1
|
Li S, Zhang W, Xia Y, Li Q. Enhanced reducing capacity of citric acid for lithium-ion battery recycling under microwave-assisted leaching. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 189:23-33. [PMID: 39146601 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The management and sustainable recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) holds critical importance from both economic and environmental standpoints. H2O2 and ascorbic acid are widely used inorganic and organic reductants in the hydrometallurgical process for battery recycling. In this study, citric acid, as a reductant, was found to have superior metal leaching efficiencies under microwave-assisted leaching than H2O2 and ascorbic acid. The enhanced performance was attributed not only to the inherent reducing property of citric acid but also to the chelation of citric acid with Cu and Fe, resulting in the formation of reductive radicals under microwave. The effect of acid type, H2SO4 concentration, citric acid concentration, solid-liquid (S/L) ratio, reaction time, and temperature were investigated. 99.5 % of Li, 99.7 % of Mn, 99.5 % of Co, and 99.3 % of Ni were leached from spent lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NCM) battery black mass using 0.2 mol/L H2SO4 and 0.05 mol/L citric acid at 120 °C for 20 min with a fixed S/L ratio of 10 g/L in the microwave-assisted leaching process. Leaching kinetic results were best fitted with the Avrami model, suggesting that the microwave-assisted leaching process was controlled by diffusion. The leaching activation energies of Li, Mn, Co, and Ni were 30.11 kJ/mol, 27.48 kJ/mol, 21.32 kJ/mol, and 33.29 kJ/mol, respectively, providing additional evidence that supports the proposed diffusion-controlled microwave-assisted leaching mechanism. This method provided a green and efficient solution for spent LIBs recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Li
- Department of Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Wencai Zhang
- Department of Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Yang Xia
- Austin Elements Inc., Houston, TX 77053, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Austin Elements Inc., Houston, TX 77053, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mu W, Bi X, Meng J, Sun W, Lei X, Luo S. An Efficient and Eco-Friendly Recycling Route of Valuable Metals from Spent Ternary Li-Ion Batteries: Kinetics Evaluation of Chlorination Processes and Regeneration of LiNi 0.8Co 0.1Mn 0.1O 2 Cathode Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:47646-47661. [PMID: 39188174 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The recycling of spent Li-ion batteries is urgent, and the effective recovery of valuable metals from spent cathode material is an economic and eco-friendly approach. In this study, Ni, Cu, Co, and Mn were extracted synchronously from spent LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 by chlorination and the complexation reaction of ammonium chloride at low temperatures. The kinetics of the chlorination process was investigated by nonisothermal thermal analysis to determine the rate equation of metal conversion, and the apparent activation energies were calculated to be 99.96 kJ·mol-1 for lithium and 146.70 kJ·mol-1 for nickel, cobalt, and manganese, respectively. The separation of valuable metals from polymetallic leaching solution and the regeneration of cathode materials were further investigated to promote the industrialization of the process. The recoveries of Ni, Co, Mn, and Li can reach 97.75, 99.99, 99.99, and 92.23%, respectively. The prepared LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 precursor is a multilayer spherical particle formed by stacking primary hexagonal nanosheets along the (010) crystal axis, the formation mechanism of which was discussed. The effect of temperature, time, and mixed lithium ratio on the performance of single crystal LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode in the synthesis process was investigated to determine the optimum conditions. Compared with commercial materials, the prepared single crystal LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode has a more regular crystal structure and higher initial discharge capacity (215.9 mAh·g-1 at 0.1 C).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenning Mu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaolong Bi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Junjin Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Weisong Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Xuefei Lei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Shaohua Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Roshanfar M, Sartaj M, Kazemeini S. A greener method to recover critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs): Synergistic leaching without reducing agents. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121862. [PMID: 39018847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Efficient recycling of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries is vital for clean energy and sustainable industry growth. Conventional methods often fail to manage large waste volumes, leading to hazardous gas emissions and dangerous materials. This study investigates innovative methods for recovering critical metals from spent LIBs using synergistic leaching. The first step optimized thermal treatment conditions (570 °C for 2 h in air) to remove binder materials while maintaining cathode material crystallinity, confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Next, response surface methodology (RSM), I-optimal, was used to examine the synergistic effects of sulfuric acid (SA) and organic acids (Org, citric and acetic acids) and their concentrations (SA: 0.5-2 M and Org: 0.1-2 M) on metal leaching for an eco-friendlier process. Results showed that adding citric acid to SA was more effective, especially at lower concentrations, than using acetic acid. The medium was tested to evaluate the impact of reductant addition. Remarkably, it was discovered that the optimized leaching mixture (1.25 M SA and 0.55 M citric acid) efficiently extracted metals without the need for any reductant like H2O2, highlighting its potential for a simpler and more eco-friendly recycling process. Further optimization identified the ideal solid-to-liquid ratio (62.5 g/L) to minimize acid use. Finally, RSM (D-optimal) was used to investigate the effects of time and temperature on leaching, achieving remarkable recovery rates of 99% ± 0.7 for Li, 98% ± 0.0 for Co, 90% ± 6.6 for Ni, and 92% ± 0.4 for Mn under optimized conditions at 189 min and 95 °C. Chemical cost analysis revealed this method is about 25% more cost-effective than conventional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Roshanfar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Majid Sartaj
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bruno M, Fiore S. Review of lithium-ion batteries' supply-chain in Europe: Material flow analysis and environmental assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120758. [PMID: 38593735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
European legislation stated that electric vehicles' sale must increase to 35% of circulating vehicles by 2030, and concern is associated to the batteries' supply chain. This review aims at analysing the impacts (about material flows and CO2 eq emissions) of Lithium-Ion Batteries' (LIBs) recycling at full-scale in Europe in 2030 on the European LIBs' supply-chain. Literature review provided the recycling technologies' (e.g., pyro- and hydrometallurgy) efficiencies, and an inventory of existing LIBs' production and recycling plants in Europe. European production plants exhibit production capacity adequate for the expected 2030 needs. The key critical issues associated to recycling regard pre-treatments and the high costs and environmental impacts of metallurgical processes. Then, according to different LIBs' composition and market shares in 2020, and assuming a 10-year battery lifetime, the Material Flow Analysis (MFA) of the metals embodied in End of Life (EoL) LIBs forecasted in Europe in 2030 was modelled, and the related CO2 eq emissions calculated. In 2030 the European LIBs' recycling structure is expected to receive 664 t of Al, 530 t of Co, 1308 t of Cu, 219 t of Fe, 175 t of Li, 287 t of Mn and 486 t of Ni. Of these, 99% Al, 86% Co, 96% Cu, 88% Mn and 98% Ni will be potentially recovered by pyrometallurgy, and 71% Al, 92% Co, 92% Fe, 96% Li, 88 % Mn and 90% Ni by hydrometallurgy. However, even if the recycling efficiencies of the technologies applied at full-scale are high, the treatment capacity of European recycling plants could supply as recycled metals only 2%-wt of the materials required for European LIBs' production in 2030 (specifically 278 t of Al, 468 t of Co, 531 t of Cu, 114 t of Fe, 95 t of Li, 250 t of Mn and 428 t of Ni). Nevertheless, including recycled metals in the production of new LIBs could cut up 28% of CO2 eq emissions, compared to the use of virgin raw materials, and support the European batteries' value chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bruno
- DIATI, Department of Engineering for Environment, Land, and Infrastructures, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Fiore
- DIATI, Department of Engineering for Environment, Land, and Infrastructures, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Agarwal S, Dhiman S, Gupta H. Recovery of lithium and copper from anode electrode materials of spent LIBs by acidic leaching. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:34249-34257. [PMID: 38700765 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
In view of the importance of environmental protection and resource recovery, recycling of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is quite necessary. In the present study, lithium and copper are recycled to lithium carbonate and copper oxide from anode electrode material of the spent LIBs. The anode electrode material is firstly treated with hydrochloric acid to leach lithium (96.6%) and then with nitric acid to leach copper (97.6%). Furthermore, lithium and copper are recovered as lithium carbonate and copper oxide from their respective solutions using precipitation and calcinations. These synthesized products are further characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, and EDX analysis. Finally, a simple process is proposed for the recovery of lithium and copper from anode electrode material of spent LIBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangee Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad, 244102, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Soniya Dhiman
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad, 244102, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zavahir S, Riyaz NS, Elmakki T, Tariq H, Ahmad Z, Chen Y, Park H, Ho YC, Shon HK, Han DS. Ion-imprinted membranes for lithium recovery: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141674. [PMID: 38462186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This review critically examines the effectiveness of ion-imprinted membranes (IIMs) in selectively recovering lithium (Li) from challenging sources such as seawater and brine. These membranes feature customized binding sites that specifically target Li ions, enabling selective separation from other ions, thanks to cavities shaped with crown ether or calixarene for improved selectivity. The review thoroughly investigates the application of IIMs in Li extraction, covering extensive sections on 12-crown-4 ether (a fundamental crown ether for Li), its modifications, calixarenes, and other materials for creating imprinting sites. It evaluates these systems against several criteria, including the source solution's complexity, Li+ concentration, operational pH, selectivity, and membrane's ability for regeneration and repeated use. This evaluation places IIMs as a leading-edge technology for Li extraction, surpassing traditional methods like ion-sieves, particularly in high Mg2+/Li+ ratio brines. It also highlights the developmental challenges of IIMs, focusing on optimizing adsorption, maintaining selectivity across varied ionic solutions, and enhancing permselectivity. The review reveals that while the bulk of research is still exploratory, only a limited portion has progressed to detailed lab verification, indicating that the application of IIMs in Li+ recovery is still at an embryonic stage, with no instances of pilot-scale trials reported. This thorough review elucidates the potential of IIMs in Li recovery, cataloging advancements, pinpointing challenges, and suggesting directions for forthcoming research endeavors. This informative synthesis serves as a valuable resource for both the scientific community and industry professionals navigating this evolving field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sifani Zavahir
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Tasneem Elmakki
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Haseeb Tariq
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Qatar University Young Scientists Center (QUYSC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hyunwoong Park
- School of Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dong Suk Han
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gupta DK, Iyer A, Mitra A, Chatterjee S, Murugan S. From power to plants: unveiling the environmental footprint of lithium batteries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:26343-26354. [PMID: 38532211 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries in electronic products, electric cars, and renewable energy systems has raised severe worries about the environmental consequences of spent lithium batteries. Because of its mobility and possible toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, lithium, as a vital component of battery technology, has inherent environmental problems. Leaching of lithium from discharged batteries, as well as its subsequent migration through soil and water, represents serious environmental hazards, since it accumulates in the food chain, impacting ecosystems and human health. This study thoroughly analyses the effects of lithium on plants, including its absorption, transportation, and toxicity. An attempt has been made to examine how lithium moves throughout plants through symplastic and apoplastic pathways and the factors that affect lithium accumulation in plant tissues, such as soil pH and calcium. This review focuses on the possible toxicity of lithium and its impact on ecosystems and human health. Aside from examining the environmental impacts, this review also emphasizes the significance of proper disposal and recycling measures in order to offset the negative effects of used lithium batteries. The paper also highlights the need for ongoing research to develop innovative and sustainable techniques for lithium recovery and remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra K Gupta
- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, Jorbagh Road, Aliganj, New Delhi, 110003, India.
| | - Aswetha Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641114, India
| | - Anindita Mitra
- Bankura Christian College, Bankura, 722101, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag 2, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Sevanan Murugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641114, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Luo S, Zhu X, Gong M, Mo R, Yang S. Coupling the recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries and the treatment of phenol wastewater: A "treating waste with waste" strategy. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140018. [PMID: 37657706 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries and the treatment of phenol wastewater are both environmental and social issues. In this study, the enhanced recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries and the efficient treatment of phenol wastewater are smartly coupled via a "treating waste with waste" strategy. Under optimal conditions, the leaching process involving phenol achieves 98% and 96% efficiency for Co and Li, respectively. After precipitation, Co and Li could be recovered as Co(OH)2 and Li2CO3, and the precipitated Co(OH)2 was further calcined to generate Co3O4. Furthermore, the organic contaminants that remained in the waste-leaching solution could be removed by a spent graphite-activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) process. It is noteworthy that the total organic carbon (TOC) in the waste-leaching solution could be removed using fewer PMS compared with the original phenol wastewater owing to the pre-oxidation of phenol during the leaching process, further confirming the advantage of this "treating waste with waste" strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Xuhui Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Mengqi Gong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Ran Mo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Shun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu P, Mi X, Zhao H, Cai L, Luo F, Liu C, Wang Z, Deng C, He J, Zeng G, Luo X. Effects of incineration and pyrolysis on removal of organics and liberation of cathode active materials derived from spent ternary lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 169:342-350. [PMID: 37517305 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Removing organics via thermal treatment to liberate active materials from spent cathode sheets is essential for recovering lithium-ion batteries. In this study, the effects of incineration, N2 pyrolysis, and CO2 pyrolysis on the removal of organics and liberation of ternary cathode active materials (CAMs) were compared. The results indicated that the organics in the spent ternary cathode sheets comprised a residual electrolyte and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. Moreover, the organics could be removed to promote the liberation of CAMs via incineration, N2 pyrolysis, and CO2 pyrolysis. When the temperature was <200 °C, the chemical properties of the volatilized ester electrolyte remained unchanged during both N2 and CO2 pyrolysis, indicating that the electrolyte can be collected by controlling the pyrolysis temperature and condensation. Furthermore, PVDF binder decomposition occurred at 200-600 °C. The optimal temperatures of incineration, N2 pyrolysis, and CO2 pyrolysis were 550, 500, and 450 °C, respectively, and these treatments increased the liberation efficiency of CAMs from 81.49 % to 98.75 %, 99.26 %, and 97.98 %, respectively. In addition, heat-treated CAMs required less time to achieve adequate liberation. Following three thermal treatment processes, the sizes of the CAM particles were mainly concentrated in the ranges of 0.075-0.1 mm and <0.075 mm. Furthermore, for all types of CAMs examined, the Al concentration decreased from 1.09 % to <0.35 %, which increased the separation efficiency and improved the chemical metallurgical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Xue Mi
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Haohan Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Longhao Cai
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Shangrao Dingxin Metal Chemical Co., Ltd, Shangrao, Jiangxi 334100, China
| | - Chunli Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China.
| | - Zhongbing Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Chunjian Deng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Junwei He
- Shangrao Ring Lithium Cycle Technology Co., Ltd, Shangrao, Jiangxi 334100, China
| | - Guisheng Zeng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Xubiao Luo
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China; School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Jian, Jiangxi 343009, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang J, Hu X, He T, Yuan X, Li X, Shi H, Yang L, Shao P, Wang C, Luo X. Rapid extraction of valuable metals from spent LiNi xCo yMn 1-x-yO 2 cathodes based on synergistic effects between organic acids. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 165:19-26. [PMID: 37075685 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The slow rate of organic acid leaching is the main factor hindering the ecological recycling of spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathode materials. Here, a mixed green reagent system of ascorbic acid and acetic acid is proposed to leach valuable metal ions from the spent LIBs cathode materials rapidly. In 10 min, 94.93% Li, 95.09% Ni, 97.62% Co, and 96.98% Mn were leached, according to the optimization results. Kinetic studies and material characterization technologies like XRD, SEM, XPS, UV-vis, and FTIR show that the "diffusion" and "stratification" effects of acetic acid contribute to the dual-function leaching agent ascorbic acid quickly extract metal ions from spent LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2 (NCM532) materials at a mild temperature. In addition, the density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of spent NCM532 structural surfaces and leaching agents show that the fast leaching of valuable metal ions is due to the synergy between ascorbic acid and acetic acid. These results provided an approachable thinking for developing advanced and environmentally friendly strategies for recycling spent LIB cathode materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Xingyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Tingting He
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Xinkai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Hui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China.
| | - Liming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Penghui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Chaoqiang Wang
- Jiangxi Ganfeng Recycling Technology Co. LTD, Xinyu 338004, PR China
| | - Xubiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China; School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wei N, He Y, Zhang G, Feng Y, Li J, Lu Q, Fu Y. Recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by self-supplied reductant roasting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117107. [PMID: 36566732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The massive spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) need to be recycled due to their increasing decommission in recent years. This paper aims to propose an effective process that uses self-supplied reductant roasting and acid leaching to recover Lithium, Nickle, Cobalt and Manganese from spent LIBs. In the absence of external carbon resources, the waste membrane from spent LIBs was used as the reductant in the self-supplied reductant roasting. A thermodynamic analysis was conducted to judge the possible reduction reaction between the cathode material and waste membrane. Then, the effects of roasting temperature, roasting time and membrane dosage on the crystal structure and phase transformation of roasting products were investigated and optimized. After the roasting process, the valence state of metals in the cathode material decreased and the structure became loose and porous. Moreover, the layer structure of the cathode material was transformed into groups of Li2CO3, Ni, Co, NiO, CoO and MnO. Further, the reduction effect of cathode powders under each roasting condition was verified under the same leaching conditions. After leaching for 30 min, the leaching efficiencies of Li, Ni, Co and Mn were over 99% under the optimum roasting conditions. Finally, economic assessments proved that the proposed process is profitable. The whole process demonstrates an effective and positive way for recycling spent LIBs and making full use of their waste membrane, which promotes resource recovery and environmental protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| | - Guangwen Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yi Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Qichang Lu
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Yuanpeng Fu
- Taiyuan University of Technology, School of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
He X, Wen Y, Wang X, Cui Y, Li L, Ma H. Leaching NCM cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries with phosphate acid-based deep eutectic solvent. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 157:8-16. [PMID: 36512926 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) play an important role in efficient recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, we proposed an efficient and safe method by using a choline chloride-phenylphosphinic acid DES as a lixiviant for the leaching of LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) cathode active materials of spent LIBs. The leaching conditions were optimized based on the leaching time, liquid-solid ratio, and leaching temperature. Under optimal experimental conditions, the leaching efficiencies of Li, Co, Ni, and Mn reached 97.7 %, 97.0 %, 96.4 %, and 93.0 %, respectively. The kinetics of the leaching process were well-fitted using the logarithmic law equation. The apparent activation energies for Li, Co, Ni, and Mn have been reported to be 60.3 kJ/mol, 78.9 kJ/mol, 99.3 kJ/mol, and 82.1 kJ/mol, respectively. UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed that the coordination configurations of Ni and Co in the leaching solution were octahedral and tetrahedral, respectively. In addition, the PO bond in phenylphosphinic acid was involved in coordination during leaching. This finding may provide an effective and safe approach for leaching valuable metals from spent LIBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xihong He
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yunpeng Wen
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yaru Cui
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Linbo Li
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Hongzhou Ma
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu A, Bian X, Han W, Wen Y, Ye K, Wang G, Yan J, Cao D, Zhu K, Wang S. Microwave-ultra-fast recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by deep eutectic solvents. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 156:139-147. [PMID: 36462344 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale use of electric vehicles produced massive discarded lithium-ion batteries, containing many recyclable valuable metals and toxic and harmful substances. Biodegradable and recyclable deep eutectic solvent (DES) is considered a green recycling technology for spent LIBs. Herein, we proposed a microwave-enhanced approach to shorten the leaching time in the urea/lactic acid: choline chloride: ethylene glycol DES system. The dipole moments induced by urea or lactic acid on LiCoO2 surface increased over two orders of magnitude under the high electric field. Because of this, over 90 % of Li and Co can be fast leached at 4 min and 160 W in the urea/lactic acid: choline chloride: ethylene glycol DES system. Meanwhile, we established two models to explain the leaching mechanism of metal ions from their leaching kinetics and micro-level behavior, and named them dot-etching and layer-peeling processes, respectively. By further analyzing, we found that the dot-etching can be attributed to the synergistic effect of reduction and coordination, which caused the surface of leaching residues porous. The layer-peeling process depends on neutralization, and the leaching residues had a smooth surface in this process. This work highlights the effect of microwave-enhanced strategy and DES surface chemistry on spent electrode materials recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahui Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, China; Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xinyu Bian
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Weijiang Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yong Wen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ke Ye
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Guiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Dianxue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shubin Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, China; Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Seif R, Salem FZ, Allam NK. E-waste recycled materials as efficient catalysts for renewable energy technologies and better environmental sustainability. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023:1-36. [PMID: 36691418 PMCID: PMC9848041 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-02925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Waste from electrical and electronic equipment exponentially increased due to the innovation and the ever-increasing demand for electronic products in our life. The quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) produced are expected to reach 44.4 million metric tons over the next five years. Consequently, the global market for electronics recycling is expected to reach $65.8 billion by 2026. However, electronic waste management in developing countries is not appropriately handled, as only 17.4% has been collected and recycled. The inadequate electronic waste treatment causes significant environmental and health issues and a systematic depletion of natural resources in secondary material recycling and extracting valuable materials. Electronic waste contains numerous valuable materials that can be recovered and reused to create renewable energy technologies to overcome the shortage of raw materials and the adverse effects of using non-renewable energy resources. Several approaches were devoted to mitigate the impact of climate change. The cooperate social responsibilities supported integrating informal collection and recycling agencies into a well-structured management program. Moreover, the emission reductions resulting from recycling and proper management systems significantly impact climate change solutions. This emission reduction will create a channel in carbon market mechanisms by trading the CO2 emission reductions. This review provides an up-to-date overview and discussion of the different categories of electronic waste, the recycling methods, and the use of high recycled value-added (HAV) materials from various e-waste components in green renewable energy technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania Seif
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Fatma Zakaria Salem
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Nageh K. Allam
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chaudhary V, Lakhera P, Kim KH, Deep A, Kumar P. Insights into the Eco-Friendly Recovery Process for Valuable Metals from Waste Lithium-ion Batteries by Organic Acids Leaching. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2022.2164650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chaudhary
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, 201002, Ghaziabad, India
- Materials Science & Sensor Applications (MSSA), Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30 C, 160030, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Research & development, Exigo Recycling Pvt. Ltd, 201301, Noida, India
| | - Praveen Lakhera
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, 201002, Ghaziabad, India
- Materials Science & Sensor Applications (MSSA), Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30 C, 160030, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Akash Deep
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, 201002, Ghaziabad, India
- Materials Science & Sensor Applications (MSSA), Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30 C, 160030, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, 201002, Ghaziabad, India
- Materials Science & Sensor Applications (MSSA), Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30 C, 160030, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Research & development, Exigo Recycling Pvt. Ltd, 201301, Noida, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang N, Xu Z, Deng W, Wang X. Recycling and Upcycling Spent LIB Cathodes: A Comprehensive Review. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Raj T, Chandrasekhar K, Kumar AN, Sharma P, Pandey A, Jang M, Jeon BH, Varjani S, Kim SH. Recycling of cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries: Challenges and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128312. [PMID: 35086036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic advancement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for application in electric vehicles (EVs), portable electronic devices, and energy-storage devices has led to an increase in the number of spent LIBs. Spent LIBs contain hazardous metals (such as Li, Co, Ni, and Mn), toxic and corrosive electrolytes, metal casting, and polymer binders that pose a serious threat to the environment and human health. Additionally, spent LIBs may serve as an economic source for transition metals, which could be applied to redesigning under a closed-circuit recycling process. Thus, the development of environmentally benign, low cost, and efficient processes for recycling of LIBs for a sustainable future has attracted worldwide attention. Therefore, herein, we introduce the concept of LIBs and review state-of-art technologies for metal recycling processes. Moreover, we emphasize on LIB pretreatment approaches, metal extraction, and pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and biometallurgical approaches. Direct recycling technologies combined with the profitable and sustainable cathode healing technology have significant potential for the recycling of LIBs without decomposition into substituent elements or precipitation; hence, these technologies can be industrially adopted for EV batteries. Finally, commercial technological developments, existing challenges, and suggestions are presented for the development of effective, environmentally friendly recycling technology for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tirath Raj
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuppam Chandrasekhar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Amradi Naresh Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602, Singapore
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Min Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 010, India
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Choi JW, Kim J, Kim SK, Yun YS. Simple, green organic acid-based hydrometallurgy for waste-to-energy storage devices: Recovery of NiMnCoC 2O 4 as an electrode material for pseudocapacitor from spent LiNiMnCoO 2 batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127481. [PMID: 34666292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple, green approach to recover NiMnCoC2O4 as an electrode material for high-performance pseudocapacitors from spent LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC) batteries is proposed. Four strategic metals (Li, Ni, Co, and Mn) were leached from spent NMC batteries using several organic acids as model green leachants. Among the various candidates of green leaching agents, 2 M citric acid and 5 wt% glucose were selected as the leachant and reductant, respectively. Microwave irradiation was conducted during the leaching step to maximize the performance of the leaching rate and efficiency. The leaching efficiencies within 0.5 h for Ni(II), Li(I), Mn(II), and Co(II) were 90.7 ± 1.6%, 98.3 ± 2.4%, 94.9 ± 4.3%, and 95.6 ± 1.4%, respectively, and were thus as efficient as using aqua regia leaching. After the leaching process, divalent metal ions, that is, Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II), were immediately separated at room temperature using oxalic acid. The recovered samples were not further treated and used directly for energy storage applications. The recovered NiMnCoC2O4⋅nH2O has been demonstrated as a promising electrode for pseudocapacitors, providing a specific capacitance of 1641 F/g, good rate-retention capability (80% of low-current capacitance), and good cycle stability over 4000 charge-discharge cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Won Choi
- Environmental Biotechnology National Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Beakje-dearo 567, Deokjin-gu, 54896 Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Functional Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Beakje-dearo 567, Deokjin-gu, 54896 Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kon Kim
- Functional Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Beakje-dearo 567, Deokjin-gu, 54896 Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeoung-Sang Yun
- Environmental Biotechnology National Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Beakje-dearo 567, Deokjin-gu, 54896 Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Resource Availability and Implications for the Development of Plug-In Electric Vehicles. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have immense potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, and for smart grid applications. Although a great deal of research is focused on technological limitations that affect PEV battery performance targets, a major and arguably equal concern is the constraint imposed by the finite availability of elements or resources used in the manufacture of PEV batteries. Availability of resources, such as lithium, for batteries is critical to the future of PEVs and is, therefore, a topic that needs attention. This study addresses the issues related to lithium availability and sustainability, particularly supply and demand related to PEVs and the impact on future PEV growth. In this paper, a detailed review of the research on lithium availability for PEV batteries is presented, key challenges are pinpointed and future impacts on PEV technology are outlined.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhu B, Zhang Y, Zou Y, Yang Z, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Meng Q, Dong P. Leaching kinetics and interface reaction of LiNi 0.6Co 0.2Mn 0.2O 2 materials from spent LIBs using GKB as reductant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113710. [PMID: 34509811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of green reductant is signification to recycling of cathode materials from spent lithium ions batteries. Here, ginkgo biloba was developed for enhancing leaching of spent LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 materials with systematically analysis of leaching kinetics and interface reaction. The leaching efficiencies of Ni, Mn, Co, and Li reach respectively 98.65 %, 98.25 %, 98.41 % and 99.99 % under optimal condition of 1.8 mol/L H2SO4 concentration, 9 g/L ginkgo biloba, 80 °C leaching temperature, 40 min time and 15 g/L pulp density. The apparent activation energies for leaching of Ni, Co, Mn and Li determined as 74.63, 79.33, 73.14 and 23.43 kJ/mol, respectively, indicates that the leaching process was controlled by the surface chemical reaction during the leaching process. Meanwhile, the regenerated material with better electrochemical performance was obtained by co-precipitation and calcination from leachate. Finally, the process is environmental friendly and economical feasible for recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650093, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650093, China
| | - Yuling Zou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650093, China
| | - Zelong Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650093, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650093, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Energy Research Institute Co. Ltd., Kunming, 650599, China
| | - Qi Meng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650093, China.
| | - Peng Dong
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650093, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The increasing demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles sheds light upon the Co supply chain. The metal is crucial to the cathode of these batteries, and the leading global producer is the D.R. Congo (70%). For this reason, it is considered critical/strategic due to the risk of interruption of supply in the short and medium term. Due to the increasing consumption for the transportation market, the batteries might be considered a secondary source of Co. The outstanding amount of spent batteries makes them to a core of urban mining warranting special attention. Greener technologies for Co recovery are necessary to achieve sustainable development. As a result of these sourcing challenges, this study is devoted to reviewing the techniques for Co recovery, such as acid leaching (inorganic and organic), separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange resins, and precipitation), and emerging technologies—ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent, supercritical fluids, nanotechnology, and biohydrometallurgy. A dearth of research in emerging technologies for Co recovery from Li-ion batteries is discussed throughout the manuscript within a broader overview. The study is strictly connected to the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) number 7, 8, 9, and 12.
Collapse
|
22
|
The Electrochemical Mechanism of Preparing Mn from LiMn2O4 in Waste Batteries in Molten Salt. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11091066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction mechanism of Mn in LiMn2O4 in molten salt was studied. The results show that in the NaCl-CaCl2 molten salt, the process of reducing from Mn (IV) to manganese is: Mn (IV)→Mn (III)→Mn (II)→Mn. LiMn2O4 reacts with molten salt to form CaMn2O4 after being placed in molten salt for 1 h. The reaction of reducing CaMn2O4 to Mn is divided into two steps: Mn (III)→Mn (II)→Mn. The results of constant voltage deoxidation experiments under different conditions show that the intermediate products of LiMn2O4 reduction to Mn are CaMn2O4, MnO, and (MnO)x(CaO)(1−x). As the reaction progresses, x gradually decreases, and finally the Mn element is completely reduced under the conditions of 3 V for 9 h. The CaO in the product can be removed by washing the sample with deionized water at 0 °C.
Collapse
|
23
|
Improving valuable metal ions capturing from spent Li-ion batteries with novel materials and approaches. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
24
|
Duan L, Cui Y, Li Q, Wang J, Man C, Wang X. Recycling and Direct-Regeneration of Cathode Materials from Spent Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries by Hydrometallurgy: Status Quo and Recent Developments : Economic recovery methods for lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide cathode materials. JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1595/205651320x15899814766688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cathodes of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are rich in nonferrous metals, such as lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese, which are important strategic raw materials and also potential sources of environmental pollution. Finding ways to extract these valuable metals cleanly
and efficiently from spent cathodes is of great significance for sustainable development of the LIBs industry. In the light of low energy consumption, ‘green’ processing and high recovery efficiency, this paper provides an overview of different recovery technologies to recycle
valuable metals from cathode materials of spent ternary LIBs. Development trends and application prospects for different recovery strategies for cathode materials from spent ternary LIBs are also predicted. We conclude that a highly economic recovery system: alkaline solution dissolution/calcination
pretreatment → H2SO4 leaching → H2O2 reduction → coprecipitation regeneration of nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) will become the dominant stream for recycling retired NCM batteries. Furthermore, emerging advanced technologies, such as
deep eutectic solvents (DESs) extraction and one‐step direct regeneration/recovery of NCM cathode materials are preferred methods to substitute conventional regeneration systems in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Duan
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| | - Yaru Cui
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| | - Juan Wang
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| | - Chonghao Man
- Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, 2052 Australia
| | - Xinyao Wang
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ammonia leaching mechanism and kinetics of LiCoO2 material from spent lithium-ion batteries. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
26
|
Highly selective metal recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries through stoichiometric hydrogen ion replacement. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-020-2029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
27
|
Yan S, Sun C, Zhou T, Gao R, Xie H. Ultrasonic-assisted leaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using organic additives. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
28
|
Yang S, Wan X, Wei K, Ma W, Wang Z. Silicon recovery from diamond wire saw silicon powder waste with hydrochloric acid pretreatment: An investigation of Al dissolution behavior. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 120:820-827. [PMID: 33268045 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon recovery from diamond wire saw silicon powder (DWSSP) waste is of great significance for increasing production profits and alleviating hazardous effects on the ecological environment. The purity of recovered silicon powder is determined by the purification efficiency during acid leaching pretreatment. Because the metallic impurities present in DWSSP are mostly physically mixed rather than chemically bound, the reaction rate is very fast in the initial stage of acid leaching, whereas it is difficult to dissolve the retained impurities in the later stage with the depletion of metal fragments adhered on the surface of the silicon matrix. Many prior studies have failed to consider the retained metallic impurities that reside in the inner silicon particle surfaces. Therefore, this study investigates the dissolution behavior of retained impurities via the dissolution of Al in HCl solution as an example. Thermodynamic results indicate that the Al dissolution process is dominated by entropic changes (ΔS0), rather than enthalpic changes (ΔH0). Furthermore, the dissolution behavior of Al is in accordance with the diffusion-controlled step in the Avrami mode, and the kinetic parameters were found to be A=5.85×107, Ea=49.27kJ·mol-1, and m<1. The determined dissolution behavior provides a clear understanding of the removal of retained metallic impurities from DWSSP via an acid leaching pretreatment. This study provides enlightenment for the further purification of silicon recovered from DWSSP waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Vacuum Metallurgy/Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Xiaohan Wan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Vacuum Metallurgy/Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Kuixian Wei
- National Engineering Laboratory for Vacuum Metallurgy/Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Wenhui Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Vacuum Metallurgy/Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Silicon Material Industry Research Institution (Innovation Center) of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Investigation of the Physico-Chemical Properties of the Products Obtained after Mixed Organic-Inorganic Leaching of Spent Li-Ion Batteries. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13246732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are currently one of the most important mobile energy storage units for portable electronics such as laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc. Their widespread application leads to the generation of large amounts of waste, so their recycling plays an important role in environmental policy. In this work, the process of leaching with sulfuric acid for the recovery of metals from spent Li-ion batteries in the presence of glutaric acid and hydrogen peroxide as reducing agents is presented. Experimental results indicate that glutaric-acid application improves the leaching performance compared to the use of just hydrogen peroxide under the same conditions. Obtained samples of leaching residues after mixed inorganic-organic leaching were characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.
Collapse
|
30
|
An efficient extractant (2-ethylhexyl)(2,4,4′-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (USTB-1) for cobalt and nickel separation from sulfate solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
31
|
An integrated process for the separation and recovery of valuable metals from the spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode materials. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
32
|
Fan E, Shi P, Zhang X, Lin J, Wu F, Li L, Chen R. Glucose oxidase-based biocatalytic acid-leaching process for recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 114:166-173. [PMID: 32679474 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally benign leaching process for recovering valuable metals from the cathodes of spent lithium-ion batteries was developed. Glucose oxidase produced by Aspergillus niger can oxidize glucose to give the leaching agent gluconic acid. The presence of gluconic acid was proven by mass spectrometry. The cathode material morphology was characterized by X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy, and the efficiencies with which valuable metals were leached from the Li(NixCoyMnz)O2 material were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. More than 95% of the Co, Li, Mn, and Ni were leached from spent lithium-ion batteries using a solid/liquid ratio of 30 g/L, 1 M gluconic acid leaching solution, a 1 vol% H2O2 reductant solution, a temperature of 70 °C, and a reaction time of 80 min. The leaching kinetics were perfectly described by the Avrami equation. The apparent activation energies for leaching of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn were determined as 41.76, 42.84, 43.59, and 45.35 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that the surface chemical reaction is the rate-controlling step during this leaching process. This mild biocatalysis-aided acid leaching process is a promising method for effectively recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ersha Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pingchuan Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiao Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing.
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gao R, Sun C, Zhou T, Zhuang L, Xie H. Recycling of LiNi
0.5
Co
0.2
Mn
0.3
O
2
Material from Spent Lithium‐ion Batteries Using Mixed Organic Acid Leaching and Sol‐gel Method. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruichuan Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Lushan South road 932 Changsha 410083 PR China
| | - Conghao Sun
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Lushan South road 932 Changsha 410083 PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Lushan South road 932 Changsha 410083 PR China
| | - Luqi Zhuang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Lushan South road 932 Changsha 410083 PR China
| | - Huasheng Xie
- Cangzhou Dahua Group Co., Ltd.Cangzhou Hebei 061000 PR China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ning P, Meng Q, Dong P, Duan J, Xu M, Lin Y, Zhang Y. Recycling of cathode material from spent lithium ion batteries using an ultrasound-assisted DL-malic acid leaching system. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 103:52-60. [PMID: 31865035 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel process involving ultrasound-assisted leaching developed for recovering Ni, Li, Co, and Mn from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is reported. Carbonate coprecipitation was utilized to regenerate LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 from the leachate. Spent cathode materials were leached in DL-malic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The leaching efficiency was investigated by determining the contents of metal elements such as Li, Ni, Co, and Mn in the leachate using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The filter residue and the spent cathode materials were examined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electronic microscopy. The leaching efficiencies were 97.8% for Ni, 97.6% for Co, 97.3% for Mn, and 98% for Li under the optimized conditions (90 W ultrasound power, 1.0 mol/L DL-malic acid, 5 g/L pulp density, 80 °C, 4 vol% H2O2, and 30 min). The leaching kinetics of the cathode in DL-malic acid are in accordance with the log rate law model. The electrochemical analysis indicates that the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 regenerated at pH 8.5 has good electrochemical performance. The specific capacity of the first discharge at 0.1 C is 168.32 mA h g-1 at 1 C after 50 cycles with a capacity retention of 85.0%. A novel closed-loop process to recycle spent cathode materials was developed, and it has potential value for practical application and for contributing to resource recycling and environmental protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peichao Ning
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Qi Meng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Peng Dong
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Jianguo Duan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Mingli Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yan Lin
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yang Y, Lei S, Song S, Sun W, Wang L. Stepwise recycling of valuable metals from Ni-rich cathode material of spent lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:131-138. [PMID: 31677520 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel and efficient approach for stepwise recycling of valuable metals from Ni-rich cathode material is developed. First, the spent cathode materials are leached by H2SO4 + H2O2 solution. The leaching efficiencies of lithium, nickel, manganese and cobalt reach almost 100%, 100%, 94% and 100%, respectively, under the conditions of 2 M sulfuric acid, 0.97 M hydrogen peroxide, 10 ml·g-1 liquid-solid ratio, 30 min and 80 °C. Then, manganese and cobalt are co-extracted from the leaching liquor with PC88A, while almost 99% nickel and 100% lithium remain in the raffinate followed by being separated from each other by solvent extraction with neodecanoic acid (Versatic 10). The results show that 98% manganese and over 90% cobalt are co-extracted at pH = 5, 30 vol% PC88A and volume ratio of oil to water (O:A) = 2:1, while 100% nickel is separated from lithium under the optimum extraction conditions of initial pH = 4, O:A = 1:3 and 30 vol% Versatic 10. Finally, cobalt and manganese in the strip liquor of co-extraction are separated by selective precipitation method. Over 90% manganese is separated from cobalt under the conditions of pH = 0.5, 0.076 M KMnO4, 80 °C and 60 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Shuya Lei
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shaole Song
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Linsong Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nie XJ, Xi XT, Yang Y, Ning QL, Guo JZ, Wang MY, Gu ZY, Wu XL. Recycled LiMn2O4 from the spent lithium ion batteries as cathode material for sodium ion batteries: Electrochemical properties, structural evolution and electrode kinetics. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
37
|
Liu B, Huang Q, Su Y, Sun L, Wu T, Wang G, Kelly RM, Wu F. Maleic, glycolic and acetoacetic acids-leaching for recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries: leaching parameters, thermodynamics and kinetics. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191061. [PMID: 31598322 PMCID: PMC6774949 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly acid-leaching processes with three organic acids (maleic, glycolic and acetoacetic) were developed to recover valuable metals from the cathodic material of spent lithium-ion batteries (LiCoO2). The leaching efficiencies of Li and Co by the maleic acid were 99.58% and 98.77%, respectively. The leaching efficiencies of Li and Co by the glycolic acid were 98.54% and 97.83%, while those by the acetoacetic acid were 98.62% and 97.99%, respectively. The optimal acid concentration for the maleic acid-, glycolic acid- and acetoacetic acid-leaching processes were 1, 2 and 1.5 mol l-1, respectively, while their optimal H2O2 concentrations were 1.5, 2 and 1.5 vol%, respectively. The optimal solid/liquid ratio, temperature and reaction time for the leaching process of the three organic acids was the same (10 g l-1, 70°C, 60 min). The thermodynamic formation energy of the leaching products and the Gibbs free energy of the leaching reactions were calculated, and the kinetic study showed that the leaching processes fit well with the shrinking-core model. Based on the comparison in the leaching parameters, the efficacy and availability of the three acids is as follows: maleic acid > acetoacetic acid > glycolic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Qing Huang e-mail:
| | - Yuefeng Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Yuefeng Su e-mail:
| | - Liuye Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Guange Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ryan M. Kelly
- Rykell Scientific Editorial, LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Peng C, Liu F, Aji AT, Wilson BP, Lundström M. Extraction of Li and Co from industrially produced Li-ion battery waste - Using the reductive power of waste itself. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 95:604-611. [PMID: 31351647 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Industrially produced spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) waste contain not only strategic metals such as cobalt and lithium but also impurity elements like copper, aluminum and iron. The current work investigates the distribution of the metallic impurity elements in LIBs waste, and their influence on the acid dissolution of target active materials. The results demonstrate that the presence of these, naturally reductive, impurity elements (e.g. Cu, Al, and Fe) can substantially promote the dissolution of active materials. Through the addition of Cu and Al-rich larger size fractions, the extraction efficiencies of Co and Li increased up to over 99%, to leave a leach residue that is rich in graphite. By this method, the use of high cost reductants like hydrogen peroxide or ascorbic acid could be avoided. More importantly, additional Co and Li associated with the Cu and Al electrode materials could be also recovered. This novel approach contributes not only to improved reduction efficiency in LIBs waste leaching, but also to improved total recovery of Co and Li from LIBs waste, even from the larger particle size fractions, which are typically lost from circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- Hydrometallurgy and Corrosion, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering (CMET), School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland.
| | - Fupeng Liu
- Hydrometallurgy and Corrosion, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering (CMET), School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland; Institute of Engineering Research, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Arif T Aji
- Hydrometallurgy and Corrosion, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering (CMET), School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Benjamin P Wilson
- Hydrometallurgy and Corrosion, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering (CMET), School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Mari Lundström
- Hydrometallurgy and Corrosion, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering (CMET), School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu C, Li B, Yuan C, Ni S, Li L. Recycling valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by ammonium sulfite-reduction ammonia leaching. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 93:153-161. [PMID: 31235052 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The cathode powder is obtained by wet crushing and screening, and the leaching behavior of Li, Ni, Co, Cu, and Al is then investigated using a ternary leaching system composed of ammonia, ammonium sulfite, and ammonium bicarbonate. Ammonium sulfite is necessary as a reductant to improve the Li, Ni, and Co leaching efficiencies, and ammonium bicarbonate acts as a buffer in ammoniacal solutions. A detailed understanding of the selective leaching process is obtained by investigating the effects of parameters such as the leaching reagent composition, leaching time (0-300 min), temperature (40-90 °C), solid-to-liquid ratio (10-50 g/L), and agitation speed (300-700 rpm). It is found that Ni and Cu could be almost fully leached out, while Al is hardly leached and Li(60.53%) and Co(80.99%) exhibit a moderate leaching efficiency. The results show that the optimum solid-liquid ratio of the leaching system is 20 g/L, and the increase of temperature and reaction time is beneficial to metal leaching. The leaching kinetics analysis shows that the chemical reaction control explains the leaching behavior of Li, Ni, and Co well. Therefore, this work may be beneficial for further recycling valuable metals from leaching solutions by introducing an extraction agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caibin Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Bensheng Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining & Metallurgy Environmental Pollution Control, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Chengfang Yuan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Shuainan Ni
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- Jiangxi Mingxin Metallurgical Equipment Co., Ltd, Ganzhou 341000, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pagliaro M, Meneguzzo F. Lithium battery reusing and recycling: A circular economy insight. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01866. [PMID: 31245638 PMCID: PMC6582158 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by the rapid uptake of battery electric vehicles, Li-ion power batteries are increasingly reused in stationary energy storage systems, and eventually recycled to recover all the valued components. Offering an updated global perspective, this study provides a circular economy insight on lithium-ion battery reuse and recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pagliaro
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|