovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever include rearing of tick-resistant breeds, endemic stability, breeding Anaplasma-free herds, identification of regional vectors, domestic/wild reservoirs and control, habitat modification, biological control, chemotherapy, and vaccinations (anaplasmosis and/or tick vaccination). Minimizing the tick exposure activities, identification and control of reservoirs are important control measures for human granulocytic anaplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Ahmad Atif
- Department of Animal Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan.
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Identification and Characterization of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Proteins Involved in Infection of the Tick Vector, Ixodes scapularis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137237. [PMID: 26340562 PMCID: PMC4560377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging zoonotic pathogen transmitted by Ixodes scapularis that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Here, a high throughput quantitative proteomics approach was used to characterize A. phagocytophilum proteome during rickettsial multiplication and identify proteins involved in infection of the tick vector, I. scapularis. The first step in this research was focused on tick cells infected with A. phagocytophilum and sampled at two time points containing 10–15% and 65–71% infected cells, respectively to identify key bacterial proteins over-represented in high percentage infected cells. The second step was focused on adult female tick guts and salivary glands infected with A. phagocytophilum to compare in vitro results with those occurring during bacterial infection in vivo. The results showed differences in the proteome of A. phagocytophilum in infected ticks with higher impact on protein synthesis and processing than on bacterial replication in tick salivary glands. These results correlated well with the developmental cycle of A. phagocytophilum, in which cells convert from an intracellular reticulated, replicative form to the nondividing infectious dense-core form. The analysis of A. phagocytophilum differentially represented proteins identified stress response (GroEL, HSP70) and surface (MSP4) proteins that were over-represented in high percentage infected tick cells and salivary glands when compared to low percentage infected cells and guts, respectively. The results demonstrated that MSP4, GroEL and HSP70 interact and bind to tick cells, thus playing a role in rickettsia-tick interactions. The most important finding of these studies is the increase in the level of certain bacterial stress response and surface proteins in A. phagocytophilum-infected tick cells and salivary glands with functional implication in tick-pathogen interactions. These results gave a new dimension to the role of these stress response and surface proteins during A. phagocytophilum infection in ticks. Characterization of Anaplasma proteome contributes information on host-pathogen interactions and provides targets for development of novel control strategies for pathogen infection and transmission.
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Use of Percoll gradients to purify Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) from tick cell cultures. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:511-5. [PMID: 24877977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) is an obligate intracellular bacterium that multiplies exclusively within membrane-bound vacuoles in the cytoplasm of host cells. A number of A. marginale isolates can be propagated in the Ixodes scapularis IDE8 tick cell line, which provides a reliable source of antigens for a wide variety of studies. However, because of its intracellular nature, separation of bacteria from host cell materials remains an important constraint for researchers. In the present study, we evaluated the use of Percoll gradients for purification of two Brazilian strains of A. marginale grown in IDE8 tick cells. The purified A. marginale monitored in Giemsa-stained smears contained only minimal amounts of IDE8 cell stroma. The total protein yields were 1.2mg and 1.7mg, while the DNA titers quantified with real-time PCR were 6.4×10(9) for UFMG1 and 4.87×10(9) for UFMG2 copies in the purified material, respectively. Additionally, we confirmed the viability of purified bacteria by infecting tick cells after being freshly purified and after retrieval from long-term storage. Importantly, the viability of the organisms is preserved after use of this separation method, and therefore the purified organisms can be used in enzymatic assays and other research approaches where live organisms would be preferred.
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Hammac GK, Pierlé SA, Cheng X, Scoles GA, Brayton KA. Global transcriptional analysis reveals surface remodeling of Anaplasma marginale in the tick vector. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:193. [PMID: 24751137 PMCID: PMC4022386 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogens dependent upon vectors for transmission to new hosts undergo environment specific changes in gene transcription dependent on whether they are replicating in the vector or the mammalian host. Differential gene transcription, especially of potential vaccine candidates, is of interest in Anaplasma marginale, the tick-borne causative agent of bovine anaplasmosis. METHODS RNA-seq technology allowed a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional status of A. marginale genes in two conditions: bovine host blood and tick derived cell culture, a model for the tick vector. Quantitative PCR was used to assess transcription of a set of genes in A. marginale infected tick midguts and salivary glands at two time points during the transmission cycle. RESULTS Genes belonging to fourteen pathways or component groups were found to be differentially transcribed in A. marginale in the bovine host versus the tick vector. One of the most significantly altered groups was composed of surface proteins. Of the 56 genes included in the surface protein group, eight were up regulated and 26 were down regulated. The down regulated surface protein encoding genes include several that are well studied due to their immunogenicity and function. Quantitative PCR of a set of genes demonstrated that transcription in tick cell culture most closely approximates transcription in salivary glands of recently infected ticks. CONCLUSIONS The ISE6 tick cell culture line is an acceptable model for early infection in tick salivary glands, and reveals disproportionate down regulation of surface protein genes in the tick. Transcriptional profiling in other cell lines may help us simulate additional microenvironments. Understanding vector-specific alteration of gene transcription, especially of surface protein encoding genes, may aid in the development of vaccines or transmission blocking therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kelly A Brayton
- Program in Genomics, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Paul G, Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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Kenneil R, Shkap V, Leibovich B, Zweygarth E, Pfister K, Ribeiro MFB, Passos LMF. Cross-protection between geographically distinct Anaplasma marginale isolates appears to be constrained by limited antibody responses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 60 Suppl 2:97-104. [PMID: 24589108 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rickettsia Anaplasma marginale causes the haemolytic disease bovine anaplasmosis, an economic problem in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. The closely related but less pathogenic Anaplasma centrale is commonly used as a live vaccine to prevent anaplasmosis, but it can only be produced from infected blood. UFMG1 is a low pathogenic Brazilian strain of A. marginale, which has been shown to protect cattle against a high pathogenic Brazilian isolate. As UFMG1 can be grown in tick cells, the strain was proposed as a possible cell culture-derived vaccine. We have evaluated whether UFMG1 could protect cattle against a geographically distant heterologous strain, using A. centrale vaccination as a standard for comparison. Trial calves were infected with UFMG1, A. centrale or PBS. UFMG1-infected animals were more symptomatic than those infected with A. centrale, but none required treatment. All calves were then challenged with the Israeli A. marginale Gonen strain (one of the most prevalent strain in Israel). The A. centrale group had the mildest symptoms, while UFMG1 and control groups both had a more severe response. Nevertheless, the challenge did not cause life-threatening disease in any group. Animals infected with A. centrale had a significantly higher IgG response than UFMG1, when measured in an ELISA against initial bodies from their homologous strain or Gonen. The level of cross-reactivity of the response to initial infection correlated significantly with reduced symptoms after challenge. In conclusion, UFMG1 had limited effect in preventing disease by the geographically distant heterologous Gonen strain. While the low pathogenicity of the Gonen strain in this trial makes it impossible to conclusively state that UFMG1 would have given no protective effect against more serious disease, the comparatively low IgG response to UFMG1 suggests it would not have been as effective as A. centrale.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kenneil
- Institute for Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
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Lasmar PVF, Carvalho AÚD, Facury Filho EJ, Bastos CV, Ribeiro MFB. Evaluating the effectiveness of an inactivated vaccine from Anaplasma marginale derived from tick cell culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:112-7. [PMID: 22832750 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The protective efficacy of an inactivated vaccine from Anaplasma marginale that was cultured in tick cells (IDE8) for use against bovine anaplasmosis was evaluated. Five calves (Group 1) were inoculated subcutaneously, at 21-day intervals, with three doses of vaccine containing 3 × 10(9) A. marginale initial bodies. Five control calves received saline solution alone (Group 2). Thirty-two days after the final inoculation, all the calves were challenged with approximately 3 × 10(5) erythrocytes infected with A. marginale high-virulence isolate (UFMG2). The Group 1 calves seroconverted 14 days after the second dose of vaccine. After the challenge, all the animals showed patent rickettsemia. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the Group 1 and 2 calves during the incubation period, patency period or convalescence period. All the animals required treatment to prevent death. The results suggest that the inactivated vaccine from A. marginale produced in IDE8 induced seroconversion in calves, but was not effective for preventing anaplasmosis induced by the UFMG2 isolate under the conditions of this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Veloso Facury Lasmar
- Departamento de Clínica da Escola de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Passos LMF. In vitro cultivation of Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum in tick cell lines: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:81-6. [PMID: 22832744 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Continuous cell lines have been established from several ixodid and argasid tick species, representing an excellent tool suitable for the isolation of pathogens and their subsequent propagation, which in turn allows the production of antigenic material for diagnostic tests, antibody and vaccine production, and also for studies on host-vector-pathogen relationships. This paper reviews the use of tick cells for culture initiation and maintenance of two obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens, Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. These in vitro cultivation systems have been used in a wide range of studies, covering morphological ultrastructural analysis, genetics, proteomics and biological differences between strains, including genome transcriptional and protein expression approaches, enabling comparisons between host and vector cells. Thus, such systems open a new window for a better understanding of interactions between pathogens and tick cells. Last but not least, such systems contribute to the reduction in usage of animals for experimental research, as antigenic material can be produced in reasonably large quantities without the use of in vivo species-specific systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia Maria Friche Passos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Instituto Nacional em Ciência e Tecnologia--Informação Genético-Sanitária da Pecuária Brasileira, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Investigation of endothelial cells as an in vivo nidus of Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:264-73. [PMID: 21680112 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Continuous culture of Anaplasma marginale in endothelial cells and the potential implications for vaccine development heightened interest in determining the importance of endothelial cells in the A. marginale life cycle. A. marginale-infection trials were performed to determine if endothelial cells are an in vivo host cell in cattle and if A. marginale from in vitro endothelial cells were infective to cattle. Adult, immunocompetent steers were infected by tick-feeding transmission and were euthanized at different points in the parasitemic cycle. Based on quantitative PCR, the tissue distribution of A. marginale DNA during peak and trough parasitemia was variable with higher quantities observed in spleen, lung, hemal nodes, and abomasum. A. marginale was not conclusively identified in tissue endothelial cells from the steers' tick-bitten dermis or post-mortem tissues using three microscopy techniques (dual indirect immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and in situ DNA target-primed rolling-circle amplification of a padlock probe). Intravenous inoculation of spleen-intact or splenectomized calves with endothelial cell culture-derived VA isolate A. marginale did not cause seroconversion or clinical anaplasmosis regardless of whether the endothelial culture-derived bacteria were inoculated as host cell-free organisms or within endothelial cells and regardless of the type of endothelial cell culture used - RF/6A primate endothelial cells or primary bovine testicular vein endothelial cells. Data presented here suggest that endothelial cells are likely not a pivotal component of the A. marginale life cycle in vivo.
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Expression of Anaplasma marginale ankyrin repeat-containing proteins during infection of the mammalian host and tick vector. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2847-55. [PMID: 21576345 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05097-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of tick-borne pathogens requires transition between distinct host environments with infection and replication in host-specific cell types. Anaplasma marginale illustrates this transition: in the mammalian host, the bacterium infects and replicates in mature (nonnucleated) erythrocytes, while in the tick vector, replication occurs in nucleated epithelial cells. We hypothesized that proteins containing ankyrin motifs would be expressed by A. marginale only in tick cells and would traffic to the infected host cell nucleus. A. marginale encodes three proteins containing ankyrin motifs, an AnkA orthologue (the AM705 protein), AnkB (the AM926 protein), and AnkC (the AM638 protein). All three A. marginale Anks were confirmed to be expressed during intracellular infection: AnkA is expressed at significantly higher levels in erythrocytes, AnkB is expressed equally by both infected erythrocytes and tick cells, and AnkC is expressed exclusively in tick cells. There was no evidence of any of the Ank proteins trafficking to the nucleus. Thus, the hypothesis that ankyrin-containing motifs were predictive of cell type expression and nuclear localization was rejected. In contrast, AnkA orthologues in the closely related A. phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis have been shown to localize to the host cell nucleus. This difference, together with the lack of a nuclear localization signal in any of the AnkA orthologues, suggests that trafficking may be mediated by a separate transporter rather than by endogenous signals. Selection for divergence in Ank function among Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. is supported by both locus and allelic analyses of genes encoding orthologous proteins and their ankyrin motif compositions.
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Identification of Anaplasma marginale proteins specifically upregulated during colonization of the tick vector. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3047-52. [PMID: 20439479 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00300-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition between infection of the mammalian host and colonization of an arthropod vector is required for the ongoing transmission of a broad array of pathogens, from viruses to protozoa. Understanding how this transition is mediated provides opportunities to disrupt transmission through either chemotherapy or immunization. We used an unbiased proteomic screen to identify Anaplasma marginale proteins specifically upregulated in the tick compared to the mammalian host. Comparative mass spectrometric analysis of proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of uninfected and infected ISE6 cells and infected mammalian cells identified 15 proteins exclusively expressed or upregulated in tick cells. All 15 had originally been annotated as hypothetical proteins. We confirmed quantitative upregulation and expression in situ within the midgut epithelial and salivary gland acinar cells of vector ticks during successful transmission. The results support the hypothesis that A. marginale gene expression is regulated by the specific host environment and, in a broader context, that the core genome evolved in the arthropod vector with differential regulation, allowing adaptation to mammalian hosts. Furthermore, the confirmation of the in situ expression of candidates identified in ISE6 cell lines indicates that this approach may be widely applicable to bacteria in the genera Anaplasma and Ehrlichia, removing a major technical impediment to the identification of new targets for vaccine and chemotherapeutic blocking of transmission.
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de la Fuente J, Kocan KM, Blouin EF, Zivkovic Z, Naranjo V, Almazán C, Esteves E, Jongejan F, Daffre S, Mangold AJ. Functional genomics and evolution of tick-Anaplasma interactions and vaccine development. Vet Parasitol 2009; 167:175-86. [PMID: 19819630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) includes several tick-transmitted pathogens that impact veterinary and human health. Tick-borne pathogens cycle between tick vectors and vertebrate hosts and their interaction is mediated by molecular mechanisms at the tick-pathogen interface. These mechanisms have evolved characteristics that involve traits from both the tick vector and the pathogen to insure their mutual survival. Herein, we review the information obtained from functional genomics and genetic studies to characterize the tick-Anaplasma interface and evolution of A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum. Anaplasma and tick genes and proteins involved in tick-pathogen interactions were characterized. The results of these studies demonstrated that common and Anaplasma species-specific molecular mechanism occur by which pathogen and tick cell gene expression mediates or limits Anaplasma developmental cycle and trafficking through ticks. These results have advanced our understanding of the biology of tick-Anaplasma interactions and have opened new avenues for the development of improved methods for the control of tick infestations and the transmission of tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Estrada-Peña A, Naranjo V, Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Mangold AJ, Kocan KM, de la Fuente J. Phylogeographic analysis reveals association of tick-borne pathogen, Anaplasma marginale, MSP1a sequences with ecological traits affecting tick vector performance. BMC Biol 2009; 7:57. [PMID: 19723295 PMCID: PMC2741432 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-7-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma marginale, which is endemic worldwide, is the type species of the genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae). Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most important tick vector of A. marginale in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Despite extensive characterization of the genetic diversity in A. marginale geographic strains using major surface protein sequences, little is known about the biogeography and evolution of A. marginale and other Anaplasma species. For A. marginale, MSP1a was shown to be involved in vector-pathogen and host-pathogen interactions and to have evolved under positive selection pressure. The MSP1a of A. marginale strains differs in molecular weight because of a variable number of tandem 23-31 amino acid repeats and has proven to be a stable marker of strain identity. While phylogenetic studies of MSP1a repeat sequences have shown evidence of A. marginale-tick co-evolution, these studies have not provided phylogeographic information on a global scale because of the high level of MSP1a genetic diversity among geographic strains. Results In this study we showed that the phylogeography of A. marginale MSP1a sequences is associated with world ecological regions (ecoregions) resulting in different evolutionary pressures and thence MSP1a sequences. The results demonstrated that the MSP1a first (R1) and last (RL) repeats and microsatellite sequences were associated with world ecoregion clusters with specific and different environmental envelopes. The evolution of R1 repeat sequences was found to be under positive selection. It is hypothesized that the driving environmental factors regulating tick populations could act on the selection of different A. marginale MSP1a sequence lineages, associated to each ecoregion. Conclusion The results reported herein provided the first evidence that the evolution of A. marginale was linked to ecological traits affecting tick vector performance. These results suggested that some A. marginale strains have evolved under conditions that support pathogen biological transmission by R. microplus, under different ecological traits which affect performance of R. microplus populations. The evolution of other A. marginale strains may be linked to transmission by other tick species or to mechanical transmission in regions where R. microplus is currently eradicated. The information derived from this study is fundamental toward understanding the evolution of other vector-borne pathogens.
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Peddireddi L, Cheng C, Ganta RR. Promoter analysis of macrophage- and tick cell-specific differentially expressed Ehrlichia chaffeensis p28-Omp genes. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:99. [PMID: 19454021 PMCID: PMC2694197 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ehrlichia chaffeensis is a rickettsial agent responsible for an emerging tick-borne illness, human monocytic ehrlichiosis. Recently, we reported that E. chaffeensis protein expression is influenced by macrophage and tick cell environments. We also demonstrated that host response differs considerably for macrophage and tick cell-derived bacteria with delayed clearance of the pathogen originating from tick cells. RESULTS In this study, we mapped differences in the promoter regions of two genes of p28-Omp locus, genes 14 and 19, whose expression is influenced by macrophage and tick cell environments. Primer extension and quantitative RT-PCR analysis were performed to map transcription start sites and to demonstrate that E. chaffeensis regulates transcription in a host cell-specific manner. Promoter regions of genes 14 and 19 were evaluated to map differences in gene expression and to locate RNA polymerase binding sites. CONCLUSION RNA analysis and promoter deletion analysis aided in identifying differences in transcription, DNA sequences that influenced promoter activity and RNA polymerase binding regions. This is the first description of a transcriptional machinery of E. chaffeensis. In the absence of available genetic manipulation systems, the promoter analysis described in this study can serve as a novel molecular tool for mapping the molecular basis for gene expression differences in E. chaffeensis and other related pathogens belonging to the Anaplasmataceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Peddireddi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale strains from an outbreak of bovine anaplasmosis in an endemic area. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bell-Sakyi L, Zweygarth E, Blouin EF, Gould EA, Jongejan F. Tick cell lines: tools for tick and tick-borne disease research. Trends Parasitol 2007; 23:450-7. [PMID: 17662657 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over 40 cell lines are currently available from 13 ixodid and one argasid tick species. The successful isolation and propagation of several economically important tick-borne pathogens in tick cell lines has created a useful model to study interactions between tick cells and these viral and bacterial disease agents. Tick cell lines have already proved to be a useful tool in helping to define the complex nature of the host-vector-pathogen relationship. With the availability of genomics tools, tick cell lines will become increasingly important as a complement to tick and tick-borne disease research in vivo once genetic transformation and gene silencing using RNA interference become routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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de la Fuente J, Ayoubi P, Blouin EF, Almazán C, Naranjo V, Kocan KM. Anaplasmosis: focusing on host-vector-pathogen interactions for vaccine development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1078:416-23. [PMID: 17114750 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1374.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophylum are intracellular rickettsiae that cause bovine anaplasmosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis, respectively. The ultimate vaccine for the control of anaplasmosis would be one that reduces infection and transmission of the pathogen by ticks. Effective vaccines for control of anaplasmosis are not available despite attempts using different approaches, such as attenuated strains, infected erythrocyte and tick cell-derived purified antigens, and recombinant pathogen and tick-derived proteins. Three lines of functional analyses were conducted by our laboratory to characterize host-tick-Anaplasma interactions to discover potential vaccine candidate antigens to control tick infestations and the infection and transmission of Anaplasma spp.: (1) characterization of A. marginale adhesins involved in infection and transmission of the pathogen, (2) global expression analysis of genes differentially expressed in HL-60 human promyelocytic cells in response to infection with A. phagocytophilum, and (3) identification and characterization of tick-protective antigens by expression library immunization (ELI) and analysis of expressed sequence tags (EST) in a mouse model of tick infestations and by RNA interference in ticks. These experiments have resulted in the characterization of the A. marginale MSP1a as an adhesin for bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, providing support for its use as candidate vaccine antigen for the control of bovine . Microarray analysis of genes differentially expressed in human cells infected with A. phagocytophilum identified key molecules involved in pathogen infection and multiplication. The screening for tick-protective antigens resulted in vaccine candidates reducing tick infestation, molting, and oviposition and affecting Anaplasma infection levels in ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Macaluso KR, Mulenga A, Simser JA, Azad AF. Characterization of Dermacentor variabilis molecules associated with Rickettsial infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1078:384-8. [PMID: 17114746 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1374.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To ultimately define the virulence factors of rickettsiae, an understanding of the biology of the organism is essential. Comprehension of the pathogen-human interaction is critical to the development of control measures; and, in the case of vector-borne diseases, the role of the vector in maintaining and transmitting pathogens to vertebrate hosts is crucial to ultimate control. Recent studies have identified tick molecules that are likely involved in the tick-rickettsiae interchange, including tick response to infection and possible molecules exploited by rickettsiae during transmission events. We have further characterized several tick-derived molecules, including a histamine release factor, serine proteases, and lysozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Macaluso
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, SVM-3213, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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de la Fuente J, Ruybal P, Mtshali MS, Naranjo V, Shuqing L, Mangold AJ, Rodríguez SD, Jiménez R, Vicente J, Moretta R, Torina A, Almazán C, Mbati PM, de Echaide ST, Farber M, Rosario-Cruz R, Gortazar C, Kocan KM. Analysis of world strains of Anaplasma marginale using major surface protein 1a repeat sequences. Vet Microbiol 2007; 119:382-90. [PMID: 17084044 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne pathogen of cattle that causes the disease bovine anaplasmosis worldwide. Major surface proteins (MSPs) are involved in host-pathogen and tick-pathogen interactions and have been used as markers for the genetic characterization of A. marginale strains and phylogenetic studies. MSP1a is involved in the adhesion and transmission of A. marginale by ticks and varies among geographic strains in the number and sequence of amino-terminal tandem repeats. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of A. marginale strains collected from countries in North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia, inclusive of all continents. In this study, we characterized 131 strains of A. marginale using 79 MSP1a repeat sequences. These results corroborated the genetic heterogeneity of A. marginale strains in endemic regions worldwide. The phylogenetic analyses of MSP1a repeat sequences did not result in clusters according to the geographic origin of A. marginale strains but provided phylogeographic information. Seventy-eight percent of the MSP1a repeat sequences were present in strains from a single geographic region. Strong (> or =80%) support was found for clusters containing sequences from Italian, Spanish, Chinese, Argentinean and South American strains. The phylogenetic analyses of MSP1a repeat sequences suggested tick-pathogen co-evolution and provided evidence of multiple introductions of A. marginale strains from various geographic locations worldwide. These results contribute to the understanding of the genetic diversity and evolution of A. marginale and tick-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
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22
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Ganta RR, Cheng C, Miller EC, McGuire BL, Peddireddi L, Sirigireddy KR, Chapes SK. Differential clearance and immune responses to tick cell-derived versus macrophage culture-derived Ehrlichia chaffeensis in mice. Infect Immun 2007; 75:135-45. [PMID: 17060466 PMCID: PMC1828415 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01127-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by a tick-transmitted rickettsia, Ehrlichia chaffeensis. We recently reported that E. chaffeensis grown in tick cells expresses different proteins than bacteria grown in macrophages. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that immune responses against E. chaffeensis would be different if the mice are challenged with bacteria grown in macrophages or tick cells. We assessed the E. chaffeensis clearance from the peritoneum, spleen, and liver by C57BL/6J mice using a TaqMan-based real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. Macrophage-grown E. chaffeensis was cleared in 2 weeks from the peritoneum, whereas the pathogen from tick cells persisted for nine additional days and included three relapses of increasing bacterial load separated by three-day intervals. Tick cell-grown bacteria also persisted in the livers and spleens with higher bacterial loads compared to macrophage-grown bacteria and fluctuated over a period of 35 days. Three-day periodic cycles were detected in T-cell CD62L/CD44 ratios in the spleen and bone marrow in response to infections with both tick cell- and macrophage-grown bacteria and were accompanied by similar periodic cycles of spleen cell cytokine secretions and nitric oxide and interleukin-6 by peritoneal macrophages. The E. chaffeensis-specific immunoglobulin G response was considerably higher and steadily increased in mice infected with the tick cell-derived E. chaffeensis compared to DH82-grown bacteria. In addition, antigens detected by the immunoglobulins were significantly different between mice infected with the E. chaffeensis originating from tick cells or macrophages. The differences in the immune response to tick cell-grown bacteria compared to macrophage-grown bacteria reflected a delay in the shift of gene expression from the tick cell-specific Omp 14 gene to the macrophage-specific Omp 19 gene. These data suggest that the host response to E. chaffeensis depends on the source of the bacteria and that this experimental model requires the most natural inoculum possible to allow for a realistic understanding of host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman R Ganta
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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de la Fuente J, Lew A, Lutz H, Meli ML, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Shkap V, Molad T, Mangold AJ, Almazán C, Naranjo V, Gortázar C, Torina A, Caracappa S, García-Pérez AL, Barral M, Oporto B, Ceci L, Carelli G, Blouin EF, Kocan KM. Genetic diversity of anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development. Anim Health Res Rev 2005; 6:75-89. [PMID: 16164010 DOI: 10.1079/ahr2005104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) includes several pathogens of veterinary and human medical importance. An understanding of the diversity of Anaplasma major surface proteins (MSPs), including those MSPs that modulate infection, development of persistent infections, and transmission of pathogens by ticks, is derived in part, by characterization and phylogenetic analyses of geographic strains. Information concerning the genetic diversity of Anaplasma spp. MSPs will likely influence the development of serodiagnostic assays and vaccine strategies for the control of anaplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
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Bekker CPJ, Postigo M, Taoufik A, Bell-Sakyi L, Ferraz C, Martinez D, Jongejan F. Transcription analysis of the major antigenic protein 1 multigene family of three in vitro-cultured Ehrlichia ruminantium isolates. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:4782-91. [PMID: 15995193 PMCID: PMC1169525 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.14.4782-4791.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia ruminantium, an obligate intracellular bacterium transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma, causes heartwater disease in ruminants. The gene coding for the major antigenic protein MAP1 is part of a multigene family consisting of a cluster containing 16 paralogs. In the search for differentially regulated genes between E. ruminantium grown in endothelial and tick cell lines that could be used in vaccine development and to determine if differences in the map1 gene cluster exist between different isolates of E. ruminantium, we analyzed the map1 gene cluster of the Senegal and Gardel isolates of E. ruminantium. Both isolates contained the same number of genes, and the same organization as found in the genome sequence of the Welgevonden isolate (H. Van Heerden, N. E. Collins, K. A. Brayton, C. Rademeyer, and B. A. Allsopp, Gene 330:159-168, 2004). However, comparison of two subpopulations of the Gardel isolate maintained in different laboratories demonstrated that recombination between map1-3 and map1-2 had occurred in one subpopulation with deletion of one entire gene. Reverse transcription-PCR on E. ruminantium derived mRNA from infected cells using gene-specific primers revealed that all 16 map1 paralogs were transcribed in endothelial cells. In one vector (Amblyomma variegatum) and several nonvector tick cell lines infected with E. ruminantium, transcripts were found for between 4 and 11 paralogs. In all these cases the transcript for the map1-1 gene was detected and was predominant. Our results indicate that the map1 gene cluster is relatively conserved but can be subject to recombination, and differences in the transcription of map1 multigenes in host and vector cell environments exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis P J Bekker
- Division of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Sällström B, Andersson SGE. Genome reduction in the α-Proteobacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 2005; 8:579-85. [PMID: 16099701 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
More than 20 alpha-proteobacterial genomes are currently available. These range in size from 1-9 Mb and represent excellent model systems for evolutionary studies of the organizational features of bacterial genomes. Computational inferences have shown that genome reductions have occurred independently in lineages such as Rickettsia and Bartonella that are associated with intracellular lifestyles. Analyses of these reduced genomes have provided insights into the evolution of vector-borne transmission pathways. Further research into the population biology of bacteria, arthropods and vertebrate hosts will help to refine the biology of host-pathogen interactions and will facilitate the design of vaccines and vector-control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Sällström
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18C, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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Kocan KM, Yoshioka J, Sonenshine DE, de la Fuente J, Ceraul SM, Blouin EF, Almazán C. Capillary tube feeding system for studying tick-pathogen interactions of Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2005; 42:864-74. [PMID: 16366000 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/42.5.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A capillary tube feeding (CTF) system was adapted for studying the interaction between Dermacentor variabilis (Say) and the rickettsial cattle pathogen Anaplasma marginale Theiler. A. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks that begins in midguts and ends by transmission from salivary glands. In this CTF system, male D. variabilis were fed A. marginale-infected blood or cultured tick cells. Ticks that fed on highly rickettsemic calves developed midgut and salivary gland infections as detected by PCR, whereas ticks that were fed from capillary tubes on the same blood developed only midgut infections. An unexpected result of capillary tube feeding was that antibodies against the A. marginale adhesin, major surface protein la, enhanced midgut infections and caused cell culture-derived A. marginale to infect midguts. Another unexpected result was the infection of the midguts of the nonvector tick Amblyomma americanum (L.), after capillary tube feeding on infected bovine blood. The gut cell response of ticks to A. marginale, as determined from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profiles, did not differ when ticks were fed infected or uninfected cells from capillary tubes. Selected protein bands, as identified by tryptic digestion-mass spectrometry, contained mostly proteins of bovine origin, including bovine albumin, undigested alpha- and beta-chain hemoglobin and hemoglobin fragments. Although infection of ticks by A. marginale CTF system was not the same as infection by feeding on cattle, the results obtained demonstrated the potential use of this system for identifying aspects of pathogen-vector interactions that are not readily recognized in naturally feeding ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Kocan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA
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Garcia-Garcia JC, de la Fuente J, Kocan KM, Blouin EF, Halbur T, Onet VC, Saliki JT. Mapping of B-cell epitopes in the N-terminal repeated peptides of Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a and characterization of the humoral immune response of cattle immunized with recombinant and whole organism antigens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 98:137-51. [PMID: 15010223 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Revised: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Major surface protein (MSP) 1a of the genus type species Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) together with MSP1b forms the MSP1 complex. MSP1a has been shown to be involved in adhesion, infection and tick transmission of A. marginale, as well as to contribute to protective immunity in cattle. A differential antibody response to MSP1a and MSP1b was observed in cattle immunized with A. marginale derived from bovine erythrocytes (anti-MSP1a response) or cultured tick cells (anti-MSP1b response). In this study, we further characterized the MSP1a antibody response of cattle using several immunogens, including recombinant MSP1a (rMSP1a) protein, erythrocyte- or tick cell culture-derived A. marginale, or a combination of tick cell culture-derived A. marginale and rMSP1a. The MSP1a antibody response to all these immunogens was directed primarily against the N-terminal region of MSP1a that contains tandemly repeated peptides, whereas low antibody levels were detected against the C-terminal portion. Linear B-cell epitopes of MSP1a were mapped using synthetic peptides representing the entire sequence of the protein that were prepared by SPOT synthesis technology. Only two peptides in the N-terminal repeats were recognized by sera from immunized cattle. These peptides shared the sequence SSAGGQQQESS, which is likely to contain the linear B-cell epitope that was recognized by the pools of bovine sera. The average differential of antibody titers against MSP1a minus those against MSP1b correlated with lower percent reductions in PCV. A preferential antibody response to MSP1a was observed in cattle immunized with erythrocyte-derived, cell culture-derived plus rMSP1a or rMSP1a alone, and the percent reduction PCV was significantly lower in these cattle as compared with the other immunization groups. These results provide insight into the bovine antibody response against A. marginale and the role of MSP1a in protection of cattle against A. marginale infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA
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