1
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Chia SB, Johnson BJ, Hu J, Vermeulen R, Chadeau-Hyam M, Guntoro F, Montgomery H, Boorgula MP, Sreekanth V, Goodspeed A, Davenport B, Pereira FV, Zaberezhnyy V, Schleicher WE, Gao D, Cadar AN, Papanicolaou M, Beheshti A, Baylin SB, Costello J, Bartley JM, Morrison TE, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Rincon M, DeGregori J. Respiratory viral infection promotes the awakening and outgrowth of dormant metastatic breast cancer cells in lungs. Res Sq 2024:rs.3.rs-4210090. [PMID: 38645169 PMCID: PMC11030513 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4210090/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer globally. Most deaths from breast cancer are due to metastatic disease which often follows long periods of clinical dormancy1. Understanding the mechanisms that disrupt the quiescence of dormant disseminated cancer cells (DCC) is crucial for addressing metastatic progression. Infection with respiratory viruses (e.g. influenza or SARS-CoV-2) is common and triggers an inflammatory response locally and systemically2,3. Here we show that influenza virus infection leads to loss of the pro-dormancy mesenchymal phenotype in breast DCC in the lung, causing DCC proliferation within days of infection, and a greater than 100-fold expansion of carcinoma cells into metastatic lesions within two weeks. Such DCC phenotypic change and expansion is interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent. We further show that CD4 T cells are required for the maintenance of pulmonary metastatic burden post-influenza virus infection, in part through attenuation of CD8 cell responses in the lungs. Single-cell RNA-seq analyses reveal DCC-dependent impairment of T-cell activation in the lungs of infected mice. SARS-CoV-2 infected mice also showed increased breast DCC expansion in lungs post-infection. Expanding our findings to human observational data, we observed that cancer survivors contracting a SARS-CoV-2 infection have substantially increased risks of lung metastatic progression and cancer-related death compared to cancer survivors who did not. These discoveries underscore the significant impact of respiratory viral infections on the resurgence of metastatic cancer, offering novel insights into the interconnection between infectious diseases and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi B Chia
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | - Junxiao Hu
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dexiang Gao
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, University of Colorado Cancer Center
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2
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Sheridan RM, Doan TA, Lucas C, Forward TS, Uecker-Martin A, Morrison TE, Hesselberth JR, Tamburini BAJ. A specific and portable gene expression program underlies antigen archiving by lymphatic endothelial cells. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.01.587647. [PMID: 38617225 PMCID: PMC11014631 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.01.587647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Antigens from protein subunit vaccination traffic from the tissue to the draining lymph node, either passively via the lymph or carried by dendritic cells at the local injection site. Lymph node (LN) lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) actively acquire and archive foreign antigens, and archived antigen can be released during subsequent inflammatory stimulus to improve immune responses. Here, we answer questions about how LECs achieve durable antigen archiving and whether there are transcriptional signatures associated with LECs containing high levels of antigen. We used single cell sequencing in dissociated LN tissue to quantify antigen levels in LEC and dendritic cell populations at multiple timepoints after immunization, and used machine learning to define a unique transcriptional program within archiving LECs that can predict LEC archiving capacity in independent data sets. Finally, we validated this modeling, showing we could predict antigen archiving from a transcriptional dataset of CHIKV infected mice and demonstrated in vivo the accuracy of our prediction. Collectively, our findings establish a unique transcriptional program in LECs that promotes antigen archiving that can be translated to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Sheridan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Thu A. Doan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Cormac Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tadg S. Forward
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Aspen Uecker-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | | | - Jay R. Hesselberth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Beth A. Jirón Tamburini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, CO, USA
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3
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Ander SE, Parks MG, Davenport BJ, Li FS, Bosco-Lauth A, Carpentier KS, Sun C, Lucas CJ, Klimstra WB, Ebel GD, Morrison TE. Phagocyte-expressed glycosaminoglycans promote capture of alphaviruses from the blood circulation in a host species-specific manner. PNAS Nexus 2024; 3:pgae119. [PMID: 38560529 PMCID: PMC10978064 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The magnitude and duration of vertebrate viremia are critical determinants of arbovirus transmission, geographic spread, and disease severity-yet, mechanisms determining arbovirus viremia levels are poorly defined. Previous studies have drawn associations between in vitro virion-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions and in vivo clearance kinetics of virions from blood circulation. From these observations, it is commonly hypothesized that GAG-binding virions are rapidly removed from circulation due to ubiquitous expression of GAGs by vascular endothelial cells, thereby limiting viremia. Using an in vivo model for viremia, we compared the vascular clearance of low and enhanced GAG-binding viral variants of chikungunya, eastern- (EEEV), and Venezuelan- (VEEV) equine encephalitis viruses. We find GAG-binding virions are more quickly removed from circulation than their non-GAG-binding variant; however individual clearance kinetics vary between GAG-binding viruses, from swift (VEEV) to slow removal from circulation (EEEV). Remarkably, we find phagocytes are required for efficient vascular clearance of some enhanced GAG-binding virions. Moreover, transient depletion of vascular heparan sulfate impedes vascular clearance of only some GAG-binding viral variants and in a phagocyte-dependent manner, implying phagocytes can mediate vascular GAG-virion interactions. Finally, in direct contrast to mice, we find enhanced GAG-binding EEEV is resistant to vascular clearance in avian hosts, suggesting the existence of species-specificity in virion-GAG interactions. In summary, these data support a role for GAG-mediated clearance of some viral particles from the blood circulation, illuminate the potential of blood-contacting phagocytes as a site for GAG-virion binding, and suggest a role for species-specific GAG structures in arbovirus ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Ander
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - M Guston Parks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Frances S Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angela Bosco-Lauth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathryn S Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chengqun Sun
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cormac J Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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4
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Holmes AC, Lucas CJ, Brisse ME, Ware BC, Hickman HD, Morrison TE, Diamond MS. Ly6C + monocytes in the skin promote systemic alphavirus dissemination. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113876. [PMID: 38446669 PMCID: PMC11005330 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are mosquito-transmitted pathogens that induce high levels of viremia, which facilitates dissemination and vector transmission. One prevailing paradigm is that, after skin inoculation, alphavirus-infected resident dendritic cells migrate to the draining lymph node (DLN), facilitating further rounds of infection and dissemination. Here, we assess the contribution of infiltrating myeloid cells to alphavirus spread. We observe two phases of virus transport to the DLN, one that occurs starting at 1 h post infection and precedes viral replication, and a second that requires replication in the skin, enabling transit to the bloodstream. Depletion of Ly6C+ monocytes reduces local chikungunya (CHIKV) or Ross River virus (RRV) infection in the skin, diminishes the second phase of virus transport to the DLN, and delays spread to distal sites. Our data suggest that infiltrating monocytes facilitate alphavirus infection at the initial infection site, which promotes more rapid spread into circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn C Holmes
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cormac J Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Morgan E Brisse
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian C Ware
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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Doan TA, Forward TS, Schafer JB, Lucas ED, Fleming I, Uecker-Martin A, Ayala E, Guthmiller JJ, Hesselberth JR, Morrison TE, Tamburini BAJ. Immunization-induced antigen archiving enhances local memory CD8+ T cell responses following an unrelated viral infection. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:66. [PMID: 38514656 PMCID: PMC10957963 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Antigens from viruses or immunizations can persist or are archived in lymph node stromal cells such as lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) and fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC). Here, we find that, during the time frame of antigen archiving, LEC apoptosis caused by a second, but unrelated, innate immune stimulus such as vaccina viral infection or CpG DNA administration resulted in cross-presentation of archived antigens and boosted memory CD8 + T cells specific to the archived antigen. In contrast to "bystander" activation associated with unrelated infections, the memory CD8 + T cells specific to the archived antigen from the immunization were significantly higher than memory CD8 + T cells of a different antigen specificity. Finally, the boosted memory CD8 + T cells resulted in increased protection against Listeria monocytogenes expressing the antigen from the immunization, but only for the duration that the antigen was archived. These findings outline an important mechanism by which lymph node stromal cell archived antigens, in addition to bystander activation, can augment memory CD8 + T cell responses during repeated inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu A Doan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tadg S Forward
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Johnathon B Schafer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ira Fleming
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aspen Uecker-Martin
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Edgardo Ayala
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenna J Guthmiller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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6
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Kim JS, Liu L, Kant S, Orlicky DJ, Uppalapati S, Margolis A, Davenport BJ, Morrison TE, Matsuda J, McClelland M, Jones-Carson J, Vazquez-Torres A. Anaerobic respiration of host-derived methionine sulfoxide protects intracellular Salmonella from the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:411-424.e10. [PMID: 38307020 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular Salmonella experiencing oxidative stress downregulates aerobic respiration. To maintain cellular energetics during periods of oxidative stress, intracellular Salmonella must utilize terminal electron acceptors of lower energetic value than molecular oxygen. We show here that intracellular Salmonella undergoes anaerobic respiration during adaptation to the respiratory burst of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase in macrophages and in mice. Reactive oxygen species generated by phagocytes oxidize methionine, generating methionine sulfoxide. Anaerobic Salmonella uses the molybdenum cofactor-containing DmsABC enzymatic complex to reduce methionine sulfoxide. The enzymatic activity of the methionine sulfoxide reductase DmsABC helps Salmonella maintain an alkaline cytoplasm that supports the synthesis of the antioxidant hydrogen sulfide via cysteine desulfuration while providing a source of methionine and fostering redox balancing by associated dehydrogenases. Our investigations demonstrate that nontyphoidal Salmonella responding to oxidative stress exploits the anaerobic metabolism associated with dmsABC gene products, a pathway that has accrued inactivating mutations in human-adapted typhoidal serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Sim Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sashi Kant
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Siva Uppalapati
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alyssa Margolis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Michael McClelland
- University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Jones-Carson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andres Vazquez-Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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7
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Ware BC, Parks MG, da Silva MOL, Morrison TE. Chikungunya virus infection disrupts MHC-I antigen presentation via nonstructural protein 2. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011794. [PMID: 38483968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, causes severe polyarthralgia and polymyalgia, which can last in some people for months to years. Chronic CHIKV disease signs and symptoms are associated with the persistence of viral nucleic acid and antigen in tissues. Like humans and nonhuman primates, CHIKV infection in mice results in the development of robust adaptive antiviral immune responses. Despite this, joint tissue fibroblasts survive CHIKV infection and can support persistent viral replication, suggesting that they escape immune surveillance. Here, using a recombinant CHIKV strain encoding the fluorescent protein VENUS with an embedded CD8+ T cell epitope, SIINFEKL, we observed a marked loss of both MHC class I (MHC-I) surface expression and antigen presentation by CHIKV-infected joint tissue fibroblasts. Both in vivo and ex vivo infected joint tissue fibroblasts displayed reduced cell surface levels of H2-Kb and H2-Db MHC-I proteins while maintaining similar levels of other cell surface proteins. Mutations within the methyl transferase-like domain of the CHIKV nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) increased MHC-I cell surface expression and antigen presentation efficiency by CHIKV-infected cells. Moreover, expression of WT nsP2 alone, but not nsP2 with mutations in the methyltransferase-like domain, resulted in decreased MHC-I antigen presentation efficiency. MHC-I surface expression and antigen presentation was rescued by replacing VENUS-SIINFEKL with SIINFEKL tethered to β2-microglobulin in the CHIKV genome, which bypasses the requirement for peptide processing and TAP-mediated peptide transport into the endoplasmic reticulum. Collectively, this work suggests that CHIKV escapes the surveillance of antiviral CD8+ T cells, in part, by nsP2-mediated disruption of MHC-I antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Ware
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - M Guston Parks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mariana O L da Silva
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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8
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Lucas CJ, Sheridan RM, Reynoso GV, Davenport BJ, McCarthy MK, Martin A, Hesselberth JR, Hickman HD, Tamburini BA, Morrison TE. Chikungunya virus infection disrupts lymph node lymphatic endothelial cell composition and function via MARCO. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176537. [PMID: 38194268 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes disruption of draining lymph node (dLN) organization, including paracortical relocalization of B cells, loss of the B cell-T cell border, and lymphocyte depletion that is associated with infiltration of the LN with inflammatory myeloid cells. Here, we found that, during the first 24 hours of infection, CHIKV RNA accumulated in MARCO-expressing lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in both the floor and medullary LN sinuses. The accumulation of viral RNA in the LN was associated with a switch to an antiviral and inflammatory gene expression program across LN stromal cells, and this inflammatory response - including recruitment of myeloid cells to the LN - was accelerated by CHIKV-MARCO interactions. As CHIKV infection progressed, both floor and medullary LECs diminished in number, suggesting further functional impairment of the LN by infection. Consistent with this idea, antigen acquisition by LECs, a key function of LN LECs during infection and immunization, was reduced during pathogenic CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac J Lucas
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology and
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ryan M Sheridan
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Glennys V Reynoso
- Viral Immunity & Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Aspen Martin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics and
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics and
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity & Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Beth Aj Tamburini
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology and
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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9
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Ware BC, Parks MG, Morrison TE. Chikungunya virus infection disrupts MHC-I antigen presentation via nonstructural protein 2. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.03.565436. [PMID: 37961400 PMCID: PMC10635105 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, causes severe polyarthralgia and polymyalgia, which can last in some people for months to years. Chronic CHIKV disease signs and symptoms are associated with the persistence of viral nucleic acid and antigen in tissues. Like humans and nonhuman primates, CHIKV infection in mice results in the development of robust adaptive antiviral immune responses. Despite this, joint tissue fibroblasts survive CHIKV infection and can support persistent viral replication, suggesting that they escape immune surveillance. Here, using a recombinant CHIKV strain encoding a chimeric protein of VENUS fused to a CD8+ T cell epitope, SIINFEKL, we observed a marked loss of both MHC class I (MHC-I) surface expression and antigen presentation by CHIKV-infected joint tissue fibroblasts. Both in vivo and ex vivo infected joint tissue fibroblasts displayed reduced cell surface levels of H2-Kb and H2-Db MHC proteins while maintaining similar levels of other cell surface proteins. Mutations within the methyl transferase-like domain of the CHIKV nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) increased MHC-I cell surface expression and antigen presentation efficiency by CHIKV-infected cells. Moreover, expression of WT nsP2 alone, but not nsP2 with mutations in the methyltransferase-like domain, resulted in decreased MHC-I antigen presentation efficiency. MHC-I surface expression and antigen presentation could be rescued by replacing VENUS-SIINFEKL with SIINFEKL tethered to β2-microglobulin in the CHIKV genome, which bypasses the need for peptide processing and TAP-mediated peptide transport into the endoplasmic reticulum. Collectively, this work suggests that CHIKV escapes the surveillance of antiviral CD8+ T cells, in part, by nsP2-mediated disruption of MHC-I antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Ware
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - M. Guston Parks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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10
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Lucas CJ, Sheridan RM, Reynoso GV, Davenport BJ, McCarthy MK, Martin A, Hesselberth JR, Hickman HD, Tamburini BAJ, Morrison TE. Chikungunya virus infection disrupts lymph node lymphatic endothelial cell composition and function via MARCO. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.12.561615. [PMID: 37873393 PMCID: PMC10592756 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.561615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes disruption of draining lymph node (dLN) organization, including paracortical relocalization of B cells, loss of the B cell-T cell border, and lymphocyte depletion that is associated with infiltration of the LN with inflammatory myeloid cells. Here, we find that during the first 24 h of infection, CHIKV RNA accumulates in MARCO-expressing lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in both the floor and medullary LN sinuses. The accumulation of viral RNA in the LN was associated with a switch to an antiviral and inflammatory gene expression program across LN stromal cells, and this inflammatory response, including recruitment of myeloid cells to the LN, was accelerated by CHIKV-MARCO interactions. As CHIKV infection progressed, both floor and medullary LECs diminished in number, suggesting further functional impairment of the LN by infection. Consistent with this idea, we find that antigen acquisition by LECs, a key function of LN LECs during infection and immunization, was reduced during pathogenic CHIKV infection.
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11
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Yin P, Davenport BJ, Wan JJ, Kim AS, Diamond MS, Ware BC, Tong K, Couderc T, Lecuit M, Lai JR, Morrison TE, Kielian M. Chikungunya virus cell-to-cell transmission is mediated by intercellular extensions in vitro and in vivo. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1653-1667. [PMID: 37591996 PMCID: PMC10956380 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has recently emerged to cause millions of human infections worldwide. Infection can induce the formation of long intercellular extensions that project from infected cells and form stable non-continuous membrane bridges with neighbouring cells. The mechanistic role of these intercellular extensions in CHIKV infection was unclear. Here we developed a co-culture system and flow cytometry methods to quantitatively evaluate transmission of CHIKV from infected to uninfected cells in the presence of neutralizing antibody. Endocytosis and endosomal acidification were critical for virus cell-to-cell transmission, while the CHIKV receptor MXRA8 was not. By using distinct antibodies to block formation of extensions and by evaluation of transmission in HeLa cells that did not form extensions, we showed that intercellular extensions mediate CHIKV cell-to-cell transmission. In vivo, pre-treatment of mice with a neutralizing antibody blocked infection by direct virus inoculation, while adoptive transfer of infected cells produced antibody-resistant host infection. Together our data suggest a model in which the contact sites of intercellular extensions on target cells shield CHIKV from neutralizing antibodies and promote efficient intercellular virus transmission both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Yin
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Judy J Wan
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian C Ware
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Karen Tong
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thérèse Couderc
- Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, APHP, Institut Imagine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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12
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Ander SE, Parks MG, Davenport BJ, Li FS, Bosco-Lauth A, Carpentier KS, Sun C, Lucas CJ, Klimstra WB, Ebel GD, Morrison TE. Phagocyte-expressed glycosaminoglycans promote capture of alphaviruses from the blood circulation in a host species-specific manner. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.09.552690. [PMID: 37609165 PMCID: PMC10441409 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.09.552690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude and duration of vertebrate viremia are critical determinants of arbovirus transmission, geographic spread, and disease severity-yet, mechanisms determining arbovirus viremia levels are poorly defined. Previous studies have drawn associations between in vitro virion-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions and in vivo clearance kinetics of virions from blood circulation. From these observations, it is commonly hypothesized that GAG-binding virions are rapidly removed from circulation due to ubiquitous expression of GAGs by vascular endothelial cells, thereby limiting viremia. Using an in vivo model for viremia, we compared the vascular clearance of low and enhanced GAG-binding viral variants of chikungunya (CHIKV), eastern-(EEEV), and Venezuelan-(VEEV) equine encephalitis viruses. We find GAG-binding virions are more quickly removed from circulation than their non-GAG-binding variant; however individual clearance kinetics vary between GAG-binding viruses, from swift (VEEV) to slow removal from circulation (EEEV). Remarkably, we find phagocytes are required for efficient vascular clearance of some enhanced GAG-binding virions. Moreover, transient depletion of vascular heparan sulfate (HS) impedes vascular clearance of only some GAG-binding viral variants and in a phagocyte-dependent manner, implying phagocytes can mediate vascular GAG-virion interactions. Finally, in direct contrast to mice, we find enhanced GAG-binding EEEV is resistant to vascular clearance in avian hosts, suggesting the existence of species-specificity in virion-GAG interactions. In summary, these data support a role for GAG-mediated clearance of some viral particles from the blood circulation, illuminate the potential of blood-contacting phagocytes as a site for GAG-virion binding, and suggest a role for species-specific GAG structures in arbovirus ecology. Significance Statement Previously, evidence of arbovirus-GAG interactions in vivo has been limited to associations between viral residues shown to promote enhanced GAG-binding phenotypes in vitro and in vivo phenotypes of viral dissemination and pathogenesis. By directly manipulating host GAG expression, we identified virion-GAG interactions in vivo and discovered a role for phagocyte-expressed GAGs in viral vascular clearance. Moreover, we observe species-specific differences in viral vascular clearance of enhanced GAG-binding virions between murine and avian hosts. These data suggest species-specific variation in GAG structure is a mechanism to distinguish amplifying from dead-end hosts for arbovirus transmission.
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13
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Kedl RM, Hsieh EWY, Morrison TE, Samayoa-Reyes G, Flaherty S, Jackson CL, Rochford R. Evidence for Aerosol Transfer of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral Immunity. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:307-309. [PMID: 37159005 PMCID: PMC10579981 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious particles can be shared through aerosols and droplets formed as the result of normal respiration. Whether Abs within the nasal/oral fluids can similarly be shared between hosts has not been investigated. The circumstances of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic facilitated a unique opportunity to fully examine this provocative idea. The data we show from human nasal swabs provides evidence for the aerosol transfer of Abs between immune and nonimmune hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Elena W. Y. Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Gabriela Samayoa-Reyes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Siobhan Flaherty
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Conner L. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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14
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Li FS, Carpentier KS, Hawman DW, Lucas CJ, Ander SE, Feldmann H, Morrison TE. Species-specific MARCO-alphavirus interactions dictate chikungunya virus viremia. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112418. [PMID: 37083332 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are public health threats that cause explosive outbreaks. Major determinants of arbovirus transmission, geographic spread, and pathogenesis are the magnitude and duration of viremia in vertebrate hosts. Previously, we determined that multiple alphaviruses are cleared efficiently from murine circulation by the scavenger receptor MARCO (Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure). Here, we define biochemical features on chikungunya (CHIKV), o'nyong 'nyong (ONNV), and Ross River (RRV) viruses required for MARCO-dependent clearance in vivo. In vitro, MARCO expression promotes binding and internalization of CHIKV, ONNV, and RRV via the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain. Furthermore, we observe species-specific effects of the MARCO SRCR domain on CHIKV internalization, where those from known amplification hosts fail to promote CHIKV internalization. Consistent with this observation, CHIKV is inefficiently cleared from the circulation of rhesus macaques in contrast with mice. These findings suggest a role for MARCO in determining whether a vertebrate serves as an amplification or dead-end host following CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances S Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kathryn S Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David W Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Cormac J Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie E Ander
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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15
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Zhang H, Gerasimovskaya E, McCarthy MK, May NA, Prasad RR, Riddle S, McKeon BA, Kumar S, Li M, Hu CJ, Frid MG, Morrison TE, Stenmark KR. Local Complement Contributes to Pathogenic Activation of Lung Endothelial Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023. [PMID: 37071849 PMCID: PMC10399142 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0373oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation contribute to the vascular pathology of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, emerging evidence does not support direct infection of endothelial or other vascular wall cells and thus inflammation may be better explained as secondary responses to epithelial cell infection. In this study, we sought to determine whether lung endothelial or other resident vascular cells are susceptible to productive SARS-CoV-2 infection and how local complement activation contributes to endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in response to hypoxia and SARS-CoV-2 infected lung alveolar epithelial cells. We found that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA expression in lung vascular cells including primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC), pericytes, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts was 20-90-fold lower compared to primary human alveolar epithelial type II (AT2) cells. Consistently, we found that HLMVEC and other resident vascular cells were not susceptible to productive SARS-CoV-2 infection under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. However, viral uptake without replication (abortive infection) was observed in HLMVEC when exposed to conditioned medium from SARS-CoV-2 infected human ACE2 stably transfected A549 epithelial cells (hACE2-A549). Furthermore, we demonstrated that exposure of HLMVEC to conditioned medium from SARS-CoV-2 infected hACE2-A549 cells and hypoxia resulted in upregulation of inflammatory factors such as ICAM1, VCAM1, IL-6 as well as complement components such as C3, C3AR1, C1QA and CFB. Taken together, our data support a model in which lung endothelial/vascular dysfunction during COVID-19 involves the activation of complement and inflammatory signaling and does not involve productive viral infection of endothelial cells. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Evgenia Gerasimovskaya
- University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Nicholas A May
- University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Ram Raj Prasad
- University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Suzette Riddle
- University of Colorado at Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatric and Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - B Alexandre McKeon
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Sushil Kumar
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Min Li
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Cheng-Jun Hu
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Cranofacial Biology School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Maria G Frid
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, 129263, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States;
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16
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Windsor WJ, Roell Y, Tucker H, Cheng CA, Suliman S, Peek LJ, Pestano GA, Lee WT, Zeichhardt H, Lamb MM, Kammel M, Wang H, Kedl R, Rester C, Morrison TE, Davenport BJ, Carson K, Yates J, Howard K, Kulas K, Walt DR, Dafni A, Taylor D, Chu M. Harmonization of Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Reference Materials Using the WHO IS (NIBSC 20/136): Results and Implications. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:893801. [PMID: 35707164 PMCID: PMC9190986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.893801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is an urgent need for harmonization between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serology platforms and assays prior to defining appropriate correlates of protection and as well inform the development of new rapid diagnostic tests that can be used for serosurveillance as new variants of concern (VOC) emerge. We compared multiple SARS-CoV-2 serology reference materials to the WHO International Standard (WHO IS) to determine their utility as secondary standards, using an international network of laboratories with high-throughput quantitative serology assays. This enabled the comparison of quantitative results between multiple serology platforms. Methods Between April and December 2020, 13 well-characterized and validated SARS-CoV-2 serology reference materials were recruited from six different providers to qualify as secondary standards to the WHO IS. All the samples were tested in parallel with the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) 20/136 and parallel-line assays were used to calculate the relevant potency and binding antibody units. Results All the samples saw varying levels of concordance between diagnostic methods at specific antigen–antibody combinations. Seven of the 12 candidate materials had high concordance for the spike-immunoglobulin G (IgG) analyte [percent coefficient of variation (%CV) between 5 and 44%]. Conclusion Despite some concordance between laboratories, qualification of secondary materials to the WHO IS using arbitrary international units or binding antibody units per milliliter (BAU/ml) does not provide any benefit to the reference materials overall, due to the lack of consistent agreeable international unit (IU) or BAU/ml conversions between laboratories. Secondary standards should be qualified to well-characterized reference materials, such as the WHO IS, using serology assays that are similar to the ones used for the original characterization of the WHO IS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yannik Roell
- Colorado School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Heidi Tucker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Chi-An Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - William T Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Heinz Zeichhardt
- INSTAND e.V., Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories, Duesseldorf, Germany.,IQVD GmbH, Institut fuer Qualitaetssicherung in der Virusdiagnostik, Berlin, Germany.,GBD Gesellschaft fuer Biotechnologische Diagnostik mbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Molly M Lamb
- Colorado School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Martin Kammel
- INSTAND e.V., Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories, Duesseldorf, Germany.,IQVD GmbH, Institut fuer Qualitaetssicherung in der Virusdiagnostik, Berlin, Germany.,GBD Gesellschaft fuer Biotechnologische Diagnostik mbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hui Wang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Ross Kedl
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Cody Rester
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Bennet J Davenport
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kyle Carson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer Yates
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Kelly Howard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Karen Kulas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - David R Walt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aner Dafni
- Oneworld Accuracy, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - May Chu
- Colorado School of Public Health, Center for Global Health, Aurora, CO, United States
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17
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Kim JS, Liu L, Davenport B, Kant S, Morrison TE, Vazquez-Torres A. Oxidative stress activates transcription of Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 genes in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102130. [PMID: 35714768 PMCID: PMC9270255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system encoded in the Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 (SPI-2) gene cluster facilitates intracellular growth of nontyphoidal Salmonella by interfering with the maturation of Salmonella-containing vacuoles along the degradative pathway. SPI-2 gene products also protect Salmonella against the antimicrobial activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesized by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2). However, a potential relationship between inflammatory ROS and the activation of transcription of SPI-2 genes by intracellular Salmonella is unclear. Here, we show that ROS engendered in the innate host response stimulate SPI-2 gene transcription. We found that the expression of SPI-2 genes in Salmonella-sustaining oxidative stress conditions involves DksA, a protein otherwise known to regulate the stringent response of bacteria to nutritional stress. We also demonstrate that the J and zinc-2-oxidoreductase domains of DnaJ as well as the ATPase activity of the DnaK chaperone facilitate loading of DksA onto RNA polymerase complexed with SPI-2 promoters. Furthermore, the DksA-driven transcription of SPI-2 genes in Salmonella experiencing oxidative stress is contingent on upstream OmpR, PhoP, and SsrB signaling events that participate in the removal of nucleoid proteins while simultaneously recruiting RNA polymerase to SPI-2 promoter regions. Taken together, our results suggest the activation of SPI-2 gene transcription in Salmonella subjected to ROS produced by the respiratory burst of macrophages protects this intracellular pathogen against NOX2-mediated killing. We propose that Salmonella have co-opted inflammatory ROS to induce SPI-2-mediated protective responses against NOX2 host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Sim Kim
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bennett Davenport
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sashi Kant
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Andres Vazquez-Torres
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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18
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Davenport BJ, Catala A, Weston SM, Johnson RM, Ardanuy J, Hammond HL, Dillen C, Frieman MB, Catalano CE, Morrison TE. Phage-like particle vaccines are highly immunogenic and protect against pathogenic coronavirus infection and disease. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:57. [PMID: 35618725 PMCID: PMC9135756 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The response by vaccine developers to the COVID-19 pandemic has been extraordinary with effective vaccines authorized for emergency use in the United States within 1 year of the appearance of the first COVID-19 cases. However, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and obstacles with the global rollout of new vaccines highlight the need for platforms that are amenable to rapid tuning and stable formulation to facilitate the logistics of vaccine delivery worldwide. We developed a "designer nanoparticle" platform using phage-like particles (PLPs) derived from bacteriophage lambda for a multivalent display of antigens in rigorously defined ratios. Here, we engineered PLPs that display the receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein from SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, alone (RBDSARS-PLPs and RBDMERS-PLPs) and in combination (hCoV-RBD PLPs). Functionalized particles possess physiochemical properties compatible with pharmaceutical standards and retain antigenicity. Following primary immunization, BALB/c mice immunized with RBDSARS- or RBDMERS-PLPs display serum RBD-specific IgG endpoint and live virus neutralization titers that, in the case of SARS-CoV-2, were comparable to those detected in convalescent plasma from infected patients. Further, these antibody levels remain elevated up to 6 months post-prime. In dose-response studies, immunization with as little as one microgram of RBDSARS-PLPs elicited robust neutralizing antibody responses. Finally, animals immunized with RBDSARS-PLPs, RBDMERS-PLPs, and hCoV-RBD PLPs were protected against SARS-CoV-2 and/or MERS-CoV lung infection and disease. Collectively, these data suggest that the designer PLP system provides a platform for facile and rapid generation of single and multi-target vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexis Catala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stuart M Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy Ardanuy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Holly L Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carly Dillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlos E Catalano
- Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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19
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Lucas CJ, Davenport BJ, Carpentier KS, Tinega AN, Morrison TE. Two Conserved Phenylalanine Residues in the E1 Fusion Loop of Alphaviruses Are Essential for Viral Infectivity. J Virol 2022; 96:e0006422. [PMID: 35416719 PMCID: PMC9093095 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00064-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses infect cells by a low pH-dependent fusion reaction between viral and host cell membranes that is mediated by the viral E1 glycoprotein. Most reported alphavirus E1 sequences include two phenylalanines (F87 and F95) in the fusion loop, yet the role of these residues in viral infectivity remains to be defined. Following introduction of wild type (WT), E1-F87A, and E1-F95A chikungunya virus (CHIKV) RNA genomes into cells, viral particle production was similar in magnitude. However, CHIKV E1-F87A and E1-F95A virions displayed impaired infectivity compared with WT CHIKV particles. Although WT, E1-F87A, and E1-F95A particles bound cells with similar efficiencies, E1-F87A and E1-F95A particles were unable to undergo fusion and entry into cells. Introduction of an F95A mutation in the E1 fusion loop of Mayaro virus or Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus also resulted in poorly infectious virions. We further tested whether an E1-F87A or E1-F95A mutation could be incorporated into a live-attenuated vaccine strain, CHIKV 181/25, to enhance vaccine safety. Infection of immunocompromised Ifnar1-/- and Irf3-/-Irf5-/-Irf7-/- mice with 181/25E1-F87A or 181/25E1-F95A resulted in 0% mortality, compared with 100% mortality following 181/25 infection. Despite this enhanced attenuation, surviving Ifnar1-/- and Irf3-/-Irf5-/-Irf7-/- mice were protected against virulent virus re-challenge. Moreover, single-dose immunization of WT mice with either 181/25, 181/25E1-F87A, or 181/25E1-F95A elicited CHIKV-specific antibody responses and protected against pathogenic CHIKV challenge. These studies define a critical function for residues E1-F87 and E1-F95 in alphavirus fusion and entry into target cells and suggest that incorporation of these mutations could enhance the safety of live-attenuated alphavirus vaccine candidates. IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses are human pathogens that cause both debilitating acute and chronic musculoskeletal disease and potentially fatal encephalitis. In this study, we determined that two highly conserved phenylalanine residues in the alphavirus E1 glycoprotein are required for fusion of viral and host cell membranes and viral entry into target cells. We further demonstrated that mutation of these phenylalanines results in a substantial loss of viral virulence but not immunogenicity. These data enhance an understanding of the viral determinants of alphavirus entry into host cells and could contribute to the development of new antivirals targeting these conserved phenylalanines or new live-attenuated alphavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac J. Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bennett J. Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kathryn S. Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alex N. Tinega
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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20
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Abstract
Many viruses utilize the lymphohematogenous route for dissemination; however, they may not freely use this highway unchecked. The reticuloendothelial system (RES) is an innate defense system that surveys circulating blood, recognizing and capturing viral particles. Examination of the literature shows that the bulk of viral clearance is mediated by the liver; however, the precise mechanism(s) mediating viral vascular clearance vary between viruses and, in many cases, remains poorly defined. Herein, we summarize what is known regarding the recognition and capture of virions from the circulation prior to the generation of a specific antibody response. We also discuss the consequences of viral capture on viral pathogenesis and the fate of the captor cell. Finally, this understudied topic has implications beyond viral pathogenesis, including effects on arbovirus ecology and the application of virus-vectored gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Ander
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Frances S. Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kathryn S. Carpentier
- Department of Natural Sciences, Greensboro College, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Windsor WJ, Knight V, Merkel PA, Lamb MM, Tucker HR, Carson K, Howard KM, Yates JL, Santiago ML, McCarthy MK, Morrison TE, Kedl RM, Frazer-Abel A, Guo K, Andersen G, Huey L, Barrett BS, Colón-Franco JM, Lee WT, Chu MC. COVID-19 Serology Control Panel Using the Dried-Tube Specimen Method. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:562-565. [PMID: 34996045 PMCID: PMC8832945 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The dried-tube specimen (DTS) procedure was used to develop the COVID-19 serology control panel (CSCP). The DTS offers the benefit of shipping materials without a cold chain, allowing for greater access without deterioration of material integrity. Samples in the panel were sourced from COVID-19 convalescent persons from March to May 2020. The immunoglobulin subtypes (total Ig, IgM, and IgG) and their respective reactivity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 nucleocapsid, spike, and receptor-binding domain antigens of the samples were delineated and compared with the WHO International Standard to elucidate the exact binding antibody units of each CSCP sample and ensure the CSCP provides adequate reactivity for different types of serological test platforms. We distribute the CSCP as a kit with five coded tubes to laboratories around the world to be used to compare test kits for external quality assurance, for harmonizing laboratory testing, and for use as training materials for laboratory workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Windsor
- Colorado School of Public Health, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Vijaya Knight
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Patricia A Merkel
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Molly M Lamb
- Colorado School of Public Health, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Heidi R Tucker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Kyle Carson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Kelly M Howard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Jennifer L Yates
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York.,The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Mario L Santiago
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Ross M Kedl
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Kejun Guo
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gillian Andersen
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Leah Huey
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - William T Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York.,The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - May C Chu
- Colorado School of Public Health, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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22
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Lucas CJ, Morrison TE. Animal models of alphavirus infection and human disease. Adv Virus Res 2022; 113:25-88. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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23
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Carpentier KS, Sheridan RM, Lucas CJ, Davenport BJ, Li FS, Lucas ED, McCarthy MK, Reynoso GV, May NA, Tamburini BAJ, Hesselberth JR, Hickman HD, Morrison TE. MARCO + lymphatic endothelial cells sequester arthritogenic alphaviruses to limit viremia and viral dissemination. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108966. [PMID: 34618370 PMCID: PMC8591538 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viremia in the vertebrate host is a major determinant of arboviral reservoir competency, transmission efficiency, and disease severity. However, immune mechanisms that control arboviral viremia are poorly defined. Here, we identify critical roles for the scavenger receptor MARCO in controlling viremia during arthritogenic alphavirus infections in mice. Following subcutaneous inoculation, arthritogenic alphavirus particles drain via the lymph and are rapidly captured by MARCO+ lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in the draining lymph node (dLN), limiting viral spread to the bloodstream. Upon reaching the bloodstream, alphavirus particles are cleared from the circulation by MARCO-expressing Kupffer cells in the liver, limiting viremia and further viral dissemination. MARCO-mediated accumulation of alphavirus particles in the draining lymph node and liver is an important host defense mechanism as viremia and viral tissue burdens are elevated in MARCO-/- mice and disease is more severe. In contrast to prior studies implicating a key role for lymph node macrophages in limiting viral dissemination, these findings exemplify a previously unrecognized arbovirus-scavenging role for lymphatic endothelial cells and improve our mechanistic understanding of viremia control during arthritogenic alphavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Ryan M Sheridan
- RNA Bioscience InitiativeUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Cormac J Lucas
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Frances S Li
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Glennys V Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis UnitLaboratory of Clinical Microbiology and ImmunologyNational Institutes of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Nicholas A May
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Beth A J Tamburini
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- RNA Bioscience InitiativeUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis UnitLaboratory of Clinical Microbiology and ImmunologyNational Institutes of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
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24
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Huey L, Andersen G, Merkel PA, Morrison TE, McCarthy M, DomBourian MG, Annen K, Dawson ED, Rowlen KL, Knight V. Evaluation of a multiplexed coronavirus antigen array for detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG in COVID-19 convalescent plasma. J Immunol Methods 2021; 497:113104. [PMID: 34303688 PMCID: PMC8297968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic requires an understanding of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. However, throughout the development of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody assays during the past year, cross-reactivity to other coronaviruses remained a question. To address these issues, we evaluated IgG in COVID-19 convalescent plasma samples for reactivity against three SARS-CoV-2 antigens including full-length spike, receptor binding domain, and the proximal extracellular fusion domain, and spike antigens from other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, hCoV-HKU1, hCoV-OC43, hCoV-229E and hCoV-NL63) using the VaxArray Coronavirus SeroAssay which is a multiplexed antigen assay developed by InDevR Inc. These results were compared to two commercial SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISAs targeting either the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid or spike antigens and a live virus focus reduction neutralizing antibody test (FRNT). The VaxArray platform showed high specificity for detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, evident from lack of reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 antigens despite significant reactivity to endemic coronavirus antigens in pre-pandemic samples. SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive samples reacted weakly to SARS-CoV spike but not to MERS-CoV. While the VaxArray platform had overall comparable results to the spike and nucleocapsid IgG ELISAs, results were more similar to the spike antigen ELISA and the platform displayed a higher sensitivity and specificity than both ELISAs. Samples with FRNT titers below 1/23 reported negative on VaxArray, while positive samples on VaxArray had significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers. These results suggest that the VaxArray Coronavirus SeroAssay performs with high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, and positive results on the platform indicate SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Huey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Gillian Andersen
- Children's Hospital, 13123 East 16(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Patricia A Merkel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA; Children's Hospital, 13123 East 16(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Mary McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA
| | - Melkon G DomBourian
- Children's Hospital, 13123 East 16(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, CO, USA
| | - Kyle Annen
- Children's Hospital, 13123 East 16(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, CO, USA
| | - Erica D Dawson
- InDevR Inc., 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Kathy L Rowlen
- InDevR Inc., 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Vijaya Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA; Children's Hospital, 13123 East 16(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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25
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Davenport BJ, Morrison TE, Kedl RM, Klarquist J. Conserved and Novel Mouse CD8 T Cell Epitopes within SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor Binding Domain Protein Identified following Subunit Vaccination. J Immunol 2021; 206:2503-2507. [PMID: 33972373 PMCID: PMC8165008 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The prior existence of human ACE2 protein-expressing mice used to study SARS-CoV and the rapid development of mouse-adapted virus strains have allowed the study of SARS-CoV-2 in mice, even as we are still learning about its natural pathology in humans. With myriad genetically altered strains on the C57BL/6 background and the abundance of immunological reagents available to interrogate its immune responses, the C57BL/6 mice may provide useful insight into the immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. To conduct more detailed studies on their T cell responses to vaccines and infection, the epitopes eliciting those responses must be characterized in further detail. In this study, we mapped CD8 T cell epitopes within the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in C57BL/6 mice. Our study identified five major CD8 T cell epitopes in immunized C57BL/6 mice, including one, VVLSFELL, presented by H-2Kb and common between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Jared Klarquist
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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26
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Bullock CB, Davenport BJ, Morrison TE, Miller MJ, Diamond MS. Defects in the CD8+ T cell response to arthritogenic alphaviruses. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.103.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses have infected millions of people globally. Following acute infection, symptoms of joint pain, swelling, and stiffness can last for months or even years, likely due to persistence of viral RNA and antigen, which also is seen in mice. Intriguingly, wild-type and CD8−/− mice show a similar lack of clearance of viral RNA. Despite this, a mechanism for this CD8+ T cell evasion has not been identified. We hypothesized that there are defects in the generation, function, and migration of the CD8+ T cells after infection with Ross River virus (RRV), a prototype, arthritogenic alphavirus. To study the antigen-specific response, we used a genetically modified RRV expressing the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-derived gp33 peptide. Compared to LCMV infection, in which CD8+ T cells are required for viral clearance, RRV infection generates fewer gp33-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen and draining lymph node, especially at early times after infection. Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells from the draining lymph node at 5 days after RRV infection express much less granzyme B than in LCMV-infected mice. In vivo cytolysis assays showed a qualitative difference in CD8+ T cell killing of targets especially when variant peptides were used for pulsing. Finally, intravital imaging revealed that while both RRV and LCMV infection recruit CD8+ T cells and retain them in an antigen specific manner near infected cells, CD8+ T cells appear to have less contact with RRV than LCMV-infected cells. Identification of a specific defect in the CD8+ T cell response to arthritogenic alphaviruses would increase our understanding of viral immune evasion and provide a target for therapy of these debilitating infections.
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27
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Ahmed SK, Haese NN, Cowan JT, Pathak V, Moukha-Chafiq O, Smith VJ, Rodzinak KJ, Ahmad F, Zhang S, Bonin KM, Streblow AD, Streblow CE, Kreklywich CN, Morrison C, Sarkar S, Moorman N, Sander W, Allen R, DeFilippis V, Tekwani BL, Wu M, Hirsch AJ, Smith JL, Tower NA, Rasmussen L, Bostwick R, Maddry JA, Ananthan S, Gerdes JM, Augelli-Szafran CE, Suto MJ, Morrison TE, Heise MT, Streblow DN, Pathak AK. Targeting Chikungunya Virus Replication by Benzoannulene Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4762-4786. [PMID: 33835811 PMCID: PMC9774970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A benzo[6]annulene, 4-(tert-butyl)-N-(3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl) benzamide (1a), was identified as an inhibitor against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) with antiviral activity EC90 = 1.45 μM and viral titer reduction (VTR) of 2.5 log at 10 μM with no observed cytotoxicity (CC50 = 169 μM) in normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Chemistry efforts to improve potency, efficacy, and drug-like properties of 1a resulted in a novel lead compound 8q, which possessed excellent cellular antiviral activity (EC90 = 270 nM and VTR of 4.5 log at 10 μM) and improved liver microsomal stability. CHIKV resistance to an analog of 1a, compound 1c, tracked to a mutation in the nsP3 macrodomain. Further mechanism of action studies showed compounds working through inhibition of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in addition to CHIKV nsP3 macrodomain. Moderate efficacy was observed in an in vivo CHIKV challenge mouse model for compound 8q as viral replication was rescued from the pyrimidine salvage pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaden T. Cowan
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Vibha Pathak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Omar Moukha-Chafiq
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Valerie J. Smith
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Kevin J. Rodzinak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Fahim Ahmad
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Sixue Zhang
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Kiley M. Bonin
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Aaron D. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Cassilyn E. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Craig N. Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Clayton Morrison
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nathaniel Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wes Sander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robbie Allen
- Oregon Translational Research and Development Institute, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Mousheng Wu
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Alec J. Hirsch
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Jessica L. Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Nichole A. Tower
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Joseph A. Maddry
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Subramaniam Ananthan
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - John M Gerdes
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Suto
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Ashish K. Pathak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern, Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
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Wang G, Gaikwad H, McCarthy MK, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Li Y, Armstrong M, Reisdorph N, Morrison TE, Simberg D. Lipid nanoparticle formulation of niclosamide (nano NCM) effectively inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. Precis Nanomed 2021; 4:724-737. [PMID: 34676370 PMCID: PMC8528232 DOI: 10.33218/001c.18813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, highly infective respiratory viruses can spread rapidly in the population because of lack of effective approaches to control viral replication and spread. Niclosamide (NCM) is an old anthelminthic drug (World Health Organization essential medicine list) with pleiotropic pharmacological activities. Several recent publications demonstrated that NCM has broad antiviral activities and potently inhibits viral replication, including replication of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and dengue viruses. Unfortunately, NCM is almost completely insoluble in water, which limits its clinical use. We developed a cost-effective lipid nanoparticle formulation of NCM (nano NCM) using only FDA-approved excipient and demonstrated potency against SARS-CoV-2 infection in cells (Vero E6 and ACE2-expressing lung epithelium cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guankui Wang
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Hanmant Gaikwad
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521
| | - Yue Li
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Michael Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
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Powers JM, Haese NN, Denton M, Ando T, Kreklywich C, Bonin K, Streblow CE, Kreklywich N, Smith P, Broeckel R, DeFilippis V, Morrison TE, Heise MT, Streblow DN. Non-replicating adenovirus based Mayaro virus vaccine elicits protective immune responses and cross protects against other alphaviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009308. [PMID: 33793555 PMCID: PMC8051823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an alphavirus endemic to South and Central America associated with sporadic outbreaks in humans. MAYV infection causes severe joint and muscle pain that can persist for weeks to months. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics to prevent MAYV infection or treat the debilitating musculoskeletal inflammatory disease. In the current study, a prophylactic MAYV vaccine expressing the complete viral structural polyprotein was developed based on a non-replicating human adenovirus V (AdV) platform. Vaccination with AdV-MAYV elicited potent neutralizing antibodies that protected WT mice against MAYV challenge by preventing viremia, reducing viral dissemination to tissues and mitigating viral disease. The vaccine also prevented viral-mediated demise in IFN⍺R1-/- mice. Passive transfer of immune serum from vaccinated animals similarly prevented infection and disease in WT mice as well as virus-induced demise of IFN⍺R1-/- mice, indicating that antiviral antibodies are protective. Immunization with AdV-MAYV also generated cross-neutralizing antibodies against two related arthritogenic alphaviruses–chikungunya and Una viruses. These cross-neutralizing antibodies were protective against lethal infection in IFN⍺R1-/- mice following challenge with these heterotypic alphaviruses. These results indicate AdV-MAYV elicits protective immune responses with substantial cross-reactivity and protective efficacy against other arthritogenic alphaviruses. Our findings also highlight the potential for development of a multi-virus targeting vaccine against alphaviruses with endemic and epidemic potential in the Americas. Mayaro virus is an understudied alphavirus that is currently circulating in tropical environments in South and Central America without an approved vaccine. Recent outbreaks have suggested a broadening range and higher likelihood of urban outbreaks, increasing the public health risk. Mayaro virus is closely related to other arthritogenic alphaviruses with overlapping circulation such as chikungunya and Una viruses, both of which also lack clinically approved vaccines. Identification of a safe, easily manufactured, and effective strategy to vaccinate at risk populations is important to control outbreak potential. Here we report on a vaccination approach using a non-replicating adenovirus viral vector that encodes Mayaro virus structural proteins that assemble into non-infectious virus-like particles upon expression following vaccination. These particles stimulate strong immune responses against Mayaro virus. Upon testing against other alphaviruses, it was determined that the vaccine elicits cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against chikungunya and Una viruses, significantly diminishes disease severity, and protects immunocompromised, highly susceptible mice from death following viral challenge. Our study provides new approaches to protect against these co-circulating viruses using a single vaccine. This approach is highly amenable to other virus targets for vaccine development and its ability to provide protection against chikungunya virus has global ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Powers
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicole N. Haese
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Denton
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Takeshi Ando
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Craig Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kiley Bonin
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cassilyn E. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Patricia Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Broeckel
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stenmark KR, Frid MG, Gerasimovskaya E, Zhang H, McCarthy MK, Thurman JM, Morrison TE. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced lung vascular disease: potential role of complement. Pulm Circ 2021; 11:20458940211015799. [PMID: 34046161 PMCID: PMC8138299 DOI: 10.1177/20458940211015799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2 beta-coronovirus, urges a focused search for the underlying mechanisms and treatment options. The lung is the major target organ of COVID-19, wherein the primary cause of mortality is hypoxic respiratory failure, resulting from acute respiratory distress syndrome, with severe hypoxemia, often requiring assisted ventilation. While similar in some ways to acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to other causes, lungs of some patients dying with COVID-19 exhibit distinct features of vascular involvement, including severe endothelial injury and cell death via apoptosis and/or pyroptosis, widespread capillary inflammation, and thrombosis. Furthermore, the pulmonary pathology of COVID-19 is characterized by focal inflammatory cell infiltration, impeding alveolar gas exchange resulting in areas of local tissue hypoxia, consistent with potential amplification of COVID-19 pathogenicity by hypoxia. Vascular endothelial cells play essential roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses, and are considered to be "conditional innate immune cells" centrally participating in various inflammatory, immune pathologies. Activated endothelial cells produce cytokines/chemokines, dynamically recruit and activate inflammatory cells and platelets, and centrally participate in pro-thrombotic processes (thrombotic microangiopathies). Initial reports presented pathological findings of localized direct infection of vascular endothelial cells with SARS-CoV-2, yet emerging evidence does not support direct infection of endothelial or other vascular wall cell and thus widespread endothelial cell dysfunction and inflammation may be better explained as secondary responses to epithelial cell infection and inflammation. Endothelial cells are also actively engaged in a cross-talk with the complement system, the essential arm of innate immunity. Recent reports present evidence for complement deposition in SARS-CoV-2-damaged lung microcirculation, further strengthening the idea that, in severe cases of COVID-19, complement activation is an essential player, generating destructive hemorrhagic, capillaritis-like tissue damage, clotting, and hyperinflammation. Thus, complement-targeted therapies are actively in development. This review is intended to explore in detail these ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R. Stenmark
- Divisions of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine and Cardiovascular
Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Maria G. Frid
- Divisions of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine and Cardiovascular
Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Evgenia Gerasimovskaya
- Divisions of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine and Cardiovascular
Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Divisions of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine and Cardiovascular
Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Mary K. McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of
Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M. Thurman
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University
of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of
Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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Sabourin KR, Schultz J, Romero J, Lamb MM, Larremore D, Morrison TE, Frazer-Abel A, Zimmer S, Kedl RM, Jaenisch T, Rochford R. Risk Factors of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Arapahoe County First Responders-The COVID-19 Arapahoe SErosurveillance Study (CASES) Project. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:191-198. [PMID: 33298759 PMCID: PMC7934329 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Define the seroprevalence and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Arapahoe County, Colorado first responders (eg, law enforcement, human services, fire departments). METHODS Two hundred sixty four first responders were enrolled June to July 2020. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was defined as detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to both spike receptor binding domain and nucleocapsid in venous blood by validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We compared risk factors for being seropositive versus seronegative. RESULTS 4% (11/264) were SARS-CoV-2 seropositive. Seropositive participants were significantly more likely to have lung disease (% seropositive, % seronegative; P-value) (36%, 8%; P = 0.01), prior SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 testing (36%, 8%; P ≤ 0.01), a prior positive result (18%, less than 1%), and to believe they previously had COVID-19 (64%, 15%; P < 0.01). Only 15% of those believing they had COVID-19 had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Human services employees and individuals with lung disease are at SARS-CoV-2 exposure risk. Few individuals believed they had COVID-19 had prior exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Sabourin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (Dr Sabourin, Dr Schultz, Dr Morrison, Dr Kedl, Dr Rochford); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health (Dr Lamb, Dr Jaenisch); Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Science (Dr Larremore); BioFrontiers Institute (Dr Larremore), University of Colorado Boulder; Department of Rheumatology (Dr Frazer-Abel); Department of Infectious Disease (Mr Romero, Dr Zimmer), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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32
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Annen K, Morrison TE, DomBourian MG, McCarthy MK, Huey L, Merkel PA, Andersen G, Schwartz E, Knight V. Presence and short-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors. Transfusion 2021; 61:1148-1159. [PMID: 33452828 PMCID: PMC8014809 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In March 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) as an investigational new drug for treatment of COVID-19. Since then, collection of CCP from COVID-19-recovered patients has been implemented in donor centers nationwide. Children's Hospital Colorado rapidly put into practice a CCP collection protocol, necessitating development and implementation of assays to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in CCP units. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated 87 units of CCP collected from 36 donors over two to four sequential donations using both antigen-binding assays for SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein and spike antigens and a live virus focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT50 ). RESULTS Our data show that the majority of donors (83%) had a FRNT50 titer of at least 80, and 61% had a titer of at least 160, which met the FDA's criteria for acceptable CCP units. Additionally, our data indicate that analysis of antibodies to a single SARS-CoV-2 antigen is likely to miss a percentage of seroconverters; however, these individuals tend to have neutralizing antibody titers of less than 80. There was considerable variability in the short-term, sustained antibody response, measured by neutralizing antibody titers, among our donor population. CONCLUSION The correlation of neutralizing activity and antigen-binding assays is necessary to qualify CCP for therapeutic use. Since SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels decline in a percentage of donors, and such a decline is not detectable by current qualitative assays implemented in many laboratories, robust, quantitative assays are necessary to evaluate CCP units best suited for therapeutic infusion in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Annen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melkon G DomBourian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Leah Huey
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Patricia A Merkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gillian Andersen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eileen Schwartz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Vijaya Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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33
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Lentscher AJ, McCarthy MK, May NA, Davenport BJ, Montgomery SA, Raghunathan K, McAllister N, Silva LA, Morrison TE, Dermody TS. Chikungunya virus replication in skeletal muscle cells is required for disease development. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1466-1478. [PMID: 31794434 DOI: 10.1172/jci129893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus capable of causing a severe and often debilitating rheumatic syndrome in humans. CHIKV replicates in a wide variety of cell types in mammals, which has made attributing pathologic outcomes to replication at specific sites difficult. To assess the contribution of CHIKV replication in skeletal muscle cells to pathogenesis, we engineered a CHIKV strain exhibiting restricted replication in these cells via incorporation of target sequences for skeletal muscle cell-specific miR-206. This virus, which we term SKE, displayed diminished replication in skeletal muscle cells in a mouse model of CHIKV disease. Mice infected with SKE developed less severe disease signs, including diminished swelling in the inoculated foot and less necrosis and inflammation in the interosseous muscles. SKE infection was associated with diminished infiltration of T cells into the interosseous muscle as well as decreased production of Il1b, Il6, Ip10, and Tnfa transcripts. Importantly, blockade of the IL-6 receptor led to diminished swelling of a control CHIKV strain capable of replication in skeletal muscle, reducing swelling to levels observed in mice infected with SKE. These data implicate replication in skeletal muscle cells and release of IL-6 as important mediators of CHIKV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Lentscher
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas A May
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Krishnan Raghunathan
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole McAllister
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurie A Silva
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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34
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St John AL, Morrison TE. Editorial overview: At the interface: host-pathogen interactions that dictate protection and pathology. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 66:iii-v. [PMID: 33334435 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Prow NA, Liu L, McCarthy MK, Walters K, Kalkeri R, Geiger J, Koide F, Cooper TH, Eldi P, Nakayama E, Diener KR, Howley PM, Hayball JD, Morrison TE, Suhrbier A. The vaccinia virus based Sementis Copenhagen Vector vaccine against Zika and chikungunya is immunogenic in non-human primates. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:44. [PMID: 32550013 PMCID: PMC7265471 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sementis Copenhagen Vector (SCV) is a new vaccinia virus-derived, multiplication-defective, vaccine technology assessed herein in non-human primates. Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were vaccinated with a multi-pathogen recombinant SCV vaccine encoding the structural polyproteins of both Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). After one vaccination, neutralising antibody responses to ZIKV and four strains of CHIKV, representative of distinct viral genotypes, were generated. A second vaccination resulted in significant boosting of neutralising antibody responses to ZIKV and CHIKV. Following challenge with ZIKV, SCV-ZIKA/CHIK-vaccinated animals showed significant reductions in viremias compared with animals that had received a control SCV vaccine. Two SCV vaccinations also generated neutralising and IgG ELISA antibody responses to vaccinia virus. These results demonstrate effective induction of immunity in non-human primates by a recombinant SCV vaccine and illustrates the utility of SCV as a multi-disease vaccine platform capable of delivering multiple large immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Prow
- Inflammation Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4029 and 4072 Australia.,Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Kevin Walters
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Jillian Geiger
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Fusataka Koide
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Tamara H Cooper
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Preethi Eldi
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Inflammation Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia.,Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia.,Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4029 and 4072 Australia
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Powell LA, Fox JM, Kose N, Kim AS, Majedi M, Bombardi R, Carnahan RH, Slaughter JC, Morrison TE, Diamond MS, Crowe JE. Human monoclonal antibodies against Ross River virus target epitopes within the E2 protein and protect against disease. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008517. [PMID: 32365139 PMCID: PMC7252634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ross River fever is a mosquito-transmitted viral disease that is endemic to Australia and the surrounding Pacific Islands. Ross River virus (RRV) belongs to the arthritogenic group of alphaviruses, which largely cause disease characterized by debilitating polyarthritis, rash, and fever. There is no specific treatment or licensed vaccine available, and the mechanisms of protective humoral immunity in humans are poorly understood. Here, we describe naturally occurring human mAbs specific to RRV, isolated from subjects with a prior natural infection. These mAbs potently neutralize RRV infectivity in cell culture and block infection through multiple mechanisms, including prevention of viral attachment, entry, and fusion. Some of the most potently neutralizing mAbs inhibited binding of RRV to Mxra8, a recently discovered alpahvirus receptor. Epitope mapping studies identified the A and B domains of the RRV E2 protein as the major antigenic sites for the human neutralizing antibody response. In experiments in mice, these mAbs were protective against cinical disease and reduced viral burden in multiple tissues, suggesting a potential therapeutic use for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Powell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Arthur S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mahsa Majedi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robin Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James C. Slaughter
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James. E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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37
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Noll KE, Whitmore AC, West A, McCarthy MK, Morrison CR, Plante KS, Hampton BK, Kollmus H, Pilzner C, Leist SR, Gralinski LE, Menachery VD, Schäfer A, Miller D, Shaw G, Mooney M, McWeeney S, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Schughart K, Morrison TE, Baric RS, Ferris MT, Heise MT. Complex Genetic Architecture Underlies Regulation of Influenza-A-Virus-Specific Antibody Responses in the Collaborative Cross. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107587. [PMID: 32348764 PMCID: PMC7195006 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host genetic factors play a fundamental role in regulating humoral immunity to viral infection, including influenza A virus (IAV). Here, we utilize the Collaborative Cross (CC), a mouse genetic reference population, to study genetic regulation of variation in antibody response following IAV infection. CC mice show significant heritable variation in the magnitude, kinetics, and composition of IAV-specific antibody response. We map 23 genetic loci associated with this variation. Analysis of a subset of these loci finds that they broadly affect the antibody response to IAV as well as other viruses. Candidate genes are identified based on predicted variant consequences and haplotype-specific expression patterns, and several show overlap with genes identified in human mapping studies. These findings demonstrate that the host antibody response to IAV infection is under complex genetic control and highlight the utility of the CC in modeling and identifying genetic factors with translational relevance to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Noll
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alan C Whitmore
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ande West
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Kenneth S Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Brea K Hampton
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heike Kollmus
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carolin Pilzner
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Darla Miller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ginger Shaw
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Mooney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; OHSU Knight Cancer Center Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shannon McWeeney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; OHSU Knight Cancer Center Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martin T Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Davenport BJ, Bullock C, McCarthy MK, Hawman DW, Murphy KM, Kedl RM, Diamond MS, Morrison TE. Chikungunya Virus Evades Antiviral CD8 + T Cell Responses To Establish Persistent Infection in Joint-Associated Tissues. J Virol 2020; 94:e02036-19. [PMID: 32102875 PMCID: PMC7163133 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02036-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes explosive epidemics of a febrile illness characterized by debilitating arthralgia and arthritis that can endure for months to years following infection. In mouse models, CHIKV persists in joint tissues for weeks to months and is associated with chronic synovitis. Using a recombinant CHIKV strain encoding a CD8+ T cell receptor epitope from ovalbumin, as well as a viral peptide-specific major histocompatibility complex class I tetramer, we interrogated CD8+ T cell responses during CHIKV infection. Epitope-specific CD8+ T cells, which were reduced in Batf3-/- and Wdfy4-/- mice with known defects in antigen cross-presentation, accumulated in joint tissue and the spleen. Antigen-specific ex vivo restimulation assays and in vivo killing assays demonstrated that CD8+ T cells produce cytokine and have cytolytic activity. Despite the induction of a virus-specific CD8+ T cell response, the CHIKV burden in joint-associated tissues and the spleen were equivalent in wild-type (WT) and CD8α-/- mice during both the acute and the chronic phases of infection. In comparison, CD8+ T cells were essential for the control of acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in the joint and spleen. Moreover, adoptive transfer of virus-specific effector CD8+ T cells or immunization with a vaccine that induces virus-specific effector CD8+ T cells prior to infection enhanced the clearance of CHIKV infection in the spleen but had a minimal impact on CHIKV infection in the joint. Collectively, these data suggest that CHIKV establishes and maintains a persistent infection in joint-associated tissue in part by evading CD8+ T cell immunity.IMPORTANCE CHIKV is a reemerging mosquito-transmitted virus that in the last decade has spread into Europe, Asia, the Pacific Region, and the Americas. Joint pain, swelling, and stiffness can endure for months to years after CHIKV infection, and epidemics have a severe economic impact. Elucidating the mechanisms by which CHIKV subverts antiviral immunity to establish and maintain a persistent infection may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies against chronic CHIKV disease. In this study, we found that CHIKV establishes and maintains a persistent infection in joint-associated tissue in part by evading antiviral CD8+ T cell immunity. Thus, immunomodulatory therapies that improve CD8+ T cell immune surveillance and clearance of CHIKV infection could be a strategy for mitigating chronic CHIKV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher Bullock
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David W Hawman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Kuhn KA, Morrison TE. Introduction: Evolution of inflammatory arthritis from innate to adaptive immune mechanisms. Immunol Rev 2020; 294:5-8. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine A. Kuhn
- Divison of Rheumatology Department of Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado
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Lucas ED, Finlon JM, Burchill MA, McCarthy MK, Morrison TE, Colpitts TM, Tamburini BAJ. Correction: Type 1 IFN and PD-L1 Coordinate Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Expansion and Contraction during an Inflammatory Immune Response. J Immunol 2020; 204:726-727. [PMID: 31862709 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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McCarthy MK, Reynoso GV, Winkler ES, Mack M, Diamond MS, Hickman HD, Morrison TE. MyD88-dependent influx of monocytes and neutrophils impairs lymph node B cell responses to chikungunya virus infection via Irf5, Nos2 and Nox2. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008292. [PMID: 31999809 PMCID: PMC7012455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immune responses initiate in the lymph node draining the site of viral infection (dLN). Some viruses subvert LN B cell activation; however, our knowledge of viral hindrance of B cell responses of important human pathogens is lacking. Here, we define mechanisms whereby chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-transmitted RNA virus that causes outbreaks of acute and chronic arthritis in humans, hinders dLN antiviral B cell responses. Infection of WT mice with pathogenic, but not acutely cleared CHIKV, induced MyD88-dependent recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils to the dLN. Blocking this influx improved lymphocyte accumulation, dLN organization, and CHIKV-specific B cell responses. Both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Nox2) contributed to impaired dLN organization and function. Infiltrating monocytes expressed iNOS through a local IRF5- and IFNAR1-dependent pathway that was partially TLR7-dependent. Together, our data suggest that pathogenic CHIKV triggers the influx and activation of monocytes and neutrophils in the dLN that impairs virus-specific B cell responses. Elucidating mechanisms by which viruses subvert B cell immunity and establish persistent infection is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies against chronic viral infections. The humoral immune response initiates in the lymph node draining the site of viral infection. However, how persistent viruses evade B cell responses is poorly understood. In this study, we find that infection with pathogenic, persistent chikungunya virus triggers rapid recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the draining lymph node, which impair structural organization, lymphocyte accumulation, and downstream virus-specific B cell responses that are important for control of infection. This work enhances our understanding of the pathogenesis of acute and chronic CHIKV disease and highlights how local innate immune responses in draining lymphoid tissue dictate the effectiveness of downstream adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Glennys V. Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emma S. Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matthias Mack
- Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nguyen TH, Haese NN, Madadi N, Sarkar S, Bonin K, Streblow CE, Taft-Benz S, Tower NA, Rasmussen L, Bostwick R, Augelli-Szafran CE, Suto MJ, Morrison TE, DeFilippis V, Heise MT, Streblow DN, Pathak AK. Studies on Dibenzylamines as Inhibitors of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:2014-2028. [PMID: 31257853 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arthropod-transmitted members of the Togaviridae family that can cause severe disease in humans, including debilitating arthralgia and severe neurological complications. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies directed against the alphaviruses, and care is limited to treating disease symptoms. A phenotypic cell-based high-throughput screen was performed to identify small molecules that inhibit the replication of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV). The compound, 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-N-(3-fluoro-4-methoxybenzyl)ethan-1-amine (1), was identified as a highly active, potent inhibitor of VEEV with an effective concentration for 90% inhibition of virus (EC90) of 0.89 μM and 7.49 log reduction in virus titers at 10 μM concentration. These data suggest that further investigation of compound 1 as an antiviral therapeutic against VEEV, and perhaps other alphaviruses, is warranted. Experiments suggested that the antiviral activity of compound 1 is directed at an early step in the VEEV replication cycle by blocking viral RNA and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa H. Nguyen
- Chemistry Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Nicole N. Haese
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Nikhil Madadi
- Chemistry Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kiley Bonin
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Cassilyn E. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Sharon Taft-Benz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nichole A. Tower
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Robert Bostwick
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Corinne E. Augelli-Szafran
- Chemistry Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Mark J. Suto
- Chemistry Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Ashish K. Pathak
- Chemistry Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
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Broeckel RM, Haese N, Ando T, Dmitriev I, Kreklywich CN, Powers J, Denton M, Smith P, Morrison TE, Heise M, DeFilippis V, Messaoudi I, Curiel DT, Streblow DN. Vaccine-Induced Skewing of T Cell Responses Protects Against Chikungunya Virus Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2563. [PMID: 31736977 PMCID: PMC6834551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections can cause severe and debilitating joint and muscular pain that can be long lasting. Current CHIKV vaccines under development rely on the generation of neutralizing antibodies for protection; however, the role of T cells in controlling CHIKV infection and disease is still unclear. Using an overlapping peptide library, we identified the CHIKV-specific T cell receptor epitopes recognized in C57BL/6 infected mice at 7 and 14 days post-infection. A fusion protein containing peptides 451, 416, a small region of nsP4, peptide 47, and an HA tag (CHKVf5) was expressed using adenovirus and cytomegalovirus-vectored vaccines. Mice vaccinated with CHKVf5 elicited robust T cell responses to higher levels than normally observed following CHIKV infection, but the vaccine vectors did not elicit neutralizing antibodies. CHKVf5-vaccinated mice had significantly reduced infectious viral load when challenged by intramuscular CHIKV injection. Depletion of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccinated mice rendered them fully susceptible to intramuscular CHIKV challenge. Depletion of CD8+ T cells alone reduced vaccine efficacy, albeit to a lesser extent, but depletion of only CD4+ T cells did not reverse the protective phenotype. These data demonstrated a protective role for CD8+ T cells in CHIKV infection. However, CHKVf5-vaccinated mice that were challenged by footpad inoculation demonstrated equal viral loads and increased footpad swelling at 3 dpi, which we attributed to the presence of CD4 T cell receptor epitopes present in the vaccine. Indeed, vaccination of mice with vectors expressing only CHIKV-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes followed by CHIKV challenge in the footpad prevented footpad swelling and reduced proinflammatory cytokine and chemokines associated with disease, indicating that CHIKV-specific CD8+ T cells prevent CHIKV disease. These results also indicate that a T cell-biased prophylactic vaccination approach is effective against CHIKV challenge and reduces CHIKV-induced disease in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Broeckel
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Nicole Haese
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Takeshi Ando
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Igor Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Craig N. Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - John Powers
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Michael Denton
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Patricia Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark Heise
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - David T. Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
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Carpentier KS, Davenport BJ, Haist KC, McCarthy MK, May NA, Robison A, Ruckert C, Ebel GD, Morrison TE. Discrete viral E2 lysine residues and scavenger receptor MARCO are required for clearance of circulating alphaviruses. eLife 2019; 8:e49163. [PMID: 31596239 PMCID: PMC6839921 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude and duration of vertebrate viremia is a critical determinant of arbovirus transmission, geographic spread, and disease severity. We find that multiple alphaviruses, including chikungunya (CHIKV), Ross River (RRV), and o'nyong 'nyong (ONNV) viruses, are cleared from the circulation of mice by liver Kupffer cells, impeding viral dissemination. Clearance from the circulation was independent of natural antibodies or complement factor C3, and instead relied on scavenger receptor SR-A6 (MARCO). Remarkably, lysine to arginine substitutions at distinct residues within the E2 glycoproteins of CHIKV and ONNV (E2 K200R) as well as RRV (E2 K251R) allowed for escape from clearance and enhanced viremia and dissemination. Mutational analysis revealed that viral clearance from the circulation is strictly dependent on the presence of lysine at these positions. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized innate immune pathway that controls alphavirus viremia and dissemination in vertebrate hosts, ultimately influencing disease severity and likely transmission efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Kelsey C Haist
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Nicholas A May
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Alexis Robison
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsUnited States
| | - Claudia Ruckert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsUnited States
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsUnited States
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
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McCarthy MK, Morrison TE. Blocking the Exit: CHIKV Neutralizing Antibodies Nip Viral Egress in the Bud. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 24:328-330. [PMID: 30212644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody responses are critical for protection from virus-induced disease. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Jin et al. (2018) use advanced microscopy to elucidate mechanisms by which anti-CHIKV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies block viral egress and activate ADCC, suggesting such antibodies may be "triply functional."
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Davenport BJ, Martin CG, Beverley SM, Orlicky DJ, Vazquez-Torres A, Morrison TE. SODB1 is essential for Leishmania major infection of macrophages and pathogenesis in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006921. [PMID: 30372439 PMCID: PMC6224164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania species are sand fly-transmitted protozoan parasites that cause leishmaniasis, neglected tropical diseases that affect millions of people. Leishmania amastigotes must overcome a variety of host defenses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the NADPH oxidase. Leishmania species encode three superoxide dismutases (SODs): the mitochondrial SODA and two glycosomal SODs (SODB1 and SODB2). SODs are metalloenzymes that function in antioxidant defense by converting superoxide to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Here, we investigated a role for SODB1 in Leishmania infection of macrophages and virulence in mice. We found that a single allele deletion of SODB1 (SODB1/Δsodb1) had minimal effects on the replication of axenically-grown L. major promastigotes or differentiation to infective metacyclic promastigotes. Disruption of a single SODB1 allele also did not affect L. donovani differentiation to amastigotes induced axenically, or the replication of axenically-grown L. donovani promastigotes and amastigotes. In contrast, the persistence of SODB1/Δsodb1 L. major in WT macrophages was impaired, and the development of cutaneous lesions in SODB1/Δsodb1 L. major-infected C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice was strongly reduced. The reduced disease severity in mice was associated with reduced burdens of SODB1/Δsodb1 L. major parasites in the foot at late, but not early times post-inoculation, as well as an impaired capacity to disseminate from the site of inoculation. Collectively, these data suggest that SODB1 is critical for L. major persistence in macrophages and virulence in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett J. Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Casey G. Martin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Andres Vazquez-Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Lucas ED, Finlon JM, Burchill MA, McCarthy MK, Morrison TE, Colpitts TM, Tamburini BAJ. Type 1 IFN and PD-L1 Coordinate Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Expansion and Contraction during an Inflammatory Immune Response. J Immunol 2018; 201:1735-1747. [PMID: 30045970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) expansion during an immune response is a complex process that involves the relaxation of the fibroblastic network, germinal center formation, and lymphatic vessel growth. These processes require the stromal cell network of the LN to act deliberately to accommodate the influx of immune cells to the LN. The molecular drivers of these processes are not well understood. Therefore, we asked whether the immediate cytokines type 1 IFN produced during viral infection influence the lymphatic network of the LN in mice. We found that following an IFN-inducing stimulus such as viral infection or polyI:C, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is dynamically upregulated on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). We found that reception of type 1 IFN by LECs is important for the upregulation of PD-L1 of mouse and human LECs and the inhibition of LEC expansion in the LN. Expression of PD-L1 by LECs is also important for the regulation of LN expansion and contraction after an IFN-inducing stimulus. We demonstrate a direct role for both type 1 IFN and PD-L1 in inhibiting LEC division and in promoting LEC survival. Together, these data reveal a novel mechanism for the coordination of type 1 IFN and PD-L1 in manipulating LEC expansion and survival during an inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Lucas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jeffrey M Finlon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Matthew A Burchill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Tonya M Colpitts
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118; and.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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McCarthy MK, Davenport BJ, Reynoso GV, Lucas ED, May NA, Elmore SA, Tamburini BA, Hickman HD, Morrison TE. Chikungunya virus impairs draining lymph node function by inhibiting HEV-mediated lymphocyte recruitment. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121100. [PMID: 29997290 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes acute and chronic rheumatologic disease. Pathogenic CHIKV strains persist in joints of immunocompetent mice, while the attenuated CHIKV strain 181/25 is cleared by adaptive immunity. We analyzed the draining lymph node (dLN) to define events in lymphoid tissue that may contribute to CHIKV persistence or clearance. Acute 181/25 infection resulted in dLN enlargement and germinal center (GC) formation, while the dLN of mice infected with pathogenic CHIKV became highly disorganized and depleted of lymphocytes. Using CHIKV strains encoding ovalbumin-specific TCR epitopes, we found that lymphocyte depletion was not due to impaired lymphocyte proliferation. Instead, the accumulation of naive lymphocytes transferred from the vasculature to the dLN was reduced, which was associated with fewer high endothelial venule cells and decreased CCL21 production. Following NP-OVA immunization, NP-specific GC B cells in the dLN were decreased during pathogenic, but not attenuated, CHIKV infection. Our data suggest that pathogenic, persistent strains of CHIKV disable the development of adaptive immune responses within the dLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Glennys V Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas A May
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beth A Tamburini
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Gunn BM, Jones JE, Shabman RS, Whitmore AC, Sarkar S, Blevins LK, Morrison TE, Heise MT. Ross River virus envelope glycans contribute to disease through activation of the host complement system. Virology 2018; 515:250-260. [PMID: 29324290 PMCID: PMC7119116 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mannose binding lectin (MBL) generally plays a protective role during viral infection, yet MBL-mediated complement activation promotes Ross River virus (RRV)-induced inflammatory tissue destruction, contributing to arthritis and myositis. As MBL binds to carbohydrates, we hypothesized that N-linked glycans on the RRV envelope glycoproteins act as ligands for MBL. Using a panel of RRV mutants lacking the envelope N-linked glycans, we found that MBL deposition onto infected cells was dependent on the E2 glycans. Moreover, the glycan-deficient viruses exhibited reduced disease and tissue damage in a mouse model of RRV-induced myositis compared to wild-type RRV, despite similar viral load and inflammatory infiltrates within the skeletal muscle. Instead, the reduced disease induced by glycan-deficient viruses was linked to decreased MBL deposition and complement activation within inflamed tissues. These results demonstrate that the viral N-linked glycans promote MBL deposition and complement activation onto RRV-infected cells, contributing to the development of RRV-induced myositis. Mannose-binding lectin promotes induction of complement-mediated arthritis and myositis during Ross River virus infection. Mannose Binding Lectin deposition onto Ross River virus-infected cells is dependent on glycans on the viral E2 glycoprotein. Viral mutants lacking E2 glycans exhibit reduced disease in a model of Ross River virus-induced arthritis and myositis. Ross River virus E2 glycan mutants cause reduced Mannose Binding Lectin deposition and complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Gunn
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 160 Dental Circle, 9024 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Jones
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 160 Dental Circle, 9024 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Reed S Shabman
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 160 Dental Circle, 9024 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alan C Whitmore
- Dept. of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 160 Dental Circle, 9024 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- Dept. of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 160 Dental Circle, 9024 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Lance K Blevins
- Dept. of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 160 Dental Circle, 9024 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Dept. of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave., RC1N 9119, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Mark T Heise
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 160 Dental Circle, 9024 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Dept. of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 160 Dental Circle, 9024 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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