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Liu J, Han X, Zhu X, Li J, Zhong D, Wei L, Liang H. A systemic evaluation of aerobic granular sludge among granulation, operation, storage, and reactivation processes in an SBR. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116594. [PMID: 37467940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
As a biological promising wastewater treatment technology, aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology had been widely studied in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for the decades. Presently, the whole processes of its granulation, long-term operation, storage, and reactivation have not been thoroughly evaluated, and also the relationships among microbial diversity, granular size, and characteristics were still not that clear. Hence, they were systematically evaluated in an AGS-SBR in this work. The results demonstrated that Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Azoarcus, and Chryseobacterium were the core genera with discrepant abundances in diverse stages or granular size. Microbial immigration was significant in various stages due to microbial diversity had a line relationship with COD/MLVSS ratio (R2 = 0.367). However, microbial diversity had no line relationship with granular size (R2 = 0.001), indicating the microbial diversity in different-sized AGS was similar, although granular size had a line relationship with settleability (R2 = 0.978). Overall, compared to sludge traits (e.g., sludge size, settleability), COD/MLVSS played a key role on microbial evolution. This study revealed the relationships between granule characteristics and microbial community, and contributed to the future AGS-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- School of Modern Agriculture, Jiaxing Vocational & Technical College, Jiaxing, 314036, PR China; Department of Civil Engineering, Tongji Zhejiang College, Jiaxing, 314051, PR China
| | - Xushen Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Xuewu Zhu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Dan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
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2
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Lin S, Chang R, Cao X, Zhang Y, Chen J, Jiang W, Zhang Z. Poly(vinyl alcohol)/modified porous starch gel beads for microbial preservation and reactivation: preparation, characterization and its wastewater treatment performance. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30217-30229. [PMID: 37842668 PMCID: PMC10573856 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05371g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/modified porous starch (MPS) gel beads were prepared through in situ chemical cross-linking by incorporating with MPS, which was obtained by modifying porous starch (PS) with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and glutaraldehyde (GA). Addition of MPS could improve the storage modulus and the effective crosslinking density (ve) of the gel beads, and the mechanical properties were enhanced. The PVA-MPS gel beads were preserved as immobilized microbial carriers for 40 d and reactivated in wastewater. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations showed that the beads were highly porous and conducive for microorganism adhesion. The PVA-MPS gel beads were able to remove 97% of ammonia nitrogen and 80% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) after reactivation under all four preservation conditions. The abundance of Hydrogenophaga as denitrifying bacteria on PVA-MPS gel beads increased, with abundance of 8.44%, 5.55%, 8.90% and 9.48%, respectively. It proved that the carrier provided a partial hypoxic environment for microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University Chongqing 400045 China
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University Chongqing 400045 China
| | - Ruiting Chang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University Chongqing 400045 China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University Chongqing 400045 China
| | - Yongheng Zhang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University Chongqing 400045 China
| | - Jiabo Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University Chongqing 400045 China
| | - Wenchao Jiang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University Chongqing 400045 China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University Chongqing 400045 China
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University Chongqing 400045 China
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Zhang QQ, Yu Y, Liu JZ, Fu WJ, Quan JY, Chen Y, Zhao JQ, Wang S, Jin RC. Evaluation the role of soluble microbial products for denitrification sludge characteristic under starvation stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163319. [PMID: 37030357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Physiological changes with the assist role of soluble microbial products (SMP) of preserved denitrifying sludge (DS) undergoing long-term stress of starvation under different storage temperature is extremely important. In this study, SMP extracted from DS were added into DS in starvation condition under room temperature (15-20 °C), 4 °C and -20 °C with three different bio-augmentation phases of 10, 15 and 30 days. Experimental results showed that added SMP in room temperature was optimal for preservation of DS under starvation stress with optimized dosage of 2.0 mL mL-1 sludge and bio-augmentation phase of 10 d. SMP was more effective in maintaining the specific denitrification activity of DS, and it was nearly boosted to 94.1 % of control one due to assist of 2 times SMP addition with 10 days interval of each. Under assist of SMP, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion was enhanced as the defense layer to withstand starvation stress, and the protein may be utilized as an alternative substrate to gain energy, accelerate electron transport and transfer during denitrification process. This investigation revealed the feasibility of SMP as an economical and robust strategy for preservation of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Zhang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jin-Ze Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Wen-Jing Fu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jin-Yang Quan
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Sha Wang
- College of Environment and Life Sciences, Weinan Normal University, Weinan 714099, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ren-Cun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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4
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Maturano-Carrera D, Oltehua-Lopez O, Cuervo-López FDM, Texier AC. Long-term post-storage reactivation of a nitrifying sludge in a sequential batch reactor: physiological and kinetic evaluation. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:17. [PMID: 36568497 PMCID: PMC9768056 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Production, preservation and recovery of sludge with stabilized nitrifying activity over long time can be difficult. Information on the ability of nitrifying sludge to regain its nitrifying activity after long-term storage is still scarce. In this work, the physiological and kinetic changes during the reactivation and stabilization of a nitrifying sludge previously exposed to ampicillin (AMP) were evaluated in a sequential batch reactor (SBR) after its long-term storage (1 year) at 4 °C. After storage, both ammonium and nitrite oxidizing processes were slow, being nitrite oxidation the most affected step. During the reactivation stage (cycles 1-6), physiological and kinetic activity of the nitrifying sludge improved through the operating cycles, in both its ammonium oxidizing and nitrite oxidizing processes. At the end of the reactivation stage, complete nitrifying activity was achieved in 10 h, reaching ammonium consumption efficiencies (ENH4 +) close to 100% and nitrate yields (YNO3 -) of 0.98 mg NO3 --N/mg NH4 +-N consumed without nitrite accumulation. During the stabilization stage (cycles 7-17), results indicated that the sludge could maintain a steady-state respiratory process with restoration percentages of 100% for nitrifying specific rates (qNH4 + and qNO3 -) with respect to their values obtained before storage. Furthermore, during the addition of 15 mg AMP/L (cycles 18-21), the sludge preserved its metabolic capacity to biodegrade 90% of AMP in 2 h. Therefore, long-term storage of nitrifying sludge could be used to preserve nitrifying inocula as bioseeds for bioremediation and bioaugmentation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maturano-Carrera
- Department of Biotechnology-CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, CP 09310 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Oltehua-Lopez
- Department of Biotechnology-CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, CP 09310 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Flor de María Cuervo-López
- Department of Biotechnology-CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, CP 09310 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anne-Claire Texier
- Department of Biotechnology-CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, CP 09310 Mexico City, Mexico
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Wan C, Fu L, Li Z, Liu X, Lin L, Wu C. Formation, application, and storage-reactivation of aerobic granular sludge: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116302. [PMID: 36150350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It was an important discovery in wastewater treatment that the microorganisms in the traditional activated sludge can form aerobic granular sludge (AGS) by self-aggregation under appropriate water quality and operation conditions. With a typical three-dimensional spherical structure, AGS has high sludge-water separation efficiency, great treatment capacity, and strong tolerance to toxic and harmful substances, so it has been considered to be one of the most promising wastewater treatment technologies. This paper comprehensively reviewed AGS from multiple perspectives over the past two decades, including the culture conditions, granulation mechanisms, metabolic and structural stability, storage, and its diverse applications. Some important issues, such as the reproducibility of culture conditions and the structural and functional stability during application and storage, were also summarized, and the research prospects were put forward. The aggregation behavior of microorganisms in AGS was explained from the perspectives of physiology and ecology of complex populations. The storage of AGS is considered to have large commercial potential value with the increase of large-scale applications. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for the systematic and in-depth study on the sludge aerobic granulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liya Fu
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhengwen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Changyong Wu
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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6
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Han F, Li Z, Li Q, Liu Z, Han Y, Li Q, Zhou W. Cooperation of heterotrophic bacteria enables stronger resilience of halophilic assimilation biosystem than nitrification system under long-term stagnation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157806. [PMID: 35932852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Long-term stagnation of biosystems (with no or very little wastewater) owing to seasonal downtime or failure maintenance brings great challenges to the performance recovery after system restart. In particular, the reduction of microbial activity and change of dissolved organic matter (DOM) affect the effluent quality and subsequent treatment procedures. Monitoring the dynamics and resilience of biosystems after long-term stagnation is important to formulate targeted countermeasures for system stability. However, the influence of long-term stagnation on autotrophic nitrification (AN) and heterotrophic assimilation (HA) biosystems has not been systematically explored. Here, we used halophilic AN and HA systems to study the stability and resilience of two nitrogen removal consortia after long-term stagnation. The results showed that 97.5 % and 93 % of ammonium and 47.0 % and 90.1 % of total nitrogen were removed using the halophilic AN and HA systems, respectively, in the stable period. After four weeks of stagnation, the HA system showed stronger resilience than AN system, in terms of faster recovery of treatment performance, and less fluctuations in sludge settleability and extracellular polymeric substances. In addition, after the stagnation period, the DOM of AN system was rich in low-molecular refractory humic acid, whereas that of HA system was rich in high-molecular proteins. The stagnation period led to the replacement of the dominant heterotrophic functional microorganisms, Paracoccus and Halomonas, with Muricauda and Marinobacterium in the HA system. The microbial network results revealed that the cooperation of heterotrophic bacteria enables stronger resilience of the HA system from prolonged stagnation than the AN system. In addition, the nitrogen removal efficiency, protein to polysaccharide ratio of EPS and fluorescence intensity of DOM were significantly correlated with the microbial community composition. These results suggest that AN system has greater risks in terms of treatment performance and sludge stability than the system after long-term stagnation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250002, China
| | - Qinyang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Yufei Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Weizhi Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250002, China.
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7
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Cai W, Hu P, Li Z, Kang Q, Chen H, Zhang J, Zhu S. Effect of high ammonia on granular stability and phosphorus recovery of algal-bacterial granules in treatment of synthetic biogas slurry. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09844. [PMID: 35815122 PMCID: PMC9263998 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the application of algal-bacterial granules in treatment of high ammonia wastewater. Two identical cylindrical reactors, i.e., Rc and Rs was used to develop granular sludge system with synthetic biogas slurry. Rs was run under an artificial solar lamp controlled at 12 h power on and 12 h power off (∼10,000 lux); Rc was operated as control (no light). Results showed that algal-bacterial granules (ABGS) developed in Rs exhibited better structural stability in the face of high ammonia influent. Compared with aerobic granules (AGS), ABGS possessed high proteins (PN) content (145.3 mg/g-VSS) in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and better O2 mass transfer inner granules. Higher phosphorus (P) removal capacity was obtained in Rs even under 400 mg/L NH3–N which resulted in higher P content in ABGS biomass (56.4 mg/g-TSS). Bioavailable P in ABGS was 44 mg P/g-SS on day 160, approximately 1.53-times higher than that in AGS.
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8
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Huang DQ, Wang Y, Wu Q, Chen JR, Li ZY, Fan NS, Jin RC. Anammox sludge preservation: Preservative agents, temperature and substrate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 311:114860. [PMID: 35287074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The difficulties of enrichment and preservation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria (AnAOB) greatly limit their application in practice. Herein, traditional and emerging preservative agents (e.g., EPS + N2H4, betaine, glycerol and trehalose) were evaluated for their preservation of AnAOB-dominant sludge at different temperatures (e.g., 4 °C and room temperature). In addition, the effects of substrates on preservation were also considered. The results showed that adding betaine or glycerol at 4 °C was the optimal strategy for preserving anammox granular sludge. The relative anammox activities (rAA) increased by 145.26% and 158.30% at the recovery phase, respectively. Moreover, the absolute abundances of functional gene hzsA increased by 339% and 46%, respectively. Although the granular properties and microbial community structures changed during the preservation, the general performance of anammox granules could effectively restored. Collectively, this study provides the optimal strategies for anammox sludge preservation at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qi Huang
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jin-Rong Chen
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Zi-Yue Li
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Nian-Si Fan
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Ren-Cun Jin
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Remediation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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Zhu W, Van Tendeloo M, Xie Y, Timmer MJ, Peng L, Vlaeminck SE. Storage without nitrite or nitrate enables the long-term preservation of full-scale partial nitritation/anammox sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151330. [PMID: 34717986 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioaugmentation with summer harvested sludge during winter could compensate for bacterial activity loss but requires that sludge activity can be restored after storage. This study assesses the effect of temperature and redox adjustment during the storage over 180 days of partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) granular resp. floccular sludge from potato processing resp. sludge reject water treatment. Anoxic storage conditions (in the presence of nitrite or nitrate and the absence of oxygen) resulted in a loss of 80-100% of the anammox bacteria (AnAOB) activity capacity at 20 °C and 4 °C, while anaerobic conditions (without oxygen, nitrite, and nitrate) lost only 45-63%. Storage at 20 °C was more cost-effective compared to 4 °C, and this was confirmed in the sludge reactivation experiment (20 °C). Furthermore, AnAOB activity correlated negatively with the electrical conductivity level (R2 > 0.85, p < 0.05), so strong salinity increases should be avoided. No significant differences were found in the activity capacity of aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AerAOB) under different storage conditions (p > 0.1). The relative abundance of dominant AnAOB (Candidatus Brocadia) and AerAOB genera (Nitrosomonas) remained constant in both sludges. In conclusion, preserving PN/A biomass without cooling and nitrite or nitrate addition proved to be a cost-effective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhu
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Michiel Van Tendeloo
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Yankai Xie
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marijn Juliaan Timmer
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Lai Peng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Siegfried E Vlaeminck
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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10
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Duarte KLS, Castellanos RM, Costa RC, Mahler CF, Bassin JP. Start-up of an aerobic granular sludge system from stored granules: Evaluating the impact of storage period on biomass activity and stability and the effect of temperature on nitrification and phosphorus removal rates. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113200. [PMID: 34284343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has been considered a breakthrough within the wastewater treatment sector. However, the long reactor start-up for the formation of granules is challenging and may hinder the spread of this technology. To circumvent this obstacle, inoculation of the reactors with pre-formed granules from existing plants is an interesting approach. In this context, issues related to biomass storage becomes very relevant. In this study, reactivation of aerobic granular biomass after storage was evaluated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) designed for achieving simultaneous organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Two different scenarios, short (40 days) and long (180 days) storage periods, were assessed, and their influence on the granules physical properties and bioactivity was addressed. The results revealed that the granules stored for a shorter period showed higher resistance to breakage and underwent smooth color changes. On the other hand, the biomass stored for a longer period acquired a dark color and was more susceptible to disruption during reactivation. The granules stored for 6 months become swollen and exhibited an irregular morphology and fluffy structure within the first days of reactivation. Consequently, their settling properties were adversely affected, and some parameters such as the food-to-microorganism ratio had to be adjusted to prevent granules disintegration. Regarding the bioactivity of important microbial functional groups, COD removal was rapidly restored within a few days of SBR operation with the biomass stored for a shorter period. However, it took longer for the biomass stored for 180 days to reach the same performance observed for the granules stored for 40 days. A similar trend is valid for nitrification. In the experiments with sludge stored for a longer time, it took almost twice as long to reach effluent ammonium concentrations lower than 1 mg NH4+-N L-1 compared to the test using biomass stored for 40 days. Phosphate removal was strongly affected by biomass storage, especially after 180 days of inactivity, a condition found to be detrimental for polyphosphate-accumulating organisms. Finally, cycle tests were also conducted to assess substrate conversion rates for comparison between different trials and evaluate the influence of temperature (10-35 °C) on nitrification and phosphate removal rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L S Duarte
- Civil Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R M Castellanos
- Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R C Costa
- Civil Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C F Mahler
- Civil Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J P Bassin
- Civil Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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11
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Gao W, Hu Y, Jiao X, Gao M, Wang X. Recovery of structure and activity of disintegrated aerobic granular sludge after long-term storage: Effect of exogenous N-acyl-homoserine lactones. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130894. [PMID: 34289603 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term storage of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) may lead to granule inactivation and disintegration. Granule recovery in both structure and activity is important for scale-up and stability of AGS, but information about the structure recovery of stored AGS is limited. In addition, whether short-term exogenous N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) regulations could accelerate the granule recovery and sustain positive effects on AGS is unknown. Herein, the recovery of 33-month stored AGS was performed in three reactors for 38 days (phase I) at different exogenous AHLs concentrations (0, 50 and 500 nM of AHL-mixtures in R0, R1 and R2, respectively) and for an extended 45 days without exogenous AHLs (phase II). Results demonstrated successful recovery of disintegrated AGS in all reactors, although it was relatively time-consuming in R0. The treatment performance was similar among the reactors and steady-state removal of COD (90%) and NH4+-N (94%) could be recovered within 7 and 21 days, respectively. However, exogenous AHLs regulation (especially in R1) obviously accelerated bioactivity recovery of heterotrophs and nitrifiers and improved granule characteristics, including biomass, density, hydrophobicity and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). During phase II, sustainable positive effects remained in R1, but granule characteristics deteriorated in R2. The abundance of functional genera Thauera, Nitrosomonas and Candidatus_Nitrotoga, contributed to the rapid recovery and helped maintain the structure and activity of AGS. The predictive functional profiling of bacterial communities also demonstrated sustainably higher activities of metabolism, growth and signal sensing under exogenous AHLs regulation at an appropriate content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Yuanchao Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xianhui Jiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Mingming Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
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12
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Reactivation of Frozen Stored Microalgal-Bacterial Granular Sludge under Aeration and Non-Aeration Conditions. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13141974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, reactivation of microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) stored at −20 °C for 6 months was investigated under respective aeration (R1) and non-aeration (R2) conditions. Results showed that the granular activity could be fully recovered within 21 days. The average removal efficiency of ammonia was higher in R1 (92.78%), while R2 showed higher average removal efficiencies of organics (84.97%) and phosphorus (85.28%). It was also found that eukaryotic microalgae growth was stimulated under aeration conditions, whereas prokaryotic microalgae growth and extracellular protein secretion were favored under non-aeration conditions. Sequencing results showed that the microbial community underwent subversive evolution, with Chlorophyta and Proteobacteria being dominant species under both conditions. Consequently, it was reasonable to conclude that the activity and structure of frozen stored MBGS could be recovered under both aeration and non-aeration conditions, of which aeration-free activation was more feasible on account of its energy-saving property. This study provides important information for the storage and transportation of MBGS in wastewater treatment.
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13
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Pishgar R, Lee J, Dominic JA, Hosseini S, Tay JH, Chu A. Augmentation of Biogranules for Enhanced Performance of Full-Scale Lagoon-Based Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:426-443. [PMID: 32166591 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the treatment performance of lagoon-based municipal wastewater treatment plants (LWWTPs) inoculated by proprietary biogranules. Augmentation process included enhancing the microbial community of lagoon basins by weekly addition of biogranules over the treatment seasons (summer and fall). Effluent qualities before and after the augmentation process were compared, and the results were reported as "enhanced treatment efficiencies, EE". Very low concentrations of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen (TN), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonium nitrogen (N-NH4), and total phosphorus (TP) were detected at discharge points after the augmentation process, which corresponded to enhanced treatment efficiencies of 86, 74, 72, 92.7, and 71%, respectively. Significant reduction in total coliform and E. coli concentrations in the effluents (91 and 98%, respectively) demonstrated the capability of granule-based lagoons in destroying pathogens. Adding biogranules to lagoons was an efficient remedy for excess sludge buildup in short and long runs. Hence, inoculating lagoon plants using biogranules was suggested as an effective technique to augment rural wastewater treatment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Pishgar
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Lee
- Environmental Management and Sustainability, Royal Roads University, Victoria, Canada.,Hycura™, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Sadegh Hosseini
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Joo Hwa Tay
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Angus Chu
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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14
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Zhang L, Long B, Wu J, Cheng Y, Zhang B, Zeng Y, Huang S, Zeng M. Evolution of microbial community during dry storage and recovery of aerobic granular sludge. Heliyon 2019; 5:e03023. [PMID: 31890963 PMCID: PMC6926229 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was imbedded in agar and stored at 4 °C for 30 days, and then the stored granules were recovered in a sequencing batch reactor fed real wastewater within 11 days. Variations in microbial community compositions were investigated during dry storage and recovery of AGS, aiming to elucidate the mechanism of granular stability loss and recovery. The storage and recovery of AGS involved microbial community evolution. The dominant bacterial genera of the mature AGS were Zoogloea (relative abundance of 22.39%), Thauera (16.03%) and Clostridium_sensu_stricto (11.17%), and those of the stored granules were Acidovorax (26.79%), Macellibacteroides (12.83%) and Pseudoxanthomonas (5.69%), respectively. However, the dominant genera were Streptococcus (43.64%), Clostridium_sensu_stricto (12.3.6%) and Lactococcus (11.47%) in the recovered AGS. Methanogens were always the dominant archaeal species in mature AGS (93.01%), stored granules (99.99%) and the recovered AGS (94.84%). Facultative anaerobes and anaerobes proliferated and dominated in the stored granules, and their metabolic activities gradually led to granular structure destruction and property deterioration. However, the stored granules served as carriers for the microbes originated from the real septic tank wastewater during recovery. They proliferated rapidly and secreted a large number of extracellular polymeric substances which helped to recover the granular structure in 11 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Zhang
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bei Long
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Mingyue Road, Pingdingshan, 467036, Henan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Binchao Zhang
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Sinong Huang
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mingjing Zeng
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave. 86, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
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15
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Lv Y, Wan C, Lee DJ, Liu X, Zhang Y, Tay JH. Dehydrated and recovered aerobic granules: Identifying acetone-dehydration resistant strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Wang S, Qian K, Zhu Y, Yi X, Zhang G, Du G, Tay JH, Li J. Reactivation and pilot-scale application of long-term storage denitrification biofilm based on flow cytometry. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 148:368-377. [PMID: 30396102 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The work provides a method on the basis of flow cytometry to evaluate the performance of denitrification biofilm during the preservation, reactivation and pilot-scale operation process. The viable cell ratio of denitrification biofilm significantly reduced and further led to the decrease of denitrification capacity after long-term preservation for 5 months. Protein component in tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) could serve to enhance microbial adhesion and promote denitrification biofilm formation. With the significant correlation of viable cell ratio and microbial characteristics, 4 °C was more appropriate for preserving denitrification biofilm and conducive to maintain the relatively high denitrification capacity. A maximum denitrification rate of 5.80 gNO3--N/m2·d was obtained in pilot-scale anoxic-oxic (AO) process and Dechloromonas became greater prevalence in denitrification suspended carriers. Furthermore, the enrichment of Pseudomonas, Parcubacteria, Acidovorax, Aquabacterium and Unclassified_Flavobacteriaceae enhanced biofilm formation and nutrient conservation. The significantly positive correlation between viable cell ratio and the ratio of nitrate reduction to COD consumption was discovered, and the indices of Chao, ACE, Shannon and Simpson of denitrification biofilm were positively correlated with viable cell ratio, meaning that flow cytometry analysis was reasonable and suitable to evaluate the performances of denitrification biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu College of Water Treatment Technology and Material Collaborative Innovation Center, Suzhou, 215009, China; Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kai Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xuesong Yi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570028, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu College of Water Treatment Technology and Material Collaborative Innovation Center, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Ministry Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Joo-Hwa Tay
- Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ji Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu College of Water Treatment Technology and Material Collaborative Innovation Center, Suzhou, 215009, China.
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17
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Cheng Y, Xuan X, Zhang L, Zhao J, Long B. Storage of aerobic granular sludge embedded in agar and its reactivation by real wastewater. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:958-969. [PMID: 30540270 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was preserved using an agar embedding method to maintain its stability. No obvious damage was imposed on the granular appearance during 30 days of cold and dry storage, but the granular microstructure had an uneven surface with a large number of holes. The results were consistent with the extinction of microbial communities and the monitored consumption of extracellular polymeric substances, in which granular specific oxygen utilization rate and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids/mixed liquor suspended solids ratio, respectively, decreased by 72.4% and 62.5% during storage. A mass conversation calculation indicated that the loss of granular mass was 1.6393 g. An offensive odour was smelled during storage, and the results indicated that a material transformation and mitigation were involved between AGS and the gas phase. Although the granular structure was destroyed to a certain extent, no obvious damage was imposed on the granular skeleton during storage. After it was aerated again after a feeding with real wastewater, the residual skeleton served as a carrier for the rapid proliferation of microorganisms, and good granular properties were obtained after 11 days of reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cheng
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China E-mail:
| | - Xinpeng Xuan
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China E-mail:
| | - Linan Zhang
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China E-mail:
| | - Jue Zhao
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China E-mail:
| | - Bei Long
- School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China E-mail:
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18
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Lv Y, Wan C, Lee DJ, Liu X, Zhang Y, Tay JH. Recovery of dehydrated aerobic granules: A comparison. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:769-773. [PMID: 30098856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dehydrated aerobic granules, if can be sufficiently recovered without significant loss of structural stability and biological activities, presents a promising long-time storage option in practical use. This study dehydrated aerobic granules by six protocols: air drying at 25 or 50 °C, freeze-dry, acetone or ethanol dehydration, and microwave heating, and then recovered them in liquid medium, with the measured characteristics being reported. The granule stability has no correlation with measured settleability, hydrophobicity or extracellular polymeric substances compositions; instead, is correlated with the functional strains presented in the recovered granules. Air dry dehydration minimally damage the functional strains including genus Brevundimonas and genus Comamonas and markedly deteriorated structural breaker such as Acinetobacter of Moraxellaceae to lead to stable and tough recovered granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lv
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 48 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Joo-Hwa Tay
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
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19
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Wan X, Gao M, Ye M, Wang YK, Xu H, Wang M, Wang XH. Formation, characteristics and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge in the presence of sulfadiazine at environmentally relevant concentrations. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 250:486-494. [PMID: 29197771 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing occurrence of antibiotics in water environment is causing increasing concern. To investigate the impact of frequently detected sulfadiazine on the formation of aerobic granular sludge, four sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were set up with different environmentally relevant concentrations of sulfadiazine. Results showed that sulfadiazine pressure could lead to larger and more compact sludge particles and cause slight effect on reactor performance. Presence of sulfadiazine apparently increased the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion of microorganisms. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed that the abundances of sulfanilamide resistance genes in sludge increased with addition of sulfadiazine significantly. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) was used to predict functional genes, results showed that sulfadiazine led to an increase of specific functional genes. Thereby, it concluded that microorganisms could change the community structure by acclimating of functional bacteria and antibiotic resistance species to adapt to the antibiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mingming Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Maosheng Ye
- China Eastern Route Corporation of South-to-North Water Diversion, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yun-Kun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xin-Hua Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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20
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He Q, Zhang W, Zhang S, Zou Z, Wang H. Performance and microbial population dynamics during stable operation and reactivation after extended idle conditions in an aerobic granular sequencing batch reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 238:116-121. [PMID: 28433898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of removal performance and bacterial population dynamics of an aerobic granular sequencing batch reactor were investigated during stable operation and reactivation after prolonged storage. The system was run for a period of 130days including the stable condition phase, storage period and the subsequent reactivation process. Excellent removal performance was obtained during the stable operation period, which was decayed by the extended idle conditions. The removal efficiencies for both carbon and nitrogen decayed while phosphorus removal remained unaffected. Both granules structure and physical properties could be fully restored. Microbial populations shifted sharply and the storage perturbations irreversibly altered the microbial communities at different levels. Extracellular polymeric substances (especially protein) and key groups were identified as contributors for storage and re-startup of the aerobic granular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulai He
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shilu Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhuocheng Zou
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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21
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Chen H, Jin RC. Summary of the preservation techniques and the evolution of the anammox bacteria characteristics during preservation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4349-4362. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Hu J, Zhang Q, Chen YY, Lee DJ. Drying and recovery of aerobic granules. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 218:397-401. [PMID: 27392096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To dehydrate aerobic granules to bone-dry form was proposed as a promising option for long-term storage of aerobic granules. This study cultivated aerobic granules with high proteins/polysaccharide ratio and then dried these granules using seven protocols: drying at 37°C, 60°C, 4°C, under sunlight, in dark, in a flowing air stream or in concentrated acetone solutions. All dried granules experienced volume shrinkage of over 80% without major structural breakdown. After three recovery batches, although with loss of part of the volatile suspended solids, all dried granules were restored most of their original size and organic matter degradation capabilities. The strains that can survive over the drying and storage periods were also identified. Once the granules were dried, they can be stored over long period of time, with minimal impact yielded by the applied drying protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Quanguo Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-You Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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23
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Saheb Alam S, Persson F, Wilén BM, Hermansson M, Modin O. Effects of storage on mixed-culture biological electrodes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18433. [PMID: 26678949 PMCID: PMC4683449 DOI: 10.1038/srep18433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Storage methods are important to preserve the viability and biochemical characteristics of microbial cultures between experiments or during periods when bioreactors are inactive. Most of the research on storage has focused on isolates; however, there is an increasing interest in methods for mixed cultures, which are of relevance in environmental biotechnology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different storage methods on electrochemically active enrichment cultures. Acetate-oxidizing bioanodes generating a current density of about 5 A m−2 were enriched in a microbial electrolysis cell. The effect of five weeks of storage was evaluated using electrochemical techniques and microbial community analysis. Storage by refrigeration resulted in quicker re-activation than freezing in 10% glycerol, while the bioelectrochemical activity was entirely lost after storage using dehydration. The results showed that the bioelectrochemical activity of bioanodes stored at low temperature could be retained. However, during the re-activation period the bioanodes only recovered 75% of the current density generated before storage and the bacterial communities were different in composition and more diverse after storage than before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Saheb Alam
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frank Persson
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Wilén
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malte Hermansson
- Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Modin
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Wan C, Lee DJ, Yang X, Wang Y, Lin L. Saline storage of aerobic granules and subsequent reactivation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 172:418-422. [PMID: 25270079 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Loss of structural stability and bioactivity during long-term storage and operation is primary challenge to field applications of aerobic granular processes. This study for the first time stored aerobic granules in 5%w/w NaCl solution at 4°C for 187d. The stored granules were then successfully reactivated and used for 85d in sequencing batch reactors (SBR) and continuous-flow reactors (CFR) at varying levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD). High-throughput sequencing results reveal that Thauera sp., Paracoccus sp., and Nitrosomonas sp. were the predominant in the stored aerobic granules, and Pseudoxanthomonas sp. accumulated during the reactivation process. Saline storage, in which cells are in an unculturable state by saline stress, is a promising storage process for aerobic granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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25
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Wan C, Zhang Q, Lee DJ, Wang Y, Li J. Long-term storage of aerobic granules in liquid media: viable but non-culturable status. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 166:464-470. [PMID: 24950091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Long-term storage and successful reactivation after storage are essential for practical applications of aerobic granules on wastewater treatment. This study cultivated aerobic granules (SI) in sequencing batch reactors and then stored the granules at 4 °C in five liquid media (DI water (SW), acetone (SA), acetone/isoamyl acetate mix (SAA), saline water (SS), and formaldehyde (SF)) for over 1 year. The first four granules were then successfully reactivated in 24h cultivation. The specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) of the granules followed SI>SS>SA>SAA>SW>SF; and the corresponding granular strengths (10 min ultrasound) followed SI>SA=SS>SAA>SW>>SF. During storage the granular cells secreted excess quantities of cyclic-diguanylate (c-di-GMP) and pentaphosphate (ppGpp) as responses to the stringent challenges. We proposed that to force cells in granules (Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Sphingobacteria, and Clostridia) entering viable but non-culturable (VBNC) status is the key of success for extended period storage of granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qinlan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jieni Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Erşan YÇ, Erguder TH. The effects of aerobic/anoxic period sequence on aerobic granulation and COD/N treatment efficiency. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 148:149-156. [PMID: 24045202 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of period sequence (anoxic-aerobic and aerobic-anoxic) on aerobic granulation from suspended seed sludge, and COD, N removal efficiencies were investigated in two sequencing batch reactors. More stable granules with greater sizes (1.8-3.5mm) were developed in R1 (anoxic-aerobic sequence). Yet, no significant difference was observed between the reactors in terms of removal efficiencies. Under optimum operational conditions, 92-95% COD, 89-90% TAN and 38-46% total nitrogen removal efficiencies were achieved. The anoxic-aerobic period sequence (R1) resulted in almost complete denitrification during anoxic periods while aerobic-anoxic sequence (R2) led to nitrate accumulation due to limited-carbon source and further granule disintegration. NH3-N concentration of 15-28 mg/L was found to inhibit COD removal up to 30%. This study also revealed the inhibitory sulfide production during anoxic periods. Sulfate concentration of 52.6-70.2mg/L was found to promote sulfate reduction and sulfide generation (0.24-0.62 mg/L) which, together with free-ammonia, inhibited TAN oxidation by 10-50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Çağatay Erşan
- Environmental Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Recovery of stored aerobic granular sludge and its contaminants removal efficiency under different operation conditions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:168581. [PMID: 24106695 PMCID: PMC3784152 DOI: 10.1155/2013/168581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The quick recovery process of contaminants removal of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is complex, and the influencing factors are still not clear. The effects of dissolved oxygen (DO, air intensive aeration rate), organic loading rate (OLR), and C/N on contaminants removal characteristics of AGS and subsequently long-term operation of AGS bioreactor were investigated in this study. DO had a major impact on the recovery of AGS. The granules reactivated at air intensive aeration rate of 100 L/h achieved better settling property and contaminants removal efficiency. Moreover, protein content in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) was almost unchanged, which demonstrated that an aeration rate of 100 L/h was more suitable for maintaining the biomass and the structure of AGS. Higher OLR caused polysaccharides content increase in EPS, and unstable C/N resulted in the overgrowth of filamentous bacteria, which presented worse NH4+-N and PO43−-P removal. Correspondingly, quick recovery of contaminants removal was accomplished in 12 days at the optimized operation conditions of aeration rate 100 L/h, OLR 4 g/L·d, and C/N 100 : 10, with COD, NH4+-N, and PO43−-P removal efficiencies of 87.2%, 86.9%, and 86.5%, respectively. The renovation of AGS could be successfully utilized as the seed sludge for the rapid start-up of AGS bioreactor.
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Lv Y, Wan C, Liu X, Zhang Y, Lee DJ, Tay JH. Freezing of aerobic granules for storage and subsequent recovery. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li-long Y, Yu L, Yuan R, Ying Z. Analysis of the characteristics of short-cut nitrifying granular sludge and pollutant removal processes in a sequencing batch reactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:125-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lv Y, Wan C, Liu X, Zhang Y, Lee DJ, Tay JH. Drying and re-cultivation of aerobic granules. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 129:700-703. [PMID: 23357589 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granules stored in liquid medium can lose structural integrity during storage. This study demonstrated that the aerobic granules cultivated by seeding activated sludge into column-type sequential batch reactors and fed with synthetic wastewater at organic loading rate of 1.5 kg/m3-d can be dried by acetone gradient method to moisture content less than 1%. Then, the dried granules can be reactivated through a re-cultivation process to recover their organic degradation capacity in 12 h, or their appearance in 5 d. During the drying and recovery, the granules experienced volume and weight losses by >80% and >85%, respectively, with minimal loss in structural integrity. The microbial communities of the dried and re-cultivated granules were probed using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique. The family Xanthomonadaceae and the family Comamonas can survive in dried granules and could contribute to maintain structural integrity in re-cultivation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lv
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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