1
|
Murata Y, Sakai H, Kosaka K. Degrading surface-water-based natural organic matter and mitigating haloacetonitrile formation during chlorination: Comparison of UV/persulfate and UV/hydrogen peroxide pre-treatments. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141717. [PMID: 38490617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are unregulated disinfection by-products that are more toxic than regulated species. Therefore, efficient decomposition of HAN precursors prior to disinfection is crucial for allaying the potential HAN-induced health risks. This study investigated the key roles of ultraviolet-activated persulfate (UV/PS) treatment in alleviating HAN formation. The effects of UV/PS treatment were evaluated by correlating with the characteristics of organic matter in surface water and comparing with conventional UV/H2O2 treatment. Upon irradiating raw water samples and a Suwannee River humic acid solution spiked with 10 mM PS or H2O2 with 254 nm UV light, UV/PS treatment was found to be more potent than UV/H2O2 in mitigating the HAN production and degrading organic substances; moreover, UV/PS treatment effectively decreased the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content. In contrast, UV/H2O2 treatment did not induce any noticeable reduction in DON level. Furthermore, both UV/PS and UV/H2O2 treatments reduced the dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) formation potential (FP), leading to strong correlations with the degradation of aromatic and humic-acid-like compounds. Notably, UV/PS treatment efficiently decreased the FP of bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN) and dramatically reduced that of dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) after a sharp increase; however, UV/H2O2 treatment gradually increased the DBAN-FP. Bromide was activated by sulfate radicals during UV/PS treatment, negatively correlating with the BCAN-FP and DBAN-FP, indicating that the formation of reactive bromine species increased the DBAN-FP; however, excessive oxidation possibly led to the recovery of inorganic bromine for decreasing the BCAN-FP and DBAN-FP. Additionally, UV/PS treatment effectively suppressed toxicity owing to its high reduction rate for brominated HANs; in contrast, UV/H2O2 treatment resulted in less significant BCAN and DBAN reductions, leading to minimal net reduction in toxicity. Overall, UV/PS treatment was remarkably effective at diminishing the toxicity of brominated HANs, underscoring its potential to mitigate drinking-water-related health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Murata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji-city, Tokyo, 1920397, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji-city, Tokyo, 1920397, Japan.
| | - Koji Kosaka
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-city, Saitama, 3510197, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shao Y, Li S, Wei X, Zhao Y, Liang J, Li X. The diverse roles of halide ions in the degradation of bisphenol A via UV/peracetic acid process at different pH values: Radical chemistry, and transformation pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133053. [PMID: 38113739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
UV/Peracetic Acid (UV/PAA), as an innovative advanced oxidation process (AOP), is employed to treat bisphenol A (BPA) in water through the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and carbon-centered radicals (R-C•). The impact of halide ions (Cl-; Br-; I-) on the efficiency of UV/PAA was investigated for the first time under varying pH levels. The presence of halide ions exerted an influence on the reactivity of •OH and R-C•, exhibiting varying degrees of impact across different pH conditions. It was discovered that pH exerts a significant influence on its efficiency, with optimal removal performance observed at a pH 9. The degradation of BPA was inhibited by Cl- through the generation of reactive chlorine species (RCS), which triggers the interconversion between •OH and R-C•. Reactive bromine species (RBS) were produced in the presence of Br-, facilitating BPA degradation and generating HOBr as a supplementary source of •OH radicals. I- primarily generate reactive iodine species (RIS) through photolysis, which facilitates the degradation of BPA. The transformation of BPA involves hydroxylation, demethylation, halogenation, and cleavage reactions to form various products and pathways. The toxicity test demonstrates that the UV/PAA treatment of BPA exhibits lower toxicity, thereby indicating its environmentally friendly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xue Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yanlan Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xue Q, Deng L, Tang Q, Wang T, Luo W. Formation of halonitromethanes from benzylamine during UV/chlorination: Impact factors, toxicity alteration, and pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16437-16452. [PMID: 38319423 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Halonitromethanes (HNMs), a representative nitrogen-containing disinfection byproduct, have gained significant concerns due to their higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. UV/chlorination is considered a promising alternative disinfection technology for chlorination. This study aimed to investigate the HNMs formation from benzylamine (BZA) during UV/chlorination. The experimental results revealed that the yields of HNMs initially raised to a peak then dropped over time. Higher chlorine dosage and BZA concentration promoted the formation of HNMs, whereas alkaline pH inhibited their formation. The presence of bromine ion (Br-) not only converted chlorinated-HNMs (Cl-HNMs) to brominated (chlorinated)-HNMs Br (Cl)-HNMs) and brominated-HNMs (Br-HNMs) but also enhanced the total concentration of HNMs. Besides, the calculated cytotoxicity index (CTI) and genotoxicity index (GTI) of HNMs were elevated by 68.97% and 60.66% as Br- concentration raised from 2 to 6 µM. The possible formation pathways of HNMs from BZA were proposed based on the intermediates identified by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, the formation rules of HNMs in actual water verified the results in deionized water during UV/chlorination. The results of this study provide basic data and a theoretical basis for the formation and control of HNMs, which is conducive to applying UV/chlorination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong L, Yao Z, Sun S, Wang M, Jia R. Effect of UV/peroxymonosulfate pretreatment on disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation during post-chlorination of humic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:422-432. [PMID: 38015407 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
UV/peroxymonosulfate (UV/PMS) is a promising advanced oxidation technology in water treatment. This study aimed to investigate the impact of UV/PMS on humic acid (HA) and the influence of PMS dosage, pretreatment time, pH pretreatment, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and bicarbonate influencing factors on disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation during post-chlorination. With increased PMS dosage or pretreatment time, the UV/PMS treatment significantly reduced ultraviolet absorbance and increased mineralization. It altered the fractional constituent as humic substances were gradually transformed into building blocks and low-molecular-weight acids. However, most DBP formation increased initially and then decreased after subsequent chlorination. Rising nitrate or nitrite concentrations markedly promoted halonitromethane (HNM) formation. The presence of ammonia had a more significant impact on dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) formation. Bicarbonate in UV/PMS pretreatment increased carbonated disinfection byproduct (C-DBP) formation, whereas it had a negligible impact on nitrogenous disinfection byproduct (N-DBP) formation. The present study revealed the impact of a series of influencing factors on DBP formation in UV/PMS reaction systems, providing comprehensive insights on applying UV/PMS in actual practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Dong
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Zhenxing Yao
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Mingquan Wang
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lou J, Yin L, Meng Z, Fang S, Pan X. Occurrence, stability and cytotoxicity of halobenzamides: A new group of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120670. [PMID: 37778081 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Exploring disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with adverse health effects in drinking water is a constant challenge. Halobenzamides (HBZAMs) are suspected to be a new group of nitrogenous DBPs but have not been reported in drinking water to date. In this study, by coupling SPE and UPLC‒MS/MS, a sensitive method was established to detect eight HBZAMs in drinking water with recoveries and limits of detection of 80-103% and 0.01-0.04 ng/L, respectively. Subsequently, distinct fragments of HBZAMs were extended to the development of a pseudotargeted method for the analysis of the fourteen HBZAMs that were speculated and lack chemical standards. Using the developed method, eight HBZAMs were quantified in ten drinking water samples with concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 7.2 ng/L and a detection frequency of 100%, among which five HBZAMs were stable with half-lives over 72 h under real chlorine levels. Twelve HBZAMs without standards were identified in three to ten drinking water samples with comparable levels. The cytotoxicity of eight quantified HBZAMs in CHO-K1 cells varied with disparity, in which the cytotoxicity of 3,5-DBBZAM was over 10-fold higher than that of aliphatic dichloroacetamide. Considering their diversity, toxicity and stability, the occurrence of HBZAMs in drinking water deserves attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Lou
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Lu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shuangxi Fang
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen H, Lin T, Wang P, Wang Y, Wei W, Zhu S. A novel solar-activated chlorine dioxide process for atrazine degradation in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 239:120056. [PMID: 37167851 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
New technologies using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) with low energy-input to address the presence of micro-contaminants and the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are required for drinking water safety. In this work, the activation of chlorine dioxide with solar (solar/ClO2 process), a type of renewable and inexhaustible energy, was developed to degrade atrazine (ATZ) and control the formation of DBPs. Results revealed that solar/ClO2 process was effective in degrading ATZ. Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and chlorine radicals (Cl•) produced in solar/ClO2 process were found to be the predominant agents for ATZ degradation with contribution rates of 55.9% and 44.1%, respectively, based on radical quenching tests and competition kinetics. Reaction pH did not affect the total amount of Cl• and •OH (i.e., [•OH]exp) and [Cl•]exp), while the conversion of Cl• to •OH was responsible for the depressed ATZ degradation efficiency with the increasing pH in solar/ClO2 process. The presence of bicarbonate (HCO3-), chloride (Cl-) and humic acid (HA) retarded the ATZ degradation mainly due to they decreased [•OH]exp) and [Cl•]exp. Using the UPLC-MS/MS analysis, six degradation intermediates of ATZ were tentatively identified, and the three-stage degradation pathway as well as the stepwise detoxification of ATZ were confirmed by the condensed Fukui function (CFF) calculation and ECOSAR prediction. Applying solar/ClO2 as a pretreatment of HA-containing water, the formation of DBPs during post-chlorination was significantly reduced. However, the presence of ATZ during solar/ClO2 pretreatment of HA significantly lowered the control efficiency of DBPs. The major degradation intermediate, i.e., deethyldeisopropylhydroxyatrazine (DEIHA), of ATZ could incorporate into HA and therefore providing more precursors for DBPs. The acute toxicity recorded by the behavior of zebrafish larvae revealed that using chloramine instead of chlorine downstream the solar/ClO2 pretreatment of ATZ and HA could significantly reduce the acute toxicity by decreasing the formation of total DBPs. This study demonstrated the great potential of applying solar/ClO2 process followed by chloramination to simultaneously degrade micro-contaminants and reduce DBPs formation as well as toxic risk in practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Peifang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Shuguang Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dong F, Zhu J, Li J, Fu C, He G, Lin Q, Li C, Song S. The occurrence, formation and transformation of disinfection byproducts in the water distribution system: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161497. [PMID: 36634528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an effective process to inactivate pathogens in drinking water treatment. However, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) will inevitably form and may cause severe health concerns. Previous research has mainly focused on DBPs formation during the disinfection in water treatment plants. But few studies paid attention to the formation and transformation of DBPs in the water distribution system (WDS). The complex environment in WDS will affect the reaction between residual chlorine and organic matter to form new DBPs. This paper provides an overall review of DBPs formation and transformation in the WDS. Firstly, the occurrence of DBPs in the WDS around the world was cataloged. Secondly, the primary factors affecting the formation of DBPs in WDS have also been summarized, including secondary chlorination, pipe materials, biofilm, deposits and coexisting anions. Secondary chlorination and biofilm increased the concentration of regular DBPs (e.g., trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) in the WDS, while Br- and I- increased the formation of brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs) and iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs), respectively. The mechanism of DBPs formation and transformation in the WDS was systematically described. Aromatic DBPs could be directly or indirectly converted to aliphatic DBPs, including ring opening, side chain breaking, chlorination, etc. Finally, the toxicity of drinking water in the WDS caused by DBPs transformation was examined. This review is conducive to improving the knowledge gap about DBPs formation and transformation in WDS to better solve water supply security problems in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiani Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jinzhe Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chuyun Fu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guilin He
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Qiufeng Lin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu S, Deng S, Xia F, Han X, Ju T, Xiao H, Xu X, Yang Y, Jiang Y, Xi B. A novel thermosensitive persulfate controlled-release hydrogel based on agarose/silica composite for sustained nitrobenzene degradation from groundwater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130619. [PMID: 37056022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The increasing risk of organic contamination of groundwater poses a serious threat to the environment and human health, causing an urgent need to develop long-lasting and adaptable remediation materials. Controlled-release materials (CRMs) are capable of encapsulating oxidants to achieve long-lasting release properties in aquifers and considered to be effective strategies in groundwater remediation. In this study, novel hydrogels (ASGs) with thermosensitive properties were prepared based on agarose and silica to achieve controlled persulfate (PS) release. By adjusting the composition ratio, the gelation time and internal pore structure of the hydrogels were regulated for groundwater application, which in turn affected the PS encapsulated amount and release properties. The hydrogels exhibited significant temperature responsiveness, with 6.8 times faster gelation rates and 2.8 times longer controlled release ability at 10 ℃ than at 30 ℃. The ASGs were further combined with zero-valent iron to achieve long-lasting degradation of the typical nitrobenzene compound 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and the degradation performance was maintained at 50 % within 14 PV, which was significantly improved compared with that of the PS/ZVI system. This study provided new concepts for the design of controlled-release materials and theoretical support for the remediation of organic contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Sheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tianyu Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiangjian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yonghai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yan J, Chen C, Sun H, Su X, Zhang S. Mechanism of nitrogen-doped biochar activated peroxymonosulfate for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:37475-37486. [PMID: 36574126 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biochar activated peroxymonosulfate has been widely used to degrade organic pollutants. However, the chemical inertness of the sp2 hybrid conjugated carbon framework and the limited number of active sites on the pristine biochar resulted in the low catalytic activity of the system, restricting its further application. In this study, nitrogen-doped biochar was prepared following a simple one-step synthesis method taking advantage of the similar atomic radius and significant difference in electronegativity of N and C atoms to explore the properties and mechanisms of biochar-mediated peroxymonosulfate activation to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol. Results from degradation experiments revealed that the catalytic efficiency of the prepared nitrogen-doped biochar was approximately 37.8 times higher than that of the undoped biochar. Quenching experiments combined with Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis illustrated that the generated singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide anion radical (O2•-) were the main reactive oxidative species that dominated the target organics removal processes. This work will provide a theoretical basis for expanding the practical application of nitrogen-doped biochar to remediate water pollution via peroxymonosulfate activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jincan Yan
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosi Su
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, No. 2519, Jiefang Road, Changchun, 130026, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Zhang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, No. 2519, Jiefang Road, Changchun, 130026, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ren Z, Qiu Y, Huan M, Liu YD, Zhong R. Identification of chlorinated products from tyrosine and tyrosyl dipeptides during chlorination: a computational study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2345-2356. [PMID: 36281824 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00321j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated amino acids and peptides, as the model modified protein structures relevant to pathogen inactivation and an emerging class of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with potential health risks to humans, have attracted much attention. However, due to a large variety of peptides (over 600) identified in source water and most of them featuring multiple reaction sites, it is a huge challenge to identify all the chlorinated amino acids and peptides. As a good complement to the experiment, quantum chemical computation can be used to uncover the chlorination sites and chlorinated products. In this study, frequently detected tyrosine (Tyr) and tyrosine-amide (Tyr-Am) as well as N-acetyl-tyrosine (NacTyr) were chosen as the model amino acid and model dipeptides, respectively. The results indicate that the kinetic reactivity order of reactive sites with estimated apparent rate constants (kobs-est, in M-1 s-1) is amino N (107-8) ≫ mono-chlorinated amino N (101-3) >/≈ phenol ortho-C (100-3) ≫ meta-C (10-3), and phenol ortho-C5 (102-3) > ortho-C3 (100-2) for dipeptides, while in thermodynamics, phenol C sites are more favorable than amino N sites. Moreover, due to the smaller differences of kobs-est values between the mono-chlorinated amino N and the phenol ortho-C sites in tyrosyl dipeptides compared to free Tyr, more kinds of C-chloro-tyrosyl dipeptides are likely to be generated. Additionally, a structure-kinetic reactivity relationship study reveals good correlations between lg kobs-est and NPA charges and BDEs of protons released from amino/hydroxyl groups in tyrosyl compounds rather than FED2 (HOMO). The results are helpful to further understand the reactivity of various reaction sites in peptides and identify chlorinated products from tyrosyl peptides during chlorination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zizhang Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Yue Qiu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Mengxue Huan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lin J, Zhang K, Jiang L, Hou J, Yu X, Feng M, Ye C. Removal of chloramphenicol antibiotics in natural and engineered water systems: Review of reaction mechanisms and product toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:158059. [PMID: 35985581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol antibiotics are widely applied in human and veterinary medicine. They experience natural attenuation and/or chemical degradation during oxidative water treatment. However, the environmental risks posed by the transformation products of such organic contaminants remain largely unknown from the literature. As such, this review aims to summarize and analyze the elimination efficiency, reaction mechanisms, and resulting product risks of three typical chloramphenicol antibiotics (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and florfenicol) from these transformation processes. The obtained results suggest that limited attenuation of these micropollutants is observed during hydrolysis, biodegradation, and photolysis. Comparatively, prominent abatement of these compounds is accomplished using advanced oxidation processes; however, efficient mineralization is still difficult given the formation of recalcitrant products. The in silico prediction on the multi-endpoint toxicity and biodegradability of different products is systematically performed. Most of the transformation products are estimated with acute and chronic aquatic toxicity, genotoxicity, and developmental toxicity. Furthermore, the overall reaction mechanisms of these contaminants induced by multiple oxidizing species are revealed. Overall, this review unveils the non-overlooked and serious secondary risks and biodegradability recalcitrance of the degradation products of chloramphenicol antibiotics using a combined experimental and theoretical method. Strategic improvements of current treatment technologies are strongly recommended for complete water decontamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kaiting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Linke Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jifei Hou
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Chengsong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Formation of halonitromethanes from methylamine in the presence of bromide during UV/Cl 2 disinfection. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:28-36. [PMID: 35725080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The UV/Cl2 process is commonly used to achieve a multiple-barrier disinfection and maintain residuals. The study chose methylamine as a precursor to study the formation of high-toxic halonitromethanes (HNMs) in the presence of bromide ions (Br-) during UV/Cl2 disinfection. The maximum yield of HNMs increased first and then decreased with increasing concentration of Br-. An excessively high concentration of Br- induced the maximum yield of HNMs in advance. The maximum bromine incorporation factor (BIF) increased, while the maximum bromine utilization factor (BUF) decreased with the increase of Br- concentration. The maximum yield of HNMs decreased as pH value increased from 6.0 to 8.0 due to the deprotonation process. The BUF value remained relatively higher under an acidic condition, while pH value had no evident influence on the BIF value. The maximum yield of HNMs and value of BUF maximized at a Cl2:Br- ratio of 12.5, whereas the BIF value remained relatively higher at low Cl2:Br- ratios (2.5 and 5). The amino group in methylamine was first halogenated, and then released into solution as inorganic nitrogen by the rupture of C-N bond or transformed to nitro group by oxidation and elimination pathways. The maximum yield of HNMs in real waters was higher than that in pure water due to the high content of dissolved organic carbon. Two real waters were sampled to verify the law of HNMs formation. This study helps to understand the HNMs formation (especially brominated species) when the UV/Cl2 process is adopted as a disinfection technique.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Y, Armutlulu A, Lin H, Wu M, Zhang W, Xie R, Lai B. Novel sodalite stabilized zero-valent iron for super stable and outstanding efficiency in activating persulfate for organic pollutants fast removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153893. [PMID: 35182635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, novel porous sodalite (SOD) was synthesized through Reactive Oxidation Species (ROS) route from industrial waste lithium silicon fume (LSF) to stabilize nZVI (SOD@nZVI), and used as an outstanding persulfate (PS) activator for efficient organic degradation. Characterization results revealed nZVI evenly distributed on SOD via ion-exchange, and the fabricated SOD@nZVI exhibited high stability and superior reactivity over a wide pH range of 2-12 during oxidation reaction. The mechanism responsible for fast organic degradation in the SOD@nZVI+PS system was carefully investigated, and weak magnetic field (WMF) and friction were found to contribute to improved SOD@nZVI performance. The fast redox cycle of Fe2+/Fe3+ on SOD@nZVI can be stimulated by changing the mixing condition and altering the friction layer to harvest mechanical energy during the reaction, which can maximum persulfate activation to generate more reactive radicals for organic fast degradation. This study is of great significance, as it offers a practical route turning waste into excellent PS activator for in-situ organic pollution remediation, as well as proposing a new idea to maximum PS activation performance by manipulating the inner lining of reactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinxu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Andac Armutlulu
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 27, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hui Lin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, PR China
| | - Maolin Wu
- Public Engineering Department of PetroChina Sichuan Petrochemical Co., Ltd, Chengdu 611930, PR China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Ruzhen Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Bo Lai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu S, Yang Y, Deng S, Cao H, Liu Y, Yang T, Wu D, Wang C, Ma Z. A novel preparation process of straw-based iron material for enhanced persulfate activation of reactive black 5 degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:34174-34185. [PMID: 35034317 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new straw-iron composite material (ST@Fe) was synthesized through impregnation and freeze-drying process for persulfate (PS) activation to degrade reactive black 5 (RB5). Scanning electron microscope, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that straw owns huge pore structure and varieties of organic functional groups, including hydroxyl carboxyl groups, which could effectively adsorb and complex iron ions. The interaction between the active iron particles in ST@Fe and straw generated Fe2+ for PS activation, effectively degrading over 94.80% of RB5 at an initial concentration of 20 ppm in 100 min with a specific degradation capacity of 18.97 min-1 per unit of iron ions. ST@Fe/PS system demonstrated high tolerance in a wide initial pH range, which could gradually attack the RB5 molecular structure and significantly reduce the mineralization of water. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance demonstrated the efficient generation of ROS including sulfate radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen, and confirmed the dominance of sulfate radicals in the degradation process. The continuous degradation capacity and reusability of ST@Fe were also evaluated, which proved that the contaminant could be effectively degraded even after multiple cycles in the simulated textile wastewater, indicating its potential for use in practical remediation. This work provided a new method for the preparation of modified functional materials for the degradation of organic pollutants in textile wastewater and posed a novel strategy for the utilization of waste biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization Ministry of Education School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Sheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Huali Cao
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization Ministry of Education School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yunyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization Ministry of Education School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Tianxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Daishe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization Ministry of Education School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chuqiao Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zhifei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization Ministry of Education School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang X, Ao X, Zhang T, Li Z, Cai R, Chen Z, Wang Y, Sun W. Ultraviolet-Light-emitting-diode activated monochloramine for the degradation of carbamazepine: Kinetics, mechanisms, by-product formation, and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151372. [PMID: 34728210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monochloramine (NH2Cl) oxidant combined with a Ultraviolet (UV)-Light-emitting-diode (LED) light source forms a new advanced oxidation process (AOP), which can achieve high-efficiency degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ). The degradation of CBZ displayed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics (R2 > 0.98, kCBZ = 0.0043 cm2 mJ-1 at pH 7). The degradation of CBZ was dependent on UV-LED wavelength, with maximum degradation efficiency observed at 265 nm since it was the lowest wavelength studied among UV-LEDs. Variation in pH across the range, which might be expected under normal environmental conditions (pH 6-8), and the presence of Cl- had no significant effect on the degradation efficiency of CBZ, while the presence of HCO3- and natural organic matter (NOM) inhibited degradation. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments detected OH in the system. Probe compounds were used to distinguish the contribution of reactive chlorine species (RCS). It was proved that OH and Cl played major roles and OH was responsible for around 50% of the observed degradation of CBZ. Eight transformative products (TPs) in the degradation process of CBZ were identified, with a generally decreasing toxicity. The concentration of disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during CBZ degradation was all within limits of WHO and China standard for drinking water. Although the concentration of nitrogen-containing DBPs (N-DBPs) was the lowest, N-DBPs were the main contributors to toxicity, and these would require more attention in practical applications. UV-LED/NH2Cl AOP was identified as an effective way to degrade pharmaceutically active compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Xiuwei Ao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianyang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zifu Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ran Cai
- Beijing Capital Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China
| | - Zhongyun Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yonglei Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gao YQ, Zhou JQ, Rao YY, Ning H, Zhang J, Shi J, Gao NY. Comparative study of degradation of ketoprofen and paracetamol by ultrasonic irradiation: Mechanism, toxicity and DBP formation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 82:105906. [PMID: 34979456 PMCID: PMC8799747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study comparatively investigated the ultrasonic degradation of ketoprofen (KET) and paracetamol (PCT) in water. Ultrasonic irradiation at 555 kHz achieved rapid degradation of KET and PCT in water, the removal efficiencies of KET (2.5-80 μM) and PCT (2.5-80 μM) reached 87.7%-100% and 50.6%-86.9%, respectively, after 10 min of reaction under an ultrasonic power of 60 W. The degradation behaviors of both KET and PCT followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. KET was eliminated faster than PCT because of its higher hydrophobicity. Acidic media favored ultrasonic degradation of KET and PCT. Organic compounds in water matrices exerted a great negative effect on the ultrasonic degradation rates of KET and PCT major by competing with target compounds with the generated radicals at the bubble/water interfacial region. The effects of anions were species dependent. The introduction of ClO4- and Cl- enhanced KET and PCT degradation to different extents, while the introduction of HCO3- posed a negative effect on both KET and PCT. KET and PCT degradation are accompanied by the generation of several transform intermediates, as identified via LC/MS/MS analysis, and corresponding reaction pathways have been proposed. A human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) toxicity evaluation indicated that ultrasonic treatment was capable of controlling the toxicity of KET or PCT degradation. Of note, the enhanced formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), i.e., trichloromethane (TCM) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM), was found due to chlorination after ultrasonic treatment for both KET and PCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiong Gao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Jin-Qiang Zhou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yan-Yan Rao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Han Ning
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dong H, Zhang H, Wang Y, Qiang Z, Yang M. Disinfection by-product (DBP) research in China: Are we on the track? J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 110:99-110. [PMID: 34593199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during water disinfection has drawn significant public concern due to its toxicity. Since the first discovery of the trihalomethanes in 1974, continued effort has been devoted on DBPs worldwide to investigate the formation mechanism, levels, toxicity and control measures in drinking water. This review summarizes the main achievements on DBP research in China, which included: (1) the investigation of known DBP occurrence in drinking water of China; (2) the enhanced removal of DBP precursor by water treatment process; (3) the disinfection optimization to minimize DBP formation; and (4) the identification of unknown DBPs in drinking water. Although the research of DBPs in China cover the whole formation process of DBPs, there is still a challenge in effectively controlling the drinking water quality risk induced by DBPs, an integrated research framework including chemistry, toxicology, engineering, and epidemiology is especially crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sheng D, Zhu S, Zhang W, Bu L, Wu Y, Wang J, Zhou S. Degradation of carbamazepine and disinfection byproducts formation in water distribution system in the presence of copper corrosion products. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131066. [PMID: 34470152 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper ion (Cu2+), a common corrosion product released from copper pipes, is widely present in water distribution system (WDS). Cu2+ was confirmed to be capable to catalyze the decay of monochloramine (NH2Cl), which is a commonly used disinfectant and need to maintain a minimum concentration in WDS. Cu2+ and NH2Cl form a system in WDS and their interaction with other substances in WDS is unclear. In this study, the performance of Cu2+/NH2Cl system on degradation of trace pollutants, taking carbamazepine (CBZ) as an example, in WDS was investigated, and significant promotion on CBZ degradation was observed. The acceleration was due to the generation of Cl, OH and other oxidants, which were identified by scavenge experiments. CBZ degradation in Cu2+/NH2Cl system was highly pH-dependent, because the catalytic effect of Cu2+ can only work at low pH (Cu2+ precipitating at pH > 6.0). The removal of CBZ increased with the concentration of Cu2+ increasing. Water matrix (NOM, HCO3- and Br-) can inhibit the removal of CBZ in Cu2+/NH2Cl system. Further, five disinfection byproducts (DBPs), namely, trichloromethane (TCM), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), dichloroacetone (DCP), trichloronitromethane (TCNM) and trichloroacetone (TCP), were detected in chloramination in the presence/absence of Cu2+. Compared with chloramination without Cu2+, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of formed DBPs increased significantly in the presence of Cu2+, indicating that the chemical safety in WDS deserves more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Village Drinking Water Quality Safety Engineering Technology Research Center, Yiyang, 413000, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Y, Lu Z, Zhang Z, Shi B, Hu C, Lyu L, Zuo P, Metz J, Wang H. Heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction followed by GAC filtration improved removal efficiency of NOM and DBPs without adjusting pH. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
20
|
Zhang D, Bond T, Li M, Dong S, Pan Y, Du E, Xiao R, Chu W. Ozonation Treatment Increases Chlorophenylacetonitrile Formation in Downstream Chlorination or Chloramination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3747-3755. [PMID: 33595294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenylacetonitriles (CPANs) are an emerging group of aromatic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, their dominant precursors and formation pathways remain unclear, which hinders the further development of effective control strategies. For the first time, CPAN precursors were screened by conducting formation potential (FP) tests on real water samples from six drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The average overall removal of CPAN precursors across all six DWTPs was only 10%. Moreover, ozonation increased CPAN precursors by 140% on average. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed a dramatic reduction in aromatic proteins, tyrosine-like proteins, and tryptophan-like proteins following ozonation. Low-apparent-molecular-weight (AMW) (<1 kDa) substances were correlated with the CPAN FP in these samples. We therefore hypothesized that protein fragments with low AMW, such as amino acids, are important CPAN precursors during downstream chlor(am)ination. Two aromatic free amino acids, tyrosine and tryptophan, were selected to investigate the formation of CPANs during chlor(am)ination. Both amino acids were found to act as CPAN precursors for the first time. CPAN formation pathways from these model precursors were proposed based on the frontier molecular orbital theory and intermediate products identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry. This study provides a powerful theoretical foundation for controlling CPAN formation in drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Mingli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shengkun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erdeng Du
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gao YQ, Zhou JQ, Zhang J, Li C, Gao NY, Yin DQ. Factors affecting UV/persulfate treatment of phenacetin and its disinfection byproduct formation potential. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
22
|
Zhang D, Wang F, Duan Y, Chen S, Zhang A, Chu W. Removal of trihalomethanes and haloacetamides from drinking water during tea brewing: Removal mechanism and kinetic analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116148. [PMID: 32698091 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are associated with various adverse health effects. Diversiform advanced treatment processes have been applied for the control of DBPs, but DBPs can still be frequently detected in tap water. Tea-leaves can be made into popular beverage and is itself a porous bio-adsorbent. By simulating tea brewing process, this study evaluated the removal of DBPs from drinking water during the tea brewing process. Removal of four trihalomethanes (THMs) and four haloacetamides (HAMs) by different fermentation degree tea-leaves was investigated. Little DBPs were removed by unfermented and semi-fermented tea-leaves (i.e., Meitan turquoise bud and Dahongpao tea) with less than 5% removal of HAMs, whereas 40% HAMs can be removed by fermented tea (i.e., Jinjunmei tea and Shuixian tea). Tea soup is neutral and slightly acidic, so little DBP hydrolysis was observed under typical tea-leaf brewing process. DBPs were mainly removed by volatilization and adsorption during tea brewing. Removal difference caused by DBP volatilization is very small. The DBP removal difference of four kinds of tea-leaves may be caused by fermentation degree. The surface of unfermented Meitan turquoise bud had a smooth and regular morphology, whereas a rough, irregular, hollow and spongy surface of fermented tea (i.e., Jinjunmei and Shuixian tea) was observed. Generally, the higher the degree of tea fermentation, the more adsorption sites, and the more removal of DBPs. Finally, the model, which takes the DBP initial concentration, tea-leaf dose and brewing time into account, was established under the experimental conditions to predict the variation of DBP concentration during tea brewing, and suggestions for DBP removal were provided to reduce DBP exposure risk. The integrated toxic risk during tea brewing was also investigated, and about 30% integrated cytotoxicity and 26% genotoxicity was reduced during Jinjunmei and Shuixian tea-leaf brewing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Youli Duan
- Shanghai Leeya Ecological Engineering Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201108, PR China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- Shanghai Investigation, Design &Research Institute Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Aihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thiam A, Salazar R, Brillas E, Sirés I. In-situ dosage of Fe 2+ catalyst using natural pyrite for thiamphenicol mineralization by photoelectro-Fenton process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 270:110835. [PMID: 32501237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of the antibiotic thiamphenicol has been studied by photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) process with UVA light using pyrite particles as catalyst source. Pyrite is a sulfide mineral that naturally acidifies the reaction medium and releases Fe2+, thus promoting the effective generation of OH from Fenton's reaction. The assays were made in an IrO2/air-diffusion cell, which yielded similar results to a boron-doped diamond (BDD)/air-diffusion one at a lower cost. In dark conditions, electro-Fenton (EF) process showed an analogous ability for drug removal, but mineralization was much poorer because of the large persistence of highly stable by-products. Their photolysis explained the higher performance of PEF. Conventional homogeneous PEF directly using dissolved Fe2+ exhibited a lower mineralization power. This suggests the occurrence of heterogeneous Fenton's reaction over the pyrite surface. The effect of current density and drug content on pyrite-catalyzed PEF performance was examined. The drug heteroatoms were gradually converted into SO42-, Cl- and NO3- ions. Nine aromatic derivatives and two dichloroaliphatic amines were identified by GC-MS, and five short-chain carboxylic acids were detected by ion-exclusion HPLC. A reaction route for thiamphenicol mineralization by PEF process with continuous H2O2 and Fe2+ supply on site is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Thiam
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la I+D+i, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, P.O. Box 8940577, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Salazar
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica del Medio Ambiente, LEQMA, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACh, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li S, Ao X, Li C, Lu Z, Cao W, Wu F, Liu S, Sun W. Insight into PPCP degradation by UV/NH 2Cl and comparison with UV/NaClO: Kinetics, reaction mechanism, and DBP formation. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 182:115967. [PMID: 32721700 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The UV/NH2Cl process is an emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP) that is greatly effective in degrading pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). However, detailed information regarding the process is lacking. The degradation of ibuprofen (IBP, an electron-withdrawing PPCP) and naproxen (NPX, an electron-donating PPCP) in UV/NH2Cl and UV/NaClO processes was performed to investigate the applicability and security of the UV/NH2Cl process and compare with those of UV/NaClO. UV/NH2Cl was effective in degrading both IBP and NPX and the degradation followed pseudo-first order kinetics (kIBP = 0.0037 cm2/mJ and kNPX = 0.0044 cm2/mJ). This indicated the broad applicability of UV/NH2Cl to different kinds of PPCPs. Ranges of values of UV intensity (0.3-1.0 mW/cm2) and pH (6.0-8.0) showed little effect on the degradation of PPCPs by UV/NH2Cl based on UV Dose but HCO3- (2-8 mM), natural organic matter (NOM, 2-8 mg/L), and the natural water matrixes were inhibitory. Increasing the dosage of NH2Cl from 0.15 mM to 0.75 mM, resulted in an even increase of kIBP; however, kNPX increased slowly after 0.3 mM NH2Cl. Mechanism experiments involving nitrobenzene showed that •OH was the major radical involved in degrading IBP and NPX via UV/NH2Cl. The electron spin resonance spectroscopy and kinetic modeling results also indicated the larger amount of •OH and weaker reactive chlorine species (mainly ClO• and ClO2•) in UV/NH2Cl compared with UV/NaClO. Compared to UV/NaClO in synthetic and natural water, UV/NH2Cl was a more stable degrader with little pH- and substrate-dependence, while UV/NaClO preferred degrading the electron-donating PPCP and at low pH. The UV/NH2Cl produced less halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) (even nitrogenous DBPs) and was less cytotoxic theoretically than UV/NaClO based on the DBPs included in this study. Thus UV/NH2Cl process may be an effective AOP for water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiuwei Ao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zedong Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenfeng Cao
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang G, Shi W, Ma D, Gao B. Impacts of permanganate/bisulfite pre-oxidation on DBP formation during the post chlorine disinfection of ciprofloxacin-contaminated waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:138755. [PMID: 32402911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bisulfite-activated permanganate (PM/BS) oxidation process can oxidize ciprofloxacin in complex water matrices rapidly. However, effects of PM/BS pre-oxidation on the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during post-chlorination of ciprofloxacin-contaminated waters need to be addressed. This study investigated the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones and trichloronitromethane during chlorination of ciprofloxacin-contaminated humic acid (HA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and alginate solutions, and revealed the effects of PM/BS pre-oxidation on ciprofloxacin degradation and DBP formation during post-chlorination, considering the presence of Br-. Only THMs and HANs were quantifiable. THMs were the most abundant. Ciprofloxacin-contaminated HA exhibited the highest formation potential of DBPs and integrated toxic risk value (ITRV). In the absence of Br-, PM/BS pre-oxidation reduced or hardly affected the toxicity risks derived from DBPs formed from the post-chlorination. However, the presence of Br- greatly reduced the degradation of ciprofloxacin (30-50%) in various waters. In the ciprofloxacin-contaminated waters containing Br-, the total ITRVs of DBPs formed from post-chlorination increased by 60%-800% with PM/BS pre-oxidation, attributing to the enhanced formation of DBPs especially bromochloroacetonitrile and dibromoacetonitrile. Overall, PM/BS is a potential pre-oxidation technology for the treatment of ciprofloxacin-contaminated waters without bromide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiao Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Weiye Shi
- No.1 Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250014, China
| | - Defang Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhou S, Li L, Wu Y, Zhu S, Zhu N, Bu L, Dionysiou DD. UV 365 induced elimination of contaminants of emerging concern in the presence of residual nitrite: Roles of reactive nitrogen species. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 178:115829. [PMID: 32375111 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of nitrite (NO2-) is inevitable with concentrations of several mg L-1 in some typical water bodies. In this study, UV at wavelength of 365 nm was investigated to degrade contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the presence of NO2- at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1-5.0 mg L-1). Six selected CECs with different structures were efficiently removed because of the generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and hydroxyl radical (HO•) from photolysis of NO2-. Contributions of UV365 photolysis, RNS, and HO• to CEC degradation in UV365/NO2- system were calculated, and RNS were found to be the predominant species that are responsible for CEC degradation. The second major contributor is HO• for the degradation of selected CECs except for the case of sulfadiazine. Impacts of water matrix components (including dissolved oxygen, solution pH, and natural organic matter) on CEC degradation in UV365/NO2- system were evaluated. Furthermore, evolution profiles of CECs and NO2- in UV365/NO2- system were tracked when actual water samples were used as background, and a simultaneous removal of CECs and NO2- was observed. Transformation products of bisphenol A and carbamazepine were proposed according to the results of HPLC/MS and quantum chemistry calculations. Nitration induced by RNS and hydroxylation induced by HO• are main reactions occurred during CEC degradation in UV365/NO2- system. Overall, UV365 is a potential technology to remove CECs and NO2- in aquatic environment when residual NO2- is present. Our present study also provides possibility for the application of sunlight to remediate water co-polluted by CECs and NO2-.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Ningyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu Z, Lin YL, Chu WH, Xu B, Zhang TY, Hu CY, Cao TC, Gao NY, Dong CD. Comparison of different disinfection processes for controlling disinfection by-product formation in rainwater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121618. [PMID: 31791866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With increasing shortage of clean water, rainwater has been considered as a precious alternative drinking water source. The processes applied to rainwater treatment are responsible for the safety of drinking water. Therefore, we systematically compared different disinfection processes to evaluate the control of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation and integrated cyto- and genotoxicity of the treated rainwater for the first time. The evaluated disinfection processes included chlorination and chloramination, pre-oxidation by potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and potassium ferrate (K2FeO4), ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2), and ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) processes. The results revealed that chloramination was effective for controlling the formation of carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs), but not nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs). Compared to KMnO4 pre-oxidation, better reduction of almost all DBPs was observed during K2FeO4 pre-oxidation. According to the calculation of cytotoxicity index (CTI) and genotoxicity index (GTI), cyto- and genotoxicity of the samples decreased obviously at the dosage of ≥ 2.0 mg/L KMnO4 and K2FeO4. The control of the cyto- and genotoxicity of the formed DBPs from the two UV-related AOPs was more effective at the dosage of ≥ 1.0 mM PS and ≥ 5.0 mM H2O2. Moreover, UV/PS was much more powerful to alter the structure of DBP precursors in rainwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Hai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Tong-Cheng Cao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ni XY, Liu H, Wang C, Wang WL, Xu ZB, Chen Z, Wu YH, Hu HY. Comparison of carbonized and graphitized carbon fiber electrodes under flow-through electrode system (FES) for high-efficiency bacterial inactivation. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115150. [PMID: 31606556 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection performance of a flow-through electrode system (FES) was systematically evaluated using different carbonized (C1, C2, and C3) and corresponding graphitized (G1, G2, and G3) carbon fiber felt (CFF) electrodes. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties were characterized to identify the differences among CFFs. Graphitized CFFs (gCFFs) can achieve complete inactivation of Escherichia coli (>6 log) at the voltage of 3 V and flux of 120-3600 L/(m2 h) for high conductivity and chemical stability, while carbonized CFFs (cCFFs) only achieved around 1 log removal with obvious carbon corrosion. For the gCFFs, G1 (>6 log removal) with higher conductivity, better graphite structure, and larger surface area (related to fiber diameter and density) presented better disinfection performance at the flow rate of 30 mL/min than G2 (∼3 log) and G3(∼1 log). Furthermore, no regrowth and reactivation of bacteria occurred during the storage under visible light illumination after FES treatment. Three parallel FESs with G1 were operated continuously for one week (24 h per day, 7 days) treating the solution with an E. coli concentration ranging from 106 to 107 CFU/mL at the applied voltage of 3 V and the flow rate of 20 mL/min. No live bacteria were detected in the effluent of any of these three FESs. In-situ sampling experiments demonstrated that the inactivation of bacteria on anode was the dominant mechanism for FES treatment, which can be attributed to the sequential adsorption, direct-oxidation and desorption process on anode, instead of indirect oxidation by generating chemical oxidants. In addition, hydroxide ion generated from cathode reaction enhanced anode adsorption and inactivation of bacteria by providing alkaline environment. Combining the analysis results of material properties and disinfection performance, the gCFF-based FES was suggested to be a low-cost, high-efficiency, and safe alternative for future water disinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ye Ni
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Hai Liu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, And Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Zi-Bin Xu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yin-Hu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bu L, Sun J, Wu Y, Zhang W, Duan X, Zhou S, Dionysiou DD, Crittenden JC. Non-negligible risk of chloropicrin formation during chlorination with the UV/persulfate pretreatment process in the presence of low concentrations of nitrite. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115194. [PMID: 31655436 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The UV/persulfate (PS) process is a promising water treatment technology, and it can not only effectively degrade contaminants of emerging concern, but also control formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, we investigated the potential and mechanisms of chloropicrin (i.e. trichloronitromethane, TCNM) formation during chlorination that followed UV/PS pretreatment in the presence of low concentrations of nitrite. We found that when nitrite was present in the UV/PS system, unexpected high concentrations of TCNM were formed. The formation potential of TCNM was impacted by operational conditions and water matrix components: (1) high pH enhanced TCNM formation; (2) high UV fluence inhibited TCNM formation; and (3) organic compounds containing phenolic groups enhanced TCNM formation. We discovered that electrophilic substitutions by reactive nitrogen species were favored for phenolic groups, and thus more nitrite-N was transformed to organic nitrogen. We also found that more TCNM was generated from natural organic matter than algal organic matter during chlorination following pretreatment using UV/PS. Accordingly, more attention needs to be paid to TCNM formation, if nitrite is present and the water is pretreated using UV/PS (when applied at upstream of chlorination). For example, we found that if monochloramine was used as a disinfectant downstream of the UV/PS process, the formation of TCNM was reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Julong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Weiqiu Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, United States
| | - Xiaodi Duan
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - John C Crittenden
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ding S, Wang F, Chu W, Fang C, Pan Y, Lu S, Gao N. Using UV/H 2O 2 pre-oxidation combined with an optimised disinfection scenario to control CX 3R-type disinfection by-product formation. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 167:115096. [PMID: 31577966 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of UV/H2O2 pre-oxidation or disinfection methods on the formation of partial disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been studied previously. This study assessed the effect of UV/H2O2 pre-oxidation combined with optimisation of the disinfection method on the formation of six classes of CX3R-type DBPs, including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetaldehydes (HALs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), and haloacetamides (HAMs). Experimental results showed that a simulated distribution system (SDS) in-situ chloramination or pre-chlorination followed by chloramination effectively decreased total CX3R-type DBP formation by 51.1-63.5% compared to SDS chlorination, but little reduction in DBP-associated toxicity was observed. The dominant contributors to the calculated toxicity were HANs and HALs. UV/H2O2 pre-oxidation was able to destroy the aromatic and dissolved organic nitrogen components of natural organic matter. As a consequence, THM, HAA, and HAL formations increased by 49.5-55.0%, 47.8-61.9%, and 42.0-67.1%, respectively, whereas HAN, HNM, and HAM formations significantly decreased by 52.1-83.6%, 42.9-87.3%, and 74.1-100.0%. UV/H2O2 pre-oxidation increased total CX3R-type DBP formation, during SDS chlorination, whereas SDS in-situ chloramination or pre-chlorination followed by chloramination of UV/H2O2-treated water produced lower total CX3R-type DBPs than water without UV/H2O2 pre-oxidation. Nevertheless, the DBP-associated toxicity of water with UV/H2O2 pre-oxidation was substantially lower than the toxicity for water without UV/H2O2 pre-oxidation, decreased by 24.1-82.7%. HALs followed by HANs contribute to major toxic potencies in UV/H2O2 treated water. The best DBP concentration and DBP-associated toxicity abatement results were achieved for water treated by UV/H2O2 coupled with in-situ chloramination treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Shan Lu
- China Institute of Building Standard Design & Research co., LTD, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang S, Lin T, Chen W, Xu H, Tao H. Degradation kinetics, byproducts formation and estimated toxicity of metronidazole (MNZ) during chlor(am)ination. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:21-31. [PMID: 31254778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The residues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in environmental waters have been widespread concerned. Metronidazole (MNZ), normally employed to treat inflammation and infection, was chosen as one model PPCP. The degradation of MNZ by chlorination could be fitted by pseudo-first-order kinetics as the observed pseudo-first-order rate constants increasing from 0.0302 min-1 to 0.2872 min-1. However, the kinetics during chloramination of MNZ followed pseudo-second-order reaction, whose estimated half-live was approximately 6-8 times longer than chlorination. The chlor(am)ination of MNZ especially formed chloroform (CF), dicholoacetamide (DCAcAm), tricholoacetamide (TCAcAm) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), and their yields were overall lower under chloramination than chlorination. During chlorination, the yield of CF was increased from 0.35 ± 0.02% to 2.06 ± 0.12% with 1-20 chlorine/MNZ molar ratio, whereas the formations of DCAcAm, TCAcAm and DCAN increased firstly and then decreased. Increasing chloramine dosage promoted the concentrations of scheduled disinfection byproducts (DBPs). CF and TCAcAm kept continuous generation in chlor(am)ination versus reaction time. Compared with the chlorination, the chloramination of MNZ was more dependent on pH value due to the self-degradation of chloramine. Faintly acidic condition favored N-DBPs' formation in MNZ when it was subjected to chlor(am)ination. The chloramination of MNZ produced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity by 10-15 folds lower than chlorination, and DCAN formed during chloramination dominated both DBPs' yields and toxicity contribution. Opposite to chlorination, the integrated toxicity of MNZ during chloramination varied linearly versus N-DBPs' yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shisheng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Hui Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang H, Guo W, Liu B, Wu Q, Luo H, Zhao Q, Si Q, Sseguya F, Ren N. Edge-nitrogenated biochar for efficient peroxydisulfate activation: An electron transfer mechanism. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:405-414. [PMID: 31163316 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
N-doped biochars (NBCs) were prepared by pyrolyzing corncob biomass and urea in different proportion which manifested superior catalytic performance of peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation for sulfadiazine (SDZ) degradation. Through both dynamic fitting and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the critical role of edge nitrogenation in biochar (BC) structure was revealed for the first time. The incorporation of edge nitrogen configurations (pyridinic N and pyrrolic N rather than graphitic N) generated reactive sites for the PDS activation. Additionally, a thorough investigation was conducted to explicate the PDS activation mechanism by NBC through chemical quenching experiments, electron spin resonance (ESR) detection, oxidant consumption monitoring and electrochemical analysis. Different from the well-reported singlet oxygen (1O2) dominated nonradical mechanism, an electron transfer pathway involving surface-bound reactive complexes was proved to play a major role in the NBC/PDS system. Benefit from the electron transfer mechanism, the NBC/PDS system not only has wide pH adaptation for real application, but also shows high resistance to the inorganic anions in aquatic environment. We believe this study will deepen the understanding of the carbon-driven persulfate activation mechanism and provide strong technical support for the BC-mediated persulfate activation in practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huazhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wanqian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Banghai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qinglian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Haichao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qishi Si
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Fred Sseguya
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cao Y, Hu S, Gong T, Xian Q, Xu B. Decomposition of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) during chlorination and consequent disinfection byproducts formation. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:365-374. [PMID: 31112889 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) are two newly identified algal toxins, and they may react with chlorine to undergo decomposition and generate disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during pre-chlorination as well as chlorine disinfection. In this study, the decomposition of BMAA and DAB during chlorination and the consequent DBPs formation were investigated. The BMAA and DAB concentrations in source waters were determined, the decomposition kinetics of BMAA and DAB and the formation of DBPs during chlorination were studied, the formation pathways of DBPs from BMAA and DAB were explored, and the factors which may affect the decomposition and DBPs formation were examined. The results revealed that BMAA and DAB were commonly detected in source waters from Taihu Lake, and the highest level of BMAA reached 230.8 ng/L, while the concentrations of DAB were generally around 2.0 ng/L. The decomposition of BMAA and DAB during chlorination both followed pseudo-first-order decay while the decomposition rate constant of DAB was significantly higher than that of BMAA. Trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs) were all generated during the chlorination of BMAA and DAB with relatively high yields. Notably, the THMs, HAAs, and HANs yields of each carbon atom from BMAA and DAB were significantly higher than that from other organic precursors, and the formation of HANs from DAB was significantly higher than that from BMAA. The formation pathways of DBPs from BMAA and DAB were tentatively proposed and verified through theoretical calculations. Of note, the proposed formation pathways of THMs and HAAs from BMAA were similar to that from DAB, while the proposed formation pathways of HANs from BMAA and DAB showed some differences. Chlorine dose, pH and temperature all affected the decomposition of BMAA and DAB and DBPs formation during chlorination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hua Z, Kong X, Hou S, Zou S, Xu X, Huang H, Fang J. DBP alteration from NOM and model compounds after UV/persulfate treatment with post chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 158:237-245. [PMID: 31039453 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The UV/persulfate process is an effective advanced oxidation process (AOP) for the abatement of a variety of micropollutants via producing sulfate radicals (SO4•-). However, when this technology is used to reduce target pollutants, the precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), such as natural organic matter (NOM) and organic nitrogen compounds, can be altered. This study systematically investigated the DBP formation from NOM and five model compounds after UV/H2O2 and UV/persulfate treatments followed with 24 h chlorination. Compared to chlorination alone, the yields of trichloromethane (TCM) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) from NOM decreased by 50% and 54%, respectively, after UV/persulfate treatment followed with chlorination, whereas those of chloral hydrate (CH), 1,1,1-trichloropropanone (1,1,1-TCP) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) increased by 217%, 136%, and 153%, respectively. The effect of UV/H2O2 treatment on DBP formation shared a similar trend to that of UV/persulfate treatment, but the DBP formation was higher from the former. As the UV/persulfate treatment time prolonged or the persulfate dosage increased, the formation of TCM and DCAN continuously decreased, while that of CH, 1,1,1-TCP and TCNM presented an increasing and then decreasing pattern. SO4•- activated benzoic acid (BA) to form phenolic compounds that enhanced the formation of TCM and CH, while it deactivated resorcinol to decrease the formation of TCM. SO4•- reacted with aliphatic amines such as methylamine (MA) and dimethylamine (DMA) to form nitro groups, which significantly increased the formation of TCNM in post chlorination, and the rate was determined to be higher than that of HO•. This study illuminated the diverse impacts of the structures of the precursors on DBP formation after UV/persulfate treatment, and DBP alteration depended on the reactivity between SO4•- and specific precursor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiujuan Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shaodong Hou
- Guangdong Shaoke Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Shaoguan, 512000, China
| | - Shiqian Zou
- Suzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Xibing Xu
- China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation International Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100121, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sun X, Chen M, Wei D, Du Y. Research progress of disinfection and disinfection by-products in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 81:52-67. [PMID: 30975330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an indispensable water treatment process for killing harmful pathogens and protecting human health. However, the disinfection has caused significant public concern due to the formation of toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). Lots of studies on disinfection and DBPs have been performed in the world since 1974. Although related studies in China started in 1980s, a great progress has been achieved during the last three decades. Therefore, this review summarized the main achievements on disinfection and DPBs studies in China, which included: (1) the occurrence of DBPs in water of China, (2) the identification and detection methods of DBPs, (3) the formation mechanisms of DBPs during disinfection process, (4) the toxicological effects and epidemiological surveys of DBPs, (5) the control and management countermeasures of DBPs in water disinfection, and (6) the challenges and chances of DBPs studies in future. It is expected that this review would provide useful information and reference for optimizing disinfection process, reducing DBPs formation and protecting human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dong F, Li C, Crittenden J, Zhang T, Lin Q, He G, Zhang W, Luo J. Sulfadiazine destruction by chlorination in a pilot-scale water distribution system: Kinetics, pathway, and bacterial community structure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 366:88-97. [PMID: 30502576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SDZ) has been frequently detected in surface waters in recent years. We evaluated the kinetics, mechanisms, intermediate products and bacterial community structure that result from the reaction of SDZ with free chlorine (HOCl/OCl-). We examined this in a pilot-scale water distribution system. Neutral pH had the fastest rate of destruction of SDZ. A second-order reaction constant for the destruction of SDZ by chlorine increased with increasing concentration of free chlorine (FC). For different pipe materials, the rate of SDZ degradation decreased as follows: stainless steel (SS) pipe > polyethylene (PE) pipe > ductile iron (DI) pipe. Based on the less complex bacterial diversity and more chlorine-resistant by 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene analysis, SS pipe and PE pipe were more suitable in SDZ degradation in water distribution system (WDS) than DI pipe. In addition, the transformation products from SDZ chlorination were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the products included SO2 extrusion products, haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes. Toxicity tests further confirmed that the toxicity of SDZ chlorination was higher both in low FC (0.7 mg/L) and high FC (1.3 mg/L) in WDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Dong
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Cong Li
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - John Crittenden
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Tuqiao Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qiufeng Lin
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Guilin He
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Weiqiu Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Jinming Luo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang Y, Lu J, Yi P, Zhang Y, Wang Q. Trichloronitromethane formation from amino acids by preozonation-chlorination: The effects of ozone dosage, reaction time, pH, and nitrite. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
38
|
Bu L, Zhou S, Zhu S, Wu Y, Duan X, Shi Z, Dionysiou DD. Insight into carbamazepine degradation by UV/monochloramine: Reaction mechanism, oxidation products, and DBPs formation. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 146:288-297. [PMID: 30292129 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UV/monochloramine (NH2Cl) process has attracted some attention for the elimination of contaminants of emerging concern as a novel advanced oxidation process. However, there is still much uncertainty on the performance and mechanisms of UV/NH2Cl process because of its complexity and generation of various species of radicals, including NH2•, HO•, Cl• and other reactive chlorine species (RCS). The mechanism and influence factors of degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) in the UV/NH2Cl process were investigated, and a synergistic effect was observed. Degradation of CBZ under all investigated conditions followed pseudo-first order kinetics. The corresponding rate constant increased along with the dosage of NH2Cl, and was affected significantly by the presence of bicarbonate and natural organic matter. The process has little pH-dependency, while the specific contribution of RCS and HO• changed with solution pH, and RCS always act as a major contributor to the degradation of CBZ. Eleven byproducts of CBZ were identified and their respective evolution profiles were determined. The participation of UV in chloramination can reduce the formation of nitrogenous DBPs, but promote the formation of carbonaceous DBPs. Furthermore, when influent, sand filtered, and granular activated carbon filtered water was respectively used as background, degradation of CBZ was inhibited to different degree and more disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were generated, compared to deionized water. The electrical energy per order for degradation of CBZ in the UV/NH2Cl process was also calculated to obtain some preliminary cost information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Shumin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaodi Duan
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Zhou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fang Z, Chelme-Ayala P, Shi Q, Xu C, Gamal El-Din M. Degradation of naphthenic acid model compounds in aqueous solution by UV activated persulfate: Influencing factors, kinetics and reaction mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:271-277. [PMID: 30077106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are one of the constituents of concerns in oil sands process water (OSPW) because of their persistence and recalcitrance. Herein, we investigated the degradation of five model NA compounds by UV-activated persulfate (UV/persulfate) process under medium-pressure UV lamp irradiation at pH 8.0. UV/persulfate process showed higher degradation efficiency towards cyclohexanoic acid (CHA) compared to UV/H2O2 process under the same experimental conditions. CHA (0.39 mM) was completely removed within 30 min when 2 mM persulfate was used as oxidant, while more than 60 min were needed for the UV/H2O2 process. The removal of CHA decreased from 100% to 10% when 300 mM tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) was used as the scavenger, indicating that hydroxyl radical (OH) was responsible for the CHA degradation in the UV/persulfate process. Sulfate (SO4-) radicals reacted slowly with CHA in the UV/persulfate process with a second-order rate constant of k = 5.3 × 107 M-1s-1. Relative kinetics studies using binary mixtures of model NA compounds showed similar structure-reactivity to that under UV/H2O2 process. NAs with long carbon chain, cyclic ring, and aromatic ring were more reactive in the UV/persulfate process. The presence of high concentration of chloride ions dramatically inhibited the reaction. The OH radicals in the UV/persulfate process were generated by capturing OH- in solutions, as evidenced by the decrease of the pH value from 8.0 to 2.8 before and after treatment, respectively, in a pure water matrix. Primary intermediate products (oxy-CHA, hydroxyl-CHA, and dihydroxyl-CHA) of UV/persulfate process were confirmed by UPLC-MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Chunming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
On J, Pyo H, Myung SW. Effective and sensitive determination of eleven disinfection byproducts in drinking water by DLLME and GC-MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:208-216. [PMID: 29787904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) parameters for simultaneous analysis through DLLME-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of six iodo-trihalomethanes, four haloacetonitriles, and one halonitromethane, which are residual disinfection products found in drinking water. Eleven disinfection by-product (DBPs) remaining in aqueous samples were extracted and concentrated using a simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly DLLME method, and then analyzed simultaneously by GC-MS. The optimized DLLME parameters were a sample volume of 5 mL, 100 μL of dichloromethane as the extraction solvent, 1 mL of methanol as the dispersion solvent, an extraction time of 60 s, and 1.5 g of sodium chloride for the salting out effect. The enrichment factor values obtained using the established DLLME-GC-MS method were 19.8-141.5, and the limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.22-1.19 μg/L and 0.75-3.98 μg/L, respectively. The calibration curves had correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.9958-0.9992 in the concentration range of 0.5-40 μg/L, and they exhibited good linearity in quantitative analysis. This new method could be useful for analyzing eleven DBPs that remain in drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon On
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14 gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesoo Pyo
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14 gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woon Myung
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, 154-42, Gwannyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16227, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang Q, Shao Y, Gao N, Chu W, Chen J, Lu X, Zhu Y, An N. Impact of preoxidation of UV/persulfate on disinfection byproducts by chlorination of 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 358:450-458. [PMID: 30036772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UV/persulfate (UV/PS) has been as an efficient method to remove many organic contaminants in water. However, little is known about the impact of UV/PS pretrement on the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination of 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-D). This research evaluated that UV/PS preoxidation of 2,4-D greatly decreased the DBPs generation during following chlorination. In the 2,4-D solution without any treatment system (O system), trichloromethane (TCM) as the only detected DBP increased with the increase of chlorine dosage. While the formation of TCM declined with the increase of PS dosage in the PS and UV/PS preoxidation systems and decreased the estimated toxicity accordingly. And it was found the residual PS in system could combine free chlorine to further oxidize 2,4-D. And intermediate products were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectroscopy analysis. In the presence of bromine, the bromodichloromethane augmented first and then slowly decreased while dibromochloromethane and tribromethane increased both in O and UV/PS systems with the increase of [Br-]. Bromine substitution was decreased by preoxidation of UV/PS. UV/PS could decrease the total-DBPs formation when used in the real water matrix contained 100 μg/L 2,4-D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yisheng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; China Academy of Urban Planning & Design, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Juxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China
| | - Xian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Na An
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Yao D, Chu W, Bond T, Ding S, Chen S. Impact of ClO 2 pre-oxidation on the formation of CX 3R-type DBPs from tyrosine-based amino acid precursors during chlorination and chloramination. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:25-34. [PMID: 29289848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ClO2 is frequently used as a pre-oxidant in water treatment plants. However, the effects of ClO2 pre-oxidation on disinfection by-product (DBP) formation, especially the highly toxic nitrogenous DBPs, during subsequent chlor (am)ination have not been studied thoroughly. There is also limited information about DBP formation from combined amino acids (AAs), which are more abundant than free AAs in source waters. Many typical DBPs (including representative N-DBPs) have a similar structure of "CX3R" (X = H, Cl, Br or I). In the study, tyrosine and forms representing its reactivity in combined AAs (tyrosine tert-butyl ester and Boc-tyrosine) were selected as model precursors. The formation of various regulated and unregulated CX3R-type DBPs from ClO2 pre-oxidation and subsequent chlor (am)ination were studied at a wide-range of ClO2 and chlor (am)ine doses (ClO2/precursors and chlor (am)ine/precursors are at the range of 0-2.5 and 1-20 [Mol/Mol], respectively). Chloroform and chloral hydrate (CH) yields increased with chlorine dose, while haloacetonitrile and haloacetamide maximized at median chlorine dose (Cl2/Precursors = 10). All DBP yields increased with chloramine dose. ClO2 pre-oxidation increased chloroform, haloacetonitrile, trichloronitromethane and CH yields during chlorination, but ClO2 increased chloroform, CH, trichloroacetamide while decreased dichloroacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane yields during chloramination. The overall toxicity of the formed DBPs was evaluated by cytotoxicity index (CTI). ClO2 pre-oxidation increased CTI from all precursors during post-chlorination while reduced it during post-chloramination. Results imply that ClO2 is probably more suitable for use in combination with chloramination disinfection, rather than chlorination, in the integrated control of CX3R-type DBPs from source waters abundant in AAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dechang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Central and Southern China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ding S, Chu W, Bond T, Wang Q, Gao N, Xu B, Du E. Formation and estimated toxicity of trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and haloacetamides from the chlor(am)ination of acetaminophen. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 341:112-119. [PMID: 28772250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in natural waters, which act as drinking water sources, raises concerns. Moreover, those compounds incompletely removed by treatment have the chance to form toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during subsequent disinfection. In this study, acetaminophen (Apap), commonly used to treat pain and fever, was selected as a model PPCP. The formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs, namely trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and haloacetamides, during chlor(am)ination of Apap was investigated. Yields of chloroform (CF), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), dicholoacetamide (DCAcAm), and tricholoacetamide (TCAcAm), during chlorination were all higher than from chloramination. The yields of CF continuously increased over 48h during both chlorination and chloramination. During chlorination, as the chlorine/Apap molar ratios increased from 1 to 20, CF yields increased from 0.33±0.02% to 2.52±0.15%, while the yields of DCAN, DCAcAm and TCAcAm all increased then decreased. In contrast, during chloramination, increased chloramine doses enhanced the formation of all DBPs. Acidic conditions favored nitrogenous DBP formation, regardless of chlorination or chloramination, whereas alkaline conditions enhanced CF formation. Two proposed formation mechanisms are presented. The analysed DBPs formed during chlorination were 2 orders of magnitude more genotoxic and cytotoxicity than those from chloramination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang province, 325035, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Erdeng Du
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu province, 213164, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li C, Luo F, Dong F, Zhao J, Zhang T, He G, Cizmas L, Sharma VK. Chlorine decay and trihalomethane formation following ferrate(VI) preoxidation and chlorination of drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:413-420. [PMID: 28863294 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the effect of preoxidation with ferrate(VI) (FeVIO42-, Fe(VI)) prior to chlorination on chlorine decay and formation of disinfection by-products in filtered raw water from a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. The rate of chlorine decay became significantly faster as the concentration of ferrate(VI) increased. Chlorine degradation followed two first-order decay reactions with rate constants k1 and k2 for fast and slow decay, respectively. Kinetic modeling established the relationships between k1 and k2 and varying dosages of chlorine and ferrate(VI). When ferrate(VI) was used as a pre-oxidant, the levels of trihalomethanes (trichloromethane (TCM), dichlorobromomethane (DCBM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and tribromomethane (TBM)) in water samples decreased as the ferrate(VI) concentration increased. The concentrations of these trihalomethanes followed the order TCM > DCBM ≈ DBCM > TBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Feng Luo
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Feilong Dong
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingguo Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tuqiao Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guilin He
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Leslie Cizmas
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dong H, Qiang Z, Hu J, Qu J. Degradation of chloramphenicol by UV/chlorine treatment: Kinetics, mechanism and enhanced formation of halonitromethanes. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 121:178-185. [PMID: 28527979 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine process is considered as an emerging advanced oxidation process for the degradation of micropollutants. This study investigated the degradation of chloramphenicol (CAP) and formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the UV/chlorine treatment. It was found that CAP degradation was enhanced by combined UV/chlorine treatment compared to that of UV and chlorination treatment alone. The pseudo-first-order rate constant of the UV/chlorine process at pH 7.0 reached 0.016 s-1, which was 10.0 and 2.0 folds that observed from UV and chlorination alone, respectively. The enhancement can be attributed to the formation of diverse radicals (HO and reactive chlorine species (RCSs)), and the contribution of RCSs maintained more stable than that of HO at pH 5.5-8.5. Meanwhile, enhanced DBPs formation during the UV/chlorine treatment was observed. Both the simultaneous formation and 24-h halonitromethanes formation potential (HNMsFP) were positively correlated with the UV/chlorine treatment time. Although the simultaneous trichloronitromethane (TCNM) formation decreased with the prolonged UV irradiation, TCNM dominated the formation of HNMs after 24 h (>97.0%). According to structural analysis of transformation by-products, both the accelerated CAP degradation and enhanced HNMs formation steps were proposed. Overall, the formation of diverse radicals during the UV/chlorine treatment accelerated the degradation of CAP, while also enhanced the formation of DBPs simultaneously, indicating the need for DBPs evaluation before the application of combined UV/chlorine process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Du Y, Lv XT, Wu QY, Zhang DY, Zhou YT, Peng L, Hu HY. Formation and control of disinfection byproducts and toxicity during reclaimed water chlorination: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:51-63. [PMID: 28774626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination is essential to the safety of reclaimed water; however, this process leads to concern regarding the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and toxicity. This study reviewed the formation and control strategies for DBPs and toxicity in reclaimed water during chlorination. Both regulated and emerging DBPs have been frequently detected in reclaimed water during chlorination at a higher level than those in drinking water, indicating they pose a greater risk to humans. Luminescent bacteria and Daphnia magna acute toxicity, anti-estrogenic activity and cytotoxicity generally increased after chlorination because of the formation of DBPs. Genotoxicity by umu-test and estrogenic activity were decreased after chlorination because of destruction of toxic chemicals. During chlorination, water quality significantly impacted changes in toxicity. Ammonium tended to attenuate toxicity changes by reacting with chlorine to form chloramine, while bromide tended to aggravate toxicity changes by forming hypobromous acid. During pretreatment by ozonation and coagulation, disinfection byproduct formation potential (DBPFP) and toxicity formation potential (TFP) occasionally increase, which is accompanied by DOC removal; thus, the decrease of DOC was limited to indicate the decrease of DBPFP and TFP. It is more important to eliminate the key fraction of precursors such as hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic neutrals. During chlorination, toxicities can increase with the increasing chlorine dose and contact time. To control the excessive toxicity formation, a relatively low chlorine dose and short contact time were required. Quenching chlorine residual with reductive reagents also effectively abated the formation of toxic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Lv
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Da-Yin Zhang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhou
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lu Peng
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhang Y, Chu W, Yao D, Yin D. Control of aliphatic halogenated DBP precursors with multiple drinking water treatment processes: Formation potential and integrated toxicity. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:322-330. [PMID: 28774623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive control efficiency for the formation potentials (FPs) of a range of regulated and unregulated halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) (including carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs), nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs), and iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs)) with the multiple drinking water treatment processes, including pre-ozonation, conventional treatment (coagulation-sedimentation, pre-sand filtration), ozone-biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) advanced treatment, and post-sand filtration, was investigated. The potential toxic risks of DBPs by combing their FPs and toxicity values were also evaluated. The results showed that the multiple drinking water treatment processes had superior performance in removing organic/inorganic precursors and reducing the formation of a range of halogenated DBPs. Therein, ozonation significantly removed bromide and iodide, and thus reduced the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs. The removal of organic carbon and nitrogen precursors by the conventional treatment processes was substantially improved by O3-BAC advanced treatment, and thus prevented the formation of chlorinated C-DBPs and N-DBPs. However, BAC filtration leads to the increased formation of brominated C-DBPs and N-DBPs due to the increase of bromide/DOC and bromide/DON. After the whole multiple treatment processes, the rank order for integrated toxic risk values caused by these halogenated DBPs was haloacetonitriles (HANs)≫haloacetamides (HAMs)>haloacetic acids (HAAs)>trihalomethanes (THMs)>halonitromethanes (HNMs)≫I-DBPs (I-HAMs and I-THMs). I-DBPs failed to cause high integrated toxic risk because of their very low FPs. The significant higher integrated toxic risk value caused by HANs than other halogenated DBPs cannot be ignored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Dechang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cheng X, Guo H, Zhang Y, Wu X, Liu Y. Non-photochemical production of singlet oxygen via activation of persulfate by carbon nanotubes. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 113:80-88. [PMID: 28199865 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The reaction between persulfate (PS) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) was investigated. It was demonstrated that CNTs could efficiently activate PS for the degradation of 2,4-DCP. Results suggested that the neither hydroxyl radical (OH) nor sulfate radical (SO4-) was produced therein. For the first time, the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) was proved by several methods including electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry (EPR) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry measurements. Moreover, the generation of the superoxide radical as a precursor of the singlet oxygen was also confirmed by using certain scavengers and EPR measurement, in which the presence of molecular oxygen was not required as a precursor of 1O2. The efficient generation of 1O2 using the PS/CNTs system without any light irradiation can be employed for the selective oxidation of aqueous organic compounds under neutral conditions with the mineralization and toxicity evaluated. A kinetic model was developed to theoretically evaluate the adsorption and oxidation of 2,4-DCP on the CNTs. Accordingly, a catalytic mechanism was proposed involving the formation of a dioxirane intermediate between PS and CNTs, and the subsequent decomposition of this intermediate into 1O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hongguang Guo
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yongli Zhang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- College of Historical Culture and Tourism, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chu W, Yao D, Deng Y, Sui M, Gao N. Production of trihalomethanes, haloacetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles during chlorination of microcystin-LR and impacts of pre-oxidation on their formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 327:153-160. [PMID: 28064143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) in drinking water have gained much attention due to their adverse health effects. However, little is known about the impact of pre-oxidation in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the downstream chlorination of MCs. The present study examined the formation of both carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs from chlorination of MC-LR (the most abundant MC species) and evaluated the impact of permanganate (PM), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pre-oxidation on the DBP formation in chlorination. Higher yields of chloroform (CF) (maximum 43.0%) were observed from chlorination of MC-LR than free amino acids which are included in MC-LR structure. Chloral hydrate (CH) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) were also produced from the chlorination of MC-LR, and the latter one was formed probably due to the chlorination of peptide bonds. A high pH favored the production of CF and CH, but inhibited the formation of DCAN. In the presence of bromide, bromo-DBPs could be produced to pose a threat. For example, 0.58μg/L of tribromoacetaldehyde was produced from the chlorination of MC-LR at Br-=200μg/L. PM and ClO2 pre-oxidation could both reduce the DBP formation from MC-LR. In contrast, H2O2 appeared not to significantly control the DBP formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Dechang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Minghao Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|