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Wang C, Jiang C, Gao N, Zhang K, Liu D, Wang W, Cong Z, Qin C, Ganusov VV, Ferrari G, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Kong W, Yu X, Gao F. Immunologic and Virologic Mechanisms for Partial Protection from Intravenous Challenge by an Integration-Defective SIV Vaccine. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060135. [PMID: 28574482 PMCID: PMC5490812 DOI: 10.3390/v9060135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The suppression of viral loads and identification of selection signatures in non-human primates after challenge are indicators for effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines. To mimic the protective immunity elicited by attenuated SIV vaccines, we developed an integration-defective SIV (idSIV) vaccine by inactivating integrase, mutating sequence motifs critical for integration, and inserting the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter for more efficient expression in the SIVmac239 genome. Chinese rhesus macaques were immunized with idSIV DNA and idSIV particles, and the cellular and humoral immune responses were measured. After the intravenous SIVmac239 challenge, viral loads were monitored and selection signatures in viral genomes from vaccinated monkeys were identified by single genome sequencing. T cell responses, heterologous neutralization against tier-1 viruses, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were detected in idSIV-vaccinated macaques post immunization. After challenge, the median peak viral load in the vaccine group was significantly lower than that in the control group. However, this initial viral control did not last as viral set-points were similar between vaccinated and control animals. Selection signatures were identified in Nef, Gag, and Env proteins in vaccinated and control macaques, but these signatures were different, suggesting selection pressure on viruses from vaccine-induced immunity in the vaccinated animals. Our results showed that the idSIV vaccine exerted some pressure on the virus population early during the infection but future modifications are needed in order to induce more potent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China.
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China.
| | - Nan Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China.
| | - Kaikai Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China.
| | - Donglai Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China.
- Division II of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China.
- Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Zhe Cong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China.
- Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China.
- Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Vitaly V Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - David C Montefiori
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China.
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China.
- Departments of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Khamaikawin W, Saoin S, Nangola S, Chupradit K, Sakkhachornphop S, Hadpech S, Onlamoon N, Ansari AA, Byrareddy SN, Boulanger P, Hong SS, Torbett BE, Tayapiwatana C. Combined Antiviral Therapy Using Designed Molecular Scaffolds Targeting Two Distinct Viral Functions, HIV-1 Genome Integration and Capsid Assembly. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e249. [PMID: 26305555 PMCID: PMC4560793 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Designed molecular scaffolds have been proposed as alternative therapeutic agents against HIV-1. The ankyrin repeat protein (Ank(GAG)1D4) and the zinc finger protein (2LTRZFP) have recently been characterized as intracellular antivirals, but these molecules, used individually, do not completely block HIV-1 replication and propagation. The capsid-binder Ank(GAG)1D4, which inhibits HIV-1 assembly, does not prevent the genome integration of newly incoming viruses. 2LTRZFP, designed to target the 2-LTR-circle junction of HIV-1 cDNA and block HIV-1 integration, would have no antiviral effect on HIV-1-infected cells. However, simultaneous expression of these two molecules should combine the advantage of preventive and curative treatments. To test this hypothesis, the genes encoding the N-myristoylated Myr(+)Ank(GAG)1D4 protein and the 2LTRZFP were introduced into human T-cells, using a third-generation lentiviral vector. SupT1 cells stably expressing 2LTRZFP alone or with Myr(+)Ank(GAG)1D4 showed a complete resistance to HIV-1 in viral challenge. Administration of the Myr(+)Ank(GAG)1D4 vector to HIV-1-preinfected SupT1 cells resulted in a significant antiviral effect. Resistance to viral infection was also observed in primary human CD4+ T-cells stably expressing Myr(+)Ank(GAG)1D4, and challenged with HIV-1, SIVmac, or SHIV. Our data suggest that our two anti-HIV-1 molecular scaffold prototypes are promising antiviral agents for anti-HIV-1 gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannisa Khamaikawin
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Somphot Saoin
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sawitree Nangola
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Koollawat Chupradit
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Sudarat Hadpech
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattawat Onlamoon
- Division of Instruments for Research, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pierre Boulanger
- University Lyon 1 & INRA UMR-754, Retrovirus and Comparative Pathology, Lyon, France
| | - Saw-See Hong
- University Lyon 1 & INRA UMR-754, Retrovirus and Comparative Pathology, Lyon, France
| | - Bruce E Torbett
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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3
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Esteva MJ, Affranchino JL, González SA. Lentiviral Gag assembly analyzed through the functional characterization of chimeric simian immunodeficiency viruses expressing different domains of the feline immunodeficiency virus capsid protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114299. [PMID: 25462889 PMCID: PMC4252113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into the functional relationship between the capsid (CA) domains of the Gag polyproteins of simian and feline immunodeficiency viruses (SIV and FIV, respectively), we constructed chimeric SIVs in which the CA-coding region was partially or totally replaced by the equivalent region of the FIV CA. The phenotypic characterization of the chimeras allowed us to group them into three categories: the chimeric viruses that, while being assembly-competent, exhibit a virion-associated unstable FIV CA; a second group represented only by the chimeric SIV carrying the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the FIV CA which proved to be assembly-defective; and a third group constituted by the chimeric viruses that produce virions exhibiting a mature and stable FIV CA protein, and which incorporate the envelope glycoprotein and contain wild-type levels of viral genome RNA and reverse transcriptase. Further analysis of the latter group of chimeric SIVs demonstrated that they are non-infectious due to a post-entry impairment, such as uncoating of the viral core, reverse transcription or nuclear import of the preintegration complex. Furthermore, we show here that the carboxyl-terminus domain (CTD) of the FIV CA has an intrinsic ability to dimerize in vitro and form high-molecular-weight oligomers, which, together with our finding that the FIV CA-CTD is sufficient to confer assembly competence to the resulting chimeric SIV Gag polyprotein, provides evidence that the CA-CTD exhibits more functional plasticity than the CA-NTD. Taken together, our results provide relevant information on the biological relationship between the CA proteins of primate and nonprimate lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Esteva
- Laboratorio de Virología, Universidad de Belgrano (UB) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José L. Affranchino
- Laboratorio de Virología, Universidad de Belgrano (UB) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia A. González
- Laboratorio de Virología, Universidad de Belgrano (UB) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Baroncelli S, Negri DRM, Michelini Z, Cara A. Macaca mulatta,fascicularisandnemestrinain AIDS vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1419-34. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.9.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Badralmaa Y, Natarajan V. Impact of the DNA extraction method on 2-LTR DNA circle recovery from HIV-1 infected cells. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:184-9. [PMID: 23773807 PMCID: PMC3760681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Detection of episomal 2-LTR DNA circles is used as a marker for the ongoing virus replication in patients infected with HIV-1, and efficient extraction of episomal DNA is critical for accurate estimation of the 2-LTR circles. The impact of different methods of DNA extraction on the recovery of 2-LTR circles was compared using mitochondrial DNA extracted as an internal control. The bacterial plasmid DNA isolation method extracted less than 10% of cellular DNA, 40% of mitochondrial DNA and 12-20% of the input 2-LTR DNA. The total DNA isolation method recovered about 70% of mitochondrial DNA and 45% of the input 2-LTR DNA. The total nucleic acid isolation method recovered 90% of mitochondrial DNA and 60% of the input 2-LTR DNA. Similar results were obtained when the DNA was extracted from HIV-1 infected cells. Plasmid DNA isolation could not distinguish between 12 and 25 copies of 2-LTR DNA per million cells, whereas the total nucleic acid isolation showed a consistent and statistically significant difference between 12 and 25 copies. In conclusion, the total nucleic acid isolation method is more efficient than the plasmid DNA isolation method in recovering mitochondrial DNA and 2-LTR DNA circles from HIV-1 infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunden Badralmaa
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Ven Natarajan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, United States
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Sellier P, Mannioui A, Bourry O, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Delache B, Brochard P, Calvo J, Prévot S, Roques P. Antiretroviral treatment start-time during primary SIV(mac) infection in macaques exerts a different impact on early viral replication and dissemination. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10570. [PMID: 20485497 PMCID: PMC2868019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The time of infection is rarely known in human cases; thus, the effects of delaying the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the peripheral viral load and the establishment of viral reservoirs are poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings Six groups of macaques, infected intravenously with SIVmac251, were given placebo or antiretroviral therapy to explore reservoir establishment; macaques were treated for 2 weeks, with treatment starting 4 hours, 7 or 14 days after infection. Viral replication and dissemination were measured in the gut (rectum), in the lung and in blood and lymphoid tissues (peripheral lymph nodes), by quantifying viral RNA, DNA and 2LTR circles. We used immunohistochemistry (CD4 and CD68) to assess the impact of these treatments on the relative amount of virus target cells in tissue. Treatment that was started 4 hours post-infection (pi) decreased viral replication and dissemination in blood and tissue samples, which were assessed on day 14 (RNA/DNA/2LTR circles). The virus remained detectable and lymphoid tissues were activated in LN and the gut in both placebo- and ART-treated animals. Viral RNA in plasma continued to be lower in macaques treated seven days after infection; however, this was not the case for viral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. There was a small but significant difference in RNA and DNA levels in tissues between placebo- and ART-treated animals on day 21. When started 14 days after infection, treatment resulted in a limited decrease in the plasma viral load. Conclusions Treatment that was started 4 hours after infection significantly reduced viral replication and dissemination. When started 7 days after infection, it was of slight virological benefit in peripheral blood and in tissues, and treatment was even less effective if started 14 days pi. These data favor starting ART no longer than one week after intravenous SIVmac251 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sellier
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
- Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Abdelkrim Mannioui
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Bourry
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Benoit Delache
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Patricia Brochard
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Julien Calvo
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Prévot
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart, France
| | - Pierre Roques
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
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Michelini Z, Negri DRM, Baroncelli S, Spada M, Leone P, Bona R, Klotman ME, Cara A. Development and use of SIV-based Integrase defective lentiviral vector for immunization. Vaccine 2009; 27:4622-9. [PMID: 19523909 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Integrase (IN) defective lentiviral vectors have a high safety profile and might prove useful as immunizing agents especially against HIV-1. However, IN defective SIV-based vectors must be developed in order to test their potential in the non-human primate models (NHP) of AIDS. To this aim we tested a novel SIV-based IN defective lentiviral vector for its ability to induce sustained immune responses in mice. BALB/c mice were immunized once intramuscularly with a SIV-based IN defective lentiviral vector expressing the model antigen enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP). Immune responses were evaluated 90 days after the injection and compared with those elicited with the IN competent counterpart. The IN defective vector was able to efficiently elicit specific and long-lasting polyfunctional immune responses as evaluated by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in spleens, bone marrow (BM) and draining lymph nodes, and by intracellular staining (ICS) for IFN-gamma, Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) in both splenocytes and BM cells without integration of the vector into the host genome. This is the first demonstration that an IN defective SIV-based lentiviral vector provides effective immunization, thus paving the way for the construction of IN defective vectors expressing SIV antigen(s) and test their efficacy against a SIV virus challenge in the NHP model of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuleika Michelini
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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8
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Bona R, Macchia I, Baroncelli S, Negri DRM, Leone P, Pavone-Cossut MR, Catone S, Buffa V, Ciccozzi M, Heeney J, Fagrouch Z, Titti F, Cara A. T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) analysis during acute intrarectal infection of cynomolgus monkeys with pathogenic chimeric simian human immunodeficiency virus. Virus Res 2007; 126:86-95. [PMID: 17336416 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown the importance of evaluating Recent Thymic Emigrants (RTEs) by quantification of T cell receptor-rearrangement excision circles (TRECs), as a measure of de novo T cell generation during human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. To determine whether acute viral infection may have an impact on TRECs, cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were infected intrarectally with simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) 89.6P(cy11) and the number of signal-joint (sj) TRECs was determined in purified CD4+ and CD8+ populations for up to 28 weeks post-infection. Four weeks after infection, TRECs levels significantly decreased in both CD3+ CD4+ and in CD3+ CD8+ T lymphocytes of infected monkeys, whereas they remained unchanged in uninfected animals. This reduction was followed by a progressive TRECs number recovery in CD3+ CD4+ T lymphocytes that positively correlated with changes in the levels of circulating CD3+ CD4+ T cells. In the CD3+ CD8+ T cell subset, TRECs number remained significantly low and inversely correlated with the increase in the percentages of CD3+ CD8+ T cells. These data suggest that SHIV89.6P(cy11) intrarectal infection of cynomolgus monkeys differently affects TRECs content in CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD8+ T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bona
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Cara A, Klotman ME. Retroviral E-DNA: persistence and gene expression in nondividing immune cells. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:1013-7. [PMID: 16923918 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0306151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Following retroviral infection of cells, not only is the proviral DNA integrated into the host genome, but there is also an accumulation of unintegrated extrachromosomal DNA (E-DNA), both linear and circular. Although the integrated DNA is responsible for the production of viral proteins and new viral progeny, the role of E-DNA has remained uncertain. Several reports have shown that E-DNA is transcriptionally active producing both RNA, as well as viral proteins and that circular E-DNA can persist in nondividing cells, raising questions regarding the potential consequences of this reservoir. Furthermore, integrase inhibitors, presently in clinical trials, shifts the balance of proviral DNA to the E-DNA form. This review is focused on recent work in this field with an emphasis on exploring the potential role of E-DNA in both pathogenesis of retroviral infections, especially HIV-1, and as a tool to deliver and express genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cara
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Itlay
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Cattori V, Tandon R, Pepin A, Lutz H, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Rapid detection of feline leukemia virus provirus integration into feline genomic DNA. Mol Cell Probes 2006; 20:172-81. [PMID: 16488115 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a gamma retrovirus that induces fatal diseases in domestic cats. Efficacious FeLV vaccines prevent persistent viremia and development of FeLV-related disease after virus exposure, but not minimal viral replication and a provirus-positive state as recently demonstrated using sensitive real-time PCR assays. Proviral integration is an important parameter of latent infection and persistence of retroviruses in infected cells. So far, FeLV-specific real-time PCR assays could not distinguish between the integrated and episomal forms of the provirus. Thus, it was the aim of the present study to develop a rapid assay for the detection of FeLV proviral integration. The test combines conventional and quantitative real-time PCR that use virus-specific primers and primers specific for cat genomic small interspersed nuclear elements. It was applied to analyze the time course of proviral integration into the genome of a feline fibroblast cell line and detect provirus integration in peripheral white blood cells from vaccinated and unvaccinated, FeLV-exposed cats. The newly developed rapid test will essentially contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of FeLV infection and be especially useful in the development of antiretroviral vaccines and therapies aimed at the inhibition of proviral integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Cattori
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The development of an effective, prophylactic vaccine for HIV is a public health priority. Nonhuman primate models of AIDS are an instrumental component of HIV vaccine and pathogenesis research. Rhesus macaques of Indian origin are by far the most widely used species in vaccine research. The demand for these animals is intense, threatening their future availability. Do other macaques, such as non-Indian rhesus macaques and cynomolgus macaques, represent a viable alternative? In this perspective, the potential advantages and pitfalls of performing HIV vaccine research in non-Indian rhesus or cynomolgus macaques is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wisconsin, USA, and, National Primate Research Center, 1300 University Avenue, 5440 Medical Sciences Center, Wisconsin, USA
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