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Li H, Peng Y, Xu M, Wang Y, Ding J, Ma B, Jin L, Lu S, Yan J. Use of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash as a supplementary cementitious material: CO 2 mineralization coupled with mechanochemical pretreatment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 242:117799. [PMID: 38042521 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash, commonly referred to as "fly ash", as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), has been explored to mitigate the CO2 emissions resulting from cement production. Nevertheless, the incorporation of fly ash as an SCM in mortar has been shown to weaken its compressive strength and increase the risk of heavy metal leaching. In light of these challenges, this study aims to comprehensively evaluate the influence of CO2 pressure, temperature, and residual water/binder ratio on the CO2 uptake and compressive strength of mortar when combined with fly ash. Additionally, this study systematically examines the feasibility of mechanochemical pretreatment, which enhances the homogenization of fly ash and augments the density of the mortar's microstructure. The results indicate that the use of mechanochemical pretreatment leads to a notable 43.6% increase in 28-day compressive strength and diminishes the leaching of As, Ba, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn by 17.9-77.8%. Finally, a reaction kinetics model is proposed to elucidate the CO2 sequestration process under varying conditions. These findings offer valuable guidance for incorporating fly ash as an SCM and CO2 sequestrator in mortar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yaqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Mengxia Xu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Wuxi Huaguang Environment &Energy Group Co., Ltd, Wuxi, 214131, China
| | - Jiamin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Binbin Ma
- Wuxi Huaguang Environment &Energy Group Co., Ltd, Wuxi, 214131, China
| | - Lizheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Usta MC, Yörük CR, Uibu M, Traksmaa R, Hain T, Gregor A, Trikkel A. Carbonation and Leaching Behaviors of Cement-Free Monoliths Based on High-Sulfur Fly Ashes with the Incorporation of Amorphous Calcium Aluminate. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:29543-29557. [PMID: 37599912 PMCID: PMC10433480 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The high sulfate content in various alkaline wastes, including those from fossil fuel and biomass combustion, and other industrial processes, necessitates careful management when used in cementitious systems to prevent potential deterioration of construction materials and environmental safety concerns. This study explores the under-researched area of high-sulfur fly ash (HSFA) utilization in the production of cement-free monoliths through accelerated carbonation and further examines the effect of niobium slag (NS)-a calcium aluminate-containing slag-as an additive on the strength development and the mobility of SO42-. The methodology involves mineralogical and microstructural analyses of monoliths before and after carbonation, accounting for the effects of accelerated carbonation treatment and NS addition. The findings suggest that accelerated carbonation significantly improves the initial compressive strength of the HSFA monoliths and generally immobilizes heavy metals, while the effect on sulfate immobilization can vary depending on the ash composition. Moreover, the addition of NS further enhances strength without substantially hindering CO2 uptake, while reducing the leaching values, particularly of sulfates and heavy metals. These findings suggest that it is feasible to use calcium aluminate-containing NS in HSFA-based carbonated monoliths to immobilize sulfates without compromising the strength development derived from carbonation. This research contributes to the understanding of how accelerated carbonation and NS addition can enhance the performance of HSFA-based materials, providing valuable insights for the development of sustainable construction materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Cem Usta
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Can Rüstü Yörük
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mai Uibu
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Reiner Traksmaa
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tiina Hain
- Department
of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn
University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Andre Gregor
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Andres Trikkel
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
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Spreadbury CJ, Weiksnar KD, Laux S, Townsend TG. Distributions of trace elements within MSWI bottom and combined ash components: Implications for reuse practices. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 336:139198. [PMID: 37315860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 25 inorganic elements were measured in both bulk ash and individual ash components from residuals at three municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) facilities in the US (two combined ash (CA) and one bottom ash (BA)). Concentrations were assessed based on particle size and component to understand the contribution from each fraction. The results found that among facilities, the finer size fractions contained elevated concentrations of trace elements of concern (As, Pb, Sb) when compared to the coarse fraction, but concentrations varied among facilities depending on the type of ash and differences in advanced metals recovery processes. This study focused on several constituents of potential concern, As, Ba, Cu, Pb, and Sb, and found that the main components of MSWI ash (glass, ceramic, concrete, and slag) are sources of these elements in the ash streams. For many elements, concentrations were significantly higher in CA bulk and component fractions opposed to BA streams. An acid treatment procedure and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed that some elements, such as As in concrete, are result of the inherent properties of the component, but other elements, such as Sb, form on the surface during or after incineration and can be removed. Some Pb and Cu concentrations were attributed to inclusions in the glass or slag introduced into the material during the incineration process. Understanding the contributions of each ash component provides critical information for developing strategies to reduce trace element concentrations in ash streams to promote reuse opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J Spreadbury
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6450, USA
| | - Kate D Weiksnar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6450, USA
| | - Steve Laux
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6450, USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6450, USA.
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Moutushi T, Castaldi MJ. Investigation of reactions occurring in waste combustion ash using thermal analysis coupled with gas analysis and characterization. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:871-880. [PMID: 36420883 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221134966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Waste-to-energy (WtE) ash was investigated for thermal reactions that generate gas components such as hydrogen and carbon dioxide. An evolved gas detection method coupled with thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry provided insight into the possible reactions occurring in WtE ash at temperatures ranging from 90°C to 600°C in an inert environment. The combined analysis shows that H2 is produced from WtE ash at temperatures ~298°C and is detected until ~480°C. CO2 appears in the evolved gas starting at 290°C and continues to increase as the temperature is increased. The results reveal that the processes releasing H2 and the CO2 are independent of each other, and the CO2 generation depends on the constant input of energy. These results enable the identification of the possible processes occurring in WtE ash decomposition of Friedel's salt at 280°C and dehydration of Ca(OH)2 at 410°C, both of which release H2O that reacts with the aluminium present to release H2. At temperatures higher than 480°C, an alumina layer is formed preventing further production of H2. X-ray diffraction analysis done on the WtE ash verifies the presence of chemical phases that support the proposed reactions. The outcome of this study enables identifying the possible reactions in WtE ash that can be causing the energy changes seen during disposal, storage and transportation of ash. These results can give direction for detailed understanding and development of the kinetics and the mechanisms of the reactions occurring in WtE ash which is important for optimization of reuse and disposal of ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnuva Moutushi
- Chemical Engineering Department, The City College of New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco J Castaldi
- Chemical Engineering Department, The City College of New York, NY, USA
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Su L, Wang S, Ji R, Zhuo G, Liu C, Chen M, Li H, Zhang L. New insight into the role of FDOM in heavy metal leaching behavior from MSWI bottom ash during accelerated weathering using fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 144:153-162. [PMID: 35366496 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy is a powerful tool to characterize DOM that interacts with heavy metals in MSWI bottom ash (IBA). Here, two fresh IBA samples collected from large MSWI plants were subjected to 33 days of accelerated weathering. Carbon content and fluorescence characterization of DOM and leaching behavior of heavy metals (Cu, Ba, Cr, Ni, and oxyanions) were monitored during the weathering. The mineralogical and chemical properties of IBA during the weathering process were also characterized. EEM combined with parallel factor analysis showed that fluorescent DOM could be decomposed into humic-like (C1, C2) and tryptophan-like substances (C3), while the accelerated weathering process can be further divided into three phases. Fitted cubic polynomials described well the changes in the specific intensity of fluorescence components. Humification and freshness indexes and SUVA results suggested the leached DOM contained a higher proportion of condensed aromatic structures and/or conjugation of aliphatic chains post-weathering. The results also revealed that adsorption of humic-like substances onto neo-formed reactive surfaces occurred quickly in the early stage of accelerated weathering; thereafter, biodegradation of lower molecular mass-hydrophilic organic carbon fraction plays a vital role in further reduction of Cu and Cr leaching in subsequent weathering. Oxyanions (Mo and Sb) became more mobile after 3 days of accelerated weathering, but their leaching was effectively reduced after the weathering process. A novel method for an IBA weathering treatment combined with enhanced microbial degradation is proposed. These findings provide new and inspiration for improving accelerated weathering technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghu Su
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Saier Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Rongting Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Guihua Zhuo
- Fujian Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Fuzhou 350003, PR China
| | - Chenwei Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Mei Chen
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, PR China.
| | - Haidong Li
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Longjiang Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, PR China.
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Gupta G, Datta M, Ramana GV, Alappat BJ, Bishnoi S. Contaminants of concern (CoCs) pivotal in assessing the fate of MSW incineration bottom ash (MIBA): First results from India and analogy between several countries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 135:167-181. [PMID: 34509055 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Present study characterizes municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MIBA) from three incineration plants in Delhi with an intent to serve the dual objectives: a) assessing the disposal/reuse options for Delhi MIBA, b) evaluating variability in results across the countries (including India) and assessing if is significant enough to influence the fate of MIBA of varied origin. A review on leaching studies of MIBA (50 research papers) was conducted which aided in achieving both the objectives. Delhi MIBA samples were analysed for chemical composition. The two commonly adopted leaching tests i.e., TCLP and EN 12457-2, were conducted and the results were checked against regulatory threshold levels (RTLs) to achieve the first objective. Leaching concentration of the contaminants was compared with the compiled literature and RTLs to accomplish the second objective. The compendium of literature most importantly revealed the physicochemical parameters which are pivotal in determining the fate of MIBA but have been missing from many studies. Ten such parameters were identified: Cr, Cu, Mo, Sb, Cl-,SO42-, Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn and are referred as contaminants of concern (CoCs). Delhi MIBA was found suitable for disposal to non-hazardous waste landfills and unsuitable for unrestricted reuse. CoCs identified in Delhi MIBA were identical to those observed in literature (except Cd, Pb and Zn). The variability in leaching concentration of CoCs, observed from comparative assessment of results, spanned nearly 2 to 3 log10 magnitudes for Cu, Cr, Pb, Sb and Zn while 1 to 2 log10 magnitudes for Mo, Cl-andSO42-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Manoj Datta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - G V Ramana
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - B J Alappat
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Shashank Bishnoi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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7
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Plaza L, Castellote M, Nevshupa R, Jimenez-Relinque E. High-capacity adsorbents from stainless steel slag for the control of dye pollutants in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23896-23910. [PMID: 33389581 PMCID: PMC8144159 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Adsorbent materials for the control of dye pollutants in water were synthetized from stainless steel slag (SSS) using different acid-base treatments. Using HCl (SS-Cl) and HNO3 (SS-NO3) produced high-capacity adsorbents, with BET areas of 232 m2/g and 110 m2/g respectively. Specifically, the SS-Cl had a structure of amorphous silica sponge. Treatment with H2SO4 (SS-SO4) did not enhance the adsorption capabilities with respect to the raw sample (SSS). Activated carbon (AC) was also tested as reference. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) zeta potential, and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Batch adsorption experiments with methylene blue (MB) showed that the maximum sorption capacities were 9.35 mg/g and 8.97 mg/g for SS-Cl and SS-NO3 at 240 h, respectively. These values, even at slower rate, were close to the adsorption capacity of the AC (9.72 mg/g). This behavior has been attributed to the high porosity in the range of nanopores (0.6-300 nm) and the high-surface area for both samples. Preferential involvement of certain functional groups in the adsorption of dye ions on their surface indicative of chemisorption has been found. Although optimization, repeatability, and reproducibility of the process and environmental assessment have to be done before practical applications, these preliminary results indicate that application of these cost-effective adsorbents from raw SSS may be used in water pollution treatment and contribute to the sustainable development of the steel manufacturing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Plaza
- Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Torroja Institute of Construction Science (IETcc-CSIC), C/ Serrano Galvache, 4, 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Castellote
- Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Torroja Institute of Construction Science (IETcc-CSIC), C/ Serrano Galvache, 4, 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roman Nevshupa
- Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Torroja Institute of Construction Science (IETcc-CSIC), C/ Serrano Galvache, 4, 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Jimenez-Relinque
- Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Torroja Institute of Construction Science (IETcc-CSIC), C/ Serrano Galvache, 4, 28033, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Yadav S, Mehra A. A review on ex situ mineral carbonation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:12202-12231. [PMID: 33405167 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increased CO2 quantities in the environment have led to many harmful effects. Therefore, it is very important to decrease the CO2 levels in the environment. CO2 capture along with safe and permanent storage using mineral CO2 sequestration method can play an important role to reduce carbon emissions into the environment. Mineral sequestration is a stable storage method that provides long-term storage and an appropriate substitute for the more popular geological storage method. The process is most suited for places where there is a lack of underground cavities for underground geological storage. Minerals rich in Ca and Mg are used predominantly in carbonation reactions. In addition, those alkaline wastes that are rich in Mg and Ca such as cement waste, steel slag and many process ashes can also be employed in CO2 sequestration. Mineral carbonation could be used for the sequestration of billions of tonnes of CO2 every year. However, various drawbacks related to mineral carbonation still need to be addressed, such as resolving the slow rate of reactions, necessity of large amounts of feedstock, decreasing the high overall cost of CO2 sequestration and reducing the huge energy requirements to accelerate the carbonation reaction. This study explores a number of carbonation methods, parameters that control the process and future potential applications of carbonated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikant Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar (Punjab) India, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144011, India
| | - Anurag Mehra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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Sun X, Yi Y. Acid washing of incineration bottom ash of municipal solid waste: Effects of pH on removal and leaching of heavy metals. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 120:183-192. [PMID: 33310130 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the acid washing of incineration bottom ash (IBA) of municipal solid waste, focusing on the removal and leaching of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Ni), as well as their pH-dependent behavior. A series of small-scale laboratory acid washing tests with different nitric acid concentrations and washing periods were conducted. The concentrations of metals in the washing water were measured to evaluate the metal removal efficiency. Then, one stage batch leaching test was conducted for washed IBA to evaluate the leaching reduction efficiency of washing. The results showed that the maximum metal removal efficiencies for Zn, Cu, and Ni (62-76%) were higher than those for Pb, Cr, and Cd (17-25%), which were reached at the highest acid addition for most of the metals. Increasing the washing period did not always increase the metal removal efficiency. The maximum leaching reduction efficiencies were higher for Zn, Cr, and Cu (93-98%) than those for Pb, Ni, and Cd (73-79%). Both washing and leaching processes showed a similar metal concentration-pH profile for each metal. For Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd, the metal concentration-pH profile generally followed the metal hydroxide solubility versus pH curves. For Cu and Ni, the concentration of metal decreased with the increasing pH first and then kept at a stable concentration higher than the solubility of the hydroxide, indicating that Cu and Ni in the IBA washing water and leachates did not exist dominantly as their hydroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Sun
- School Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yaolin Yi
- School Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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Yang Z, Lü F, Zhang H, Wang W, Shao L, Ye J, He P. Is incineration the terminator of plastics and microplastics? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123429. [PMID: 32763713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that incineration can permanently eliminate plastic waste. However, unburned material still exists in the bottom ash that is a solid residue from incinerators. In this study, microplastics exacted from bottom ash in 12 mass burn incinerators, one bottom ash disposal center and four fluidized bed incinerators were identified by micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that bottom ash was a neglected microplastics source with an abundance of 1.9-565 n/kg, which indicated that per metric ton waste produce 360 to 102,000 microplastic particles after incineration. Nine types of plastics were identified, of which polypropylene and polystyrene were the predominant types. Microplastics sized between 50 μm and 1 mm accounted for 74 %. Granules, fragments, film, and fibers accounted for 43 %, 34 %, 18 %, and 5 % of the microplastics, respectively. The abundance of microplastics differed significantly with whether the local waste was source-separated, the local gross domestic product per capita, and the types of furnace. The global microplastics emission from incineration bottom ash was then estimated. Our observations provide empirical evidence proving that incineration is not the terminator of plastic waste, and bottom ash is a potential source of microplastics released into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Ye
- Water Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Zhao C, Gupta R. Physicochemical characterization and heavy metals leaching potential of municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash (MSWI-BA) when utilized in road construction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:14184-14197. [PMID: 32040740 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and heavy metal leaching potential of various municipal solid waste incinerated-bottom ash (MSWI-BA) particle sizes were detected. The environmental risks that possibly result from the utilization of MSWI-BA aggregate in road construction are discussed. The air-dried MSWI-BA was sieved into four groups, including 4.75-9.5 mm, 2.36-4.75 mm, 0.075-2.36 mm, and < 0.075 mm. X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted. It was found that the main elements of MSWI-BA are Ca, Si, and Al; the major heavy metals are Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb, and the main mineral compositions are quartz and calcite. Even though the major elements were found to be related to MSWI-BA particle size, the micropores, attached particles, and hydration products were shown to be independent on the particle size. The standard leaching test and a simulated leaching experiment with four solid/liquid ratios were implemented to study the leaching behavior of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cr. Results showed that the leaching characteristics of selected metals were affected by the species of metal, MSWI-BA particle size, solid/liquid ratio, and the test method. The MSWI-BA aggregate was found to be an appropriate substitute material for natural aggregate in road construction due to its low metal leaching potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Zhu
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Rishi Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Sun X, Yi Y. pH evolution during water washing of incineration bottom ash and its effect on removal of heavy metals. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 104:213-219. [PMID: 31982784 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Incineration bottom ash (IBA) of municipal solid waste is a potential construction material for civil engineering. However, the possible leaching of trace heavy metals from IBA is a concern. Water washing is a simple and economic method to remove heavy metals from IBA. In order to optimize the water washing process of IBA, this study investigated the pH evolution during washing and its effect on the removal of several heavy metals, including lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr), through a small-scale laboratory experiment. The results show that the pH of washing water increases quickly in the first 1-3 h mainly due to the dissolution of quicklime and portlandite, and then decreases with the increasing of washing time might be due to consumption of OH- by precipitation of metal hydroxides. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Ni in the washing water show a similar trend as that of the pH with time, whilst the concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Cr increase with the increase of washing time. Hence, the optimum washing time should be determined accordingly based on the most concerned metal(s), as well as the pH evaluation during washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Sun
- School Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yaolin Yi
- School Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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13
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Brück F, Ufer K, Mansfeldt T, Weigand H. Continuous-feed carbonation of waste incinerator bottom ash in a rotating drum reactor. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 99:135-145. [PMID: 31476638 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbonation is a key process in the aging of waste incinerator bottom ash (BA). The reaction with CO2 decreases the BA alkalinity and lowers the leachability of amphoteric trace metals. Passive ageing over several months is usually performed in intermittently mixed BA heaps. Here we aimed at accelerating the process in a rotating drum reactor continuously fed with the BA and the reactant gas (10 vol-% CO2, volumetric flow rate 60 L/min). In one test, the gas was heated and humidified. Since carbonation depends on the specific CO2-supply, experiments were conducted at varied BA residence time (60, 80, and 100 min). Residence time was calculated by mass balancing and confirmed by the breakthrough time of two tracers. Leachates and solid phase properties of the treated BA served to evaluate the carbonation performance. The residence time of BA could be adequately controlled by the reactor loading and feed rate. A residence time of 80 min was sufficient to reduce the BA leachability such as to comply with the German regulatory standards for non-hazardous waste, whereas the untreated BA was hazardous waste. Decreased alkalinity was indicated by lower leachate pH and Ca(OH)2 contents of the BA as compared to the input. Leachate concentrations of amphoteric trace metals (Pb, Zn, Cu) decreased by at least one order of magnitude while oxyanions became slightly more mobile upon carbonation. In view of relatively short residence times and stable process performance, the rotating drum reactor seems promising for a full-scale implementation of BA carbonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Brück
- Competence Centre for Energy and Environmental Engineering, THM University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Kristian Ufer
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Technical Mineralogy and Clay Mineralogy, 30655 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Mansfeldt
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Institute of Geography, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Köln, Germany
| | - Harald Weigand
- Competence Centre for Energy and Environmental Engineering, THM University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Gießen, Germany
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14
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Huber F, Blasenbauer D, Aschenbrenner P, Fellner J. Chemical composition and leachability of differently sized material fractions of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 95:593-603. [PMID: 31351646 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition and leachability of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash are important parameters determining its suitability for utilisation. The objective of the present study is to investigate the chemical composition of individual size and material fractions and their contribution to the total elemental contents of bottom ash. Nine bottom ash samples with a mass of 3000 kg each were sieved to eight size fractions and sorted into different materials. The materials (mineral material, glass, batteries) were separately analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after acid digestion. Additionally, x-ray fluorescence measurements and leaching tests were performed. Metals were further analysed by sorting analysis. The chemical analysis revealed that large particles have higher contents of Fe and Si, but lower contents of Ca and S compared to smaller particles. All mineral fractions exceed the legal limit values for utilisation in Austria mainly because of the total contents of Pb and Tl and the leachate contents of Cr and Sb. Glass from bottom ash is enriched in As, Na, Si and Tl compared to the mineral material. Although battery contents contribute only 0.2% to the total mass of bottom ash, they contribute at least 30% to the total content of Cd. Most previous studies neglected large metallic pieces and batteries, which contain most of the Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni present in bottom ash. This practice can result in an underestimation of the total contents of these elements by up to about 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Huber
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dominik Blasenbauer
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Aschenbrenner
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Fellner
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Luo H, Cheng Y, He D, Yang EH. Review of leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:90-103. [PMID: 30852230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Incineration is widely adopted in modern waste management because it provides an effective way to minimize municipal solid waste that needs to be disposed of in landfills. The ash residue is often disposed by landfilling. Alternatively, the incineration ash may be recycled and reused for various applications. The crucial issues, however, are the leaching of harmful elements during the use and the end-of-life phases. This review summarizes extensive studies on leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration ash. Specifically, pollutants generated through leaching, factors governing leaching, methodologies to study leaching, leaching mechanisms, and treatments to reduce leaching. Many types of pollutants are generated through leaching from municipal solid waste incineration ash, in which heavy metals and organic contaminants are the most toxic and concerned. Ash properties, pH and liquid to solid ratio are the main factors governing municipal solid waste incineration ash leaching. Leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration ash is complicated and existing methods to evaluate leaching may not be able to represent the field conditions. Solubility and sorption are the two major leaching mechanisms. Many treatment methods have been proposed. However, not all methods are effective and some approaches are associated with high energy and high cost, which makes them less economically feasible and attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Ying Cheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dongqin He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - En-Hua Yang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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16
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Caviglia C, Confalonieri G, Corazzari I, Destefanis E, Mandrone G, Pastero L, Boero R, Pavese A. Effects of particle size on properties and thermal inertization of bottom ashes (MSW of Turin's incinerator). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 84:340-354. [PMID: 30691909 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is twofold: (i) characterization of the bottom ashes from the Incinerator plant of the city of Turin (northern Italy), in terms of their chemical/phase compositions and capacity to release heavy metals in leachates, as a function of particle size; (ii) investigation of thermal treatments' efficacy to promote inertization of the same bottom ashes, exploring time-temperature ranges with t ≤ 6 h and T ≤ 1000 °C. Special attention is paid to macro-sampling techniques in order to have samples that are representative of the average bottom ashes production. Micro-XRF, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS, Ion Chromatography and X-ray powder diffraction were used to investigate bottom ashes and leachates. Bottom ashes are mainly constituted by an amorphous phase, ∼66-97 wt%, regardless of particle size; the remaining phases are quartz, calcite, Fe-oxides, melilite and other minor crystalline materials. The amorphous phase exhibits a relevant dependence on particle size, and undergoes dissolution in water up to 20 wt%, thus being the most important component in affecting chemical species release. The smaller the bottom ashes' particle size, the more the heavy metals (major species: Zn, Cu, Ti, Pb) and calcium contents increase, whereas silicon's decreases. Electrolytic current observations in combination with phase/chemical composition and metals release as a function of particle size, suggest that bottom ashes partition into two classes, i.e. ≥1 and <1 mm, for inertization purposes. Thermal treatments exhibit partial efficacy to curb heavy metals mobility: whilst they reduce Cu release, they lead to a inverse effect in the case of Cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Caviglia
- Earth Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Confalonieri
- Earth Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Ingrid Corazzari
- Chemistry Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Destefanis
- Earth Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mandrone
- Earth Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Linda Pastero
- Earth Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Renato Boero
- Trattamento Rifiuti Metropolitani - TRM SpA, Via Paolo Gorini 50, 10137 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pavese
- Earth Sciences Department, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
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17
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Van Praagh M, Johansson M, Fagerqvist J, Grönholm R, Hansson N, Svensson H. Recycling of MSWI-bottom ash in paved constructions in Sweden - A risk assessment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 79:428-434. [PMID: 30343772 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents results from a risk assessment of recycling pre-treated bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration as a subbase layer in certain asphalt paved constructions in Sweden. Based on a model for assessing environmental and health risks at contaminated areas, previously developed by the Swedish EPA and by the Swedish Geotechnical Institute, target values for total content and porewater concentrations were calculated. Three different construction sizes and geometries were considered; a 1 km long road of 10 and 20 m width, respectively, and an application of 100 × 300 m. Additionally, different technical solutions of the use of bottom as in road embankments were considered. Compared to risk assessments conducted in other countries, target values are generally higher, but in the same order of magnitude. Total lead concentrations in dust potentially emitted during construction and demolition of the bottom ash is identified as a critical factor. It requires particular attention when planning for or carrying out groundwork constructions with pre-treated bottom ash. As exposure to dust and bioavailaibility of lead in bottom ash are likely to be overestimated by the underlying risk model, higher target values for lead in bottom ash should be possible for the envisaged construction purposes without affecting the general risk level. As no data is available on actual dust production and deposition by constructing and demolishing subbase layers of pre-treated bottom ash, this should be a part of future studies in order to narrow down lead target values.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Van Praagh
- ÅF Infrastructure, Water & Environment, Malmö, Sweden; Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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18
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Abstract
Bottom ash is the major by-product of waste incineration and can contain trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn) with concentrations up to thousands of mg·k−1. In this study, a combination of different extractions and leaching tests (i.e., CH3COOH and ammonium-EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) extractions and pHstat leaching tests) was used to investigate the potential release of trace elements from bottom ash samples derived from hazardous waste incineration plants. Although large variations have been found in the release of trace elements by different extractions, in general, the highest concentrations of most trace elements (except As and Mo) were released with the CH3COOH extraction, whereas the release of As and Mo was highest with the ammonium-EDTA extraction. Kinetics of element release upon acidification based on a pHstat leaching test at pH 4 could be related to the solid-phase speciation of some selected trace elements. The relatively high-potential mobility and elevated total concentrations of some trace elements imply a threat to the environment if these bottom ashes are not treated properly. Results of the present study may be useful to develop potential treatment strategies to remove contaminants and eventually recover metals from bottom ash.
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Brück F, Fröhlich C, Mansfeldt T, Weigand H. A fast and simple method to monitor carbonation of MSWI bottom ash under static and dynamic conditions. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:588-594. [PMID: 32559949 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated carbonation may be employed to improve the leaching behaviour and the geotechnical properties of MSWI bottom ash (BA). Here we report on a novel method to monitor and evaluate the progress of carbonation in both static and dynamic reactor systems. The method is based on following the pressure drop in the gas phase induced by the CO2-uptake of BA and was benchmarked against carbonate contents as measured by thermogravimetry. Laboratory results demonstrated the serviceability and reproducibility of the method. Complementary logging of relative humidity and temperature showed constant moisture conditions and self-heating induced by the exothermal carbonation reaction, respectively. Under dynamic conditions BA carbonation was higher than in the static reactor. Consistently, the self-heating was more pronounced. After a reaction time of 120 min the pressure records indicated a CO2-uptake of 1.5 g CO2/100 g BA (static tests) and of 2.6 g CO2/100 g BA (dynamic tests). The proposed method is suited to study carbonation processes at minimum analytical expense and integrates over the small-scale heterogeneity of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Brück
- ZEuUS, THM University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Christine Fröhlich
- Department MNI, THM University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Tim Mansfeldt
- Soil Geography/Soil Science, Department of Geosciences, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Harald Weigand
- ZEuUS, THM University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Gießen, Germany
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20
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Kitamura H, Dahlan AV, Tian Y, Shimaoka T, Yamamoto T, Takahashi F. Impact of secondary generated minerals on toxic element immobilization for air pollution control fly ash of a municipal solid waste incinerator. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20700-20712. [PMID: 29754297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of secondary generated minerals on mineralogical and physical immobilization of toxic elements were investigated for chelate-treated air pollution control (APC) fly ash of a municipal solid waste incinerator. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that ettringite was generated after the moistening treatment with/without chelate. Although ettringite can incorporate toxic elements into its structure, elemental analysis by energy dispersive X-ray could not find concentrated points of toxic elements in ettringite structure. This implies that mineralogical immobilization of toxic element by the encapsulation to ettringite structure seems to be limited. Physical immobilization was also investigated by SEM observation of the same APC fly ash particles before and after the moistening treatment. The transfer of soluble elements was inhibited only when insoluble minerals such as gypsum were generated and covered the surface of fly ash particles. Neoformed insoluble minerals prevented soluble elements from leaching and transfer. However, such physical immobilization seems to be limited because insoluble mineral formation with surface coverage was monitored only one time of more than 20 observations. Although uncertainty owing to limited samples with limited observations should be considered, this study concludes that mineralogical and physical immobilization of toxic elements by secondary minerals is limited although secondary minerals are always generated on the surface of APC fly ash particles during chelate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kitamura
- Global Engineering Course for Development, Environment and Society, Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, G5-13, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Astryd Viandila Dahlan
- Global Engineering Course for Development, Environment and Society, Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, G5-13, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yu Tian
- Global Engineering Course for Development, Environment and Society, Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, G5-13, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shimaoka
- Faculty of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Fumitake Takahashi
- Global Engineering Course for Development, Environment and Society, Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, G5-13, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.
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21
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Di Gianfilippo M, Hyks J, Verginelli I, Costa G, Hjelmar O, Lombardi F. Leaching behaviour of incineration bottom ash in a reuse scenario: 12years-field data vs. lab test results. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 73:367-380. [PMID: 28822612 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Several types of standardized laboratory leaching tests have been developed during the past few decades to evaluate the leaching behaviour of waste materials as a function of different parameters, such as the pH of the eluate and the liquid to solid ratio. However, the link between the results of these tests and leaching data collected from the field (e.g. in disposal or reuse scenarios) is not always straightforward. In this work, we compare data obtained from an on-going large scale field trial, in which municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash is being tested as road sub-base material, with the results obtained from percolation column and pH-dependence laboratory leaching tests carried out on the bottom ash at the beginning of the test. The comparisons reported in this paper show that for soluble substances (e.g. Cl, K and SO4), percolation column tests can provide a good indication of the release expected in the field with deviations usually within a factor of 3. For metals characterized by a solubility-controlled release, i.e. that depends more on eluate pH than the liquid to solid ratio applied, the results of pH-dependence tests describe more accurately the eluate concentration trends observed in the field with deviations that in most cases (around 80%) are within one order of magnitude (see e.g. Al and Cd). The differences between field and lab-scale data might be in part ascribed to the occurrence in the field of weathering reactions (e.g. carbonation) but also to microbial decomposition of organic matter that modifying leachate pH affect the solubility of several constituents (e.g. Ca, Ba and Cr). Besides, weathering reactions can result in enhanced adsorption of fulvic acids to iron/aluminum (hydr)oxides, leading to a decrease in the leaching of fulvic acids and hence of elements such as Cu, Ni and Pb that strongly depend on DOC leaching. Overall, this comparison shows that percolation column tests and pH-dependence tests can represent a reliable screening tool to derive data that could be employed in risk-based analysis or life cycle assessment (LCA) frameworks for evaluating potential environmental impacts deriving from specific disposal/reuse options for waste materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Di Gianfilippo
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Jiri Hyks
- Danish Waste Solutions ApS, Agern Allé 3, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Iason Verginelli
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Costa
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ole Hjelmar
- Danish Waste Solutions ApS, Agern Allé 3, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Francesco Lombardi
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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The Use of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash in Various Building Materials: A Belgian Point of View. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11010141. [PMID: 29337887 PMCID: PMC5793639 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Huge amounts of waste are being generated, and even though the incineration process reduces the mass and volume of waste to a large extent, massive amounts of residues still remain. On average, out of 1.3 billion tons of municipal solid wastes generated per year, around 130 and 2.1 million tons are incinerated in the world and in Belgium, respectively. Around 400 kT of bottom ash residues are generated in Flanders, out of which only 102 kT are utilized here, and the rest is exported or landfilled due to non-conformity to environmental regulations. Landfilling makes the valuable resources in the residues unavailable and results in more primary raw materials being used, increasing mining and related hazards. Identifying and employing the right pre-treatment technique for the highest value application is the key to attaining a circular economy. We reviewed the present pre-treatment and utilization scenarios in Belgium, and the advancements in research around the world for realization of maximum utilization are reported in this paper. Uses of the material in the cement industry as a binder and cement raw meal replacement are identified as possible effective utilization options for large quantities of bottom ash. Pre-treatment techniques that could facilitate this use are also discussed. With all the research evidence available, there is now a need for combined efforts from incineration and the cement industry for technical and economic optimization of the process flow.
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Fontseré Obis M, Germain P, Bouzahzah H, Richioud A, Benbelkacem H. The effect of the origin of MSWI bottom ash on the H 2S elimination from landfill biogas. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 70:158-169. [PMID: 28935375 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom Ash (BA) is a potential alternative adsorbent for biogas treatment due to its reactivity with hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The quality of BA depends however on the nature of the waste and the process technology of the waste incineration facility. To determine whether the origin of the BA could have an influence on its H2S elimination efficiency, comparative experimental tests were conducted in a landfill site with six bottom ashes from different MSW incinerators. Results showed that one of the BAs (A) had a much higher adsorption capacity than the rest (B-F), with 37g H2S/kg dry BA, compared to 11-16g H2S/kg dry BA for the other bottom ashes. Detailed physico-chemical analyses of the six BA were performed and complemented by principal component analysis to understand the different behaviors. BA iron content and specific surface area provided by the quench product stood out as key factors that promote the elimination of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fontseré Obis
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, DEEP laboratory, EA7429, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Patrick Germain
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, DEEP laboratory, EA7429, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Hassan Bouzahzah
- Université de Liège, Argenco Department, GeMMe Laboratory, 13/A Allée de la découverte, Bât. B52, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Richioud
- Suez France, 16 Place de l'Iris, 92040 Paris la Défense, France
| | - Hassen Benbelkacem
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, DEEP laboratory, EA7429, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Alam Q, Florea MVA, Schollbach K, Brouwers HJH. A two-stage treatment for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash to remove agglomerated fine particles and leachable contaminants. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 67:181-192. [PMID: 28578859 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this lab study, a two-stage treatment was investigated to achieve the valorization of a municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash fraction below 4mm. This fraction of MSWI bottom ash (BA) is the most contaminated one, containing potentially toxic elements (Cu, Cr, Mo and Sb), chlorides and sulfates. The BA was treated for recycling by separating agglomerated fine particles (≤125µm) and soluble contaminants by using a sequence of sieving and washing. Initially, dry sieving was performed to obtain BA-S (≤125µm), BA-M (0.125-1mm) and BA-L (1-4mm) fractions from the original sample. The complete separation of fine particles cannot be achieved by conventional sieving, because they are bound in a cementitious matrix around larger BA grains. Subsequently, a washing treatment was performed to enhance the liberation of the agglomerated fine particles from the BA-M and BA-L fractions. These fine particles were found to be similar to the particles of BA-S fraction in term of chemical composition. Furthermore, the leaching behavior of Cr, Mo Sb, chlorides and sulfates was investigated using various washing parameters. The proposed treatment for the separation of agglomerated fine particles with dry sieving and washing (L/S 3, 60min) was successful in bringing the leaching of contaminants under the legal limit established by the Dutch environmental norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qadeer Alam
- Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - M V A Florea
- Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - K Schollbach
- Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - H J H Brouwers
- Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Comparative Life-cycle Assessment of Slurry and Wet Accelerated Carbonation of BOF Slag. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fontseré Obis M, Germain P, Troesch O, Spillemaecker M, Benbelkacem H. Valorization of MSWI bottom ash for biogas desulfurization: Influence of biogas water content. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 60:388-396. [PMID: 27324926 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study an alternative valorization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom Ash (BA) for H2S elimination from landfill biogas was evaluated. Emphasis was given to the influence of water content in biogas on H2S removal efficiency by BA. A small-scale pilot was developed and implemented in a landfill site located in France. A new biogas analyzer was used and allowed real-time continuous measurement of CH4, CO2, O2, H2S and H2O in raw and treated biogas. The H2S removal efficiency of bottom ash was evaluated for different inlet biogas humidities: from 4 to 24gwater/m3. The biogas water content was found to greatly affect bottom ash efficiency regarding H2S removal. With humid inlet biogas the H2S removal was almost 3 times higher than with a dry inlet biogas. Best removal capacity obtained was 56gH2S/kgdryBA. A humid inlet biogas allows to conserve the bottom ash moisture content for a maximum H2S retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fontseré Obis
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, DEEP Laboratory, EA7429, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Patrick Germain
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, DEEP Laboratory, EA7429, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Troesch
- Suez France, 16 Place de l'Iris, 92040 Paris la Défense, France
| | | | - Hassen Benbelkacem
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, DEEP Laboratory, EA7429, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Johansson N, Krook J, Frändegård P. A new dawn for buried garbage? An investigation of the marketability of previously disposed shredder waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 60:417-427. [PMID: 27216727 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the market potential of disposed shredder waste, a resource that is increasingly emphasized as a future mine. A framework with gate requirements of various outlets was developed and contrasted with a pilot project focusing on excavated waste from a shredder landfill, sorted in an advanced recycling facility. Only the smallest fraction by percentage had an outlet, the metals (8%), which were sold according to a lower quality class. The other fractions (92%) were not accepted for incineration, as construction materials or even for re-deposition. Previous studies have shown similar lack of marketability. This means that even if one fraction can be recovered, the outlet of the other material is often unpredictable, resulting in a waste disposal problem, which easily prevents a landfill mining project altogether. This calls for marketability and usability of deposited waste to become a central issue for landfill mining research. The paper concludes by discussing how concerned actors can enhance the marketability, for example by pre-treating the disposed waste to acclimatize it to existing sorting methods. However, for concerned actors to become interested in approaching unconventional resources such as deposited waste, greater regulatory flexibility is needed in which, for example, re-deposition could be allowed as long as the environmental benefits of the projects outweigh the disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Johansson
- Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - J Krook
- Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - P Frändegård
- Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Lombardi L, Carnevale EA, Pecorini I. Experimental evaluation of two different types of reactors for CO 2 removal from gaseous stream by bottom ash accelerated carbonation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 58:287-298. [PMID: 27693482 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Low methane content landfill gas may be enriched by removing carbon dioxide. An innovative process, based on carbon dioxide capture and storage by means of accelerated carbonation of bottom ash is proposed and studied for the above purpose. Within this research framework we devoted a preliminary research activity to investigate the possibility of improving the way the contact between bottom ash and landfill gas takes place: this is the scope of the work reported in this paper. Two different types of reactors - fixed bed and rotating drum - were designed and constructed for this purpose. The process was investigated at laboratory scale. As the aim of this phase was the comparison of the performances of the two different reactors, we used a pure stream of CO2 to preliminarily evaluate the reactor behaviors in the most favorable condition for the process (i.e. maximum CO2 partial pressure at ambient condition). With respect to the simple fixed bed reactor concept, some modifications were proposed, consisting of separating the ash bed in three layers. With the three layer configuration we would like to reduce the possibility for the gas to follow preferential paths through the ash bed. However, the results showed that the process performances are not significantly influenced by the multiple layer arrangement. As an alternative to the fixed bed reactor, the rotating drum concept was selected in order to provide continuous mixing of the solids. Two operating parameters were considered and varied during the tests: the filling ratio and the rotating speed. Better performances were observed for lower filling ratio while the rotating speed showed minor importance. Finally the performances of the two reactors were compared. The rotating drum reactor is able to provide improved carbon dioxide removal with respect to the fixed bed one, especially when the rotating reactor is operated at low filling ratio values and slow rotating speed values. Comparing the carbon dioxide specific removal obtained by using the rotating reactor (35-37g/kgBA), in the best operating conditions, with that measured for the fixed bed reactor (21-23g/kgBA), an increase of about 61-66% is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lombardi
- Niccolò Cusano University, via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - E A Carnevale
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Florence, via Santa Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - I Pecorini
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Florence, via Santa Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Breitenstein B, Elwert T, Goldmann D, Haas A, Schirmer T, Vogt V. Froth Flotation of Copper and Copper Compounds from Fine Fractions of Waste Incineration Bottom Ashes. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Snellings R. Assessing, Understanding and Unlocking Supplementary Cementitious Materials. RILEM TECHNICAL LETTERS 2016. [DOI: 10.21809/rilemtechlett.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The partial replacement of Portland clinker by supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) is one of the most popular and effective measures to reduce both costs and CO2 emissions related to cement production. An estimated 800 Mt/y of blast furnace slags, fly ashes and other materials are currently being used as SCM, but still the cement industry accounts for 5-8% of global CO2 emissions. If no further actions are taken, by the year 2050 this share might even rise beyond 25%. There is thus a clear challenge as to how emissions will be kept at bay and sustainability targets set by international commitments and policy documents will be met.Part of the solution will be a further roll-out of blended cements in which SCMs constitute the main part of the binder to which activators such as Portland cement are added. Since supply concerns are being raised for conventional high-quality SCMs it is clear that new materials and beneficiation technologies will need to step in to achieve further progress. This paper presents opportunities and challenges for new SCMs and demonstrates how advances towards more powerful and reliable characterisation techniques help to better understand and exploit SCM reactivity.
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Van Caneghem J, Verbinnen B, Cornelis G, de Wijs J, Mulder R, Billen P, Vandecasteele C. Immobilization of antimony in waste-to-energy bottom ash by addition of calcium and iron containing additives. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 54:162-168. [PMID: 27216730 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The leaching of Sb from waste-to-energy (WtE) bottom ash (BA) often exceeds the Dutch limit value of 0.32mgkg(-1) for recycling of BA in open construction applications. From the immobilization mechanisms described in the literature, it could be concluded that both Ca and Fe play an important role in the immobilization of Sb in WtE BA. Therefore, Ca and Fe containing compounds were added to the samples of the sand fraction of WtE BA, which in contrast to the granulate fraction is not recyclable to date, and the effect on the Sb leaching was studied by means of batch leaching tests. Results showed that addition of 0.5 and 2.5% CaO, 5% CaCl2, 2.5% Fe2(SO4)3 and 1% FeCl3 decreased the Sb leaching from 0.62±0.02mgkgDM(-1) to 0.20±0.02, 0.083±0.044, 0.25±0.01, 0.27±0.002 and 0.29±0.02mgkgDM(-1), respectively. Due to the increase in pH from 11.41 to 12.53 when 2.5% CaO was added, Pb and Zn leaching increased and exceeded the respective leaching limits. Addition of 5% CaCO3 had almost no effect on the Sb leaching, as evidenced by the resulting 0.53mgkgDM(-1) leaching concentration. This paper shows a complementary enhancement of the effect of Ca and Fe, by comparing the aforementioned Sb leaching results with those of WtE BA with combined addition of 2.5% CaO or 5% CaCl2 with 2.5% Fe2(SO4)3 or 1% FeCl3. These lab scale results suggest that formation of romeites with a high Ca content and formation of iron antimonate (tripuhyite) with a very low solubility are the main immobilization mechanisms of Sb in WtE BA. Besides the pure compounds and their mixtures, also addition of 10% of two Ca and Fe containing residues of the steel industry, hereafter referred to as R1 and R2, was effective in decreasing the Sb leaching from WtE BA below the Dutch limit value for reuse in open construction applications. To evaluate the long term effect of the additives, pilot plots of WtE BA with 10% of R1 and 5% and 10% of R2 were built and samples were submitted to leaching tests at regular intervals over time. The Sb leaching from untreated WtE BA was just below or above the Dutch limit value. The Sb leaching from the pilot plots of BA with additives first remained stable around 0.13mgkg(-1) but had a tendency to slightly increase after 6months, indicating the need for further research on the effect of weathering, and more specifically of carbonation, on Sb leaching from WtE BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Van Caneghem
- KU Leuven - Campus Group T, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bram Verbinnen
- KU Leuven - Campus Group T, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven - Department of Chemical Engineering, Willem de Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Cornelis
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joost de Wijs
- Recyclingmaatschappij "Feniks" BV, Vaalmuiden 1, 1046 BV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Mulder
- Afvalzorg Holding NV, Nauerna 1, 1566 ZG Assendelft, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Billen
- KU Leuven - Department of Chemical Engineering, Willem de Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlo Vandecasteele
- KU Leuven - Department of Chemical Engineering, Willem de Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Wang L, Chen Q, Jamro IA, Li R, Li Y, Li S, Luan J. Geochemical modeling and assessment of leaching from carbonated municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:12107-12119. [PMID: 26965281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ashes are characterized by high calcium oxide (CaO) content. Carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption by MSWI fly ash was discussed based on thermogravimetry (TG)/differential thermal analysis (DTA), minerology analysis, and adapting the Stenoir equation. TG/DTA analysis showed that the weight gain of the fly ash below 440 °C was as high as 5.70 %. An adapted Stenoir equation for MSWI fly ash was discussed. The chloride in MSWI fly ash has a major impact on CO2 adsorption by MSWI fly ash or air pollution control (APC) residues. Geochemical modeling of the critical trace elements copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and antimony (Sb) before and after carbonation was performed using a thermodynamic equilibrium model for solubility and a surface complexation model for metal sorption. Leaching of critical trace elements was generally found to be strongly dependent on the degree of carbonation attained, and their solubility appeared to be controlled by several minerals. Adsorption on ferrum (Fe) and aluminum (Al) colloids was also responsible for removal of the trace elements Cd, Pb, and Sb. We used Hakanson's potential ecological risk index (HPERI) to evaluate the risk of trace element leaching in general. The results demonstrate that the ecological risk showed a V-shaped dependency on pH; the optimum pH of the carbonated fly ash was found to be 10.3-11, resulting from the optimum carbonation (liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio = 0.25, carbonation duration = ∼30-48 h). The dataset and modeling results presented here provide a contribution to assessing the leaching behavior of MSWI fly ash under a wide range of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Energy & Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110036, China.
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Energy & Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Imtiaz Ali Jamro
- College of Energy & Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Rundong Li
- College of Energy & Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Yanlong Li
- College of Energy & Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Shaobai Li
- College of Energy & Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Jingde Luan
- College of Energy & Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, 110036, China
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Inkaew K, Saffarzadeh A, Shimaoka T. Modeling the formation of the quench product in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 52:159-168. [PMID: 27079853 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated changes in bottom ash morphology and mineralogy under lab-scale quenching conditions. The main purpose was to clarify the mechanisms behind the formation of the quench product/layer around bottom ash particles. In the experiments, the unquenched bottom ashes were heated to 300°C for 1h, and were quenched by warm water (65°C) with different simulated conditions. After having filtered and dried, the ashes were analyzed by a combination of methodologies namely, particle size distribution analysis, intact particle and thin-section observation, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicated that after quenching, the morphology and mineralogy of the bottom ash changed significantly. The freshly quenched bottom ash was dominated by a quench product that was characterized by amorphous and microcrystalline calcium-silicate-hydrate (CSH) phases. This product also enclosed tiny minerals, glasses, ceramics, metals, and organic materials. The dominant mineral phases produced by quenching process and detected by XRD were calcite, Friedel's salt, hydrocalumite and portlandite. The formation of quench product was controlled by the fine fraction of the bottom ash (particle size <0.425mm). From the observations, a conceptual model of the ash-water reactions and formation of the quench product in the bottom ash was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanawut Inkaew
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Amirhomayoun Saffarzadeh
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Shimaoka
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Nilsson M, Andreas L, Lagerkvist A. Effect of accelerated carbonation and zero valent iron on metal leaching from bottom ash. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 51:97-104. [PMID: 26786400 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
About 85% of the ashes produced in Sweden originated from the incineration of municipal solid waste and biofuel. The rest comes from the thermal treatment of recycled wood, peat, charcoal and others. About 68% of all ashes annually produced in Sweden are used for constructions on landfills, mainly slopes, roads and embankments, and only 3% for construction of roads and working surfaces outside the landfills (SCB, 2013). Since waste bottom ash (BA) often has similar properties to crushed bedrock or gravel, it could be used for road constructions to a larger extent. However, the leaching of e.g. Cr, Cu, Mo, Pb and Zn can cause a threat to the surrounding environment if the material is used as it is. Carbonation is a commonly used pre-treatment method, yet it is not always sufficient. As leaching from aged ash is often controlled by adsorption to iron oxides, increasing the number of Fe oxide sorption sites can be a way to control the leaching of several critical elements. The importance of iron oxides as sorption sites for metals is known from both mineralogical studies of bottom ash and from the remediation of contaminated soil, where iron is used as an amendment. In this study, zero valent iron (Fe(0)) was added prior to accelerated carbonation in order to increase the number of adsorption sites for metals and thereby reduce leaching. Batch, column and pHstat leaching tests were performed and the leaching behaviour was evaluated with multivariate data analysis. It showed that leaching changed distinctly after the tested treatments, in particular after the combined treatment. Especially, the leaching of Cr and Cu clearly decreased as a result of accelerated carbonation. The combination of accelerated carbonation with Fe(0) addition reduced the leaching of Cr and Cu even further and reduced also the leaching of Mo, Zn, Pb and Cd compared to untreated BA. Compared with only accelerated carbonation, the Fe(0) addition significantly reduced the leaching of Cr, Cu and Mo. The effects of Fe(0) addition can be related to binding of the studied elements to newly formed iron oxides. The effects of Fe(0) addition were often more distinct at pH values between 7 and 9, which indicates that a single treatment with only Fe addition would be less effective and a combined treatment is recommended. The pHstat results showed that accelerated carbonation in combination with Fe(0)(0) addition widens the pH range for low solubility of about one unit for several of the studied elements. This indicates that pre-treating the bottom ash with a combination of accelerated carbonation and Fe(0) addition makes the leaching properties of the ash less sensitive to pH changes that may occur during reuse. All in all, the addition of Fe(0) in combination with carbonation could be an effective pre-treatment method for decreasing the mobility of potentially harmful components in bottom ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nilsson
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden
| | - L Andreas
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden.
| | - A Lagerkvist
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden
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35
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Conversion of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash to sorbent material for pollutants removal from water. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sustainable High Quality Recycling of Aggregates from Waste-to-Energy, Treated in a Wet Bottom Ash Processing Installation, for Use in Concrete Products. MATERIALS 2015; 9:ma9010009. [PMID: 28787809 PMCID: PMC5456549 DOI: 10.3390/ma9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, more efforts towards sustainability are required from the concrete industry. Replacing traditional aggregates by recycled bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste incineration can contribute to this goal. Until now, only partial replacement has been considered to keep the concrete workability, strength and durability under control. In this research, the feasibility of a full aggregate replacement was investigated for producing prefabricated Lego bricks. It was found that the required compressive strength class for this purpose (C20/25) could be achieved. Nevertheless, a thorough understanding of the BA properties is needed to overcome other issues. As BA is highly absorptive, the concrete’s water demand is high. This workability issue can be dealt with by subjecting the fine BA fraction to a crushing operation to eliminate the porous elements and by pre-wetting the fine and coarse BA fractions in a controlled manner. In addition, a reactive NaOH washing is needed to avoid formation of longitudinal voids and the resulting expansion due to the metallic aluminum present in the BA. Regarding the long-term behavior, heavy metal leaching and freeze-thaw exposure are not problematic, though there is susceptibility to acetic and lactic acid attack and maybe increased sensitivity to alkali-silica reaction.
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Sormunen LA, Rantsi R. To fractionate municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash: Key for utilisation? WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2015; 33:995-1004. [PMID: 26330401 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x15600052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For the past decade, the Finnish waste sector has increasingly moved from the landfilling of municipal solid waste towards waste incineration. New challenges are faced with the growing amounts of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash, which are mainly landfilled at the moment. Since this is not a sustainable or a profitable solution, finding different utilisation applications for the municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash is crucial. This study reports a comprehensive analysis of bottom ash properties from one waste incineration plant in Finland, which was first treated with a Dutch bottom ash recovery technique called advanced dry recovery. This novel process separates non-ferrous and ferrous metals from bottom ash, generating mineral fractions of different grain sizes (0-2 mm, 2-5 mm, 5-12 mm and 12-50 mm). The main aim of the study was to assess, whether the advanced bottom ash treatment technique, producing mineral fractions of different grain sizes and therefore properties, facilitates the utilisation of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash in Finland. The results were encouraging; the bottom ash mineral fractions have favourable behaviour against the frost action, which is especially useful in the Finnish conditions. In addition, the leaching of most hazardous substances did not restrict the utilisation of bottom ash, especially for the larger fractions (>5 mm). Overall, this study has shown that the advanced bottom ash recovering technique can be one solution to increase the utilisation of bottom ash and furthermore decrease its landfilling in Finland.
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Butera S, Christensen TH, Astrup TF. Life cycle assessment of construction and demolition waste management. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 44:196-205. [PMID: 26188610 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle assessment (LCA) modelling of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) management was carried out. The functional unit was management of 1 Mg mineral, source separated C&DW, which is either utilised in road construction as a substitute for natural aggregates, or landfilled. The assessed environmental impacts included both non-toxic and toxic impact categories. The scenarios comprised all stages of the end-of-life management of C&DW, until final disposal of all residues. Leaching of inorganic contaminants was included, as was the production of natural aggregates, which was avoided because of the use of C&DW. Typical uncertainties related to contaminant leaching were addressed. For most impact categories, utilisation of C&DW in road construction was preferable to landfilling; however, for most categories, utilisation resulted in net environmental burdens. Transportation represented the most important contribution for most nontoxic impacts, accounting for 60-95 per cent of these impacts. Capital goods contributed with negligible impacts. Leaching played a critical role for the toxic categories, where landfilling had lower impacts than utilisation because of the lower levels of leachate per ton of C&DW reaching the groundwater over a 100-year perspective. Leaching of oxyanions (As, V and Sb) was critical with respect to leaching. Typical experimental uncertainties in leaching data did not have a pivotal influence on the results; however, accounting for Cr immobilisation in soils as part of the impact assessment was critical for modelling the leaching impacts. Compared with the overall life cycle of building and construction materials, leaching emissions were shown to be potentially significant for toxicity impacts, compared with contributions from production of the same materials, showing that end-of-life impacts and leaching should not be disregarded when assessing environmental impacts from construction products and materials. CO2 uptake in the C&DW corresponding to 15 per cent carbonation could out-balance global warming impacts from transportation; however, carbonation would also likely result in increased toxicity impacts due to higher leaching of oxyanions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Butera
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Building 115, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Thomas H Christensen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Building 115, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Astrup
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Building 115, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Lin WY, Heng KS, Sun X, Wang JY. Influence of moisture content and temperature on degree of carbonation and the effect on Cu and Cr leaching from incineration bottom ash. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 43:264-272. [PMID: 26077229 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of moisture content and temperature on the degree of carbonation of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration bottom ash (IBA) from two different incineration plants in Singapore. The initial rate of carbonation was affected by the nominal moisture content used. Carbonation temperature seemed to play a part in changing the actual moisture content of IBA during carbonation, which in turn affected the degree of carbonation. Results showed that 2h of carbonation was sufficient for the samples to reach a relatively high degree of carbonation that was close to the degree of carbonation observed after 1week of carbonation. Both Cu and Cr leaching also showed significant reduction after only 2h of carbonation. Therefore, the optimum moisture content and temperature were selected based on 2h of carbonation. The optimum moisture content was 15% for both incineration plants while the optimum temperature was different for the two incineration plants, at 35°C and 50°C. The effect on Cu and Cr leaching from IBA after accelerated carbonation was evaluated as a function of carbonation time. Correlation coefficient, Pearson's R, was used to determine the dominant leaching mechanism. The reduction in Cu leaching was found to be contributed by both formation of carbonate mineral and reduction of DOC leaching. On the other hand, Cr leaching seemed to be dominantly controlled by pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Yvonne Lin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Residue and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore.
| | - Kim Soon Heng
- Residue and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Xiaolong Sun
- Residue and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Jing-Yuan Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Residue and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore.
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Ibouraadaten S, van den Brule S, Lison D. Does carbonation of steel slag particles reduce their toxicity? An in vitro approach. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:722-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ribé V, Nehrenheim E, Odlare M. Assessment of mobility and bioavailability of contaminants in MSW incineration ash with aquatic and terrestrial bioassays. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:1871-1876. [PMID: 24502934 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste treatment method which can be sustainable in terms of waste volume reduction as well as a source of renewable energy. In the process fly and bottom ash is generated as a waste material. The ash residue may vary greatly in composition depending on the type of waste incinerated and it can contain elevated levels of harmful contaminants such as heavy metals. In this study, the ecotoxicity of a weathered, untreated incineration bottom ash was characterized as defined by the H14 criterion of the EU Waste Framework Directive by means of an elemental analysis, leaching tests followed by a chemical analysis and a combination of aquatic and solid-phase bioassays. The experiments were conducted to assess the mobility and bioavailability of ash contaminants. A combination of aquatic and terrestrial bioassays was used to determine potentially adverse acute effects of exposure to the solid ash and aqueous ash leachates. The results from the study showed that the bottom ash from a municipal waste incineration plant in mid-Sweden contained levels of metals such as Cu, Pb and Zn, which exceeded the Swedish EPA limit values for inert wastes. The chemical analysis of the ash leachates showed high concentrations of particularly Cr. The leachate concentration of Cr exceeded the limit value for L/S 10 leaching for inert wastes. Filtration of leachates prior to analysis may have underestimated the leachability of complex-forming metals such as Cu and Pb. The germination test of solid ash and ash leachates using T. repens showed a higher inhibition of seedling emergence of seeds exposed to the solid ash than the seeds exposed to ash leachates. This indicated a relatively low mobility of toxicants from the solid ash into the leachates, although some metals exceeded the L/S 10 leaching limit values for inert wastes. The Microtox® toxicity test showed only a very low toxic response to the ash leachate exposure, while the D. magna immobility test showed a moderately high toxic effect of the ash leachates. Overall, the results from this study showed an ecotoxic effect of the solid MSW bottom ash and the corresponding ash leachates. The material may therefore pose an environmental risk if used in construction applications. However, as the testing of the solid ash was rather limited and the ash leachate showed an unusually high leaching of Cr, further assessments are required in order to conclusively characterize the bottom ash studied herein as hazardous according to the H14 criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ribé
- Future Energy Research Group, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University, SE-721 23 Västerås, Sweden.
| | - E Nehrenheim
- Future Energy Research Group, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University, SE-721 23 Västerås, Sweden
| | - M Odlare
- Future Energy Research Group, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University, SE-721 23 Västerås, Sweden
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Sanna A, Uibu M, Caramanna G, Kuusik R, Maroto-Valer MM. A review of mineral carbonation technologies to sequester CO2. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:8049-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mineral carbonation is a promising and at the same time challenging option for the sequestration of anthropogenic CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sanna
- Centre for Innovation in Carbon Capture and Storage (CICCS)
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - M. Uibu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials
- Tallinn University of Technology
- Tallinn 19086, Estonia
| | - G. Caramanna
- Centre for Innovation in Carbon Capture and Storage (CICCS)
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - R. Kuusik
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials
- Tallinn University of Technology
- Tallinn 19086, Estonia
| | - M. M. Maroto-Valer
- Centre for Innovation in Carbon Capture and Storage (CICCS)
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
- Institute of Petroleum Engineering
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Zingaretti D, Costa G, Baciocchi R. Assessment of Accelerated Carbonation Processes for CO2 Storage Using Alkaline Industrial Residues. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie403692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zingaretti
- Laboratory of Environmental
Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via
del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Costa
- Laboratory of Environmental
Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via
del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Baciocchi
- Laboratory of Environmental
Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via
del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Baciocchi R, Carnevale E, Costa G, Gavasci R, Lombardi L, Olivieri T, Zanchi L, Zingaretti D. Performance of a biogas upgrading process based on alkali absorption with regeneration using air pollution control residues. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:2694-2705. [PMID: 24045173 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work analyzes the performance of an innovative biogas upgrading method, Alkali absorption with Regeneration (AwR) that employs industrial residues and allows to permanently store the separated CO2. This process consists in a first stage in which CO2 is removed from the biogas by means of chemical absorption with KOH or NaOH solutions followed by a second stage in which the spent absorption solution is contacted with waste incineration Air Pollution Control (APC) residues. The latter reaction leads to the regeneration of the alkali reagent in the solution and to the precipitation of calcium carbonate and hence allows to reuse the regenerated solution in the absorption process and to permanently store the separated CO2 in solid form. In addition, the final solid product is characterized by an improved environmental behavior compared to the untreated residues. In this paper the results obtained by AwR tests carried out in purposely designed demonstrative units installed in a landfill site are presented and discussed with the aim of verifying the feasibility of this process at pilot-scale and of identifying the conditions that allow to achieve all of the goals targeted by the proposed treatment. Specifically, the CO2 removal efficiency achieved in the absorption stage, the yield of alkali regeneration and CO2 uptake resulting for the regeneration stage, as well as the leaching behavior of the solid product are analyzed as a function of the type and concentration of the alkali reagent employed for the absorption reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Baciocchi
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Santos RM, Mertens G, Salman M, Cizer Ö, Van Gerven T. Comparative study of ageing, heat treatment and accelerated carbonation for stabilization of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash in view of reducing regulated heavy metal/metalloid leaching. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 128:807-821. [PMID: 23867838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the performance of four different approaches for stabilization of regulated heavy metal and metalloid leaching from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI-BA): (i) short term (three months) heap ageing, (ii) heat treatment, (iii) accelerated moist carbonation, and (iv) accelerated pressurized slurry carbonation. Two distinct types of MSWI-BA were tested in this study: one originating from a moving-grate furnace incineration operation treating exclusively household refuse (sample B), and another originating from a fluid-bed furnace incineration operation that treats a mixture of household and light industrial wastes (sample F). The most abundant elements in the ashes were Si (20-27 wt.%) and Ca (16-19 wt.%), followed by significant quantities of Fe, Al, Na, S, K, Mg, Ti, and Cl. The main crystalline substances present in the fresh ashes were Quartz, Calcite, Apatite, Anhydrite and Gehlenite, while the amorphous fraction ranged from 56 to 73 wt.%. The leaching values of all samples were compared to the Flemish (NEN 7343) and the Walloon (DIN 38414) regulations from Belgium. Batch leaching of the fresh ashes at natural pH showed that seven elements exceeded at least one regulatory limit (Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Pb, Se and Zn), and that both ashes had excess basicity (pH > 12). Accelerated carbonation achieved significant reduction in ash basicity (9.3-9.9); lower than ageing (10.5-12.2) and heat treatment (11.1-12.1). For sample B, there was little distinction between the leaching results of ageing and accelerated carbonation with respect to regulatory limits; however carbonation achieved comparatively lower leaching levels. Heat treatment was especially detrimental to the leaching of Cr. For sample F, ageing was ineffective and heat treatment had marginally better results, while accelerated carbonation delivered the most effective performance, with slurry carbonation meeting all DIN limits. Slurry carbonation was deemed the most effective treatment process, achieving consistently significant leaching stabilization, while also effectively washing out Cl ions, a requirement for the utilization of the ashes in construction applications. The benefits of carbonation were linked to the formation of significant quantities of Ca-carbonates, including appreciable quantities of the Aragonite polymorph formed in the slurry carbonated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Santos
- KU Leuven, Dept. Chemical Engineering, Willem de Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Jiang J, Tian S, Zhang C. Influence of SO2 in incineration flue gas on the sequestration of CO2 by municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:735-740. [PMID: 23923782 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of CO2 content and presence of SO2 on the sequestration of CO2 by municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash was studied by investigating the carbonation reaction of MSWI fly ash with different combinations of simulated flue gas. The reaction between fly ash and 100% CO2 was relatively fast; the uptake of CO2 reached 87 g CO2/kg ash, and the sequestered CO2 could be entirely released at high temperatures. When CO2 content was reduced to 12%, the reaction rate decreased; the uptake fell to 41 g CO2/kg ash, and 70.7% of the sequestered CO2 could be released. With 12% CO2 in the presence of SO2, the reaction rate significantly decreased; the uptake was just 17 g CO2/kg ash, and only 52.9% of the sequestered CO2 could be released. SO2 in the simulated gas restricted the ability of fly ash to sequester CO2 because it blocked the pores of the ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Jiang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Gori M, Bergfeldt B, Reichelt J, Sirini P. Effect of natural ageing on volume stability of MSW and wood waste incineration residues. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:850-857. [PMID: 23298639 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on the effect of natural weathering on volume stability of bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste (MSW) and wood waste incineration. BA samples were taken at different steps of treatment (fresh, 4 weeks and 12 weeks aged) and then characterised for their chemical and mineralogical composition and for volume stability by means of the mineralogical test method (M HMVA-StB), which is part of the German quality control system for using aggregates in road construction (TL Gestein-StB 04). Changes of mineralogical composition with the proceeding of the weathering treatment were also monitored by leaching tests. At the end of the 12 weeks of treatment, almost all the considered samples resulted to be usable without restrictions in road construction with reference to the test parameter volume stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gori
- DICEA, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Abstract
This study aimed to that waste circuit boards in batches were incinerated by thermal plasma. Firstly, the working principle of plasma incinerator and the exhaust gas treatment main process were introduced, then, the experimental results was analyzed and discussed. Due to the thermal plasma processing waste incineration furnace has high temperature (1200 0C above), all the organic ingredients in waste circuit boards, including dioxin, can be decomposed completely in a few milliseconds, no showing the secondary pollution and no producing furans and other carcinogens. In addition, after main exhaust gas (CO, NO) concentration change with time was carefully tracked, it was found that a large amount of CO gas was produced and NO gas concentration was within national safety limits during experiment. Although 44.4 kg sample was incinerated, more than 1 kg of small pieces of metal like Copper was obtained from the cooling molten slag. Finally, it was obvious that the volume and weight of molten slag was far less than the ones of sample. The experimental result has important practical significance for protecting the environment, obtaining more CO gas resource and retrieving a variety of rare metals (such as Gold, Copper, Silver, Platinum, etc.).
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Zingaretti D, Costa G, Baciocchi R. Assessment of the Energy Requirements for CO2 Storage by Carbonation of Industrial Residues. Part 1: Definition of the Process Layout. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chiang YW, Ghyselbrecht K, Santos RM, Meesschaert B, Martens JA. Synthesis of zeolitic-type adsorbent material from municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash and its application in heavy metal adsorption. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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