1
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Spiteri AG, van Vreden C, Ashhurst TM, Niewold P, King NJC. Clodronate is not protective in lethal viral encephalitis despite substantially reducing inflammatory monocyte infiltration in the CNS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203561. [PMID: 37545511 PMCID: PMC10403146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes induce inflammation and tissue damage in a range of pathologies. In particular, in a mouse model of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis (WNE), nitric oxide-producing, Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes from the BM are recruited to the central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to lethal immune pathology. Reducing the migration of these cells into the CNS using monoclonal antibody blockade, immune-modifying particles or CSF-1R inhibitors reduces neuroinflammation, improving survival and/or clinical outcomes. Macrophages can also be targeted more broadly by administration of clodronate-encapsulated liposomes, which induce apoptosis in phagocytes. In this study, clodronate reduced the inflammatory infiltrate by 70% in WNE, however, surprisingly, this had no effect on disease outcome. More detailed analysis demonstrated a compensatory increase in neutrophils and enhanced activation status of microglia in the brain. In addition, we observed increased numbers of Ly6Chi BM monocytes with an increased proliferative capacity and expression of SCA-1 and CD16/32, potentially indicating output of immature cells from the BM. Once in the brain, these cells were more phagocytic and had a reduced expression of antigen-presenting molecules. Lastly, we show that clodronate also reduces non-myeloid cells in the spleen and BM, as well as ablating red blood cells and their proliferation. These factors likely impeded the therapeutic potential of clodronate in WNE. Thus, while clodronate provides an excellent system to deplete macrophages in the body, it has larger and broader effects on the phagocytic and non-phagocytic system, which must be considered in the interpretation of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G. Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caryn van Vreden
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas M. Ashhurst
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Vrba SM, Hickman HD. Imaging viral infection in vivo to gain unique perspectives on cellular antiviral immunity. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:200-217. [PMID: 34796538 PMCID: PMC9073719 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen near continual global public health crises caused by emerging viral infections. Extraordinary increases in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying successful antiviral immune responses in animal models and during human infection have accompanied these viral outbreaks. Keeping pace with the rapidly advancing field of viral immunology, innovations in microscopy have afforded a previously unseen view of viral infection occurring in real-time in living animals. Here, we review the contribution of intravital imaging to our understanding of cell-mediated immune responses to viral infections, with a particular focus on studies that visualize the antiviral effector cells responding to infection as well as virus-infected cells. We discuss methods to visualize viral infection in vivo using intravital microscopy (IVM) and significant findings arising through the application of IVM to viral infection. Collectively, these works underscore the importance of developing a comprehensive spatial understanding of the relationships between immune effectors and virus-infected cells and how this has enabled unique discoveries about virus/host interactions and antiviral effector cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M. Vrba
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Correspondence to: HDH. . 10 Center Drive, Rm 11N244A. Bethesda, MD. 20892. 301-761-6330
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3
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Carpentier KS, Sheridan RM, Lucas CJ, Davenport BJ, Li FS, Lucas ED, McCarthy MK, Reynoso GV, May NA, Tamburini BAJ, Hesselberth JR, Hickman HD, Morrison TE. MARCO + lymphatic endothelial cells sequester arthritogenic alphaviruses to limit viremia and viral dissemination. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108966. [PMID: 34618370 PMCID: PMC8591538 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viremia in the vertebrate host is a major determinant of arboviral reservoir competency, transmission efficiency, and disease severity. However, immune mechanisms that control arboviral viremia are poorly defined. Here, we identify critical roles for the scavenger receptor MARCO in controlling viremia during arthritogenic alphavirus infections in mice. Following subcutaneous inoculation, arthritogenic alphavirus particles drain via the lymph and are rapidly captured by MARCO+ lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in the draining lymph node (dLN), limiting viral spread to the bloodstream. Upon reaching the bloodstream, alphavirus particles are cleared from the circulation by MARCO-expressing Kupffer cells in the liver, limiting viremia and further viral dissemination. MARCO-mediated accumulation of alphavirus particles in the draining lymph node and liver is an important host defense mechanism as viremia and viral tissue burdens are elevated in MARCO-/- mice and disease is more severe. In contrast to prior studies implicating a key role for lymph node macrophages in limiting viral dissemination, these findings exemplify a previously unrecognized arbovirus-scavenging role for lymphatic endothelial cells and improve our mechanistic understanding of viremia control during arthritogenic alphavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Ryan M Sheridan
- RNA Bioscience InitiativeUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Cormac J Lucas
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Frances S Li
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Glennys V Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis UnitLaboratory of Clinical Microbiology and ImmunologyNational Institutes of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Nicholas A May
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Beth A J Tamburini
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- RNA Bioscience InitiativeUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis UnitLaboratory of Clinical Microbiology and ImmunologyNational Institutes of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
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4
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Tumor-associated myeloid cells provide critical support for T-ALL. Blood 2021; 136:1837-1850. [PMID: 32845007 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite harboring mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors that promote cancer growth, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells require exogenous cells or signals to survive in culture. We previously reported that myeloid cells, particularly dendritic cells, from the thymic tumor microenvironment support the survival and proliferation of primary mouse T-ALL cells in vitro. Thus, we hypothesized that tumor-associated myeloid cells would support T-ALL in vivo. Consistent with this possibility, in vivo depletion of myeloid cells results in a significant reduction in leukemia burden in multiple organs in 2 distinct mouse models of T-ALL and prolongs survival. The impact of the myeloid compartment on T-ALL growth is not dependent on suppression of antitumor T-cell responses. Instead, myeloid cells provide signals that directly support T-ALL cells. Transcriptional profiling, functional assays, and acute in vivo myeloid-depletion experiments identify activation of IGF1R as a critical component of myeloid-mediated T-ALL growth and survival. We identify several myeloid subsets that have the capacity to directly support survival of T-ALL cells. Consistent with mouse models, myeloid cells derived from human peripheral blood monocytes activate IGF1R and directly support survival of primary patient T-ALL cells in vitro. Furthermore, enriched macrophage gene signatures in published clinical samples correlate with inferior outcomes for pediatric T-ALL patients. Collectively, these data reveal that tumor-associated myeloid cells provide signals critical for T-ALL growth in multiple organs in vivo and implicate tumor-associated myeloid cells and associated signals as potential therapeutic targets.
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5
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Tsetsarkin KA, Acklin JA, Liu G, Kenney H, Teterina NL, Pletnev AG, Lim JK. Zika virus tropism during early infection of the testicular interstitium and its role in viral pathogenesis in the testes. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008601. [PMID: 32614902 PMCID: PMC7331987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual transmission and persistence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the testes pose new challenges for controlling virus outbreaks and developing live-attenuated vaccines. It has been shown that testicular infection of ZIKV is initiated in the testicular interstitium, followed by spread of the virus in the seminiferous tubules. This leads to testicular damage and/or viral dissemination into the epididymis and eventually into semen. However, it remains unknown which cell types are targeted by ZIKV in the testicular interstitium, and what is the specific order of infectious events leading to ZIKV invasion of the seminiferous tubules. Here, we demonstrate that interstitial leukocytes expressing mir-511-3p microRNA are the initial targets of ZIKV in the testes, and infection of mir-511-3p-expressing cells in the testicular interstitium is necessary for downstream infection of the seminiferous tubules. Mir-511-3p is expressed concurrently with CD206, a marker of lineage 2 (M2) macrophages and monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs). Selective restriction of ZIKV infection of CD206-expressing M2 macrophages/moDCs results in the attenuation of macrophage-associated inflammatory responses in vivo and prevents the disruption of the Sertoli cell barrier in vitro. Finally, we show that targeting of viral genome for mir-511-3p significantly attenuates early ZIKV replication not only in the testes, but also in many peripheral organs, including spleen, epididymis, and pancreas. This incriminates M2 macrophages/moDCs as important targets for visceral ZIKV replication following hematogenous dissemination of the virus from the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A. Tsetsarkin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Acklin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guangping Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather Kenney
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natalia L. Teterina
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jean K. Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
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6
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Abstract
Viruses are causative agents for many diseases and infect all living organisms on the planet. Development of effective therapies has relied on our ability to isolate and culture viruses in vitro, allowing mechanistic studies and strategic interventions. While this reductionist approach is necessary, testing the relevance of in vitro findings often takes a very long time. New developments in imaging technologies are transforming our experimental approach where viral pathogenesis can be studied in vivo at multiple spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, we outline a vision of a top-down approach using noninvasive whole-body imaging as a guide for in-depth characterization of key tissues, physiologically relevant cell types, and pathways of spread to elucidate mechanisms of virus spread and pathogenesis. Tool development toward imaging of infectious diseases is expected to transform clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep D Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; , , ,
| | - Kelsey A Haugh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; , , ,
| | - Ruoxi Pi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; , , ,
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; , , ,
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7
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Choi JY, Kim JH, Hossain FMA, Uyangaa E, Park SO, Kim B, Kim K, Eo SK. Indispensable Role of CX 3CR1 + Dendritic Cells in Regulation of Virus-Induced Neuroinflammation Through Rapid Development of Antiviral Immunity in Peripheral Lymphoid Tissues. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1467. [PMID: 31316515 PMCID: PMC6610490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A coordinated host immune response mediated via chemokine network plays a crucial role in boosting defense mechanisms against pathogenic infections. The speed of Ag presentation and delivery by CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) to cognate T cells in lymphoid tissues may decide the pathological severity of the infection. Here, we investigated the role of CX3CR1 in the neuroinflammation induced by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a neurotrophic virus. Interestingly, CX3CR1 deficiency strongly enhanced susceptibility to JEV only after peripheral inoculation via footpad. By contrast, both CX3CR1+/+ and CX3CR1-/- mice showed comparable susceptibility to JEV following inoculation via intranasal and intraperitoneal routes. CX3CR1-/- mice exhibited lethal neuroinflammation after JEV inoculation via footpad route, showing high mortality, morbidity, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and uncontrolled CNS-infiltration of peripheral leukocytes including Ly-6Chi monocytes and Ly-6Ghi granulocytes. Furthermore, the absence of CX3CR1+CD11c+ DCs appeared to enhance susceptibility of CX3CR1-/- mice to JE after peripheral JEV inoculation. CX3CR1 ablation impaired the migration of CX3CR1+CD11c+ DCs from JEV-inoculated sites to draining lymph nodes (dLNs), resulting in decreased NK cell activation and JEV-specific CD4+/CD8+ T-cell responses. However, CX3CR1-competent mice showed rapid temporal expression of viral Ags in dLNs. Subsequently, JEV was rapidly cleared, with concomitant generation of antiviral NK cell activation and T-cell responses mediated by rapid migration of JEV Ag+CX3CR1+CD11c+ DCs. Using biallelic functional CX3CR1 expression system, the functional expression of CX3CR1 on CD11chi DCs appeared to be essentially required for inducing rapid and effective responses of NK cell activation and Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in dLNs. Strikingly, adoptive transfer of CX3CR1+CD11c+ DCs was found to completely restore the resistance of CX3CR1-/- recipients to JEV, as corroborated by the rapid delivery of JEV Ags in dLNs and attenuation of neuroinflammation in the CNS. Collectively, these results indicate that CX3CR1+CD11c+ DCs play an important role in generating rapid and effective responses of antiviral NK cell activation and Ag-specific T cells after peripheral inoculation with the virus, thereby resulting in conferring resistance to viral infection by reducing the peripheral viral burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Choi
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea.,Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seong Ok Park
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, South Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
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8
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van Dinther D, Veninga H, Iborra S, Borg EGF, Hoogterp L, Olesek K, Beijer MR, Schetters STT, Kalay H, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Franken KL, Cham LB, Lang KS, van Kooyk Y, Sancho D, Crocker PR, den Haan JMM. Functional CD169 on Macrophages Mediates Interaction with Dendritic Cells for CD8 + T Cell Cross-Priming. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1484-1495. [PMID: 29425504 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Splenic CD169+ macrophages are located in the marginal zone to efficiently capture blood-borne pathogens. Here, we investigate the requirements for the induction of CD8+ T cell responses by antigens (Ags) bound by CD169+ macrophages. Upon Ag targeting to CD169+ macrophages, we show that BATF3-dependent CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for DNGR-1-mediated cross-priming of CD8+ T cell responses. In addition, we demonstrate that CD169, a sialic acid binding lectin involved in cell-cell contact, preferentially binds to CD8α+ DCs and that Ag transfer to CD8α+ DCs and subsequent T cell activation is dependent on the sialic acid-binding capacity of CD169. Finally, functional CD169 mediates optimal CD8+ T cell responses to modified vaccinia Ankara virus infection. Together, these data indicate that the collaboration of CD169+ macrophages and CD8α+ DCs for the initiation of effective CD8+ T cell responses is facilitated by binding of CD169 to sialic acid containing ligands on CD8α+ DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieke van Dinther
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henrike Veninga
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ellen G F Borg
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leoni Hoogterp
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Olesek
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke R Beijer
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd T T Schetters
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kees L Franken
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lamin B Cham
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul R Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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9
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Moran I, Grootveld AK, Nguyen A, Phan TG. Subcapsular Sinus Macrophages: The Seat of Innate and Adaptive Memory in Murine Lymph Nodes. Trends Immunol 2018; 40:35-48. [PMID: 30502023 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophages are strategically positioned at the lymph-tissue interface in the lymph node to trap and present antigen to B cells. Recent murine data has shown that SCS macrophages also prevent the systemic spread of lymph-borne pathogens and are capable of activating a diverse range of innate effector and adaptive memory cells, including follicular memory T cells and memory B cells (Bmems), that are either pre-positioned or rapidly recruited to the subcapsular niche following infection and inflammation. Furthermore, Bmems are rapidly reactivated to differentiate into plasma cells in subcapsular proliferative foci (SPF). Thus, understanding how SCS macrophages coordinate both innate and adaptive memory responses in the subcapsular niche can provide new opportunities to bolster immunity against pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Moran
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Abigail K Grootveld
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Akira Nguyen
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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10
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Grabowska J, Lopez-Venegas MA, Affandi AJ, den Haan JMM. CD169 + Macrophages Capture and Dendritic Cells Instruct: The Interplay of the Gatekeeper and the General of the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2472. [PMID: 30416504 PMCID: PMC6212557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the seminal discovery of dendritic cells (DCs) by Steinman and Cohn in 1973, there has been an ongoing debate to what extent macrophages and DCs are related and perform different functions. The current view is that macrophages and DCs originate from different lineages and that only DCs have the capacity to initiate adaptive immunity. Nevertheless, as we will discuss in this review, lymphoid tissue resident CD169+ macrophages have been shown to act in concert with DCs to promote or suppress adaptive immune responses for pathogens and self-antigens, respectively. Accordingly, we propose a functional alliance between CD169+ macrophages and DCs in which a division of tasks is established. CD169+ macrophages are responsible for the capture of pathogens and are frequently the first cell type infected and thereby provide a confined source of antigen. Subsequently, cross-presenting DCs interact with these antigen-containing CD169+ macrophages, pick up antigens and activate T cells. The cross-priming of T cells by DCs is enhanced by the localized production of type I interferons (IFN-I) derived from CD169+ macrophages and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) that induces DC maturation. The interaction between CD169+ macrophages and DCs appears not only to be essential for immune responses against pathogens, but also plays a role in the induction of self-tolerance and immune responses against cancer. In this review we will discuss the studies that demonstrate the collaboration between CD169+ macrophages and DCs in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Grabowska
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miguel A Lopez-Venegas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alsya J Affandi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Bryan MA, Giordano D, Draves KE, Green R, Gale M, Clark EA. Splenic macrophages are required for protective innate immunity against West Nile virus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191690. [PMID: 29408905 PMCID: PMC5800658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the spleen is a major site for West Nile virus (WNV) replication and spread, relatively little is known about which innate cells in the spleen replicate WNV, control viral dissemination, and/or prime innate and adaptive immune responses. Here we tested if splenic macrophages (MΦs) were necessary for control of WNV infection. We selectively depleted splenic MΦs, but not draining lymph node MΦs, by injecting mice intravenously with clodronate liposomes several days prior to infecting them with WNV. Mice missing splenic MΦs succumbed to WNV infection after an increased and accelerated spread of virus to the spleen and the brain. WNV-specific Ab and CTL responses were normal in splenic MΦ-depleted mice; however, numbers of NK cells and CD4 and CD8 T cells were significantly increased in the brains of infected mice. Splenic MΦ deficiency led to increased WNV in other splenic innate immune cells including CD11b- DCs, newly formed MΦs and monocytes. Unlike other splenic myeloid subsets, splenic MΦs express high levels of mRNAs encoding the complement protein C1q, the apoptotic cell clearance protein Mertk, the IL-18 cytokine and the FcγR1 receptor. Splenic MΦ-deficient mice may be highly susceptible to WNV infection in part to a deficiency in C1q, Mertk, IL-18 or Caspase 12 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne A. Bryan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kevin E. Draves
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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12
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Chatziandreou N, Farsakoglu Y, Palomino-Segura M, D'Antuono R, Pizzagalli DU, Sallusto F, Lukacs-Kornek V, Uguccioni M, Corti D, Turley SJ, Lanzavecchia A, Carroll MC, Gonzalez SF. Macrophage Death following Influenza Vaccination Initiates the Inflammatory Response that Promotes Dendritic Cell Function in the Draining Lymph Node. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2427-2440. [PMID: 28273457 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which inflammation influences the adaptive response to vaccines is not fully understood. Here, we examine the role of lymph node macrophages (LNMs) in the induction of the cytokine storm triggered by inactivated influenza virus vaccine. Following vaccination, LNMs undergo inflammasome-independent necrosis-like death that is reliant on MyD88 and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) expression and releases pre-stored interleukin-1α (IL-1α). Furthermore, activated medullary macrophages produce interferon-β (IFN-β) that induces the autocrine secretion of IL-1α. We also found that macrophage depletion promotes lymph node-resident dendritic cell (LNDC) relocation and affects the capacity of CD11b+ LNDCs to capture virus and express co-stimulatory molecules. Inhibition of the IL-1α-induced inflammatory cascade reduced B cell responses, while co-administration of recombinant IL-1α increased the humoral response. Stimulation of the IL-1α inflammatory pathway might therefore represent a strategy to enhance antigen presentation by LNDCs and improve the humoral response against influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Chatziandreou
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Yagmur Farsakoglu
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Palomino-Segura
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Rocco D'Antuono
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Diego Ulisse Pizzagalli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Computational Science, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via G. Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Centre, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Mariagrazia Uguccioni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano-Milan, Italy
| | | | - Shannon J Turley
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and PCMM, Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Santiago F Gonzalez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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13
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Hu X, Deng Y, Chen X, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Wu H, Yang S, Chen F, Zhou Z, Wang M, Qiu Z, Liao Y. Immune Response of A Novel ATR-AP205-001 Conjugate Anti-hypertensive Vaccine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12580. [PMID: 28974760 PMCID: PMC5626684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a virus-like particle (VLP)-based therapeutic vaccine against angiotensin II receptor type 1, ATR-AP205-001, which could significantly reduce the blood pressure and protect target organs of hypertensive animals. In this study, we focused on the immunological effect and safety of the VLP-based vaccine. By comparing to the depolymerized dimeric vaccine ATR-Dimer-001, we found that ATR-AP205-001 reached subcapsular sinus of lymph node shortly after administration, followed by accumulation on follicle dendritic cells via follicle B cell transportation, while ATR-Dimer-001 vaccine showed no association with FDCs. ATR-AP205-001 vaccine strongly activated dendritic cells, which promoted T cells differentiation to follicular helper T cells. ATR-AP205-001 vaccine induced powerful germinal center reaction, which was translated to a boost of specific antibody production and long-lasting B cell memory, far superior to ATR-Dimer-001 vaccine. Moreover, neither cytotoxic T cells, nor Th1/Th17 cell-mediated inflammation was observed in ATR-AP205-001 vaccine, similar to ATR-Dimer-001 vaccine. We concluded that ATR-AP205-001 vaccine quickly induced potent humoral immunity through collaboration of B cells, follicular dendritic cells and follicular helper T cells, providing an effective and safe intervention for hypertension in the future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiajun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yihuan Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yanzhao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hongrong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hailang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shijun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zihua Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhihua Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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14
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Dynamic intravital imaging of cell-cell interactions in the lymph node. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:12-20. [PMID: 28065277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the application of 2-photon intravital microscopy as a tool to study cell interactions in different areas of the immune system has offered an unprecedented opportunity to understand the complexity of cell behavior in relation to immune functions. In this review we describe the latest advances in the field of live imaging in the lymph nodes, grouping the different cell populations in 2 compartments according to their motility: the sessile compartment, which is formed by resident cells of stromal origin, macrophages, and resident dendritic cells, and the motile compartment, which is mainly formed by T and B lymphocytes. Here we review how the use of in vivo imaging has contributed to our understanding of the role of these cells in the initiation of the immune response in the draining lymph nodes.
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15
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Mosquito cell-derived West Nile virus replicon particles mimic arbovirus inoculum and have reduced spread in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005394. [PMID: 28187142 PMCID: PMC5322982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Half of the human population is at risk of infection by an arthropod-borne virus. Many of these arboviruses, such as West Nile, dengue, and Zika viruses, infect humans by way of a bite from an infected mosquito. This infectious inoculum is insect cell-derived giving the virus particles distinct qualities not present in secondary infectious virus particles produced by infected vertebrate host cells. The insect cell-derived particles differ in the glycosylation of virus structural proteins and the lipid content of the envelope, as well as their induction of cytokines. Thus, in order to accurately mimic the inoculum delivered by arthropods, arboviruses should be derived from arthropod cells. Previous studies have packaged replicon genome in mammalian cells to produce replicon particles, which undergo only one round of infection, but no studies exist packaging replicon particles in mosquito cells. Here we optimized the packaging of West Nile virus replicon genome in mosquito cells and produced replicon particles at high concentration, allowing us to mimic mosquito cell-derived viral inoculum. These particles were mature with similar genome equivalents-to-infectious units as full-length West Nile virus. We then compared the mosquito cell-derived particles to mammalian cell-derived particles in mice. Both replicon particles infected skin at the inoculation site and the draining lymph node by 3 hours post-inoculation. The mammalian cell-derived replicon particles spread from the site of inoculation to the spleen and contralateral lymph nodes significantly more than the particles derived from mosquito cells. This in vivo difference in spread of West Nile replicons in the inoculum demonstrates the importance of using arthropod cell-derived particles to model early events in arboviral infection and highlights the value of these novel arthropod cell-derived replicon particles for studying the earliest virus-host interactions for arboviruses. Many emerging viruses of public health concern are arthropod-borne, including tick-borne encephalitis, dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and West Nile viruses. The arboviruses are maintained in nature via virus-specific transmission cycles, involving arthropod (e.g. mosquitos, midges, and ticks) and vertebrate animals (e.g. birds, humans, and livestock). Common to all transmission cycles is the requirement of the arbovirus to replicate in these very different hosts. Since viruses rely on the host cell machinery to produce progeny, the virus particles from these hosts can differ in viral protein glycosylation and lipid content. Thus, the viral inoculum deposited by an infected arthropod will have different properties than virus produced in vertebrate cells. We set out to study the early events of arbovirus infection in a vertebrate host, using the mosquito-borne West Nile virus as a model. Here, we are the first to describe a robust protocol to produce West Nile replicon particles from mosquito cells. Since replicon particles are restricted to a single round of infection, we were able to compare the tropism and spread of the inoculum in animals for mosquito cell- and mammalian cell-derived replicon particles. We found that West Nile replicon particles derived from mosquito cells were significantly reduced in spread to distant sites compared to those derived from mammalian cells. Our results suggest that studies on arbovirus pathogenesis should be conducted with arthropod cell-derived virus, especially for the study of early virus-host interactions.
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16
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Viruses exploit the tissue physiology of the host to spread in vivo. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 41:81-90. [PMID: 27149407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are pathogens that strictly depend on their host for propagation. Over years of co-evolution viruses have become experts in exploiting the host cell biology and physiology to ensure efficient replication and spread. Here, we will first summarize the concepts that have emerged from in vitro cell culture studies to understand virus spread. We will then review the results from studies in living animals that reveal how viruses exploit the natural flow of body fluids, specific tissue architecture, and patterns of cell circulation and migration to spread within the host. Understanding tissue physiology will be critical for the design of antiviral strategies that prevent virus dissemination.
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17
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Lymph Node Macrophages Restrict Murine Cytomegalovirus Dissemination. J Virol 2015; 89:7147-58. [PMID: 25926638 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00480-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) establish chronic infections that spread from a primary entry site to secondary vascular sites, such as the spleen, and then to tertiary shedding sites, such as the salivary glands. Human CMV (HCMV) is difficult to analyze, because its spread precedes clinical presentation. Murine CMV (MCMV) offers a tractable model. It is hypothesized to spread from peripheral sites via vascular endothelial cells and associated monocytes. However, viral luciferase imaging showed footpad-inoculated MCMV first reaching the popliteal lymph nodes (PLN). PLN colonization was rapid and further spread was slow, implying that LN infection can be a significant bottleneck. Most acutely infected PLN cells were CD169(+) subcapsular sinus macrophages (SSM). Replication-deficient MCMV also reached them, indicating direct infection. Many SSM expressed viral reporter genes, but few expressed lytic genes. SSM expressed CD11c, and MCMV with a cre-sensitive fluorochrome switch showed switched infected cells in PLN of CD11c-cre mice but yielded little switched virus. SSM depletion with liposomal clodronate or via a CD169-diphtheria toxin receptor transgene shifted infection to ER-TR7(+) stromal cells, increased virus production, and accelerated its spread to the spleen. Therefore, MCMV disseminated via LN, and SSM slowed this spread by shielding permissive fibroblasts and poorly supporting viral lytic replication. IMPORTANCE HCMV chronically infects most people, and it can cause congenital disability and harm the immunocompromised. A major goal of vaccination is to prevent systemic infection. How this is established is unclear. Restriction to humans makes HCMV difficult to analyze. We show that peripheral MCMV infection spreads via lymph nodes. Here, MCMV infected filtering macrophages, which supported virus replication poorly. When these macrophages were depleted, MCMV infected susceptible fibroblasts and spread faster. The capacity of filtering macrophages to limit MCMV spread argued that their infection is an important bottleneck in host colonization and might be a good vaccine target.
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18
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Frederico B, Chao B, Lawler C, May JS, Stevenson PG. Subcapsular sinus macrophages limit acute gammaherpesvirus dissemination. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2314-2327. [PMID: 25872742 PMCID: PMC4681069 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte proliferation, mobility and longevity make them prime targets for virus infection. Myeloid cells that process and present environmental antigens to lymphocytes are consequently an important line of defence. Subcapsular sinus macrophages (SSMs) filter the afferent lymph and communicate with B-cells. How they interact with B-cell-tropic viruses is unknown. We analysed their encounter with murid herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4), an experimentally accessible gammaherpesvirus related to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. MuHV-4 disseminated via lymph nodes, and intranasally or subcutaneously inoculated virions readily infected SSMs. However, this infection was poorly productive. SSM depletion with clodronate-loaded liposomes or with diphtheria toxin in CD169–diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice increased B-cell infection and hastened virus spread to the spleen. Dendritic cells provided the main route to B-cells, and SSMs slowed host colonization, apparently by absorbing virions non-productively from the afferent lymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frederico
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brittany Chao
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clara Lawler
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Clinical Medical Virology Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Royal Children's Hospital and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janet S May
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Clinical Medical Virology Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Royal Children's Hospital and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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