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Bradbury RS, Streit A. Is strongyloidiasis a zoonosis from dogs? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220445. [PMID: 38008118 PMCID: PMC10676807 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis infection remains a major veterinary and public health challenge globally. This chronic and potentially lifelong disease has fatal outcomes in immunosuppressed people and dogs. Currently, the role of dogs in the transmission cycle of human strongyloidiasis remains enigmatic. While zoonotic transmission to humans from companion animals has been proposed, this has not been confirmed. Modern molecular methods have allowed greater opportunity to explore the genotypes of S. stercoralis in dogs and humans. Work thus far has demonstrated that at least two distinct lineages exist, one apparently confined to canine hosts and one found in canine, feline, human and non-human primate hosts. Although genotyping of dog and human isolates from the same village has demonstrated identical genotypes in both species, coprophagia of human waste by dogs confounds interpretation. It remains unclear if dogs act as a zoonotic reservoir for human infection, or vice versa, or if this occurs only in some regions of the world and not in others. These questions must be answered before effective control strategies for strongyloidiasis can be instituted. This review explores the evidence for and against cross-species transmission of S. stercoralis between dogs and humans and summarizes future directions for research in this area. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting Issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Bradbury
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Melbourne, Victoria 3806, Australia
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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Colella A, Buonfrate D, Lo Tempio F, Digiaro S, Recchia A, Greco B, Paradies P. Clinical insights to address canine strongyloidosis in daily practice. Top Companion Anim Med 2024; 60:100845. [PMID: 38184143 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2024.100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Canine strongyloidosis by Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic disease emerging in Europe, which represents both a veterinary clinical issue and a public health challenge because of the zoonotic potential. The disease, not yet frequent in Europe, could induce severe clinical signs in dogs; thus, an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are desirable. The aim of the present work is to retrospectively investigate the clinical and paraclinical findings in sick dogs naturally infected by S. stercoralis, with particular attention to ultrasound (US) changes at the gastrointestinal level. Twelve dogs were included in the study. The diagnosis was made by means of larval morphological identification on faecal samples and PCR. Most dogs presented with gastrointestinal signs; diarrhea and weight loss were the most common presenting complaint. Only one dog showed respiratory signs, associated to a parasitic cutaneous nodule. Hypoproteinaemia, anaemia, leucocytosis and an increase in alpha2-globulin fraction at serum protein electrophoresis were common (>50%) but not constant findings. The most reported US picture was a fluid-filled, distended, atonic small intestine mostly associated with altered wall layering, while the wall thickness commonly associated with chronic enteritis was only rarely reported. These changes, associated with other clinical and paraclinical alterations, could increase the suspicion of canine strongyloidosis and may direct clinicians to include strongyloidosis in the differential diagnosis of dogs with diarrhea. The histological examination at the intestinal level, available in five dogs, revealed the presence of parasites from the full-thickness biopsy, but not from the endoscopic biopsy. The critical points of diagnosis in clinical practice are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Colella
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, 37024, Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Lo Tempio
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Serena Digiaro
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Alessandra Recchia
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Beatrice Greco
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Paola Paradies
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy.
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Buonfrate D, Tamarozzi F, Paradies P, Watts MR, Bradbury RS, Bisoffi Z. The diagnosis of human and companion animal Strongyloides stercoralis infection: Challenges and solutions. A scoping review. Adv Parasitol 2022; 118:1-84. [PMID: 36088083 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is the infection caused by soil-transmitted nematodes of Strongyloides species, infecting humans and some animals. Strongyloides stercoralis is the species with most clinical and epidemiological relevance in humans and dogs, due to its high prevalence and its capacity of inducing a life-threatening hyperinfection. Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is challenging, due to the absence of a single reference standard test with high sensitivity and specificity, which also hampers the estimation of the accuracy of other diagnostic tests. In this chapter, we review the deployment and performance of the parasitological, immunological, molecular tests for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in humans and in dogs. Further, we comment the available evidence from genotyping studies that have addressed the zoonotic potential of S. stercoralis. Finally, we discuss the use of different diagnostic methods in relation to the purpose (i.e., screening, individual diagnosis, inclusion in a clinical trial) and the setting (endemic/non-endemic areas) and report the accuracy figures reported by systematic reviews on either parasitological, serological or molecular techniques published in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious Tropical diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy.
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious Tropical diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Paradies
- Department of Emergency and Organs Transplantation, Veterinary Section, Campus of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Matthew R Watts
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - New South Wales Health Pathology and Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard S Bradbury
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VC, Australia
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious Tropical diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Gorgani-firouzjaee T, Kalantari N, Chehrazi M, Ghaffari S, Shahdin S. Global prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis in dogs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Helminthol 2022; 96. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x21000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal parasitic helminth that mainly affects humans and dogs throughout the world. Canine strongyloidosis is generally characterized by asymptomatic infection, with fatal disease in cases of immunodeficiency. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs. Six electronic databases were searched for this purpose. The random effects model and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were applied to determine the overall and subgroup pooled prevalence. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. In total, 56 datasets from 50 studies from 1,202 peer-reviewed papers were included in the current meta-analysis. 20,627 dogs were assessed in 27 countries across six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. The global prevalence of S. stercoralis infection among dogs was 6% (95% CI 4–8%; 868/20,627). According to WHO regions, the estimated prevalence ranges 2% to 11% as follows: Western Pacific (11%, 0–31%); Africa (9%, 2–19%); America (6%, 3–11%); South-East Asia (5%, 1–13%)’ Europe (3%, 2–5%); and Eastern Mediterranean (2%, 0–6%). The pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis infection in dog owners was 7% (1–18%). The prevalence of S. stercoralis infection in studies based on serological assays was significantly higher than other techniques (29%, 20–39%). Younger female dogs, less than one year old, from rural areas had higher prevalence rates than their male counterparts, with no statistically significant differences. From this review, it is concluded that the low global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs may be strongly associated with low sensitivity diagnostic methods applied in most studies leading to the underestimation of infection rates. Therefore, the improvement of diagnostic techniques is recommended for precise evaluation of the disease.
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Eslahi AV, Hashemipour S, Olfatifar M, Houshmand E, Hajialilo E, Mahmoudi R, Badri M, Ketzis JK. Global prevalence and epidemiology of Strongyloides stercoralis in dogs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:21. [PMID: 35012614 PMCID: PMC8750836 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongyloides stercoralis, a soil-transmitted helminth, occurs in humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats and wild canids. The zoonotic potential between these hosts is not well understood with data available on prevalence primarily focused on humans. To increase knowledge on prevalence, this review and meta-analysis was performed to estimate the global status of S. stercoralis infections in dogs. METHODS Following the PRISMA guidelines, online literature published prior to November 2020 was obtained from multiple databases (Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar). Prevalence was calculated on a global and country level, by country income and climate, and in stray/animal shelter dogs versus owned dogs. Statistical analyses were conducted using R-software (version 3.6.1). RESULTS From 9428 articles, 61 met the inclusion criteria. The estimated pooled global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs was 6% (95% CI 3-9%). Infection was found to be the most prevalent in low-income countries with pooled prevalence of 22% (95% CI 10-36%). The highest pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs was related to regions with average temperature of 10-20 °C (6%; 95% CI 3-11%), an annual rainfall of 1001-1500 mm (9%; 95% CI 4-15%) and humidity of 40-75% (8%; 95% CI 4-13%). Prevalence was higher in stray and shelter dogs (11%; 95% CI 1-26%) than in owned dogs (3%; 95% CI 1-7%). CONCLUSIONS As with S. stercoralis in humans, higher prevalence in dogs is found in subtropical and tropical regions and lower-income countries, locations which also can have high dog populations. While this study presents the first estimated global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs, it is potentially an underestimation with 15 of 61 studies relying on diagnostic methods of lower sensitivity and a paucity of data from most locations. Standardized protocols (e.g. quantity of feces and number of samples for a Baermann) in future studies could improve reliability of results. More prevalence studies and raising veterinary awareness of S. stercoralis are needed for a One Health approach to protect humans and dogs from the impact of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sima Hashemipour
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Elham Houshmand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Guilan, Iran
| | - Elham Hajialilo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Razzagh Mahmoudi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Milad Badri
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Jennifer K Ketzis
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, St. Kitts and Nevis.
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Ottino L, Buonfrate D, Paradies P, Bisoffi Z, Antonelli A, Rossolini GM, Gabrielli S, Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L. Autochthonous Human and Canine Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Europe: Report of a Human Case in An Italian Teen and Systematic Review of the Literature. Pathogens 2020; 9:E439. [PMID: 32503315 PMCID: PMC7350350 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autochthonous human and canine strongyloidiasis is reported in Europe but is unclear whether the transmission of infection still occurs. We report a previously unpublished human case in an Italian teen and perform a systematic review of literature on autochthonous human and canine strongyloidiasis in Europe to investigate the current dynamic of transmission. Overall, 109 papers published after 1987 were included and one previously unpublished Italian case was added. Eighty case reports were retrieved and 42 of them (52.5%) had severe strongyloidiasis. Most cases were diagnosed in Spain, Italy and France. The median age was 58, the most represented age group was 61-70 years, 11 patients were under 30, and 7 of them were diagnosed after 2000. Epidemiological studies on human strongyloidiasis showed prevalence ranging from 0.56% to 28%. Overall, agriculture work, mine work and walking barefoot were the most commonly reported risk factors for infection. Canine strongyloidiasis was reported mainly in Italy (68 cases), but a few cases occurred also in Iceland, Finland, England, Germany, France, Switzerland, Russia, Slovakia, Romania and Greece. Autochthonous strongyloidiasis is still reported in Europe and sporadic transmission still occurs. Health care professionals should be aware of this issue to identify infected subjects and avoid adverse outcomes, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Further investigations are needed to clarify the zoonotic transmission of this nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Ottino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.O.); (A.A.); (G.M.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy; (D.B.); (Z.B.)
| | - Paola Paradies
- Department of Emergency and Organs Transplantation, Veterinary Section, Campus of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy; (D.B.); (Z.B.)
| | - Alberto Antonelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.O.); (A.A.); (G.M.R.); (A.B.)
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.O.); (A.A.); (G.M.R.); (A.B.)
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Gabrielli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.O.); (A.A.); (G.M.R.); (A.B.)
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University and Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Referral Center for Tropical Diseases of Tuscany, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.O.); (A.A.); (G.M.R.); (A.B.)
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University and Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Referral Center for Tropical Diseases of Tuscany, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Beknazarova M, Barratt JLN, Bradbury RS, Lane M, Whiley H, Ross K. Detection of classic and cryptic Strongyloides genotypes by deep amplicon sequencing: A preliminary survey of dog and human specimens collected from remote Australian communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007241. [PMID: 31430282 PMCID: PMC6716672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is caused by the human infective nematodes Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fuelleborni subsp. fuelleborni and Strongyloides fuelleborni subsp. kellyi. The zoonotic potential of S. stercoralis and the potential role of dogs in the maintenance of strongyloidiasis transmission has been a topic of interest and discussion for many years. In Australia, strongyloidiasis is prevalent in remote socioeconomically disadvantaged communities in the north of the continent. Being an isolated continent that has been separated from other regions for a long geological period, description of diversity of Australian Strongyloides genotypes adds to our understanding of the genetic diversity within the genus. Using PCR and amplicon sequencing (Illumina sequencing technology), we sequenced the Strongyloides SSU rDNA hyper-variable I and hyper-variable IV regions using Strongyloides-specific primers, and a fragment of the mtDNA cox1 gene using primers that are broadly specific for Strongyloides sp. and hookworms. These loci were amplified from DNA extracted from Australian human and dog faeces, and one human sputum sample. Using this approach, we confirm for the first time that potentially zoonotic S. stercoralis populations are present in Australia, suggesting that dogs represent a potential reservoir of human strongyloidiasis in remote Australian communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Beknazarova
- Environmental Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail: , (MB); , (JLNB)
| | - Joel L. N. Barratt
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: , (MB); , (JLNB)
| | - Richard S. Bradbury
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Meredith Lane
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
- Synergy America Inc., Duluth, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Harriet Whiley
- Environmental Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kirstin Ross
- Environmental Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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A F White M, Whiley H, E Ross K. A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide. Pathogens 2019; 8:E91. [PMID: 31252665 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides spp. are parasitic nematodes that are transmitted through the environment and are capable of causing disease. These nematodes affect an estimated 3–300 million humans worldwide. Identifying the environmental reservoirs of Strongyloides spp. is essential for the development of appropriate control strategies. This systematic literature review examined all published studies that identified Strongyloidesstercoralis, Strongyloidesfuelleborni, Strongyloidesfuellebornikellyi, and Strongyloides spp. from an environmental source. Most studies detected the nematode from dog and primate fecal samples. Other environmental sources identified were ruminants, cats, rodents, insects, water, soil, as well as fruit and vegetables. Most studies used microscopy-based identification techniques; however, several employed molecular-based techniques, which have become increasingly popular for the detection of Strongyloides spp. A limitation identified was a lack of studies that comprehensively screened all potential environmental samples in a region. Future research should undertake this holistic screening process to identify which environmental reservoirs pose the greatest significance to human health. Potential controls can be identified through the identification of environmental sources. Understanding where Strongyloides spp. is commonly found within the environment of endemic areas will inform environmental control strategies to reduce this neglected disease.
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Paradies P, Buonfrate D, Iatta R, Iarussi F, Giorli G, Palmieri VO, Sasanelli M, Perandin F, Šlapeta J, Capogna A, Otranto D, Bisoffi Z. Efficacy of ivermectin to control Strongyloides stercoralis infection in sheltered dogs. Acta Trop 2019; 190:204-9. [PMID: 30465740 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In dogs, information on treatments against S. stercoralis infection is rare and anecdotal. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the treatment outcome of S. stercoralis natural infection in sheltered dogs. Furthermore, based on the potential risk of infection, people working in the infected shelter were also tested. Seventeen sheltered dogs positive to S. stercoralis using the Baermann test were treated with ivermectin 200 μg/kg/sid/os for two consecutive days. Only two dogs showed clinical signs suggestive of strongyloidiasis (diarrhea, weigh loss) at diagnosis. All dogs showed consistently negative results for S. stercoralis at weekly monitoring after treatment using both the direct microscopy and Baermann test. Real-time PCR confirmed negative results at the last follow up 2 months after treatment. Serology performed at the first diagnosis showed that 82% and 41% of dogs were positive for S. stercoralis using an IFAT (titres ranging from 1:40 to 1:320) and ELISA, respectively. Two months after treatment, IFAT titres were strongly reduced in all animals. The results of clinical pathological laboratory tests at diagnosis in the positive dogs were within normal ranges, except for the two symptomatic dogs. Serum collected from two out of 14 shelter workers tested positive with titres 1:20 and 1:40 for S. stercoralis using an IFAT. Results of the study confirm that ivermectin was an effective treatment option to control S. stercoralis infection in dogs. Shelter workers are at risk of infection with S. stercoralis, thus the application of correct deworming protocols to reduce the environmental infective larval burden is essential to protect dogs and probably also shelter workers from the risk of infection.
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Iatta R, Buonfrate D, Paradies P, Cavalera MA, Capogna A, Iarussi F, Šlapeta J, Giorli G, Trerotoli P, Bisoffi Z, Otranto D. Occurrence, diagnosis and follow-up of canine strongyloidiosis in naturally infected shelter dogs. Parasitology 2019; 146:246-52. [PMID: 30058514 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182018001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Strongyloidiosis by Strongyloides stercoralis is a disease of increasing interest in human and animal medicine. The scientific knowledge on canine strongyloidiosis is hindered by the poor diagnostics available. To assess the most sensitive and specific diagnostic method, feces and blood from 100 shelter dogs were screened for S. stercoralis by coprological, molecular and serological tests. Thirty-six dogs (36%) scored positive to S. stercoralis by coprology (22.3% to Baermann) and/or 30% to real time-polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). According to two composite reference standards (CRS) based on all coprological methods and rt-PCR (first CRS) or in combination with serology (second CRS), the most sensitive test was IFAT (93.8%; CI 82.8-98.7), followed by rt-PCR (80.6%; 95% CI 64-91.8) and Baermann (60.6%; 95% CI 42.1-77.1). The inconsistent shedding of L1 during the 4-week follow-up in infected dogs suggests the importance of multiple faecal collections for a reliable diagnosis. A combination of serological and coprological tests is recommended for the surveillance and diagnosis of S. stercoralis infection in dogs.
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Beknazarova M, Whiley H, Ross K. Mass drug administration for the prevention human strongyloidiasis should consider concomitant treatment of dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005735. [PMID: 28837662 PMCID: PMC5570213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Beknazarova
- Department of Environmental Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Harriet Whiley
- Department of Environmental Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kirstin Ross
- Department of Environmental Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Paradies P, Iarussi F, Sasanelli M, Capogna A, Lia RP, Zucca D, Greco B, Cantacessi C, Otranto D. Occurrence of strongyloidiasis in privately owned and sheltered dogs: clinical presentation and treatment outcome. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:345. [PMID: 28728589 PMCID: PMC5520385 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing number of reports of human infections by Strongyloides stercoralis from a range of European countries over the last 20 years has spurred the interest of the scientific community towards this parasite and, in particular, towards the role that infections of canine hosts may play in the epidemiology of human disease. Data on the epidemiology of canine strongyloidiasis is currently limited, most likely because of the inherent limitations of current diagnostic methods. METHODS Faecal samples were collected directly from the rectal ampulla of 272 animals of varying age and both genders living in Apulia, southern Italy. Dogs included were either privately owned (n = 210), living in an urban area but with unrestricted outdoor access (Group 1), or shelter dogs (n = 62 out of ~400) hosted in a single shelter in the province of Bari in which a history of diarrhoea, weight loss, reduced appetite and respiratory symptoms had been reported (Group 2). Strongyloides stercoralis infection was diagnosed by coproscopy on direct faecal smear and via the Baermann method. RESULTS Six of 272 dogs were positive for S. stercoralis at the Baermann examination; all but one were from the shelter (Group 2) and displayed gastrointestinal clinical signs. The only owned dog (Group 1) infected with S. stercoralis, but clinically healthy, had been adopted from a shelter 1 year prior to sampling. Five infected dogs were treated with fenbendazole (Panacur®, Intervet, Animal Health, 50 mg/kg, PO daily for 5 days), or with a combination of fenbendazole and moxidectin plus imidacloprid spot-on (Im/Mox; Advocate® spot-on, Bayer). Post-treatment clearance of infection was confirmed in three dogs by Baermann examination, whereas treatment failure was documented in two dogs by Baermann and/or post-mortem detection of adult parasites. CONCLUSIONS This study describes, for the first time, the presence of S. stercoralis infection in sheltered dogs from southern Italy. Data indicate that S. stercoralis infection may pose a concern for sheltered animals and raise questions on potential risks of infection for staff of municipal shelters in southern European countries. Given that a single course of treatment with fenbendazole, associated or not with Im/Mox spot-on, may not eliminate the infection, effective treatment protocols should be investigated and control strategies targeting the environment considered for reducing the risk of zoonotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Paradies
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, Veterinary Section, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Iarussi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, Veterinary Section, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Sasanelli
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, Veterinary Section, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Capogna
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, Veterinary Section, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Paolo Lia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Zucca
- Institute of Animal Health, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Beatrice Greco
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, Veterinary Section, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Jariwala S, Redding L, Hewitt D. The severely under-recognized public health risk of strongyloidiasis in North American cities-A One Health approach. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:579-588. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Jariwala
- Division of Allergy/Immunology; Department of Medicine; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx NY USA
| | - L. Redding
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - D. Hewitt
- Department of Botany; Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia PA USA
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14
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Buonfrate D, Paradies P, Iarussi F, Formenti F, Perandin F, Otranto D, Bisoffi Z. Serological and molecular tests for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in dogs. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2027-9. [PMID: 28493000 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis can cause severe infection both in humans and dogs. Coproparasitological examination has low sensitivity for the diagnosis of this parasite; hence, different diagnostic techniques have been implemented. However, serology and molecular methods have been assessed almost exclusively in humans. In this study, two serologic assays and a real-time PCR (RT-PCR), routinely used for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in humans, have been tested for the diagnosis in dogs. Five dogs living in the same kennel in Bari, southern Italy, were diagnosed with S. stercoralis infection by detection of larvae in fecal samples processed by the Baermann method. Serum, fecal, and tissue (lungs, scraping of intestinal tract) samples from the same dogs were tested with two serologic assays (commercial ELISA, in-house IFAT) and with an in-house RT-PCR, routinely used for diagnosis in humans. IFAT was positive in all serum samples, ELISA in 3/7 (42.8%) samples. RT-PCR was positive in all pre-treatment fecal samples, in all fecal debris, and in intestinal scraping (three samples from the same deceased dog). The results suggest that IFAT and RT-PCR techniques routinely used for S. stercoralis diagnosis in humans could be useful for the diagnosis of the infection in dogs.
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Mendes T, Minori K, Ueta M, Miguel DC, Allegretti SM. Strongyloidiasis Current Status with Emphasis in Diagnosis and Drug Research. J Parasitol Res 2017; 2017:5056314. [PMID: 28210503 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5056314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic neglected disease caused by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis affecting 30 to 100 million people worldwide. Complications, strongly associated with alcoholism, organ transplants, and HTLV-1 virus, often arise due to late diagnosis, frequently leading to patient death. Lack of preemptive diagnosis is not the only difficulty when dealing with this parasite, since there are no gold standard diagnostic techniques, and the ones used have problems associated with sensitivity, resulting in false negatives. Treatment is also an issue as ivermectin and benzimidazoles administration leads to inconsistent cure rates and several side effects. Researching new anti-Strongyloides drugs is a difficult task since S. stercoralis does not develop until the adult stages in Mus musculus (with the exception of SCID mice), the main experimental host model. Fortunately, alternative parasite models can be used, namely, Strongyloides ratti and S. venezuelensis. However, even with these models, there are other complications in finding new drugs, which are associated with specific in vitro assay protocol steps, such as larvae decontamination. In this review, we highlight the challenges associated with new drug search, the compounds tested, and a list of published in vitro assay methodologies. We also point out advances being made in strongyloidiasis diagnosis so far.
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Štrkolcová G, Goldová M, Bocková E, Mojžišová J. The roundworm Strongyloides stercoralis in children, dogs, and soil inside and outside a segregated settlement in Eastern Slovakia: frequent but hardly detectable parasite. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:891-900. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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UMUR Ş, MERAL Y, BÖLÜKBAŞ CS, GÜRLER AT, AÇICI M. First clinical Strongyloides stercoralis case in a dog in Turkey*. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/vet-1606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Cervone M, Giannelli A, Otranto D, Perrucci S. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in an immunosuppressed dog from France. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anicom.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Strongyloidiasis (caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, and to a lesser extent by Strongyloides fuelleborni) is one of the most neglected tropical diseases with endemic areas and affecting more than 100 million people worldwide. Chronic infections in endemic areas can be maintained for decades through the autoinfective cycle with the L3 filariform larvae. In these endemic areas, misdiagnosis, inadequate treatment and the facilitation of the hyperinfection syndrome by immunosuppression are frequent and contribute to a high mortality rate. Despite the serious health impact of strongyloidiasis, it is a neglected disease and very little is known about this parasite and the disease when compared to other helminth infections. Control of the disease is difficult because of the many gaps in our knowledge of strongyloidiasis. We examine the recent literature on different aspects of strongyloidiasis with emphasis in those aspects that need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongyloides stercoralis, an intestinal parasitic nematode, infects more than 100 million people worldwide. Strongyloides are unique in their ability to exist as a free-living and autoinfective cycle. Strongyloidiasis can occur without any symptoms or as a potentially fatal hyperinfection or disseminated infection. The most common risk factors for these complications are immunosuppression caused by corticosteroids and infection with human T-lymphotropic virus or human immunodeficiency virus. Even though the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is improved by advanced instrumentation techniques in isolated and complicated cases of hyperinfection or dissemination, efficient guidelines for screening the population in epidemiological surveys are lacking. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS In this review, we have discussed various conventional methods for the diagnosis and management of this disease, with an emphasis on recently developed molecular and serological methods that could be implemented to establish guidelines for precise diagnosis of infection in patients and screening in epidemiological surveys. A comprehensive analysis of various cases reported worldwide from different endemic and nonendemic foci of the disease for the last 40 years was evaluated in an effort to delineate the global prevalence of this disease. We also updated the current knowledge of the various clinical spectrum of this parasitic disease, with an emphasis on newer molecular diagnostic methods, treatment, and management of cases in immunosuppressed patients. CONCLUSION Strongyloidiasis is considered a neglected tropical disease and is probably an underdiagnosed parasitic disease due to its low parasitic load and uncertain clinical symptoms. Increased infectivity rates in many developed countries and nonendemic regions nearing those in the most prevalent endemic regions of this parasite and the increasing transmission potential to immigrants, travelers, and immunosuppressed populations are indications for initiating an integrated approach towards prompt diagnosis and control of this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Puthiyakunnon
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Swapna Boddu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiji Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Canine and feline parasitic zoonoses have not been given high priority in China, although the role of companion animals as reservoirs for zoonotic parasitic diseases has been recognized worldwide. With an increasing number of dogs and cats under unregulated conditions in China, the canine and feline parasitic zoonoses are showing a trend towards being gradually uncontrolled. Currently, canine and feline parasitic zoonoses threaten human health, and cause death and serious diseases in China. This article comprehensively reviews the current status of major canine and feline parasitic zoonoses in mainland China, discusses the risks dogs and cats pose with regard to zoonotic transmission of canine and feline parasites, and proposes control strategies and measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou Guangdong Province 510642, PR of China
| | - Min-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR of China
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR of China
| | - Hui-Qun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR of China
| | - Chun-Ren Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing Heilongjiang Province 163319, PR of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR of China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing Heilongjiang Province 163319, PR of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming Yunnan Province 650201, PR of China
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Abstract
The objective of this review was to outline an epidemiological profile of Strongyloides stercoralis by parasitological and serological diagnosis in inhabitants, and to associate this profile with different immunosupression situations, in Brazil, over 20 years (1990-2009). The occurrence of S. stercoralis using parasitological methods was 5·5%, being 4·8% in rural and 5·0% in urban areas, characterizing the country as hyperendemic. There was a diversity of techniques used as a diagnostic tool and only 39·1% of the studies presented results based on at least 1 specific method. The occurrence increased with age, being 12·1%, for those over 60 that suggests an epidemiological condition of concern for the elderly population. Of the seroepidemiological studies in the general population the mean positivity in serum samples was 21·7% and 29·2%, using an immunofluorescence antibody test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The occurrence of strongyloidiasis in immunosuppressed individuals was 11·8% by parasitological methods and 19·5% using immunological methods. Considering that Brazil is a tropical country and that the character of chronicity and autoinfection of the parasite that can result in severe forms of hyperinfection or dissemination makes strongyloidiasis an important medically and socially neglected problem.
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Itoh N, Kanai K, Hori Y, Nakao R, Hoshi F, Higuchi S. Fenbendazole treatment of dogs with naturally acquired Strongyloides stercoralis
infection. Vet Rec 2009; 164:559-60. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.18.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Itoh
- First Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine
| | - K. Kanai
- First Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine
| | - Y. Hori
- Third Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine
| | - R. Nakao
- Second Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada Aomori 034-8628 Japan
| | - F. Hoshi
- Second Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada Aomori 034-8628 Japan
| | - S. Higuchi
- First Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine
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Takano Y, Minakami K, Kodama S, Matsuo T, Satozono I. Cross Infection of Strongyloides between Humans and Dogs in the Amami Islands, Japan. Trop Med Health 2009. [DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2009-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Kia EB, Rahimi HR, Mirhendi H, Nilforoushan MR, Talebi A, Zahabiun F, Kazemzadeh H, Meamar AR. A case of fatal strongyloidiasis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and molecular characterization of the isolate. Korean J Parasitol 2008; 46:261-3. [PMID: 19127333 PMCID: PMC2612612 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is a human intestinal parasite which may lead to complicated strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised. Here, a case of complicated strongyloidiasis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is reported. Presence of numerous S. stercoralis larvae in feces and sputum confirmed the diagnosis of hyperinfection syndrome in this patient. Following recovery of filariform larvae from agar plate culture of the stool, the isolate was characterized for the ITS1 region of ribosomal DNA gene by nested-PCR and sequencing. Albendazole therapy did not have cure effects; and just at the beginning of taking ivermectin, the patient died. The most important clue to prevent such fatal consequences is early diagnosis and proper treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshrat Beigom Kia
- School of Public Health, Medical Sciences/ University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Rodrigues RM, de Oliveira MC, Sopelete MC, Silva DAO, Campos DMB, Taketomi EA, Costa-Cruz JM. IgG1, IgG4, and IgE antibody responses in human strongyloidiasis by ELISA using Strongyloides ratti saline extract as heterologous antigen. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1209-14. [PMID: 17610082 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate total IgG, IgG1, IgG4, and IgE antibody responses in human strongyloidiasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Strongyloides ratti saline extract as heterologous antigen for a possible clinical utility of the assay. A total of 40 serum samples of patients who were shedding Strongyloides stercoralis larvae in feces (group I), 30 sera from patients with other intestinal parasites (group II), and 30 sera from subjects with negative results in three parasitological assays (group III) were analyzed to detect total IgG, IgG1, IgG4, and IgE to Strongyloides spp. by ELISA and expressed in ELISA index. Levels of total IgG anti-Strongyloides spp. were significantly higher in patients of group I than in groups II (p=0.0005) and III (p<0.0001). Levels of specific IgG1, IgG4, and IgE of group I were also significantly higher than in groups II and III, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between specific IgE and IgG4 (r=0.6524; p=0.0084) and IgG1 and IgG4 (r=0.5398; p=0.0171). It can be concluded that the detection of specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 subclasses rather than total IgG antibodies to Strongyloides spp. using the S. ratti antigen showed to be an additional tool for improving the serodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela M Rodrigues
- Departamento de Imunologia, Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Avenida Pará 1720, CEP 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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