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Govednik T, Lainšček D, Kuhar U, Lachish M, Janežič S, Štrbenc M, Krapež U, Jerala R, Atlas D, Manček-Keber M. TXM peptides inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, syncytia formation, and lower inflammatory consequences. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105806. [PMID: 38211737 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
After three years of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the search and availability of relatively low-cost benchtop therapeutics for people not at high risk for a severe disease are still ongoing. Although vaccines and new SARS-CoV-2 variants reduce the death toll, the long COVID-19 along with neurologic symptoms can develop and persist even after a mild initial infection. Reinfections, which further increase the risk of sequelae in multiple organ systems as well as the risk of death, continue to require caution. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is an important target for both vaccines and therapeutics. The presence of disulfide bonds in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein is essential for its binding to the human ACE2 receptor and cell entry. Here, we demonstrate that thiol-reducing peptides based on the active site of oxidoreductase thioredoxin 1, called thioredoxin mimetic (TXM) peptides, can prevent syncytia formation, SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, and infection in a mouse model. We also show that TXM peptides inhibit the redox-sensitive HIV pseudotyped viral cell entry. These results support disulfide targeting as a common therapeutic strategy for treating infections caused by viruses using redox-sensitive fusion. Furthermore, TXM peptides exert anti-inflammatory properties by lowering the activation of NF-κB and IRF signaling pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokines in mice. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the TXM peptides, which also cross the blood-brain barrier, in combination with prevention of viral infections, may provide a beneficial clinical strategy to lower viral infections and mitigate severe consequences of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Govednik
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Duško Lainšček
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence EN-FIST, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Kuhar
- Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marva Lachish
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Sandra Janežič
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Malan Štrbenc
- Institute for Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Krapež
- Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence EN-FIST, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daphne Atlas
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Mateja Manček-Keber
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence EN-FIST, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Zhang J, Rissmann M, Kuiken T, Haagmans BL. Comparative Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:423-451. [PMID: 37832946 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052620-121224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades the world has witnessed the global spread of two genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. However, the impact of these outbreaks differed significantly with respect to the hospitalizations and fatalities seen worldwide. While many studies have been performed recently on SARS-CoV-2, a comparative pathogenesis analysis with SARS-CoV may further provide critical insights into the mechanisms of disease that drive coronavirus-induced respiratory disease. In this review, we comprehensively describe clinical and experimental observations related to transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV, focusing on human, animal, and in vitro studies. By deciphering the similarities and disparities of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, in terms of transmission and pathogenesis mechanisms, we offer insights into the divergent characteristics of these two viruses. This information may also be relevant to assessing potential novel introductions of genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Zhang
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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Al-Eitan L, Mihyar A, Zhang L, Bisht P, Jaenisch R. Genomic and biological variation in bat IFNs: An antiviral treatment approach. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2488. [PMID: 37921610 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Bat-borne viruses have attracted considerable research, especially in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic. Although bats can carry multiple zoonotic viruses that are lethal to many mammalian species, they appear to be asymptomatic to viral infection despite the high viral loads contained in their bodies. There are several differences between bats and other mammals. One of the major differences between bats and other mammals is the bats' ability to fly, which is believed to have induced evolutionary changes. It may have also favoured them as suitable hosts for viruses. This is related to their tolerance to viral infection. Innate immunity is the first line of defence against viral infection, but bats have metamorphosed the type of responses induced by innate immunity factors such as interferons. The expression patterns of interferons differ, as do those of interferon-related genes such as interferon regulatory factors and interferon-stimulated genes that contribute to the antiviral response of infected cells. In addition, the signalling pathways related to viral infection and immune responses have been subject to evolutionary changes, including mutations compared to their homologues in other mammals and gene selection. This article discusses the differences in the interferon-mediated antiviral response in bats compared to that of other mammals and how these differences are correlated to viral tolerance in bats. The effect of bat interferons related genes on human antiviral response against bat-borne viruses is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Al-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ahmad Mihyar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Punam Bisht
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Vivarelli E, Matucci A, Lucenteforte E, Bormioli S, Virgili G, Trotta M, Spinicci M, Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L, Peris A, Pieralli F, Lavorini F, Fontanari P, Morettini A, Nozzoli C, Poggesi L, Rossi O, Annunziato F, Almerigogna F, Vultaggio A. Effectiveness of tocilizumab in hospitalized moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients: a real-life study. Panminerva Med 2023; 65:473-478. [PMID: 35274908 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.21.04523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the clinical effectiveness of Tocilizumab (TCZ) in moderate-to-severe hospitalized COVID-19 patients and factors associated with clinical response. METHODS Five hundred eight inpatients with moderate-to-severe SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. TCZ effect in addition to standard medical therapy was evaluated in terms of death during hospital stay. Unadjusted and adjusted risk of mortality for TCZ treated patients versus TCZ untreated ones was estimated using robust Cox regression model. We considered the combination of TCZ and ICU as time-dependent exposure and created a model using duplication method to assess the TCZ effect in very severe COVID-19 patients. RESULTS TCZ reduced death during hospital stay in the unadjusted model (HR 0.54, 95%CI 0.33-0.88) and also in the adjusted model, although with loss of statistical significance (HR 0.72, 0.43-1.20). Better effectiveness was observed in patients with low SpO2/FiO2 ratio (HR 0.35, 0.21-0.61 vs. 1.61, 0.54-4.82, P<0.05), and, without statistical significance, in patients with high CRP (HR 0.51, 0.30-0.87 vs. 0.41, 0.12-1.37, P=NS) and high IL-6 (HR 0.49, 0.29-0.82 vs. 1.00, 0.28-3.55, P=NS). TCZ was effective in patients not admitted to ICU, both in the unadjusted (HR 0.33, 0.14-0.74) and in the adjusted (HR 0.39, 0.17-0.91) model but no benefit was observed in critical ICU-admitted patients both in the unadjusted (HR 0.66, 0.37-1.15) and in the adjusted model (HR 0.95, 0.54-1.68). CONCLUSIONS Our real-life study suggests clinical efficacy of TCZ in moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients but not in end-stage disease. Thus, to enhance TCZ effectiveness, patients should be selected before grave compromise of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Matucci
- Unit of Immunoallergology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Bormioli
- Unit of Immunoallergology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianni Virgili
- Department of Ophthalmology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Trotta
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Spinicci
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Adriano Peris
- Intensive Care Unit, Regional ECMO Referral Center, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Pieralli
- Intermediate Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Lavorini
- Pneumology and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Fontanari
- Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Nozzoli
- Internal Medicine Unit1, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Loredana Poggesi
- Internal Medicine Unit3, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Oliviero Rossi
- Unit of Immunoallergology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center, and Immunotherapy (CDCI), Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Almerigogna
- Unit of Immunoallergology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Liu K, Zhu Y, Cao X, Liu Y, Ying R, Huang Q, Gao P, Zhang C. Curcumin as an antiviral agent and immune-inflammatory modulator in COVID-19: A scientometric analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21648. [PMID: 38027776 PMCID: PMC10661356 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reports regarding the antiviral activity of curcumin have surfaced. However, to date there has been no scientometric analysis of the relationship between curcumin and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). To comprehensively understand the studies involving curcumin in the context of COVID-19, we conducted a scientometric analysis to provide an exhaustive review of these studies. Methods We systematically searched the Web of Science core collection database for bibliographic data indexed from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, using keywords such as 'curcumin', 'COVID-19', and their synonyms. To clarify the research content and trends related to curcumin in COVID-19, we utilized VOSviewer, Origin 2023, and Charticulator for analysis, supplemented by external data. Results The final count of publications included in this study was 252. These publications originated from 63 countries or territories, with India contributing the highest number of publications. They were published across 170 journals. Notably, the Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) emerged as the most important institution that carried out this study. The most cited publication had been referenced 166 times. The main elements involved in the keyword analysis were reflected in the antiviral activity of curcumin and the immuno-inflammatory modulation of the inflammatory cytokine storm. Furthermore, the pharmacological mechanisms of curcumin for treating COVID-19 emerged as a prominent area of research. Simultaneously, there exists direct evidence of clinical usage of curcumin to enhance COVID-19 outcomes. Conclusions The scientometric analysis underscores the burgeoning professional domain of curcumin-based treatment for COVID-19. Ongoing studies have focused on the antiviral activity of curcumin and its immunomodulatory effects on inflammatory cytokine storms. On the other hand, the pharmacological mechanism of curcumin in the treatment of COVID-19 is a hot spot in the research field at present, which may become the main research trend in this field in the future. While maintaining a focus on foundational research, the clinical application of curcumin in COVID-19 infection is developing in parallel, highlighting its obvious guiding value in clinical practice. These insights offer researchers a snapshot of the present state of curcumin treatment for COVID-19 and guide further mechanistic validation efforts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xiyu Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Rongtao Ying
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Qingsong Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Peiyang Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Chuantao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
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Naphade P, Singh P, Rao P, Rohatgi S, Chaudhury S, Jadhav S, Nirhale S. Psychiatric Symptoms and Fatigue in COVID-19 Survivors. Cureus 2023; 15:e45651. [PMID: 37868517 PMCID: PMC10589455 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychiatric symptoms and fatigue are common after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness. The cause of these symptoms is direct neuronal injury and indirect injury with immune-mediated inflammation. In addition, social factors also affect mental health. OBJECTIVE We aim to compare psychiatric symptoms and fatigue between COVID-19 survivors and healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS We prospectively evaluated 100 COVID-19 survivors for anxiety, depression, positive affect, and behavior control using the Mental Health Inventory (MHI). Fatigue is assessed using the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) score. We compared them with 100 healthy controls. RESULTS There was a significant statistical difference between the MHI score and individual components of MHI. Overall, MHI scores in cases and controls were 79.41 and 93.31, respectively, with a P value of less than 0.0001. Computed scores for anxiety, depression, behavior control, and positive affect of COVID-19 survivors showed statistically significant differences as compared to healthy controls. There was a weak association between hospital stay duration and poor MHI scores. Fatigue was significantly worse in COVID-19 survivors, with a mean score of 6.93 in cases and 5.35 in controls, with a P value of 0.0001. This was a cross-sectional study evaluating psychiatric symptom scores, but not establishing the diagnosis. It is suggested that appropriate treatment and counseling for these symptoms should be done. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric symptoms and fatigue were significantly more common in COVID-19 patients after recovery from acute illness. It is a major contributing cause of morbidity other than organic complications of COVID-19 and requires attention in management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Naphade
- Neurology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
| | - Pratistha Singh
- Psychiatry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
| | - Prajwal Rao
- Neurology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
| | - Shalesh Rohatgi
- Neurology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
| | - Suprakash Chaudhury
- Psychiatry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
| | - Sudhir Jadhav
- Preventive Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
| | - Satish Nirhale
- Neurology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
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Elhag W, Elamin BK, Idris E, Elsheikh A, Ghaleb K, Fallatah I, Hassan D, Elkhalifa M, Moglad E, Eleragi A. Clinico-Epidemiological Laboratory Findings of COVID- 19 Positive Patients in a Hospital in Saudi Arabia. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:4845-4856. [PMID: 37520449 PMCID: PMC10386838 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s418629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding COVID-19's onset and clinical effects requires knowing host immune responses. Objective To investigate the presence of IgM, IgG, and cytokine levels (IL-2 and IL-6) in individuals with COVID-19 who have had their diagnosis confirmed by PCR. Methods This cross-sectional research included 70 adult ICU patients from King Abdullah Hospital in Bisha, Saudi Arabia. Subjects gave two blood samples. After hospital release, only 21 patients provided the second sample. Each patient provided a sample upon admission. Quantitative ELISAs evaluated IL-2, IL-6, and SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG antibodies. Results All patients were critically ill and unvaccinated against COVID-19. 46 (65.7%) of the patients were male, and their age range was 33-98 years (with a mean age of 66.5); 24.3%) were 51-61 years old. IgG was positive in all patients, although IgM predominated in 57/70 (81.4%) (6-1200 IU/mL). Total data analysis yielded these results. IL-6 was calculated at 10-1900 ng/mL, whereas IL-2 was 4-280. Discharged hospital patients had a statistically significant increase in IgM and IgG (P = 0.01, 0.004) but a statistically insignificant decline in IL-6 and IL-2 (P = 0.761, 0.071). Low IgM levels increased hospital stays. The study found lengthier hospital stays with higher IgG levels. Conclusion The identification of IgM and IgG antibodies, greater IL-6 levels, and lower IL-2 levels can help diagnose and monitor COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Elhag
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences (Microbiology Unit), College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Bahaeldin K Elamin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences (Microbiology Unit), College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ebtehal Idris
- Medical Laboratories Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza Elsheikh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences (Microbiology Unit), College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Ghaleb
- Medical Laboratories Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtihal Fallatah
- Laboratory and ICU (Medical Department) King Abdullah Hospital-Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa Hassan
- Laboratory and ICU (Medical Department) King Abdullah Hospital-Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Elkhalifa
- Laboratory and ICU (Medical Department) King Abdullah Hospital-Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehssan Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Eleragi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences (Microbiology Unit), College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
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Pustake M, Giri P, Ganiyani MA, Mumtaz K, Deshmukh K, Saju M, Nunez JV, Orlova N, Das A. Drawing Parallels between SARS, MERS, and COVID-19: A Comparative Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Pathological Features. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:518-524. [PMID: 37662119 PMCID: PMC10470569 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_460_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since November 2019, when the novel coronavirus arose in Wuhan City, over 188 million people worldwide have been infected with COVID-19. It is the third coronavirus outbreak in the twenty-first century. Until now, practically all coronavirus epidemics have occurred due to zoonotic spread from an animal or transitional host or through the consumption of their products. Coronaviruses can infect humans and cause severe illness and even death. Material and Methods This review was designed to help us recognize and harmonize the similarities and differences between these three coronaviridae family members. Result Measures aimed at containing the epidemic should be emphasized in this circumstance. Prioritizing and planning these activities require an understanding of the particulars of these three viruses. Given the pandemic's enormous death toll and rapid spread, we should be cognizant of the parallels and differences between these three viruses. Additionally, this pandemic warns us to be cautious against the possibility of a future pandemic. Conclusion We highlight the fundamental characteristics of coronaviruses that are critical for recognizing coronavirus epidemiology, pathogenesis, and pathological features that reveal numerous significant pathological attributes and evolutionary patterns in the viral genome that aid in better understanding and anticipating future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Pustake
- Department of Internal Medicine, Grant Govt. Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Purushottam Giri
- Department of Community Medicine, IIMSR Medical College, Jalna, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Grant Govt. Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kahkashan Mumtaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Grant Govt. Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Krishna Deshmukh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Grant Govt. Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Michael Saju
- Department of Community Medicine, Grant Govt. Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Arghadip Das
- Department of Pathology, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Olgun Yıldızeli S, Kocakaya D, Saylan YH, Tastekin G, Yıldız S, Akbal Ş, Özkan S, Arıkan H, Karakurt S. Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Disorders After COVID-19 Infection. Cureus 2023; 15:e42637. [PMID: 37644934 PMCID: PMC10461218 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As of December 2019, the COVID-19 infection had spread rapidly across the globe, causing a pandemic. Although the virus primarily affects the respiratory and circulatory systems, neuropsychiatric disorders have been reported in a significant number of infected individuals. The aim of this study is to identify anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances in the early post-COVID period, as well as potential risk factors. Method Symptomatic cases whose COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity within the previous three months were evaluated in the COVID-19 follow-up clinic, where they were observed for at least four weeks after the diagnosis. Cases with no suspicious symptoms and no documented PCR positivity were selected as the control group. All participants completed the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire and the Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire. The laboratory parameters of hospitalized patients with infection were recorded. Results A total of 283 patients were included in the study. While the median age of 144 patients with COVID-19 infection was 44 years, and 104 of them (72.2%) were female, the median age of the controls without COVID-19 infection was 52 years, and 65 of them (46.8%) were female. About 89 (61.8%) of the 144 patients with COVID-19 infections were hospitalized. When the results of the applied HADS questionnaire were analyzed, the median total value of all study participants was 10 points, whereas it was 13 in cases with COVID-19 and nine in those who did not have it (p<0.001). Taking into account the subgroups of the anxiety and depression questionnaires, both results are statistically significantly higher (p<0.001 and p=0.022, respectively) in post-COVID patients. When the hospitalization status of COVID-19 patients was compared, there was no difference in the development of anxiety (p=0.23), but depression(p<0.024) and poor sleep quality(p<0.001) were prevalent in hospitalized patients. The median PSQI score of the entire study population was five points, while it was seven points in cases with COVID-19 infection and four points in cases who did not have it (p<0.001). Sleep latency (p<0.003), sleep disturbances (p<0.001), and daytime dysfunction (p<0.001) were statistically significantly worse in COVID-19-infected patients. Female gender (p<0.01) and the presence of past anxiety-depression symptoms (p<0.013) were found to be as risk factors in patients with infection. The correlation between the total HADS score, the PSQI, and the results of the complete blood count and biochemical analysis at the time of diagnosis in hospitalized patients was also investigated. CRP (CI 0.26-0.58) p<0.001 vs (CI 0.09-0.45) p=0.004 and ferritin (CI 0.05-0.43) p=0.017 vs (CI 0.01-0.40) p=0.047exhibited a positive correlation. Similarly, lymphocyte count (CI -0.65 to -0.37) p<0.001 vs (CI -0.39 to -0.01) p<0.001 and lymphocyte percentage (-0.57 to -0.24) p=0.001 vs (-0.65 to -0.37) p=0.039 were negatively correlated. Conclusion Early post-infection anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances increased significantly in COVID-19 patients. Female gender and previous symptoms of anxiety and depression are risk factors, and inpatient treatment increases depression and poor sleep quality. High HADS and poor sleep quality scores are positively correlated with inflammatory parameters and should be evaluated in post-infection in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehnaz Olgun Yıldızeli
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Derya Kocakaya
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Yüsra Hafza Saylan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Gözde Tastekin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Sudenur Yıldız
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Şükran Akbal
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Sümeyra Özkan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Hüseyin Arıkan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Sait Karakurt
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
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10
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Sahin BE, Celikbilek A, Kocak Y, Koysuren A, Hizmali L. Associations of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, monocyte/ lymphocyte ratio, and platelet/lymphocyte ratio with COVID-19 disease severity in patients with neurological symptoms: A cross-sectional monocentric study. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2023; 14:224-229. [PMID: 37181197 PMCID: PMC10174155 DOI: 10.25259/jnrp_6_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Data are limited regarding the relationship of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet/ lymphocyte ratio (PLR) with neurological symptoms (NS) in COVID-19 patients. This study is the first to assess the utility of the NLR, MLR, and PLR for predicting COVID-19 severity in infected patients with NS. Materials and Methods Consecutive 192 PCR-positive COVID-19 patients with NS were included in this cross-sectional and prospective study. The patients were classified into the non-severe and severe groups. We analyzed routinely complete blood count in these groups in terms of COVID-19 disease severity. Results Advanced age, a higher body mass index, and comorbidities were significantly more common in the severe group (P < 0.001). Among the NS, anosmia (P = 0.001) and memory loss (P = 0.041) were significantly more common in the non-severe group. In the severe group, the lymphocytes and monocyte counts and the hemoglobin level were significantly lower, while the neutrophil count, NLR, and PLR were significantly higher (all P < 0.001). In the multivariate model, advanced age and a higher neutrophil count were independently associated with severe disease (both P < 0.001) but the NLR and PLR were not (both P > 0.05). Conclusion We found positive associations of COVID-19 severity with the NLR and PLR in infected patients with NS. Further research is required to shed more light on the role of neurological involvement in disease prognosis and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burc Esra Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - Asuman Celikbilek
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kocak
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - Aydan Koysuren
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - Lokman Hizmali
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey
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11
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Zhu C, Zhang T, Li Q, Chen X, Wang K. Depression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Mechanism, and Treatment. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:675-684. [PMID: 36411394 PMCID: PMC9685018 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had an adverse impact on the physical and mental health of the public worldwide. In addition to illness in patients with COVID-19, isolated people and the general population have experienced mental health problems due to social distancing policies, mandatory lockdown, and other psychosocial factors, and the prevalence of depression and anxiety significantly increased during the pandemic. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the epidemiology, contributing factors, and pathogenesis of depression and anxiety. during the pandemic. These findings indicate that physicians and psychiatrists should pay more attention to and identify those with a high risk for mental problems, such as females, younger people, unmarried people, and those with a low educational level. In addition, researchers should focus on identifying the neural and neuroimmune mechanisms involved in depression and anxiety, and assess the intestinal microbiome to identify effective biomarkers. We also provide an overview of various intervention methods, including pharmacological treatment, psychological therapy, and physiotherapy, to provide a reference for different populations to guide the development of optimized intervention methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhu
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, 230032, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xingui Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230032, China.
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12
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Castellvi Obiols P, Miranda-Mendizabal A, Recoder S, Calbo Sebastian E, Casajuana-Closas M, Leiva D, Manolov R, Matilla-Santander N, Lloveras-Bernat I, Forero CG. Physical and mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic at first year in a Spanish adult cohort. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4547. [PMID: 36941282 PMCID: PMC10026238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and the political and health measures have profoundly affected the health of our populations. However, very few studies have been published assessing its impact using a prospective cohort. The aim of this study is to describe the impact on physical and mental health due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population in Spain, and according to COVID-19 clinical status, during the first year of the pandemic. A longitudinal cohort study with two online surveys were performed on a representative sample of the adult Spanish population before (N = 2005, October/November 2019) and during the pandemic (N = 1357, November/December 2020). We assessed disability using the World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS), major depressive episode (MDE) and suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STB), using an adapted version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0); generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) using the GAD-7 scale; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms using the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). For physical health, there was a statistically significant loss of weight (mean/SD) (T0, 73.22/15.56 vs. T1, 71.21/11.94), less use of tobacco (T0, 11.4% vs. T1, 9.0%) and decreased disability (mean/SD) (T0, 21.52/9.22 vs. T1, 19.03/7.32). For mental health, there was a significant increase in MDE (T0, 6.5% vs. T1, 8.8%) and in the prevalence of GAD (T0, 13.7% vs. T1, 17.7%). The prevalence of STB (T0, 15.1% vs. T1, 7.1%) significantly decreased. Individuals who declared they had been diagnosed with COVID-19 (3.6%) showed a worsening in physical health and an increase in mental health problems and PTSD symptoms. Although suicide risk during the first year of the pandemic was significantly less, many suicide risk factors increased: such as the incidence and persistence of MDE and GAD, the presence of PTSD symptoms in those diagnosed with COVID-19, and a worsening in self-assessed health status. We expect an increase in STB in the population in the long-term. Future research should gather information about the long-term impact of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Castellvi Obiols
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), Campus Sant Cugat, Josep Trueta s/n, 08195, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Andrea Miranda-Mendizabal
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), Campus Sant Cugat, Josep Trueta s/n, 08195, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Silvia Recoder
- Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalonia (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | | | - Marc Casajuana-Closas
- Institut Universitari de Investigació en Atenció Primaria Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Leiva
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rumen Manolov
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Matilla-Santander
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, The Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isaac Lloveras-Bernat
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), Campus Sant Cugat, Josep Trueta s/n, 08195, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Carlos G Forero
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), Campus Sant Cugat, Josep Trueta s/n, 08195, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
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13
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Mohamed HA, Abdelkafy AE, Khairy RMM, Abdelraheim SR, Kamel BA, Marey H. MicroRNAs and cytokines as potential predictive biomarkers for COVID-19 disease progression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3531. [PMID: 36864077 PMCID: PMC9979137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Host microRNAs can influence the cytokine storm associated SARS-CoV-2 infection and proposed as biomarkers for COVID-19 disease. In the present study, serum MiRNA-106a and miRNA-20a were quantified by real time-PCR in 50 COVID-19 patients hospitalized at Minia university hospital and 30 healthy volunteers. Profiles of serum inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10) and TLR4 were analyzed by Eliza in patients and controls. A highly significant decrease (P value = 0.0001) in the expressions of miRNA-106a and miRNA-20a was reported in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. A significant decrease in the levels of miRNA-20a was also reported in patients with lymphopenia, patients having chest CT severity score (CSS) > 19 and in patients having O2 saturation less than 90%. Significantly higher levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and TLR4 were reported in patients compared to controls. IL-10 and TLR4 levels were significantly higher in patients having lymphopenia. TLR-4 level was higher in patients with CSS > 19 and in patients with hypoxia. Using univariate logistic regression analysis, miRNA-106a, miRNA-20a, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and TLR4 were identified as good predictors of disease. Receiver operating curve showed that the downregulation of miRNA-20a in patients having lymphopenia, patients with CSS > 19 and patients with hypoxia could be a potential biomarker with AUC = 0.68 ± 0.08, AUC = 0.73 ± 0.07 and AUC = 0.68 ± 0.07 respectively. Also, ROC curve showed accurate association between the increase of serum IL-10 and TLR-4 and lymphopenia among COVID-19 patients with AUC = 0.66 ± 0.08 and AUC = 0.73 ± 0.07 respectively. ROC curve showed also that serum TLR-4 could be a potential marker for high CSS with AUC = 0.78 ± 0.06. A negative correlation was detected between miRNA-20a with TLR-4 (r = - 0.30, P value = 0.03). We concluded that, miR-20a, is a potential biomarker of COVID-19 severity and blockade of IL-10 and TLR4 may constitute a novel therapy for COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A. Mohamed
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Aya Eid Abdelkafy
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Rasha M. M. Khairy
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61511 Egypt
| | - Salama R. Abdelraheim
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Bothina Ahmed Kamel
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Heba Marey
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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14
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Lung fibrosis: Post-COVID-19 complications and evidences. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109418. [PMID: 36736220 PMCID: PMC9633631 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID 19, a lethal viral outbreak that devastated lives and the economy across the globe witnessed non-compensable respiratory illnesses in patients. As been evaluated in reports, patients receiving long-term treatment are more prone to acquire Pulmonary Fibrosis (PF). Repetitive damage and repair of alveolar tissues increase oxidative stress, inflammation and elevated production of fibrotic proteins ultimately disrupting normal lung physiology skewing the balance towards the fibrotic milieu. AIM In the present work, we have discussed several important pathways which are involved in post-COVID PF. Further, we have also highlighted the rationale for the use of antifibrotic agents for post-COVID PF to decrease the burden and improve pulmonary functions in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION Based on the available literature and recent incidences, it is crucial to monitor COVID-19 patients over a period of time to rule out the possibility of residual effects. There is a need for concrete evidence to deeply understand the mechanisms responsible for PF in COVID-19 patients.
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15
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Almazmomi MA, Alsieni M. Targeting TLR-4 Signaling to Treat COVID-19-induced Acute Kidney Injury. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/0976500x221147798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has turned into a potentially fatal pandemic illness. Numerous acute kidney injury (AKI) cases have been reported, although diffuse alveolar destruction and acute respiratory failure are the major symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The AKI, often known as a sudden loss of kidney function, carries a greater risk of mortality and morbidity. AKI was the second most frequent cause of death after acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While most patients with COVID-19 have moderate symptoms, some have severe symptoms, such as septic shock and ARDS. Also, it has been proven that some patients have severe symptoms, such as the failure of several organs. The kidneys are often affected either directly or indirectly. The major signs of kidney involvement are proteinuria and AKI. It is hypothesized that multiple mechanisms contribute to kidney injury in COVID-19. Direct infection of podocytes and proximal tubular cells in the kidneys may lead to acute tubular necrosis and collapsing glomerulopathy. SARS-CoV2 may also trigger a cascade of immunological responses that lead to AKI, including cytokine storm (CS), macrophage activation syndrome, and Toll-like receptor type-4 activation (TLR-4). Other proposed processes of AKI include interactions between organs, endothelial failure, hypercoagulability, rhabdomyolysis, and sepsis. Furthermore, ischemic damage to the kidney might result from the decreased oxygen supply. This article focuses on kidney injury’s epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiological processes. Specifically, it focuses on the CS and the role of TLR-4 in this process. To effectively manage and treat acute kidney damage and AKI in COVID-19, it is crucial to understand the underlying molecular pathways and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaad A. Almazmomi
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard—Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsieni
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Samidurai A, Xi L, Das A, Kukreja RC. Beyond Erectile Dysfunction: cGMP-Specific Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors for Other Clinical Disorders. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:585-615. [PMID: 36206989 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-040122-034745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), an important intracellular second messenger, mediates cellular functional responses in all vital organs. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) is one of the 11 members of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) family that specifically targets cGMP generated by nitric oxide-driven activation of the soluble guanylyl cyclase. PDE5 inhibitors, including sildenafil and tadalafil, are widely used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and certain urological disorders. Preclinical studies have shown promising effects of PDE5 inhibitors in the treatment of myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, cancer and anticancer-drug-associated cardiotoxicity, diabetes, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer's disease, and other aging-related conditions. Many clinical trials with PDE5 inhibitors have focused on the potential cardiovascular, anticancer, and neurological benefits. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on PDE5 inhibitors and their potential therapeutic indications for various clinical disorders beyond erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Samidurai
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;
| | - Lei Xi
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;
| | - Anindita Das
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;
| | - Rakesh C Kukreja
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;
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17
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Chavda VP, Raval N, Sheta S, Vora LK, Elrashdy F, Redwan EM, Uversky VN, Ertas YN. Blood filtering system for COVID-19 management: novel modality of the cytokine storm therapeutics. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1064459. [PMID: 37153613 PMCID: PMC10160615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1064459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is virulent, contagious, and has rapidly gained many mutations, which makes it highly infectious and swiftly transmissible around the world. SARS-CoV-2 infects people of all ages and targets all body organs and their cellular compartments, starting from the respiratory system, where it shows many deleterious effects, to other tissues and organs. Systemic infection can lead to severe cases that require intensive intervention. Multiple approaches were elaborated, approved, and successfully used in the intervention of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. These approaches range from the utilization of single and/or mixed medications to specialized supportive devices. For critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, both extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and hemadsorption are utilized in combination or individually to support and release the etiological factors responsible for the "cytokine storm" underlying this condition. The current report discusses hemadsorption devices that can be used as part of supportive treatment for the COVID-19-associated cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutic and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nidhi Raval
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) – Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Soham Sheta
- Formulation and Development, Zydus Lifesciences Ltd., Ahmedabad, Gujrat, India
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Lalitkumar K. Vora, ; Vladimir N. Uversky, ; Yavuz Nuri Ertas,
| | - Fatma Elrashdy
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institure, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Lalitkumar K. Vora, ; Vladimir N. Uversky, ; Yavuz Nuri Ertas,
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- ERNAM - Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
- *Correspondence: Lalitkumar K. Vora, ; Vladimir N. Uversky, ; Yavuz Nuri Ertas,
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18
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Kia V, Eshaghi-Gorji R, Mansour RN, Hassannia H, Hasanzadeh E, Gheibi M, Mellati A, Enderami SE. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and their EVs as Potential Leads for SARSCoV2 Treatment. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 18:35-53. [PMID: 35473518 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220426115831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, a betacoronavirus was isolated from pneumonia cases in China and rapidly turned into a pandemic of COVID-19. The virus is an enveloped positive-sense ssRNA and causes a severe respiratory syndrome along with a cytokine storm, which is the main cause of most complications. Therefore, treatments that can effectively control the inflammatory reactions are necessary. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and their EVs are well-known for their immunomodulatory effects, inflammation reduction, and regenerative potentials. These effects are exerted through paracrine secretion of various factors. Their EVs also transport various molecules such as microRNAs to other cells and affect recipient cells' behavior. Scores of research and clinical trials have indicated the therapeutic potential of EVs in various diseases. EVs also seem to be a promising approach for severe COVID-19 treatment. EVs have also been used to develop vaccines since EVs are biocompatible nanoparticles that can be easily isolated and engineered. In this review, we have focused on the use of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and their EVs for the treatment of COVID-19, their therapeutic capabilities, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Kia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Reza Eshaghi-Gorji
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Hassannia
- Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Amol Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Elham Hasanzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mobina Gheibi
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Amir Mellati
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Ehsan Enderami
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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19
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Raja RK, Nguyen-Tri P, Balasubramani G, Alagarsamy A, Hazir S, Ladhari S, Saidi A, Pugazhendhi A, Samy AA. SARS-CoV-2 and its new variants: a comprehensive review on nanotechnological application insights into potential approaches. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2023; 13:65-93. [PMID: 34131555 PMCID: PMC8190993 DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01900-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) spreads and develops quickly worldwide as a new global crisis which has left deep socio-economic damage and massive human mortality. This virus accounts for the ongoing outbreak and forces an urgent need to improve antiviral therapeutics and targeted diagnosing tools. Researchers have been working to find a new drug to combat the virus since the outbreak started in late 2019, but there are currently no successful drugs to control the SARS-CoV-2, which makes the situation riskier. Very recently, new variant of SARS-CoV-2 is identified in many countries which make the situation very critical. No successful treatment has yet been shown although enormous international commitment to combat this pandemic and the start of different clinical trials. Nanomedicine has outstanding potential to solve several specific health issues, like viruses, which are regarded a significant medical issue. In this review, we presented an up-to-date drug design strategy against SARS-CoV-2, including the development of novel drugs and repurposed product potentials were useful, and successful drugs discovery is a constant requirement. The use of nanomaterials in treatment against SARS-CoV-2 and their use as carriers for the transport of the most frequently used antiviral therapeutics are discussed systematically here. We also addressed the possibilities of practical applications of nanoparticles to give the status of COVID-19 antiviral systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phuong Nguyen-Tri
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University du Québec àTrois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, Canada
| | - Govindasamy Balasubramani
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environmental Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, 600028 India
| | - Arun Alagarsamy
- Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003 India
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Safa Ladhari
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University du Québec àTrois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, Canada
| | - Alireza Saidi
- Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail (IRSST), 505 Boulevard de Maisonneuve O, Montréal, QC H3A 3C2 Canada
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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20
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Ghulam U, Nazim F, Farooqui N, Rizwan-ul-Hasan S, Anwar MF, Ahmed K, Jamal A, Kayani HA, Mughal N, Hussain A, Sarria-Santamera A, Abidi SH. Analysis of differential gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the nasopharyngeal milieu of mild & severe COVID-19 cases. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279270. [PMID: 36584119 PMCID: PMC9803207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A subset of individuals with COVID-19 can suffer from a severe form of the disease requiring breathing support for respiratory failure and even death due to disease complications. COVID-19 disease severity can be attributed to numerous factors, where several studies have associated changes in the expression of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines with disease severity. However, very few studies have associated the changes in expression of pro-inflammatory changes in the nasopharyngeal milieu with disease severity. Therefore, in the current study, we performed differential gene expression analysis of various pro-inflammatory cytokines in the nasopharyngeal milieu of mild & severe COVID-19 cases. MATERIAL AND METHOD For this retrospective, cross-sectional study, a total of 118 nasopharyngeal swab samples, previously collected from mild and severe (based on the WHO criteria) COVID-19 patients were used. A real-time qPCR was performed to determine the viral loads and also evaluate the mRNA expression of eight cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, and TNF-α). Subsequently, an unpaired T-test was applied to compare the statistical difference in mean expression of viral loads and each cytokine between the mild and severe groups, while the Pearson correlation test was applied to establish a correlation between disease severity, viral load, and cytokines expression. Similarly, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between different variables from the data and disease severity. RESULTS Out of 118 samples, 71 were mild, while 47 were severe. The mean viral load between the mild and severe groups was comparable (mild group: 27.07± 5.22; severe group: 26.37 ±7.89). The mRNA expression of cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IFN- γ, and TNF-α was significantly different in the two groups (p<0.05), where the Log2 normalized expression of IL-2, IL-6, IFN- γ, and TNF-α was found to be 2.2-, 16-, 2.3-, and 1.73-fold less in the severe group as compared to the mild group. Furthermore, we also observed a significant positive correlation between all the cytokines in the severe group. The multivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between age, IL-6, and disease severity. CONCLUSION This decreased expression of certain cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) in the nasopharyngeal milieu may be considered early biomarkers for disease severity in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unzela Ghulam
- Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fizza Nazim
- Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nida Farooqui
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Faraz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahria University Medical & Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ahmed
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abid Jamal
- Cancer Foundation Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Afzal Kayani
- Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nouman Mughal
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Hussain
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Hani Abidi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
- * E-mail:
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21
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Evaluation of 34 Cytokines and Vitamin D Status Reveal A Sexually-Dimorphic Active Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10122571. [PMID: 36554094 PMCID: PMC9778313 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10122571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several observational studies have inconsistently demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection and severity. Discrepancies in results may partially be explained by the individuals’ immune profiles, which are modulated, in varying degrees, by vitamin D status and sex hormones. Methods: In this study we evaluated the differences and associations of serum levels of 25(OH)D with 34 cytokines in 220 adults (82 controls (41 males; 41 females) and 138 SARS-CoV-2 patients (79 males and 59 females)) with and without COVID-19. Results: Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the SARS-CoV-2 group than in the controls. Serum IP-10, MCP-1, CRP, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17α, IL-23, and IL-6 were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Serum levels of VEGF, IFNγ, IL-13, and IL-5 were significantly higher in male patients than in females. 25(OH)D was significantly correlated with EFG (R = 0.39, p < 0.05) and IL-15 (R = 0.39, p < 0.05) in male patients, while it was inversely correlated with CRP (R = −0.51, p < 0.05) in female patients. Conclusions: Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines, and vitamin D were observed in SARS-CoV-2 adult patients. These expressions were sexually dimorphic and thus highlight the sex-specific nature of the active immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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22
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Khongthaw B, Dulta K, Chauhan PK, Kumar V, Ighalo JO. Lycopene: a therapeutic strategy against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID- 19). Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1955-1976. [PMID: 36050507 PMCID: PMC9436159 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene is a group of phytochemicals found in nature, primarily in fruits and vegetables. Lycopene is thought to protect against a variety of diseases attributed to its antioxidant capabilities. Lycopene has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunity-boosting qualities, among other biological and pharmacological benefits. COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has recently emerged as one of the world's leading causes of death. Patients may be asymptomatic or show signs of respiratory, cytokine release syndrome, gastrointestinal, or even multiple organ failure, all of which can lead to death. In COVID-19, inflammation, and cytokine storm are the key pathogenic mechanisms, according to SARS-CoV-2 infection symptoms. ARDS develops in some vulnerable hosts, which is accompanied by an inflammatory "cytokine syndrome" that causes lung damage. Immunological and inflammatory markers were linked to disease severity in mild and severe COVID-19 cases, implying that inflammatory markers, including IL-6, CRP, ESR, and PCT were significantly linked with COVID-19 severity. Patients with severe illness have reduced levels of several immune subsets, including CD4 + T, NK, and CD8 + cells. As a result, lycopene can be commended for bolstering physiological defenses against COVID-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banlambhabok Khongthaw
- Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Kanika Dulta
- Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Chauhan
- Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India
| | - Joshua O Ighalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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23
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Trivedi VS, Magnusen AF, Rani R, Marsili L, Slavotinek AM, Prows DR, Hopkin RJ, McKay MA, Pandey MK. Targeting the Complement-Sphingolipid System in COVID-19 and Gaucher Diseases: Evidence for a New Treatment Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214340. [PMID: 36430817 PMCID: PMC9695449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced disease (COVID-19) and Gaucher disease (GD) exhibit upregulation of complement 5a (C5a) and its C5aR1 receptor, and excess synthesis of glycosphingolipids that lead to increased infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in massive generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. This C5a-C5aR1-glycosphingolipid pathway- induced pro-inflammatory environment causes the tissue damage in COVID-19 and GD. Strikingly, pharmaceutically targeting the C5a-C5aR1 axis or the glycosphingolipid synthesis pathway led to a reduction in glycosphingolipid synthesis and innate and adaptive immune inflammation, and protection from the tissue destruction in both COVID-19 and GD. These results reveal a common involvement of the complement and glycosphingolipid systems driving immune inflammation and tissue damage in COVID-19 and GD, respectively. It is therefore expected that combined targeting of the complement and sphingolipid pathways could ameliorate the tissue destruction, organ failure, and death in patients at high-risk of developing severe cases of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyoma Snehal Trivedi
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Albert Frank Magnusen
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Reena Rani
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Luca Marsili
- Department of Neurology, James J. and Joan A. Gardner Center for Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, 3113 Bellevue Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Anne Michele Slavotinek
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Daniel Ray Prows
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Robert James Hopkin
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Mary Ashley McKay
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Building R1, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abadi B, Aarabi Jeshvaghani AH, Fathalipour H, Dehghan L, Rahimi Sirjani K, Forootanfar H. Therapeutic Strategies in the Fight against COVID-19: From Bench to Bedside. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:517-532. [PMID: 36380976 PMCID: PMC9652495 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2021.92662.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China. This virus rapidly spread worldwide and was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. High incidence, long incubation period, and diverse clinical signs of the disease posed a huge challenge globally. The efforts of health systems have been focused on repurposing existing drugs or developing innovative therapies to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2. In addition, most of the large pharmaceutical companies are intensely working on vaccine development to swiftly deliver safe and effective vaccines to prevent further spread of the virus. In this review, we will discuss the latest data on therapeutic strategies undergoing clinical trials. Additionally, we will provide a summary of vaccines currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafshe Abadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Brain Cancer Research Core, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hadis Fathalipour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Leili Dehghan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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25
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The Mechanisms of Zinc Action as a Potent Anti-Viral Agent: The Clinical Therapeutic Implication in COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101862. [PMID: 36290585 PMCID: PMC9598180 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 was caused by a novel coronavirus termed as SARS-CoV2 and is still ongoing with high morbidity and mortality rates in the whole world. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is highly linked with over-active immune and inflammatory responses, leading to activated cytokine storm, which contribute to ARDS with worsen outcome. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic drug for the treatment of COVID-19. Zinc is known to act as an immune modulator, which plays an important role in immune defense system. Recently, zinc has been widely considered as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent. Accumulating numbers of studies have revealed that zinc plays an important role in antiviral immunity in several viral infections. Several early clinical trials clearly indicate that zinc treatment remarkably decreased the severity of the upper respiratory infection of rhinovirus in humans. Currently, zinc has been used for the therapeutic intervention of COVID-19 in many different clinical trials. Several clinical studies reveal that zinc treatment using a combination of HCQ and zinc pronouncedly reduced symptom score and the rates of hospital admission and mortality in COVID-19 patients. These data support that zinc might act as an anti-viral agent in the addition to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties for the adjuvant therapeutic intervention of COVID-19.
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26
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Konozy EHE, Osman MEFM, Ghartey-Kwansah G, Abushama HM. The striking mimics between COVID-19 and malaria: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957913. [PMID: 36081516 PMCID: PMC9445119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives COVID-19 is a transmissible illness triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since its onset in late 2019 in Wuhan city of China, it continues to spread universally, leading to an ongoing pandemic that shattered all efforts to restrain it. On the other hand, in Africa, the COVID-19 infection may be influenced by malaria coinfection. Hence, in this review article, we aimed to give a comprehensive account of the similarities between COVID-19 and malaria in terms of symptoms, clinical, immunological, and molecular perspectives. Methodology In this article, we reviewed over 50 research papers to highlight the multilayered similarities between COVID-19 and malaria infections that might influence the ontology of COVID-19. Results Despite the poor health and fragile medical system of many sub-Saharan African countries, they persisted with a statistically significantly low number of COVID-19 cases. This was attributed to many factors such as the young population age, the warm weather, the lack of proper diagnosis, previous infection with malaria, the use of antimalarial drugs, etc. Additionally, population genetics appears to play a significant role in shaping the COVID-19 dynamics. This is evident as recent genomic screening analyses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and malaria-associated-variants identified 6 candidate genes that might play a role in malaria and COVID-19 incidence and severity. Moreover, the clinical and pathological resemblances between the two diseases have made considerable confusion in the diagnosis and thereafter curb the disease in Africa. Therefore, possible similarities between the diseases in regards to the clinical, pathological, immunological, and genetical ascription were discussed. Conclusion Understanding the dynamics of COVID-19 infection in Sub-Saharan Africa and how it is shaped by another endemic disease like malaria can provide insights into how to tailor a successful diagnostic, intervention, and control plans that lower both disease morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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27
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Tatlisuluoglu D, Alay GH, Bulut K, Demir NS, Turan G. Is there a relationship between the intensive care scores of patients and depression and anxiety? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PSIQUIATRIA (SAO PAULO, BRAZIL : 1999) 2022; 45:112-116. [PMID: 36095160 PMCID: PMC10154019 DOI: 10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronaviruses that cause respiratory infections in people are known to be neuropathogenic. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is an association between the severity of viral pneumonia and the anxiety and depression levels of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). MATERIAL AND METHODS 165 patients were included in the study prospectively, and 70 patients were intubated at follow-up. According to the intubation status, the patients were divided into two groups: intubated and non-intubated. RESULTS The GAD-7 score was 10.37±3.75 (p<0.001) in patients who were intubated after the first 7 days. The length of stay in the ICU was 25±22.3/day (p<0.001), and the length of stay in the hospital was 28.28±23.37/day, which was longer than those who were not intubated (p<0.001). APACHE and SOFA scores, as well as GAD-7 and PHQ-9, were found to be positively related to ICU and hospital length of stay (p<0.01). CONCLUSION The presence and exacerbation of anxiety and depression symptoms can provide information about the aggravation and progression of the underlying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Tatlisuluoglu
- Department of Intesive Care Unit, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura Education and Research City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Hilal Alay
- Department of Intesive Care Unit, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura Education and Research City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kadir Bulut
- Department of Intesive Care Unit, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura Education and Research City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Selin Demir
- Department of Intesive Care Unit, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura Education and Research City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Guldem Turan
- Department of Intesive Care Unit, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura Education and Research City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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28
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Jutel M, Torres MJ, Palomares O, Akdis CA, Eiwegger T, Untersmayr E, Barber D, Zemelka-Wiacek M, Kosowska A, Palmer E, Vieths S, Mahler V, Canonica WG, Nadeau K, Shamji MH, Agache I. COVID-19 vaccination in patients receiving allergen immunotherapy (AIT) or biologicals-EAACI recommendations. Allergy 2022; 77:2313-2336. [PMID: 35147230 PMCID: PMC9111382 DOI: 10.1111/all.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune modulation is a key therapeutic approach for allergic diseases, asthma and autoimmunity. It can be achieved in an antigen-specific manner via allergen immunotherapy (AIT) or in an endotype-driven approach using biologicals that target the major pathways of the type 2 (T2) immune response: immunoglobulin (Ig)E, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-4/IL-13 or non-type 2 response: anti-cytokine antibodies and B-cell depletion via anti-CD20. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination provides an excellent opportunity to tackle the global pandemics and is currently being applied in an accelerated rhythm worldwide. The vaccine exerts its effects through immune modulation, induces and amplifies the response against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Thus, as there may be a discernible interference between these treatment modalities, recommendations on how they should be applied in sequence are expected. The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) assembled an expert panel under its Research and Outreach Committee (ROC). This expert panel evaluated the evidence and have formulated recommendations on the administration of COVID-19 vaccine in patients with allergic diseases and asthma receiving AIT or biologicals. The panel also formulated recommendations for COVID-19 vaccine in association with biologicals targeting the type 1 or type 3 immune response. In formulating recommendations, the panel evaluated the mechanisms of COVID-19 infection, of COVID-19 vaccine, of AIT and of biologicals and considered the data published for other anti-infectious vaccines administered concurrently with AIT or biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Jutel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- ALL-MED Medical Research Institute, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria J Torres
- Allergy Unit, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, IBIMA-UMA-ARADyAL-BIONAND, Malaga, Spain
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Eiwegger
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, The Department of 13 Pediatrics, Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Domingo Barber
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Anna Kosowska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- ALL-MED Medical Research Institute, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elizabeth Palmer
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London. MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Walter G Canonica
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Personalized Medicine Asthma, & Allergy Center-IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mohamed H Shamji
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London. MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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29
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McCollum CR, Courtney CM, O’Connor NJ, Aunins TR, Ding Y, Jordan TX, Rogers KL, Brindley S, Brown JM, Nagpal P, Chatterjee A. Nanoligomers Targeting Human miRNA for the Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Are Safe and Nontoxic in Mice. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3087-3106. [PMID: 35729709 PMCID: PMC9236218 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The devastating effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have made clear a global necessity for antiviral strategies. Most fatalities associated with infection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) result at least partially from uncontrolled host immune response. Here, we use an antisense compound targeting a previously identified microRNA (miRNA) linked to severe cases of COVID-19. The compound binds specifically to the miRNA in question, miR-2392, which is produced by human cells in several disease states. The safety and biodistribution of this compound were tested in a mouse model via intranasal, intraperitoneal, and intravenous administration. The compound did not cause any toxic responses in mice based on measured parameters, including body weight, serum biomarkers for inflammation, and organ histopathology. No immunogenicity from the compound was observed with any administration route. Intranasal administration resulted in excellent and rapid biodistribution to the lungs, the main site of infection for SARS-CoV-2. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies reveal delivery to different organs, including lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen. The compound was largely cleared through the kidneys and excreted via the urine, with no accumulation observed in first-pass organs. The compound is concluded to be a safe potential antiviral treatment for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R. McCollum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue,
Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Colleen M. Courtney
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue,
Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Sachi Bioworks, Inc., 685 S
Arthur Ave Unit 5, Colorado Technology Center, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United
States
| | - Nolan J. O’Connor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue,
Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Thomas R. Aunins
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue,
Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Yuchen Ding
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue,
Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Tristan X. Jordan
- Department of Microbiology, New York
University Langone, New York, New York 10016, United
States
| | - Keegan L. Rogers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora,
Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Stephen Brindley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora,
Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Jared M. Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora,
Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Prashant Nagpal
- Sachi Bioworks, Inc., 685 S
Arthur Ave Unit 5, Colorado Technology Center, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United
States
- Antimicrobial Regeneration
Consortium, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United
States
| | - Anushree Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue,
Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Sachi Bioworks, Inc., 685 S
Arthur Ave Unit 5, Colorado Technology Center, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United
States
- Antimicrobial Regeneration
Consortium, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United
States
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30
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Mohammad KO, Rodriguez JBC, Urey MA. Coronavirus disease 2019 and the cardiologist. Curr Opin Cardiol 2022; 37:335-342. [PMID: 35731679 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There continues to be extensive clinical and epidemiological data to suggest that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is associated with numerous different types of cardiac involvement. RECENT FINDINGS Myocardial injury has been reported in over 25% of patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection and is not only associated with a worse prognosis but with higher mortality, approaching 40%. Currently proposed mechanisms of myocardial injury include direct viral infection, cytokine storm, endothelial inflammation, demand ischemia, interferon-mediated response and stress cardiomyopathy. COVID-19 infection is associated with new-onset arrhythmias and heart failure regardless of history of previous cardiovascular disease. Echocardiographic findings can be useful to predict mortality in COVID-19 patients and cardiac MRI is an effective tool to both assess COVID-19 induced myocarditis and to follow-up on cardiac complications of COVID-19 long-term. Although there is an association between COVID-19 vaccination and myocarditis, pericarditis or arrhythmias, the risk appears lower when compared to risk attributable to the natural infection. SUMMARY Patients with cardiovascular disease are not only more likely to suffer from severe COVID-19 infection but are at increased risk for further complications and higher mortality. Further data compilation on current and emerging treatments of COVID-19 will have additional impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan O Mohammad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Jose B Cruz Rodriguez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Marcus A Urey
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Huang J, Zhou C, Deng J, Zhou J. JAK Inhibition as a New Treatment Strategy for Patients with COVID-19. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115162. [PMID: 35787993 PMCID: PMC9250821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic continues to spread globally. The rapid dispersion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 drives an urgent need for effective treatments, especially for patients who develop severe pneumonia. The excessive and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines has proved to be an essential factor in the rapidity of disease progression, and some cytokines are significantly associated with adverse outcomes. Most of the upregulated cytokines signal through the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. Therefore, blocking the exaggerated release of cytokines, including IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFNα/β/γ, by inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling will, presumably, offer favorable pharmacodynamics and present an attractive prospect. JAK inhibitors (JAKi) can also inhibit members of the numb-associated kinase (NAK) family, including AP2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) and cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK), which regulate the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) transmembrane protein and are involved in host viral endocytosis. According to the data released from current clinical trials, JAKi treatment can effectively control the dysregulated cytokine storm and improve clinical outcomes regarding mortality, ICU admission, and discharge. There are still some concerns surrounding thromboembolic events, opportunistic infection such as herpes zoster virus reactivation, and repression of the host's type-I IFN-dependent immune repair for both viral and bacterial infection. However, the current JAKi clinical trials of COVID-19 raised no new safety concerns except a slightly increased risk of herpes virus infection. In the updated WHO guideline, Baricitinb is strongly recommended as an alternative to IL-6 receptor blockers, particularly in combination with corticosteroids, in patients with severe or critical COVID-19. Future studies will explore the application of JAKi to COVID-19 treatment in greater detail, such as the optimal timing and course of JAKi treatment, individualized medication strategies based on pharmacogenomics, and the effect of combined medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Chi Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology 1095# Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430030, People's Rep. of China
| | - Jinniu Deng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
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Moga E, Lynton-Pons E, Domingo P. The Robustness of Cellular Immunity Determines the Fate of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904686. [PMID: 35833134 PMCID: PMC9271749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two years after the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causal agent of the current global pandemic, it is time to analyze the evolution of the immune protection that infection and vaccination provide. Cellular immunity plays an important role in limiting disease severity and the resolution of infection. The early appearance, breadth and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response has been correlated with disease severity and it has been thought that T cell responses may be sufficient to clear infection with minimal disease in COVID-19 patients with X-linked or autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia. However, our knowledge of the phenotypic and functional diversity of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, CD4+ T helper cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh), which play a critical role in infection control as well as long-term protection, is still evolving. It has been described how CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes interrupt viral replication by secreting antiviral cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and directly killing infected cells, negatively correlating with stages of disease progression. In addition, CD4+ T helper cells have been reported to be key pieces, leading, coordinating and ultimately regulating antiviral immunity. For instance, in some more severe COVID-19 cases a dysregulated CD4+ T cell signature may contribute to the greater production of pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for pathogenic inflammation. Here we discuss how cellular immunity is the axis around which the rest of the immune system components revolve, since it orchestrates and leads antiviral response by regulating the inflammatory cascade and, as a consequence, the innate immune system, as well as promoting a correct humoral response through CD4+ Tfh cells. This review also analyses the critical role of cellular immunity in modulating the development of high-affinity neutralizing antibodies and germinal center B cell differentiation in memory and long-lived antibody secreting cells. Finally, since there is currently a high percentage of vaccinated population and, in some cases, vaccine booster doses are even being administered in certain countries, we have also summarized newer approaches to long-lasting protective immunity and the cross-protection of cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Moga
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,*Correspondence: Esther Moga,
| | - Elionor Lynton-Pons
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Domingo
- Unidad de enfermedades infecciosas, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Eskandarian Boroujeni M, Sekrecka A, Antonczyk A, Hassani S, Sekrecki M, Nowicka H, Lopacinska N, Olya A, Kluzek K, Wesoly J, Bluyssen HAR. Dysregulated Interferon Response and Immune Hyperactivation in Severe COVID-19: Targeting STATs as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888897. [PMID: 35663932 PMCID: PMC9156796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A disease outbreak in December 2019, caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, was named COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infects cells from the upper and lower respiratory tract system and is transmitted by inhalation or contact with infected droplets. Common clinical symptoms include fatigue, fever, and cough, but also shortness of breath and lung abnormalities. Still, some 5% of SARS-CoV-2 infections progress to severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with pulmonary edema, acute kidney injury, and/or multiple organ failure as important consequences, which can lead to death. The innate immune system recognizes viral RNAs and triggers the expression of interferons (IFN). IFNs activate anti-viral effectors and components of the adaptive immune system by activating members of the STAT and IRF families that induce the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG)s. Among other coronaviruses, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV, common strategies have been identified to antagonize IFN signaling. This typically coincides with hyperactive inflammatory host responses known as the “cytokine storm” that mediate severe lung damage. Likewise, SARS-CoV-2 infection combines a dysregulated IFN response with excessive production of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. This excessive inflammatory response in the lungs is associated with the local recruitment of immune cells that create a pathogenic inflammatory loop. Together, it causes severe lung pathology, including ARDS, as well as damage to other vulnerable organs, like the heart, spleen, lymph nodes, and kidney, as well as the brain. This can rapidly progress to multiple organ exhaustion and correlates with a poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients. In this review, we focus on the crucial role of different types of IFN that underlies the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection and leads to immune cell hyper-activation in the lungs, exuberant systemic inflammation, and multiple organ damage. Consequently, to protect from systemic inflammation, it will be critical to interfere with signaling cascades activated by IFNs and other inflammatory cytokines. Targeting members of the STAT family could therefore be proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy in patients with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Eskandarian Boroujeni
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Sekrecka
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Antonczyk
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sanaz Hassani
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michal Sekrecki
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Nowicka
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Lopacinska
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Arta Olya
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kluzek
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Wesoly
- Laboratory of High Throughput Technologies, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hans A R Bluyssen
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Idiz UO, Yurttas TT, Degirmencioglu S, Orhan B, Erdogan E, Sevik H, Sevinc MM. Immunophenotyping of lymphocytes and monocytes and the status of cytokines in the clinical course of Covid-19 patients. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4744-4753. [PMID: 35667877 PMCID: PMC9348494 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphopenia, T cell subgroup changes, and cytokine level differences are important in the early diagnosis and treatment of Covid 19 cases and similar pandemics. We aimed to investigate the T cell, monocyte subgroups, and cytokine differences according to disease severity. METHOD A total of 46 volunteers were included in the study. According to disease status, there were three groups (control, mild, severe). The age, gender, smoking status, temperature, heart rate and oxygen saturation, complete blood count, CRP was noted, and flow cytometric analyses were performed for T cell and monocyte subgroups, and cytokine levels. RESULTS Temperature, heart rate, SPO2, WBC, lympocyte count, trombocyte count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, D-dimer and CRP levels, lymphocyte %, lymphocyte/monocyte rate, monocyte subtypes (%), CD3+ , CD4+ , CD8+ cell counts, IL-1β, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, IL-23 were significantly different between groups. CRP, IL-8, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, NK cells (%) have positive correlation and negative correlation was observed at lymphocyte (count), lymphocyte (%), lymphocyte/monocyte, classical monocyte (%), lymphocyte (count), CD3+ (count), CD4+ (count). CONCLUSION Lymphocyte (%), Lymphocyte (count), CRP levels, CD3+ and CD4+ cell counts strongly correlate with disease severity are valuable parameters for determining the prognoses of Covid-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Oguz Idiz
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul University, DETAE, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tahir Talat Yurttas
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serife Degirmencioglu
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bagnu Orhan
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Erdogan
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Husnu Sevik
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mert Mahsuni Sevinc
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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35
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Ziyaei K, Ataie Z, Mokhtari M, Adrah K, Daneshmehr MA. An insight to the therapeutic potential of algae-derived sulfated polysaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids: Focusing on the COVID-19. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:244-257. [PMID: 35306019 PMCID: PMC8924028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic severely affected human health worldwide. The rapidly increasing COVID-19 cases and successive mutations of the virus have made it a major challenge for scientists to find the best and efficient drug/vaccine/strategy to counteract the virus pathogenesis. As a result of research in scientific databases, regulating the immune system and its responses with nutrients and nutritional interventions is the most critical solution to prevent and combat this infection. Also, modulating other organs such as the intestine with these compounds can lead to the vaccines' effectiveness. Marine resources, mainly algae, are rich sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds with known immunomodulatory properties and the gut microbiome regulations. According to the purpose of the review, algae-derived bioactive compounds with immunomodulatory activities, sulfated polysaccharides, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have a good effect on the immune system. In addition, they have probiotic/prebiotic properties in the intestine and modulate the gut microbiomes; therefore, they can increase the effectiveness of vaccines produced. Thus, they with respectable safety, immune regulation, and modulation of microbiota have potential therapeutic against infections, especially COVID-19. They can also be employed as promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of viral infections, such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Ziyaei
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zahra Ataie
- Evidence-based Phytotherapy & Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Mokhtari
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Laboratory of System Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, Iran
| | - Kelvin Adrah
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali Daneshmehr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yang S, Tong Y, Chen L, Yu W. Human Identical Sequences, hyaluronan, and hymecromone ─ the new mechanism and management of COVID-19. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:15. [PMID: 35593963 PMCID: PMC9120813 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has created formidable damage to public health and market economy. Currently, SARS-CoV-2 variants has exacerbated the transmission from person-to-person. Even after a great deal of investigation on COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 is still rampaging globally, emphasizing the urgent need to reformulate effective prevention and treatment strategies. Here, we review the latest research progress of COVID-19 and provide distinct perspectives on the mechanism and management of COVID-19. Specially, we highlight the significance of Human Identical Sequences (HIS), hyaluronan, and hymecromone ("Three-H") for the understanding and intervention of COVID-19. Firstly, HIS activate inflammation-related genes to influence COVID-19 progress through NamiRNA-Enhancer network. Accumulation of hyaluronan induced by HIS-mediated HAS2 upregulation is a substantial basis for clinical manifestations of COVID-19, especially in lymphocytopenia and pulmonary ground-glass opacity. Secondly, detection of plasma hyaluronan can be effective for evaluating the progression and severity of COVID-19. Thirdly, spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 may bind to hyaluronan and further serve as an allergen to stimulate allergic reaction, causing sudden adverse effects after vaccination or the aggravation of COVID-19. Finally, antisense oligonucleotides of HIS or inhibitors of hyaluronan synthesis (hymecromone) or antiallergic agents could be promising therapeutic agents for COVID-19. Collectively, Three-H could hold the key to understand the pathogenic mechanism and create effective therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Tong
- Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Yu
- Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Kashani NR, Azadbakht J, Ehteram H, Kashani HH, Rajabi-Moghadam H, Ahmad E, Nikzad H, Hosseini ES. Molecular and Clinical Investigation of COVID-19: From Pathogenesis and Immune Responses to Novel Diagnosis and Treatment. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:770775. [PMID: 35664675 PMCID: PMC9161360 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.770775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus-related severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) in 2002/2003, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) in 2012/2013, and especially the current 2019/2021 severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) negatively affected the national health systems worldwide. Different SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and recently Omicron (B.1.1.529), have emerged resulting from the high rate of genetic recombination and S1-RBD/S2 mutation/deletion in the spike protein that has an impact on the virus activity. Furthermore, genetic variability in certain genes involved in the immune system might impact the level of SARS-CoV-2 recognition and immune response against the virus among different populations. Understanding the molecular mechanism and function of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their different epidemiological outcomes is a key step for effective COVID-19 treatment strategies, including antiviral drug development and vaccine designs, which can immunize people with genetic variabilities against various strains of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we center our focus on the recent and up-to-date knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 (Alpha to Omicron) origin and evolution, structure, genetic diversity, route of transmission, pathogenesis, new diagnostic, and treatment strategies, as well as the psychological and economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on individuals and their lives around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Riahi Kashani
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Javid Azadbakht
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hassan Ehteram
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Haddad Kashani
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hassan Rajabi-Moghadam
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ejaz Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hossein Nikzad
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Elahe Seyed Hosseini
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Elahe Seyed Hosseini,
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Leukotriene Inhibitors with dexamethasone show promise in the prevention of death in COVID-19 patients with low oxygen saturations. J Clin Transl Sci 2022; 6:e74. [PMID: 35836784 PMCID: PMC9274389 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2022.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 is a major health threat around the world causing hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths. There is a pressing global need for effective therapies. We hypothesized that leukotriene inhibitors (LTIs), that have been shown to lower IL6 and IL8 levels, may have a protective effect in patients with COVID-19. Methods In this retrospective controlled cohort study, we compared death rates in COVID-19 patients who were taking a LTI with those who were not taking an LTI. We used the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW) to create a cohort of COVID-19-positive patients and tracked their use of LTIs between November 1, 2019 and November 11, 2021. Results Of the 1,677,595 cohort of patients tested for COVID-19, 189,195 patients tested positive for COVID-19. Forty thousand seven hundred one were admitted. 38,184 had an oxygen requirement and 1214 were taking an LTI. The use of dexamethasone plus a LTI in hospital showed a survival advantage of 13.5% (CI: 0.23%-26.7%; p < 0.01) in patients presenting with a minimal O2Sat of 50% or less. For patients with an O2Sat of <60 and <50% if they were on LTIs as outpatients, continuing the LTI led to a 14.4% and 22.25 survival advantage if they were continued on the medication as inpatients. Conclusions When combined dexamethasone and LTIs provided a mortality benefit in COVID-19 patients presenting with an O2 saturations <50%. The LTI cohort had lower markers of inflammation and cytokine storm.
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Li S, Wang J, Yan Y, Zhang Z, Gong W, Nie S. Clinical Characterization and Possible Pathological Mechanism of Acute Myocardial Injury in COVID-19. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:862571. [PMID: 35387441 PMCID: PMC8979292 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.862571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a respiratory disease that can cause damage to multiple organs throughout the body. Cardiovascular complications related to COVID-19 mainly include acute myocardial injury, heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmia, myocarditis. Among them, myocardial injury is the most common complication in COVID-19 hospitalized patients, and is associated with poor prognosis such as death and arrhythmias. There is a continuous relationship between myocardial injury and the severity of COVID-19. The incidence of myocardial injury is higher in critically ill patients and dead patients, and myocardial injury is more likely to occur in the elderly critically ill patients with comorbidities. Myocardial injury is usually accompanied by more electrocardiogram abnormalities, higher inflammation markers and more obvious echocardiographic abnormalities. According to reports, COVID-19 patients with a history of cardiovascular disease have a higher in-hospital mortality, especially in the elder patients. At present, the mechanism of myocardial injury in COVID-19 is still unclear. There may be direct injury of myocardial cells, systemic inflammatory response, hypoxia, prethrombotic and procoagulant state, myocardial interstitial fibrosis, interferon-mediated immune response and coronary artery plaque instability and other related factors, and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor may play a key role in the myocardial injury in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Li
- Coronary Heart Disease Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jinan Wang
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Coronary Heart Disease Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zekun Zhang
- Coronary Heart Disease Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Coronary Heart Disease Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- Coronary Heart Disease Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
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Efstathiou V, Stefanou MI, Demetriou M, Siafakas N, Makris M, Tsivgoulis G, Zoumpourlis V, Kympouropoulos S, Tsoporis J, Spandidos D, Smyrnis N, Rizos E. Long COVID and neuropsychiatric manifestations (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:363. [PMID: 35493431 PMCID: PMC9019760 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence in the literature indicating that a number of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may experience a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms, persisting or even presenting following the resolution of acute COVID-19. Among the neuropsychiatric manifestations more frequently associated with ‘long COVID’ are depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbances, fatigue and cognitive deficits, that can potentially be debilitating and negatively affect patients' wellbeing, albeit in the majority of cases symptoms tend to improve over time. Despite variations in results obtained from studies using different methodological approaches to define ‘long COVID’ syndrome, the most widely accepted factors associated with a higher risk of developing neuropsychiatric manifestations include the severity of foregoing COVID-19, the female sex, the presence of comorbidities, a history of mental health disease and an elevation in the levels of inflammatory markers, albeit further research is required to establish causal associations. To date, the pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in neuropsychiatric manifestations of ‘long COVID’ remain only partially elucidated, while the role of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as social isolation and uncertainty concerning social, financial and health recovery post-COVID, have also been highlighted. Given the alarming effects of ‘long-COVID’, interdisciplinary cooperation for the early identification of patients who are at a high risk of persistent neuropsychiatric presentations, beyond COVID-19 recovery, is crucial to ensure that appropriate integrated physical and mental health support is provided, with the aim of mitigating the risks of long-term disability at a societal and individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Efstathiou
- Second Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece
| | - Maria-Ioanna Stefanou
- Second Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece
| | - Marina Demetriou
- Second Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Siafakas
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece
| | - Michael Makris
- Allergy Unit, Second Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece
| | - Vassilios Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Stylianos Kympouropoulos
- Second Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece
| | - James Tsoporis
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Demetrios Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Second Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Rizos
- Second Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece
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D’Ambrosio F, Caggiano M, Schiavo L, Savarese G, Carpinelli L, Amato A, Iandolo A. Chronic Stress and Depression in Periodontitis and Peri-Implantitis: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological, Neurobehavioral and Immune-Microbiome Interplays and Clinical Management Implications. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:49. [PMID: 35323251 PMCID: PMC8947556 DOI: 10.3390/dj10030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the well-known systemic factors for periodontal and peri-implant diseases, additional co-factors, such as chronic stress and depression, may also affect disease onset and progression as well as treatment responsiveness. Neurobiological and neurobehavioral pathogenic links between chronic stress and depression, on the one side, and periodontitis and peri-implantitis, on the other side, which have been little investigated and principally related to necrotizing periodontal disease, have been reviewed, along with their putative interconnections with periodontal immune-microbiome balance. Rising evidence suggest that dysregulated neurobiological and neurobehavioral factors, as well as periodontal immune-microbiome unbalance, all related to chronic stress and depression, may crucially interact and thus represent contributing factors in the genesis and worsening not only of necrotizing periodontal lesions, but also of chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Such potential interconnections may be even more relevant in recurrent and aggressive cases of periodontal and peri-implant disease, which are frequently refractory to therapy, and may, if corroborated, coherently pave the way for personalized prevention and treatment strategies, possibly targeting immune-microbiome unbalance and neurobehavioral factors and focusing on neurobiological ones, especially in chronically stressed and depressed subjects with periodontitis and peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco D’Ambrosio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Schola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.C.); (L.S.); (G.S.); (L.C.); (A.A.); (A.I.)
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Donina ZA. Causes of Hypoxemia in COVID-19. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022; 58:73-80. [PMID: 35283538 PMCID: PMC8897613 DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic of a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
has posed challenges to public health specialists around the world
associated with diagnosis, intensive study of epidemiological and
clinical features of the coronavirus infection, development of preventive
approaches, therapeutic strategies and rehabilitation measures.
However, despite the successes achieved in the study of COVID-19
pathogenesis, many aspects that aggravate the severity of the disease
and cause high mortality of patients remain unclear. The main clinical
manifestation of the new variant of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection is
pneumonia with massive parenchymal lesions of lung tissue, diffuse alveolar
damage, thrombotic manifestations, disruption of ventilation-perfusion
relationships, etc. However, symptoms in patients hospitalized with
COVID pneumonia show a broad diversity: the majority has minimal
manifestations, others develop severe respiratory failure complicated
by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with rapidly progressing
hypoxemia that leads to high mortality. Numerous clinical data publications
report that some COVID pneumonia patients without subjective signs
of severe respiratory failure (dyspnea, “air hunger”) have an extremely
low saturation level. As a result, there arises a paradoxical condition
(called “silent hypoxia” or even “happy hypoxia”) contradicting
the very basics of physiology, as it essentially represents a severe life-incompatible
hypoxemia which lacks respiratory discomfort. All this raises numerous
questions among professionals and has already ignited a discussion
in scientific publications concerned with the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Respiratory failure is a complex clinical problem, many aspects
of which remain controversial. However, according to the majority
of authors, one of the first objective indicators of the clinical
sign of respiratory failure are hypoxemia-associated changes in external
respiration. This review addresses some possible causes of hypoxemia
in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zh. A. Donina
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology,
Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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43
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Saeedi-Boroujeni A, Asadi-Samani M. JAK inhibitors as a Barrier to the Destructive Cytokine Storm in COVID-19. Curr Drug Res Rev 2022; 14:85-87. [PMID: 35249523 DOI: 10.2174/2589977514666220304203816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeedi-Boroujeni
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Asadi-Samani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute,Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Mori A, Onozawa M, Tsukamoto S, Ishio T, Yokoyama E, Izumiyama K, Saito M, Muraki H, Morioka M, Teshima T, Kondo T. Humoral response to mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine in patients with myeloid malignancies. Br J Haematol 2022; 197:691-696. [PMID: 35226358 PMCID: PMC9111452 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Data on the response to the COVID‐19 vaccine in patients with myeloid malignancy, who are at severe risk in case of infection, have not emerged. In a study of 69 patients with myeloid malignancies, including 46 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and 23 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), anti‐spike SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody titres were measured 3 months after the second mRNA‐based vaccination. Seroconversion rates for AML and MDS were 94.7% and 100% respectively, with no significant difference from healthy controls (HCs). Patients with MDS showed a significantly lower antibody titre than that in HCs or AML patients. In AML patients, the antibody titres were comparable to those in HCs when treatment was completed, but lower in patients under maintenance therapy. The response to COVID‐19 vaccine appears to be related to disease and treatment status. Patients with myeloid malignancies may be more responsive to vaccines than patients with lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Mori
- Blood Disorders Center, Aiiku Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onozawa
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University, Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Ishio
- Blood Disorders Center, Aiiku Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Emi Yokoyama
- Blood Disorders Center, Aiiku Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koh Izumiyama
- Blood Disorders Center, Aiiku Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Saito
- Blood Disorders Center, Aiiku Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruna Muraki
- Division of Laboratory, Aiiku Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Sapporo Clinical Laboratory Inc, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University, Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Blood Disorders Center, Aiiku Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
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Kudlay D, Kofiadi I, Khaitov M. Peculiarities of the T Cell Immune Response in COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:242. [PMID: 35214700 PMCID: PMC8877307 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to vaccine development, epidemiological surveillance, and control strategies for this disease. This review provides data from studies of the immune response in coronavirus infections. It describes general mechanisms of immunity, its T cell components, and presents a detailed scheme of the T cell response in SARS-CoV-2 infection, including from the standpoint of determining the most promising targets for assessing its level. In addition, we reviewed studies investigating post-vaccination immunity in the development of vaccines against COVID-19. This review also includes the peculiarities of immunity in different age and gender groups, and in the presence of a number of factors, for example, comorbidity or disease severity. This study summarizes the most informative methods for assessing the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kudlay
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Kofiadi
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Musa Khaitov
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Razzuoli E, Armando F, De Paolis L, Ciurkiewicz M, Amadori M. The Swine IFN System in Viral Infections: Major Advances and Translational Prospects. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020175. [PMID: 35215119 PMCID: PMC8875149 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play a pivotal role in orchestrating the innate immune response during viral infections, thus representing the first line of defense in the host. After binding to their respective receptors, they are able to elicit a plethora of biological activities, by initiating signaling cascades which lead to the transcription of genes involved in antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antitumoral effector mechanisms. In hindsight, it is not surprising that viruses have evolved multiple IFN escape strategies toward efficient replication in the host. Hence, in order to achieve insight into preventive and treatment strategies, it is essential to explore the mechanisms underlying the IFN response to viral infections and the constraints thereof. Accordingly, this review is focused on three RNA and three DNA viruses of major importance in the swine farming sector, aiming to provide essential data as to how the IFN system modulates the antiviral immune response, and is affected by diverse, virus-driven, immune escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Livia De Paolis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Amadori
- National Network of Veterinary Immunology (RNIV), Via Istria 3, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
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Abstract
The global coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has affected more than 140 million and killed more than 3 million people worldwide as of April 20, 2021. The novel human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified as an etiological agent for COVID-19. Several kinases have been proposed as possible mediators of multiple viral infections, including life-threatening coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-1, Middle East syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2. Viral infections hijack abundant cell signaling pathways, resulting in drastic phosphorylation rewiring in the host and viral proteins. Some kinases play a significant role throughout the viral infection cycle (entry, replication, assembly, and egress), and several of them are involved in the virus-induced hyperinflammatory response that leads to cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), organ injury, and death. Here, we highlight kinases that are associated with coronavirus infections and their inhibitors with antiviral and potentially anti-inflammatory, cytokine-suppressive, or antifibrotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry
and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University
Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry
and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University
Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
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48
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Liu X, Lou L, Zhou L. Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Injury Associated With Myocardial SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:643958. [PMID: 35127841 PMCID: PMC8812276 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.643958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread around the world. The development of cardiac injury is a common condition in patients with COVID-19, but the pathogenesis remains unclear. The RNA-Seq dataset (GSE150392) comparing expression profiling of mock human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) and SARS-CoV-2-infected hiPSC-CMs was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). We identified 1,554 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on GSE150392. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), Gene ontology (GO) analysis, and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that immune-inflammatory responses were activated by SARS-CoV-2, while muscle contraction, cellular respiration, and cell cycle of hiPSC-CMs were inhibited. A total of 15 hub genes were identified according to protein–protein interaction (PPI), among which 11 upregulated genes were mainly involved in cytokine activation related to the excessive inflammatory response. Moreover, we identified potential drugs based on these hub genes. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 infection of cardiomyocytes caused a strong defensive response, leading to excessive immune inflammation, cell hypoxia, functional contractility reduction, and apoptosis, ultimately resulting in myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Longquan Lou
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhou
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49
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Zelka FZ, Kocatürk RR, Özcan ÖÖ, Karahan M. Can Nutritional Supports Beneficial in Other Viral Diseases Be Favorable for COVID-19? Korean J Fam Med 2022; 43:3-15. [PMID: 35130635 PMCID: PMC8820968 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.20.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2), has rapidly spread worldwide, causing many deaths, the number of which continues to increase. Global public health organizations and governments have advised on the adoption of various handwashing and hygiene guidelines, use of masks, and social distancing, along with isolation or lockdown protocols to prevent SARS-COV-2 spread. There are vaccines and drugs that are confirmed but still many human suffer from this disease. Important risk factors for SARS-COV-2 infection are similar to other viral infectious diseases as including influenza, hepatitis B, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and other lung infections. These diseases might be related to poor nutritional support, affecting the patient outcomes against COVID-19. In this review, we discuss some of the nutritional therapies currently being investigated for infectious diseases. Studies have shown that nutrition has the potential to prevent and mitigate viral infections. Micronutrients (vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D, and E, B9, and trace elements, such as iron, zinc, copper, selenium, magnesium, and polyphenols) and macronutrients (carbohydrates, prebiotics, probiotics, protein [amino acids], and lipids [fatty acids]) affect the whole body, including the immune system, preventing viral entry and modulating clinical symptoms. This review discusses the importance of nutrition as a strategy to understand food groups and key nutrients that may affect the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients during the ongoing pandemic. Scientists believe that the likelihood of another pandemic is imminent. COVID-19 remains important and scientists believe it will continue will in the future. We emphasize the lack of studies on the nutritional impact of COVID-19 in terms of nutrition, even though nutritional interventions has been shown to have many advantages during the treatment of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Öznur Özge Özcan
- Vocational School of Health Services, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mesut Karahan
- Vocational School of Health Services, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Corresponding Author: Mesut Karahan Tel: +90-5359517790, Fax: +90-2164741256, E-mail:
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50
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Khalil BA, Shakartalla SB, Goel S, Madkhana B, Halwani R, Maghazachi AA, AlSafar H, Al-Omari B, Al Bataineh MT. Immune Profiling of COVID-19 in Correlation with SARS and MERS. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010164. [PMID: 35062368 PMCID: PMC8778004 DOI: 10.3390/v14010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major complication of the respiratory illness coronavirus disease 2019, with a death rate reaching up to 40%. The main underlying cause of ARDS is a cytokine storm that results in a dysregulated immune response. This review discusses the role of cytokines and chemokines in SARS-CoV-2 and its predecessors SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, with particular emphasis on the elevated levels of inflammatory mediators that are shown to be correlated with disease severity. For this purpose, we reviewed and analyzed clinical studies, research articles, and reviews published on PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. This review illustrates the role of the innate and adaptive immune responses in SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 and identifies the general cytokine and chemokine profile in each of the three infections, focusing on the most prominent inflammatory mediators primarily responsible for the COVID-19 pathogenesis. The current treatment protocols or medications in clinical trials were reviewed while focusing on those targeting cytokines and chemokines. Altogether, the identified cytokines and chemokines profiles in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 provide important information to better understand SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and highlight the importance of using prominent inflammatory mediators as markers for disease diagnosis and management. Our findings recommend that the use of immunosuppression cocktails provided to patients should be closely monitored and continuously assessed to maintain the desirable effects of cytokines and chemokines needed to fight the SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The current gap in evidence is the lack of large clinical trials to determine the optimal and effective dosage and timing for a therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariaa A. Khalil
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Sarra B. Shakartalla
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Medani 2667, Sudan
| | - Swati Goel
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Bushra Madkhana
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba AlSafar
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; or
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Emirates Bio-Research Center, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 389, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basem Al-Omari
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; or
- KU Research and Data Intelligence Support Center (RDISC) AW 8474000331, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.A.-O.); (M.T.A.B.)
| | - Mohammad T. Al Bataineh
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; or
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.A.-O.); (M.T.A.B.)
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