1
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Viggars MR, Sutherland H, Lanmüller H, Schmoll M, Bijak M, Jarvis JC. Adaptation of the transcriptional response to resistance exercise over 4 weeks of daily training. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22686. [PMID: 36468768 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201418r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present the time course of change in the muscle transcriptome 1 h after the last exercise bout of a daily resistance training program lasting 2, 10, 20, or 30 days. Daily exercise in rat tibialis anterior muscles (5 sets of 10 repetitions over 20 min) induced progressive muscle growth that approached a new stable state after 30 days. The acute transcriptional response changed along with progressive adaptation of the muscle phenotype. For example, expression of type 2B myosin was silenced. Time courses recently synthesized from human exercise studies do not demonstrate so clearly the interplay between the acute exercise response and the longer-term consequences of repeated exercise. We highlight classes of transcripts and transcription factors whose expression increases during the growth phase and declines again as the muscle adapts to a new daily pattern of activity and reduces its rate of growth. Myc appears to play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Viggars
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hazel Sutherland
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hermann Lanmüller
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Schmoll
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Bijak
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan C Jarvis
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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2
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Issler N, Afonso S, Weissman I, Jordan K, Cebrian-Serrano A, Meindl K, Dahlke E, Tziridis K, Yan G, Robles-López JM, Tabernero L, Patel V, Kesselheim A, Klootwijk ED, Stanescu HC, Dumitriu S, Iancu D, Tekman M, Mozere M, Jaureguiberry G, Outtandy P, Russell C, Forst AL, Sterner C, Heinl ES, Othmen H, Tegtmeier I, Reichold M, Schiessl IM, Limm K, Oefner P, Witzgall R, Fu L, Theilig F, Schilling A, Shuster Biton E, Kalfon L, Fedida A, Arnon-Sheleg E, Ben Izhak O, Magen D, Anikster Y, Schulze H, Ziegler C, Lowe M, Davies B, Böckenhauer D, Kleta R, Falik Zaccai TC, Warth R. A Founder Mutation in EHD1 Presents with Tubular Proteinuria and Deafness. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:732-745. [PMID: 35149593 PMCID: PMC8970462 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocytic reabsorption of proteins in the proximal tubule requires a complex machinery and defects can lead to tubular proteinuria. The precise mechanisms of endocytosis and processing of receptors and cargo are incompletely understood. EHD1 belongs to a family of proteins presumably involved in the scission of intracellular vesicles and in ciliogenesis. However, the relevance of EHD1 in human tissues, in particular in the kidney, was unknown. METHODS Genetic techniques were used in patients with tubular proteinuria and deafness to identify the disease-causing gene. Diagnostic and functional studies were performed in patients and disease models to investigate the pathophysiology. RESULTS We identified six individuals (5-33 years) with proteinuria and a high-frequency hearing deficit associated with the homozygous missense variant c.1192C>T (p.R398W) in EHD1. Proteinuria (0.7-2.1 g/d) consisted predominantly of low molecular weight proteins, reflecting impaired renal proximal tubular endocytosis of filtered proteins. Ehd1 knockout and Ehd1R398W/R398W knockin mice also showed a high-frequency hearing deficit and impaired receptor-mediated endocytosis in proximal tubules, and a zebrafish model showed impaired ability to reabsorb low molecular weight dextran. Interestingly, ciliogenesis appeared unaffected in patients and mouse models. In silico structural analysis predicted a destabilizing effect of the R398W variant and possible inference with nucleotide binding leading to impaired EHD1 oligomerization and membrane remodeling ability. CONCLUSIONS A homozygous missense variant of EHD1 causes a previously unrecognized autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sensorineural deafness and tubular proteinuria. Recessive EHD1 variants should be considered in individuals with hearing impairment, especially if tubular proteinuria is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Issler
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Afonso
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Irith Weissman
- Pediatric Nephrology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahraia, Israel
| | - Katrin Jordan
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Meindl
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eileen Dahlke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Konstantin Tziridis
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Guanhua Yan
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - José M. Robles-López
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Tabernero
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Vaksha Patel
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Kesselheim
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enriko D. Klootwijk
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Horia C. Stanescu
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simona Dumitriu
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Iancu
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mehmet Tekman
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Mozere
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Priya Outtandy
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna-Lena Forst
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Helga Othmen
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ines Tegtmeier
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Reichold
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Limm
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Witzgall
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lifei Fu
- Structural Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Achim Schilling
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Limor Kalfon
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahraia, Israel
| | - Ayalla Fedida
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahraia, Israel
| | | | - Ofer Ben Izhak
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniella Magen
- Pediatric Nephrology Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Holger Schulze
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Lowe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Detlef Böckenhauer
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Kleta
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tzipora C. Falik Zaccai
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan, Safed, Israel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahraia, Israel
| | - Richard Warth
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Abstract
In mammalian cardiac myocytes, the plasma membrane includes the surface sarcolemma but also a network of membrane invaginations called transverse (t-) tubules. These structures carry the action potential deep into the cell interior, allowing efficient triggering of Ca2+ release and initiation of contraction. Once thought to serve as rather static enablers of excitation-contraction coupling, recent work has provided a newfound appreciation of the plasticity of the t-tubule network's structure and function. Indeed, t-tubules are now understood to support dynamic regulation of the heartbeat across a range of timescales, during all stages of life, in both health and disease. This review article aims to summarize these concepts, with consideration given to emerging t-tubule regulators and their targeting in future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M Dibb
- Unit of Cardiac Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom;
| | - William E Louch
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo Norway
| | - Andrew W Trafford
- Unit of Cardiac Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom;
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4
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Gómez-Oca R, Cowling BS, Laporte J. Common Pathogenic Mechanisms in Centronuclear and Myotubular Myopathies and Latest Treatment Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11377. [PMID: 34768808 PMCID: PMC8583656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Centronuclear myopathies (CNM) are rare congenital disorders characterized by muscle weakness and structural defects including fiber hypotrophy and organelle mispositioning. The main CNM forms are caused by mutations in: the MTM1 gene encoding the phosphoinositide phosphatase myotubularin (myotubular myopathy), the DNM2 gene encoding the mechanoenzyme dynamin 2, the BIN1 gene encoding the membrane curvature sensing amphiphysin 2, and the RYR1 gene encoding the skeletal muscle calcium release channel/ryanodine receptor. MTM1, BIN1, and DNM2 proteins are involved in membrane remodeling and trafficking, while RyR1 directly regulates excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). Several CNM animal models have been generated or identified, which confirm shared pathological anomalies in T-tubule remodeling, ECC, organelle mispositioning, protein homeostasis, neuromuscular junction, and muscle regeneration. Dynamin 2 plays a crucial role in CNM physiopathology and has been validated as a common therapeutic target for three CNM forms. Indeed, the promising results in preclinical models set up the basis for ongoing clinical trials. Another two clinical trials to treat myotubular myopathy by MTM1 gene therapy or tamoxifen repurposing are also ongoing. Here, we review the contribution of the different CNM models to understanding physiopathology and therapy development with a focus on the commonly dysregulated pathways and current therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gómez-Oca
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France;
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France
- Strasbourg University, 67081 Strasbourg, France
- Dynacure, 67400 Illkirch, France;
| | | | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France;
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France
- Strasbourg University, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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5
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Proteomic Analysis of Exosomes during Cardiogenic Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102622. [PMID: 34685602 PMCID: PMC8533815 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to direct the specification of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to therapeutically important somatic cell types have focused on identifying proper combinations of soluble cues. Yet, whether exosomes, which mediate intercellular communication, play a role in the differentiation remains unexplored. We took a first step toward addressing this question by subjecting hPSCs to stage-wise specification toward cardiomyocytes (CMs) in scalable stirred-suspension cultures and collecting exosomes. Samples underwent liquid chromatography (LC)/mass spectrometry (MS) and subsequent proteomic analysis revealed over 300 unique proteins from four differentiation stages including proteins such as PPP2CA, AFM, MYH9, MYH10, TRA2B, CTNNA1, EHD1, ACTC1, LDHB, and GPC4, which are linked to cardiogenic commitment. There was a significant correlation of the protein composition of exosomes with the hPSC line and stage of commitment. Differentiating hPSCs treated with exosomes from hPSC-derived CMs displayed improved efficiency of CM formation compared to cells without exogenously added vesicles. Collectively, these results demonstrate that exosomes from hPSCs induced along the CM lineage contain proteins linked to the specification process with modulating effects and open avenues for enhancing the biomanufacturing of stem cell products for cardiac diseases.
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6
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Mahapatra A, Uysalel C, Rangamani P. The Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Tubule Formation in Biological Membranes. J Membr Biol 2021; 254:273-291. [PMID: 33462667 PMCID: PMC8184589 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane tubulation is a ubiquitous process that occurs both at the plasma membrane and on the membranes of intracellular organelles. These tubulation events are known to be mediated by forces applied on the membrane either due to motor proteins, by polymerization of the cytoskeleton, or due to the interactions between membrane proteins binding onto the membrane. The numerous experimental observations of tube formation have been amply supported by mathematical modeling of the associated membrane mechanics and have provided insights into the force-displacement relationships of membrane tubes. Recent advances in quantitative biophysical measurements of membrane-protein interactions and tubule formation have necessitated the need for advances in modeling that will account for the interplay of multiple aspects of physics that occur simultaneously. Here, we present a comprehensive review of experimental observations of tubule formation and provide context from the framework of continuum modeling. Finally, we explore the scope for future research in this area with an emphasis on iterative modeling and experimental measurements that will enable us to expand our mechanistic understanding of tubulation processes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Mahapatra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Can Uysalel
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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7
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Gu H, Peng Y, Chen Y. An Emerging Therapeutic Approach by Targeting Myoferlin (MYOF) for Malignant Tumors. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1509-1515. [PMID: 32552653 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200618123436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myoferlin (MYOF), as a member of the ferlin family, is a type II transmembrane protein with a single transmembrane domain at the carbon terminus. Studies have shown that MYOF is involved in pivotal physiological functions related to numerous cell membranes, such as extracellular secretion, endocytosis cycle, vesicle trafficking, membrane repair, membrane receptor recycling, and secreted protein efflux. Recently, the studies have also revealed that MYOF is overexpressed in a variety of cancers such as colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, gastric cancer, and non-small-cell lung cancer. High expression of MYOF is associated with the high invasion of tumors and poor clinical prognosis. MYOF medicates the expression, secretion, and distribution of proteins, which were closely related to cancers, as well as the energy utilization of cancer cells, lipid metabolism and other physiological activities by regulating the physiological processes of membrane transport. In this short article, we briefly summarize the latest progress related to MYOF, indicating that small molecule inhibitors targeting the MYOF-C2D domain can selectively inhibit the proliferation and migration of cancer cells, and MYOF may be a promising target for the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yangrui Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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8
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Ammendolia DA, Bement WM, Brumell JH. Plasma membrane integrity: implications for health and disease. BMC Biol 2021; 19:71. [PMID: 33849525 PMCID: PMC8042475 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane integrity is essential for cellular homeostasis. In vivo, cells experience plasma membrane damage from a multitude of stressors in the extra- and intra-cellular environment. To avoid lethal consequences, cells are equipped with repair pathways to restore membrane integrity. Here, we assess plasma membrane damage and repair from a whole-body perspective. We highlight the role of tissue-specific stressors in health and disease and examine membrane repair pathways across diverse cell types. Furthermore, we outline the impact of genetic and environmental factors on plasma membrane integrity and how these contribute to disease pathogenesis in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Ammendolia
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street PGCRL, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - William M Bement
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street PGCRL, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
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9
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Usha Kalyani R, Perinbam K, Jeyanthi P, Al-Dhabi NA, Valan Arasu M, Esmail GA, Kim YO, Kim H, Kim HJ. Fer1L5, a Dysferlin Homologue Present in Vesicles and Involved in C2C12 Myoblast Fusion and Membrane Repair. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110386. [PMID: 33182221 PMCID: PMC7695329 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Fer1L5 is a dysferlin and myoferlin homologue and has been implicated in muscle membrane fusion events; myoblast fusion and membrane repair respectively during C2C12 skeletal muscle development. The role of Fer1L5 was analyzed by immunoblot analysis, biochemical fractionation, confocal microscopy and electroporation method. We demonstrated that Fer1L5 is present in low density vesicles and resistant to non-ionic detergent and shows overlapping properties with dysferlin and myoferlin. The expression of Fer1L5 was highly observed at the fusing myoblasts membranes and its expression level is gradually increase at the early stages multinucleated myotube formation. Fusion defects were observed in the Fer1L5 deficient C2C12 cells. Fer1L5 shows impaired membrane repair. Our data provide evidence that Fer1L5 is involved in aligning the adjacent myotubes close to each other for membrane—membrane fusion to increase the muscle mass for contraction during muscle development. Our data for Fer1L5 will be of great importance in the dysferlinopathy research in near future. Abstract Fer1L5 is a dysferlin and myoferlin related protein, which has been predicted to have a role in vesicle trafficking and muscle membrane fusion events. Mutations in dysferlin and otoferlin genes cause heredity diseases: muscular dystrophy and deafness in humans, respectively. Dysferlin is implicated in membrane repair. Myoferlin has a role in myogenesis. In this study, we investigated the role of the Fer1L5 protein during myoblast fusion and membrane repair. To study the functions of Fer1L5 we used confocal microscopy, biochemical fractionation, Western blot analysis and multiphoton laser wounding assay. By immunolabelling, Fer1L5 was detected in vesicular structures. By biochemical fractionation Fer1L5 was observed in low density vesicles. Our studies show that the membranes of Fer1L5 vesicles are non-resistant to non-ionic detergent. Partial co-staining of Fer1L5 with other two ferlin vesicles, respectively, was observed. Fer1L5 expression was highly detected at the fusion sites of two apposed C2C12 myoblast membranes and its expression level gradually increased at D2 and reached a maximum at day 4 before decreasing during further differentiation. Our studies showed that Fer1L5 has fusion defects during myoblast fusion and impaired membrane repair when the C2C12 cultures were incubated with inhibitory Fer1L5 antibodies. In C2C12 cells Fer1L5 vesicles are involved in two stages, the fusion of myoblasts and the formation of large myotubes. Fer1L5 also plays a role in membrane repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Usha Kalyani
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College for Men (Autonomous), Affiliated to Univerity of Madras, Chennai 600035, India;
| | - K. Perinbam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College for Men (Autonomous), Affiliated to Univerity of Madras, Chennai 600035, India;
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (H.-J.K.); Tel.: +91-9940867295 (K.P.); +82-1037872570 (H.-J.K.); Fax: +44-24310589 (K.P.); +82-1037872570 (H.-J.K.)
| | - P. Jeyanthi
- Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India;
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.-D.); (M.V.A.); (G.A.E.)
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.-D.); (M.V.A.); (G.A.E.)
| | - Galal Ali Esmail
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.-D.); (M.V.A.); (G.A.E.)
| | - Young Ock Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31538, Korea;
| | - Hyungsuk Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Hak-Jae Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31538, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (H.-J.K.); Tel.: +91-9940867295 (K.P.); +82-1037872570 (H.-J.K.); Fax: +44-24310589 (K.P.); +82-1037872570 (H.-J.K.)
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10
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Schürmann B, Bermingham DP, Kopeikina KJ, Myczek K, Yoon S, Horan KE, Kelly CJ, Martin-de-Saavedra MD, Forrest MP, Fawcett-Patel JM, Smith KR, Gao R, Bach A, Burette AC, Rappoport JZ, Weinberg RJ, Martina M, Penzes P. A novel role for the late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD)-associated protein Bin1 in regulating postsynaptic trafficking and glutamatergic signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2000-2016. [PMID: 30967682 PMCID: PMC6785379 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Postsynaptic trafficking plays a key role in regulating synapse structure and function. While spiny excitatory synapses can be stable throughout adult life, their morphology and function is impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about how AD risk genes impact synaptic function. Here we used structured superresolution illumination microscopy (SIM) to study the late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk factor BIN1, and show that this protein is abundant in postsynaptic compartments, including spines. While postsynaptic Bin1 shows colocalization with clathrin, a major endocytic protein, it also colocalizes with the small GTPases Rab11 and Arf6, components of the exocytic pathway. Bin1 participates in protein complexes with Arf6 and GluA1, and manipulations of Bin1 lead to changes in spine morphology, AMPA receptor surface expression and trafficking, and AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. Our data provide new insights into the mesoscale architecture of postsynaptic trafficking compartments and their regulation by a major LOAD risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Schürmann
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel P. Bermingham
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine J. Kopeikina
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristoffer Myczek
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sehyoun Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine E. Horan
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Crystle J. Kelly
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Marc P. Forrest
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Katharine R. Smith
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruoqi Gao
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony Bach
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Joshua Z. Rappoport
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Nikon Imaging Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Marco Martina
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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11
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Hall TE, Martel N, Ariotti N, Xiong Z, Lo HP, Ferguson C, Rae J, Lim YW, Parton RG. In vivo cell biological screening identifies an endocytic capture mechanism for T-tubule formation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3711. [PMID: 32709891 PMCID: PMC7381618 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17486-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle T-tubule is a specialized membrane domain essential for coordinated muscle contraction. However, in the absence of genetically tractable systems the mechanisms involved in T-tubule formation are unknown. Here, we use the optically transparent and genetically tractable zebrafish system to probe T-tubule development in vivo. By combining live imaging of transgenic markers with three-dimensional electron microscopy, we derive a four-dimensional quantitative model for T-tubule formation. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in T-tubule formation in vivo, we develop a quantitative screen for proteins that associate with and modulate early T-tubule formation, including an overexpression screen of the entire zebrafish Rab protein family. We propose an endocytic capture model involving firstly, formation of dynamic endocytic tubules at transient nucleation sites on the sarcolemma, secondly, stabilization by myofibrils/sarcoplasmic reticulum and finally, delivery of membrane from the recycling endosome and Golgi complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Hall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Nick Martel
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas Ariotti
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Zherui Xiong
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Harriet P Lo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Charles Ferguson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - James Rae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ye-Wheen Lim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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12
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Bhattacharyya S, Pucadyil TJ. Cellular functions and intrinsic attributes of the ATP-binding Eps15 homology domain-containing proteins. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1321-1330. [PMID: 32223019 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Several cellular processes rely on a cohort of dedicated proteins that manage tubulation, fission, and fusion of membranes. A notably large number of them belong to the dynamin superfamily of proteins. Among them is the evolutionarily conserved group of ATP-binding Eps15-homology domain-containing proteins (EHDs). In the two decades since their discovery, EHDs have been linked to a range of cellular processes that require remodeling or maintenance of specific membrane shapes such as during endocytic recycling, caveolar biogenesis, ciliogenesis, formation of T-tubules in skeletal muscles, and membrane resealing after rupture. Recent work has shed light on their structure and the unique attributes they possess in linking ATP hydrolysis to membrane remodeling. This review summarizes some of these recent developments and reconciles intrinsic protein functions to their cellular roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Thomas J Pucadyil
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
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13
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EHD1 and RUSC2 Control Basal Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Cell Surface Expression and Recycling. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00434-19. [PMID: 31932478 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00434-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a prototype receptor tyrosine kinase and an oncoprotein in many solid tumors. Cell surface display of EGFR is essential for cellular responses to its ligands. While postactivation endocytic trafficking of EGFR has been well elucidated, little is known about mechanisms of basal/preactivation surface display of EGFR. Here, we identify a novel role of the endocytic regulator EHD1 and a potential EHD1 partner, RUSC2, in cell surface display of EGFR. EHD1 and RUSC2 colocalize with EGFR in vesicular/tubular structures and at the Golgi compartment. Inducible EHD1 knockdown reduced the cell surface EGFR expression with accumulation at the Golgi compartment, a phenotype rescued by exogenous EHD1. RUSC2 knockdown phenocopied the EHD1 depletion effects. EHD1 or RUSC2 depletion impaired the EGF-induced cell proliferation, demonstrating that the novel, EHD1- and RUSC2-dependent transport of unstimulated EGFR from the Golgi compartment to the cell surface that we describe is functionally important, with implications for physiologic and oncogenic roles of EGFR and targeted cancer therapies.
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14
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Abstract
Ferlins are multiple-C2-domain proteins involved in Ca2+-triggered membrane dynamics within the secretory, endocytic and lysosomal pathways. In bony vertebrates there are six ferlin genes encoding, in humans, dysferlin, otoferlin, myoferlin, Fer1L5 and 6 and the long noncoding RNA Fer1L4. Mutations in DYSF (dysferlin) can cause a range of muscle diseases with various clinical manifestations collectively known as dysferlinopathies, including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) and Miyoshi myopathy. A mutation in MYOF (myoferlin) was linked to a muscular dystrophy accompanied by cardiomyopathy. Mutations in OTOF (otoferlin) can be the cause of nonsyndromic deafness DFNB9. Dysregulated expression of any human ferlin may be associated with development of cancer. This review provides a detailed description of functions of the vertebrate ferlins with a focus on muscle ferlins and discusses the mechanisms leading to disease development.
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15
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Zhu W, Zhou B, Zhao C, Ba Z, Xu H, Yan X, Liu W, Zhu B, Wang L, Ren C. Myoferlin, a multifunctional protein in normal cells, has novel and key roles in various cancers. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7180-7189. [PMID: 31475450 PMCID: PMC6815776 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoferlin, a protein of the ferlin family, has seven C2 domains and exhibits activity in some cells, including myoblasts and endothelial cells. Recently, myoferlin was identified as a promising target and biomarker in non-small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer, melanoma, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma and endometrioid carcinoma. This evidence indicated that myoferlin was involved in the proliferation, invasion and migration of tumour cells, the mechanism of which mainly included promoting angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry, energy metabolism reprogramming, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and modulating exosomes. The roles of myoferlin in both normal cells and cancer cells are of great significance to provide novel and efficient methods of tumour treatment. In this review, we summarize recent studies and findings of myoferlin and suggest that myoferlin is a novel potential candidate for clinical diagnosis and targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bolun Zhou
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenxuan Zhao
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengqing Ba
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongjuan Xu
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuejun Yan
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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16
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Abstract
Effective therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires early detection of AD; however, clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not precise and a definitive diagnosis of AD is only possible via postmortem examination for AD pathological hallmarks including senile plaques composed of Aβ and neuro fibrillary tangles composed of phosphorylated tau. Although a variety of biomarker has been developed and used in clinical setting, none of them robustly predicts subsequent clinical course of AD. Thus, it is essential to identify new biomarkers that may facilitate the diagnosis of early stages of AD, prediction of subsequent clinical course, and development of new therapeutic strategies. Given that pathological hallmarks of AD including Aβaccumulation and the presence of phosphorylated tau are also detected in peripheral tissues, AD is considered a systemic disease. Without the protection of blood-brain barrier, systemic factors can affect peripheral tissues much earlier than neurons in brain. Here, we will discuss the development of AD-like pathology in skeletal muscle and the potential use of skeletal muscle biopsy (examination for Aβaccumulation and phosphorylated tau) as a biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - N M Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - Z Afghah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - J D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, USA
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17
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Leal-Gutiérrez JD, Elzo MA, Johnson DD, Hamblen H, Mateescu RG. Genome wide association and gene enrichment analysis reveal membrane anchoring and structural proteins associated with meat quality in beef. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:151. [PMID: 30791866 PMCID: PMC6385435 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meat quality related phenotypes are difficult and expensive to measure and predict but are ideal candidates for genomic selection if genetic markers that account for a worthwhile proportion of the phenotypic variation can be identified. The objectives of this study were: 1) to perform genome wide association analyses for Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF), marbling, cooking loss, tenderness, juiciness, connective tissue and flavor; 2) to determine enriched pathways present in each genome wide association analysis; and 3) to identify potential candidate genes with multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with meat quality. RESULTS The WBSF, marbling and cooking loss traits were measured in longissimus dorsi muscle from 672 steers. Out of these, 495 animals were used to measure tenderness, juiciness, connective tissue and flavor by a sensory panel. All animals were genotyped for 221,077 markers and included in a genome wide association analysis. A total number of 68 genomic regions covering 52 genes were identified using the whole genome association approach; 48% of these genes encode transmembrane proteins or membrane associated molecules. Two enrichment analysis were performed: a tissue restricted gene enrichment applying a correlation analysis between raw associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by trait, and a functional classification analysis performed using the DAVID Bioinformatic Resources 6.8 server. The tissue restricted gene enrichment approach identified eleven pathways including "Endoplasmic reticulum membrane" that influenced multiple traits simultaneously. The DAVID functional classification analysis uncovered eleven clusters related to transmembrane or structural proteins. A gene network was constructed where the number of raw associated uncorrelated SNPs for each gene across all traits was used as a weight. A multiple SNP association analysis was performed for the top five most connected genes in the gene-trait network. The gene network identified the EVC2, ANXA10 and PKHD1 genes as potentially harboring multiple QTLs. Polymorphisms identified in structural proteins can modulate two different processes with direct effect on meat quality: in vivo myocyte cytoskeletal organization and postmortem proteolysis. CONCLUSION The main result from the present analysis is the uncovering of several candidate genes associated with meat quality that have structural function in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio A. Elzo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - D. Dwain Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Heather Hamblen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Raluca G. Mateescu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
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18
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Bonventre JA, Holman C, Manchanda A, Codding SJ, Chau T, Huegel J, Barton C, Tanguay R, Johnson CP. Fer1l6 is essential for the development of vertebrate muscle tissue in zebrafish. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 30:293-301. [PMID: 30516436 PMCID: PMC6589578 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise spatial and temporal expression of genes is essential for proper organismal development. Despite their importance, however, many developmental genes have yet to be identified. We have determined that Fer1l6, a member of the ferlin family of genes, is a novel factor in zebrafish development. We find that Fer1l6 is expressed broadly in the trunk and head of zebrafish larvae and is more restricted to gills and female gonads in adult zebrafish. Using both genetic mutant and morpholino knockdown models, we found that loss of Fer1l6 led to deformation of striated muscle tissues, delayed development of the heart, and high morbidity. Further, expression of genes associated with muscle cell proliferation and differentiation were affected. Fer1l6 was also detected in the C2C12 cell line, and unlike other ferlin homologues, we found Fer1l6 expression was independent of the myoblast-to-myotube transition. Finally, analysis of cell and recombinant protein-based assays indicate that Fer1l6 colocalizes with syntaxin 4 and vinculin, and that the putative C2 domains interact with lipid membranes. We conclude that Fer1l6 has diverged from other vertebrate ferlins to play an essential role in zebrafish skeletal and cardiac muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Bonventre
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Chelsea Holman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Aayushi Manchanda
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Sara J Codding
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Trisha Chau
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Jacob Huegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Carrie Barton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Robert Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Colin P Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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19
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A de novo 921 Kb microdeletion at 11q13.1 including neurexin 2 in a boy with developmental delay, deficits in speech and language without autistic behaviors. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:607-611. [PMID: 29654904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microdeletions at 11q13.1 are very rare. At present only two patients with 11q13.1 deletion involving neurexin 2 (NRXN2) have been reported. Both patients exhibited autistic features, which supported the role of NRXN2 in autism pathogenicity. It is currently unknown whether heterozygous deletion of NRXN2 is of high penetrance or if it is sufficient to result in autism behaviors. Here we reported a 2-year-9-month old boy with developmental delay, short stature, significant language delay and other congenital anomalies. In contrast to previously reported cases, the boy did not present with autistic behaviors and did not meet the clinical diagnosis of autism. A de novo 921 kb microdeletion at 11q13.1 was detected by chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) was also employed for our patient. The deletion was confirmed and no additional pathogenic variants were detected. We compared our patient's genomic information and clinical features with those of two previously reported individuals. Three patients shared similar deleted intervals and had similar clinical features except for autistic behaviors. This study suggested that NRXN2 gene had incomplete penetrance for autistic behavioral phenotype. The finding is of interest for genetic counseling and clinical management to patients with NRXN2 defects.
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20
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Iseka FM, Goetz BT, Mushtaq I, An W, Cypher LR, Bielecki TA, Tom EC, Arya P, Bhattacharyya S, Storck MD, Semerad CL, Talmadge JE, Mosley RL, Band V, Band H. Role of the EHD Family of Endocytic Recycling Regulators for TCR Recycling and T Cell Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:483-499. [PMID: 29212907 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T cells use the endocytic pathway for key cell biological functions, including receptor turnover and maintenance of the immunological synapse. Some of the established players include the Rab GTPases, the SNARE complex proteins, and others, which function together with EPS-15 homology domain-containing (EHD) proteins in non-T cell systems. To date, the role of the EHD protein family in T cell function remains unexplored. We generated conditional EHD1/3/4 knockout mice using CD4-Cre and crossed these with mice bearing a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific TCR transgene. We found that CD4+ T cells from these mice exhibited reduced Ag-driven proliferation and IL-2 secretion in vitro. In vivo, these mice exhibited reduced severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Further analyses showed that recycling of the TCR-CD3 complex was impaired, leading to increased lysosomal targeting and reduced surface levels on CD4+ T cells of EHD1/3/4 knockout mice. Our studies reveal a novel role of the EHD family of endocytic recycling regulatory proteins in TCR-mediated T cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany M Iseka
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Benjamin T Goetz
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Insha Mushtaq
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Wei An
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Luke R Cypher
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Timothy A Bielecki
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Eric C Tom
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Priyanka Arya
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Matthew D Storck
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Craig L Semerad
- Flow Cytometry Research Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198; and
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Vimla Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Hamid Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198; .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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21
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Demonbreun AR, McNally EM. Muscle cell communication in development and repair. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 34:7-14. [PMID: 28419894 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Under basal conditions, postnatal skeletal muscle displays little cell turnover. With injury, muscle initiates a rapid repair response to reseal damaged membrane, reactivating many developmental pathways to facilitate muscle regeneration and prevent tissue loss. Muscle precursor cells become activated accompanied by differentiation and fusion during both muscle growth and regeneration; inter-cellular communication is required for successful completion of these processes. Cellular communication is mediated by lipids, fusogenic membrane proteins, and exosomes. Muscle-derived exosomes carry proteins and micro RNAs as cargo. Secreted factors such as IGF-1, TGFβ, and myostatin are also released by muscle cells providing local signaling cues to modulate muscle fusion and regeneration. Proteins that regulate myoblast fusion also participate in membrane repair and regeneration. Here we will review methods of muscle cell communication focusing on proteins that mediate membrane fusion, exosomes, and autocrine factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis R Demonbreun
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Unique to striated muscle cells, transverse tubules (t-tubules) are membrane organelles that consist of sarcolemma penetrating into the myocyte interior, forming a highly branched and interconnected network. Mature t-tubule networks are found in mammalian ventricular cardiomyocytes, with the transverse components of t-tubules occurring near sarcomeric z-discs. Cardiac t-tubules contain membrane microdomains enriched with ion channels and signaling molecules. The microdomains serve as key signaling hubs in regulation of cardiomyocyte function. Dyad microdomains formed at the junctional contact between t-tubule membrane and neighboring sarcoplasmic reticulum are critical in calcium signaling and excitation-contraction coupling necessary for beat-to-beat heart contraction. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge in gross morphology and structure, membrane and protein composition, and function of the cardiac t-tubule network. We also review in detail current knowledge on the formation of functional membrane subdomains within t-tubules, with a particular focus on the cardiac dyad microdomain. Lastly, we discuss the dynamic nature of t-tubules including membrane turnover, trafficking of transmembrane proteins, and the life cycles of membrane subdomains such as the cardiac BIN1-microdomain, as well as t-tubule remodeling and alteration in diseased hearts. Understanding cardiac t-tubule biology in normal and failing hearts is providing novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities to better treat patients with failing hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- TingTing Hong
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robin M Shaw
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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23
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Hofhuis J, Bersch K, Büssenschütt R, Drzymalski M, Liebetanz D, Nikolaev VO, Wagner S, Maier LS, Gärtner J, Klinge L, Thoms S. Dysferlin mediates membrane tubulation and links T-tubule biogenesis to muscular dystrophy. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:841-852. [PMID: 28104817 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.198861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi-C2 domain protein dysferlin localizes to the plasma membrane and the T-tubule system in skeletal muscle; however, its physiological mode of action is unknown. Mutations in the DYSF gene lead to autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B and Miyoshi myopathy. Here, we show that dysferlin has membrane tubulating capacity and that it shapes the T-tubule system. Dysferlin tubulates liposomes, generates a T-tubule-like membrane system in non-muscle cells, and links the recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to the biogenesis of the T-tubule system. Pathogenic mutant forms interfere with all of these functions, indicating that muscular wasting and dystrophy are caused by the dysferlin mutants' inability to form a functional T-tubule membrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hofhuis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Kristina Bersch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Ronja Büssenschütt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Marzena Drzymalski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - David Liebetanz
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Research Centre Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg 93042, Germany
| | - Lars S Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg 93042, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Lars Klinge
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Sven Thoms
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
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24
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Redpath GMI, Sophocleous RA, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB, Cooper ST. Ferlins Show Tissue-Specific Expression and Segregate as Plasma Membrane/Late Endosomal or Trans-Golgi/Recycling Ferlins. Traffic 2016; 17:245-66. [PMID: 26707827 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ferlins are a family of transmembrane-anchored vesicle fusion proteins uniquely characterized by 5-7 tandem cytoplasmic C2 domains, Ca(2+)-regulated phospholipid-binding domains that regulate vesicle fusion in the synaptotagmin family. In humans, dysferlin mutations cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) due to defective Ca(2+)-dependent, vesicle-mediated membrane repair and otoferlin mutations cause non-syndromic deafness due to defective Ca(2+)-triggered auditory neurotransmission. In this study, we describe the tissue-specific expression, subcellular localization and endocytic trafficking of the ferlin family. Studies of endosomal transit together with 3D-structured illumination microscopy reveals dysferlin and myoferlin are abundantly expressed at the PM and cycle to Rab7-positive late endosomes, supporting potential roles in the late-endosomal pathway. In contrast, Fer1L6 shows concentrated localization to a specific compartment of the trans-Golgi/recycling endosome, cycling rapidly between this compartment and the PM via Rab11 recycling endosomes. Otoferlin also shows trans-Golgi to PM cycling, with very low levels of PM otoferlin suggesting either brief PM residence, or rare incorporation of otoferlin molecules into the PM. Thus, type-I and type-II ferlins segregate as PM/late-endosomal or trans-Golgi/recycling ferlins, consistent with different ferlins mediating vesicle fusion events in specific subcellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M I Redpath
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Reece A Sophocleous
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- Microbial Imaging Facility, The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Cynthia B Whitchurch
- Microbial Imaging Facility, The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Sandra T Cooper
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Toxin B Subunit (LTB) with Enterovirus 71 (EV71) Subunit VP1. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091419. [PMID: 27618897 PMCID: PMC5037698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nontoxic heat-labile toxin (LT) B subunit (LTB) was used as mucosal adjuvant experimentally. However, the mechanism of LTB adjuvant was still unclear. The LTB and enterovirus 71 (EV71) VP1 subunit (EVP1) were constructed in pET32 and expressed in E. coli BL21, respectively. The immunogenicity of purified EVP1 and the adjuvanticity of LTB were evaluated via intranasal immunization EVP1 plus LTB in Balb/c mice. In order to elucidate the proteome change triggered by the adjuvant of LTB, the proteomic profiles of LTB, EVP1, and LTB plus EVP1 were quantitatively analyzed by iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation; liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) in murine macrophage RAW264.7. The proteomic data were analyzed by bioinformatics and validated by western blot analysis. The predicted protein interactions were confirmed using LTB pull-down and the LTB processing pathway was validated by confocal microscopy. The results showed that LTB significantly boosted EVP1 specific systematic and mucosal antibodies. A total of 3666 differential proteins were identified in the three groups. Pathway enrichment of proteomic data predicted that LTB upregulated the specific and dominant MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway and the protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (PPER) pathway, whereas LTB or EVP1 did not significantly upregulate these two signaling pathways. Confocal microscopy and LTB pull-down assays confirmed that the LTB adjuvant was endocytosed and processed through endocytosis (ENS)-lysosomal-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) system.
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26
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Demonbreun AR, Quattrocelli M, Barefield DY, Allen MV, Swanson KE, McNally EM. An actin-dependent annexin complex mediates plasma membrane repair in muscle. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:705-18. [PMID: 27298325 PMCID: PMC4915191 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201512022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the plasma membrane often accompanies cellular injury, and in muscle, plasma membrane resealing is essential for efficient recovery from injury. Muscle contraction, especially of lengthened muscle, disrupts the sarcolemma. To define the molecular machinery that directs repair, we applied laser wounding to live mammalian myofibers and assessed translocation of fluorescently tagged proteins using high-resolution microscopy. Within seconds of membrane disruption, annexins A1, A2, A5, and A6 formed a tight repair "cap." Actin was recruited to the site of damage, and annexin A6 cap formation was both actin dependent and Ca(2+) regulated. Repair proteins, including dysferlin, EHD1, EHD2, MG53, and BIN1, localized adjacent to the repair cap in a "shoulder" region enriched with phosphatidlyserine. Dye influx into muscle fibers lacking both dysferlin and the related protein myoferlin was substantially greater than control or individual null muscle fibers, underscoring the importance of shoulder-localized proteins. These data define the cap and shoulder as subdomains within the repair complex accumulating distinct and nonoverlapping components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Y Barefield
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Madison V Allen
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kaitlin E Swanson
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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27
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Cypher LR, Bielecki TA, Adepegba O, Huang L, An W, Iseka F, Luan H, Tom E, Storck MD, Hoppe AD, Band V, Band H. CSF-1 receptor signalling is governed by pre-requisite EHD1 mediated receptor display on the macrophage cell surface. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1325-1335. [PMID: 27224507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), is the master regulator of macrophage biology. CSF-1 can bind CSF-1R resulting in receptor activation and signalling essential for macrophage functions such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, polarization, phagocytosis, cytokine secretion, and motility. CSF-1R activation can only occur after the receptor is presented on the macrophage cell surface. This process is reliant upon the underlying macrophage receptor trafficking machinery. However, the mechanistic details governing this process are incompletely understood. C-terminal Eps15 Homology Domain-containing (EHD) proteins have recently emerged as key regulators of receptor trafficking but have not yet been studied in the context of macrophage CSF-1R signalling. In this manuscript, we utilize primary bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) to reveal a novel function of EHD1 as a regulator of CSF-1R abundance on the cell surface. We report that EHD1-knockout (EHD1-KO) macrophages cell surface and total CSF-1R levels are significantly decreased. The decline in CSF-1R levels corresponds with reduced downstream macrophage functions such as cell proliferation, migration, and spreading. In EHD1-KO macrophages, transport of newly synthesized CSF-1R to the macrophage cell surface was reduced and was associated with the shunting of the receptor to the lysosome, which resulted in receptor degradation. These findings reveal a novel and functionally important role for EHD1 in governing CSF-1R signalling via regulation of anterograde transport of CSF-1R to the macrophage cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Cypher
- Eppley Cancer Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Timothy Alan Bielecki
- Eppley Cancer Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | | | - Lu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Wei An
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Fany Iseka
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | | | - Eric Tom
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Matthew D Storck
- Eppley Cancer Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Adam D Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Vimla Band
- Eppley Cancer Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Hamid Band
- Eppley Cancer Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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28
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Miyagawa T, Ebinuma I, Morohashi Y, Hori Y, Young Chang M, Hattori H, Maehara T, Yokoshima S, Fukuyama T, Tsuji S, Iwatsubo T, Prendergast GC, Tomita T. BIN1 regulates BACE1 intracellular trafficking and amyloid-β production. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2948-2958. [PMID: 27179792 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BIN1 is a genetic risk factor of late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), which was identified in multiple genome-wide association studies. BIN1 is a member of the amphiphysin family of proteins, and contains N-terminal Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs and C-terminal Src homology 3 domains. BIN1 is widely expressed in the mouse and human brains, and has been reported to function in the endocytosis and the endosomal sorting of membrane proteins. BACE1 is a type 1 transmembrane aspartyl protease expressed predominantly in neurons of the brain and responsible for the production of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). Here we report that the depletion of BIN1 increases cellular BACE1 levels through impaired endosomal trafficking and reduces BACE1 lysosomal degradation, resulting in increased Aβ production. Our findings provide a mechanistic role of BIN1 in the pathogenesis of AD as a novel genetic regulator of BACE1 levels and Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toji Miyagawa
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences .,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ihori Ebinuma
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yuichi Morohashi
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | | - Haruhiko Hattori
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Maehara
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tohru Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | | | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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29
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Bhattacharyya S, Rainey MA, Arya P, Mohapatra BC, Mushtaq I, Dutta S, George M, Storck MD, McComb RD, Muirhead D, Todd GL, Gould K, Datta K, Gelineau-van Waes J, Band V, Band H. Endocytic recycling protein EHD1 regulates primary cilia morphogenesis and SHH signaling during neural tube development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20727. [PMID: 26884322 PMCID: PMC4756679 DOI: 10.1038/srep20727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the four-member C-terminal EPS15-Homology Domain-containing (EHD) protein family play crucial roles in endocytic recycling of cell surface receptors from endosomes to the plasma membrane. In this study, we show that Ehd1 gene knockout in mice on a predominantly B6 background is embryonic lethal. Ehd1-null embryos die at mid-gestation with a failure to complete key developmental processes including neural tube closure, axial turning and patterning of the neural tube. We found that Ehd1-null embryos display short and stubby cilia on the developing neuroepithelium at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5). Loss of EHD1 also deregulates the ciliary SHH signaling with Ehd1-null embryos displaying features indicative of increased SHH signaling, including a significant downregulation in the formation of the GLI3 repressor and increase in the ventral neuronal markers specified by SHH. Using Ehd1-null MEFS we found that EHD1 protein co-localizes with the SHH receptor Smoothened in the primary cilia upon ligand stimulation. Under the same conditions, EHD1 was shown to co-traffic with Smoothened into the developing primary cilia and we identify EHD1 as a direct binding partner of Smoothened. Overall, our studies identify the endocytic recycling regulator EHD1 as a novel regulator of the primary cilium-associated trafficking of Smoothened and Hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mark A Rainey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Priyanka Arya
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Samikshan Dutta
- The Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Manju George
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew D Storck
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rodney D McComb
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David Muirhead
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gordon L Todd
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Karen Gould
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- The Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Vimla Band
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hamid Band
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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30
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Ayuso M, Fernández A, Núñez Y, Benítez R, Isabel B, Barragán C, Fernández AI, Rey AI, Medrano JF, Cánovas Á, González-Bulnes A, López-Bote C, Ovilo C. Comparative Analysis of Muscle Transcriptome between Pig Genotypes Identifies Genes and Regulatory Mechanisms Associated to Growth, Fatness and Metabolism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145162. [PMID: 26695515 PMCID: PMC4687939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Iberian ham production includes both purebred (IB) and Duroc-crossbred (IBxDU) Iberian pigs, which show important differences in meat quality and production traits, such as muscle growth and fatness. This experiment was conducted to investigate gene expression differences, transcriptional regulation and genetic polymorphisms that could be associated with the observed phenotypic differences between IB and IBxDU pigs. Nine IB and 10 IBxDU pigs were slaughtered at birth. Morphometric measures and blood samples were obtained and samples from Biceps femoris muscle were employed for compositional and transcriptome analysis by RNA-Seq technology. Phenotypic differences were evident at this early age, including greater body size and weight in IBxDU and greater Biceps femoris intramuscular fat and plasma cholesterol content in IB newborns. We detected 149 differentially expressed genes between IB and IBxDU neonates (p < 0.01 and Fold-Change > 1. 5). Several were related to adipose and muscle tissues development (DLK1, FGF21 or UBC). The functional interpretation of the transcriptomic differences revealed enrichment of functions and pathways related to lipid metabolism in IB and to cellular and muscle growth in IBxDU pigs. Protein catabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis and immune system were functions enriched in both genotypes. We identified transcription factors potentially affecting the observed gene expression differences. Some of them have known functions on adipogenesis (CEBPA, EGRs), lipid metabolism (PPARGC1B) and myogenesis (FOXOs, MEF2D, MYOD1), which suggest a key role in the meat quality differences existing between IB and IBxDU hams. We also identified several polymorphisms showing differential segregation between IB and IBxDU pigs. Among them, non-synonymous variants were detected in several transcription factors as PPARGC1B and TRIM63 genes, which could be associated to altered gene function. Taken together, these results provide information about candidate genes, metabolic pathways and genetic polymorphisms potentially involved in phenotypic differences between IB and IBxDU pigs associated to meat quality and production traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ayuso
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda Núñez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita Benítez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Isabel Rey
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F. Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ángela Cánovas
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - Clemente López-Bote
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ovilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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31
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Demonbreun AR, McNally EM. Plasma Membrane Repair in Health and Disease. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 77:67-96. [PMID: 26781830 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since an intact membrane is required for normal cellular homeostasis, membrane repair is essential for cell survival. Human genetic studies, combined with the development of novel animal models and refinement of techniques to study cellular injury, have now uncovered series of repair proteins highly relevant for human health. Many of the deficient repair pathways manifest in skeletal muscle, where defective repair processes result in myopathies or other forms of muscle disease. Dysferlin is a membrane-associated protein implicated in sarcolemmal repair and also linked to other membrane functions including the maintenance of transverse tubules in muscle. MG53, annexins, and Eps15 homology domain-containing proteins interact with dysferlin to form a membrane repair complex and similarly have roles in membrane trafficking in muscle. These molecular features of membrane repair are not unique to skeletal muscle, but rather skeletal muscle, due to its high demands, is more dependent on an efficient repair process. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, as well as Ca(2+), are central regulators of membrane organization during repair. Given the importance of muscle health in disease and in aging, these pathways are targets to enhance muscle function and recovery from injury.
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32
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Membrane fusion in muscle development and repair. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 45:48-56. [PMID: 26537430 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mature skeletal muscle forms from the fusion of skeletal muscle precursor cells, myoblasts. Myoblasts fuse to other myoblasts to generate multinucleate myotubes during myogenesis, and myoblasts also fuse to other myotubes during muscle growth and repair. Proteins within myoblasts and myotubes regulate complex processes such as elongation, migration, cell adherence, cytoskeletal reorganization, membrane coalescence, and ultimately fusion. Recent studies have identified cell surface proteins, intracellular proteins, and extracellular signaling molecules required for the proper fusion of muscle. Many proteins that actively participate in myoblast fusion also coordinate membrane repair. Here we will review mammalian membrane fusion with specific attention to proteins that mediate myoblast fusion and muscle repair.
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33
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Arya P, Rainey MA, Bhattacharyya S, Mohapatra BC, George M, Kuracha MR, Storck MD, Band V, Govindarajan V, Band H. The endocytic recycling regulatory protein EHD1 Is required for ocular lens development. Dev Biol 2015; 408:41-55. [PMID: 26455409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-containing (EHD) proteins play a key role in endocytic recycling, a fundamental cellular process that ensures the return of endocytosed membrane components and receptors back to the cell surface. To define the in vivo biological functions of EHD1, we have generated Ehd1 knockout mice and previously reported a requirement of EHD1 for spermatogenesis. Here, we show that approximately 56% of the Ehd1-null mice displayed gross ocular abnormalities, including anophthalmia, aphakia, microphthalmia and congenital cataracts. Histological characterization of ocular abnormalities showed pleiotropic defects that include a smaller or absent lens, persistence of lens stalk and hyaloid vasculature, and deformed optic cups. To test whether these profound ocular defects resulted from the loss of EHD1 in the lens or in non-lenticular tissues, we deleted the Ehd1 gene selectively in the presumptive lens ectoderm using Le-Cre. Conditional Ehd1 deletion in the lens resulted in developmental defects that included thin epithelial layers, small lenses and absence of corneal endothelium. Ehd1 deletion in the lens also resulted in reduced lens epithelial proliferation, survival and expression of junctional proteins E-cadherin and ZO-1. Finally, Le-Cre-mediated deletion of Ehd1 in the lens led to defects in corneal endothelial differentiation. Taken together, these data reveal a unique role for EHD1 in early lens development and suggest a previously unknown link between the endocytic recycling pathway and regulation of key developmental processes including proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Arya
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-5805, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198-5950, USA.
| | - Mark A Rainey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198-5950, USA.
| | - Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA.
| | - Bhopal C Mohapatra
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
| | - Manju George
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198-5950, USA.
| | - Murali R Kuracha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | - Matthew D Storck
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198-5950, USA.
| | - Vimla Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-5805, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198-5950, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA.
| | - Venkatesh Govindarajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | - Hamid Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-5805, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA.
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Demonbreun AR, Swanson KE, Rossi AE, Deveaux HK, Earley JU, Allen MV, Arya P, Bhattacharyya S, Band H, Pytel P, McNally EM. Eps 15 Homology Domain (EHD)-1 Remodels Transverse Tubules in Skeletal Muscle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136679. [PMID: 26325203 PMCID: PMC4556691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that Eps15 homology domain-containing 1 (EHD1) interacts with ferlin proteins to regulate endocytic recycling. Myoblasts from Ehd1-null mice were found to have defective recycling, myoblast fusion, and consequently smaller muscles. When expressed in C2C12 cells, an ATPase dead-EHD1 was found to interfere with BIN1/amphiphysin 2. We now extended those findings by examining Ehd1-heterozygous mice since these mice survive to maturity in normal Mendelian numbers and provide a ready source of mature muscle. We found that heterozygosity of EHD1 was sufficient to produce ectopic and excessive T-tubules, including large intracellular aggregates that contained BIN1. The disorganized T-tubule structures in Ehd1-heterozygous muscle were accompanied by marked elevation of the T-tubule-associated protein DHPR and reduction of the triad linker protein junctophilin 2, reflecting defective triads. Consistent with this, Ehd1-heterozygous muscle had reduced force production. Introduction of ATPase dead-EHD1 into mature muscle fibers was sufficient to induce ectopic T-tubule formation, seen as large BIN1 positive structures throughout the muscle. Ehd1-heterozygous mice were found to have strikingly elevated serum creatine kinase and smaller myofibers, but did not display findings of muscular dystrophy. These data indicate that EHD1 regulates the maintenance of T-tubules through its interaction with BIN1 and links T-tubules defects with elevated creatine kinase and myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis R. Demonbreun
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kaitlin E. Swanson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ann E. Rossi
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - H. Kieran Deveaux
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Judy U. Earley
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Madison V. Allen
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Priyanka Arya
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Hamid Band
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Peter Pytel
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Koles K, Messelaar EM, Feiger Z, Yu CJ, Frank CA, Rodal AA. The EHD protein Past1 controls postsynaptic membrane elaboration and synaptic function. Mol Biol Cell 2015. [PMID: 26202464 PMCID: PMC4569317 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved C-terminal EHD protein Past1 is required for postsynaptic membrane remodeling and synaptic transmission at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Past1 activity defines distinct synaptic microdomains of the BAR-domain proteins Syndapin and Amphiphysin, suggesting a new mechanism for elaboration of the postsynaptic membrane reticulum. Membranes form elaborate structures that are highly tailored to their specialized cellular functions, yet the mechanisms by which these structures are shaped remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the conserved membrane-remodeling C-terminal Eps15 Homology Domain (EHD) protein Past1 is required for the normal assembly of the subsynaptic muscle membrane reticulum (SSR) at the Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). past1 mutants exhibit altered NMJ morphology, decreased synaptic transmission, reduced glutamate receptor levels, and a deficit in synaptic homeostasis. The membrane-remodeling proteins Amphiphysin and Syndapin colocalize with Past1 in distinct SSR subdomains and collapse into Amphiphysin-dependent membrane nodules in the SSR of past1 mutants. Our results suggest a mechanism by which the coordinated actions of multiple lipid-binding proteins lead to the elaboration of increasing layers of the SSR and uncover new roles for an EHD protein at synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Koles
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453
| | - Emily M Messelaar
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453
| | - Zachary Feiger
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453
| | - Crystal J Yu
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453
| | - C Andrew Frank
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Avital A Rodal
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453
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Curran J, Musa H, Kline CF, Makara MA, Little SC, Higgins JD, Hund TJ, Band H, Mohler PJ. Eps15 Homology Domain-containing Protein 3 Regulates Cardiac T-type Ca2+ Channel Targeting and Function in the Atria. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12210-21. [PMID: 25825486 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper trafficking of membrane-bound ion channels and transporters is requisite for normal cardiac function. Endosome-based protein trafficking of membrane-bound ion channels and transporters in the heart is poorly understood, particularly in vivo. In fact, for select cardiac cell types such as atrial myocytes, virtually nothing is known regarding endosomal transport. We previously linked the C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-containing protein 3 (EHD3) with endosome-based protein trafficking in ventricular cardiomyocytes. Here we sought to define the roles and membrane protein targets for EHD3 in atria. We identify the voltage-gated T-type Ca(2+) channels (CaV3.1, CaV3.2) as substrates for EHD3-dependent trafficking in atria. Mice selectively lacking EHD3 in heart display reduced expression and targeting of both Cav3.1 and CaV3.2 in the atria. Furthermore, functional experiments identify a significant loss of T-type-mediated Ca(2+) current in EHD3-deficient atrial myocytes. Moreover, EHD3 associates with both CaV3.1 and CaV3.2 in co-immunoprecipitation experiments. T-type Ca(2+) channel function is critical for proper electrical conduction through the atria. Consistent with these roles, EHD3-deficient mice demonstrate heart rate variability, sinus pause, and atrioventricular conduction block. In summary, our findings identify CaV3.1 and CaV3.2 as substrates for EHD3-dependent protein trafficking in heart, provide in vivo data on endosome-based trafficking pathways in atria, and implicate EHD3 as a key player in the regulation of atrial myocyte excitability and cardiac conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Curran
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology,
| | - Hassan Musa
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology
| | - Crystal F Kline
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology
| | - Michael A Makara
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology
| | - Sean C Little
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology
| | - John D Higgins
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology
| | - Thomas J Hund
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Engineering,The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Hamid Band
- The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | - Peter J Mohler
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Medicine, and
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Beavers DL, Landstrom AP, Chiang DY, Wehrens XHT. Emerging roles of junctophilin-2 in the heart and implications for cardiac diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:198-205. [PMID: 24935431 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes rely on a highly specialized subcellular architecture to maintain normal cardiac function. In a little over a decade, junctophilin-2 (JPH2) has become recognized as a cardiac structural protein critical in forming junctional membrane complexes (JMCs), which are subcellular domains essential for excitation-contraction coupling within the heart. While initial studies described the structure of JPH2 and its role in anchoring junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse-tubule (T-tubule) membrane invaginations, recent research has an expanded role of JPH2 in JMC structure and function. For example, JPH2 is necessary for the development of postnatal T-tubule in mammals. It is also critical for the maintenance of the complex JMC architecture and stabilization of local ion channels in mature cardiomyocytes. Loss of this function by mutations or down-regulation of protein expression has been linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, and progression of disease in failing hearts. In this review, we summarize current views on the roles of JPH2 within the heart and how JPH2 dysregulation may contribute to a variety of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Beavers
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew P Landstrom
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Y Chiang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Deptartment of Medicine (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Curran J, Makara MA, Little SC, Musa H, Liu B, Wu X, Polina I, Alecusan JS, Wright P, Li J, Billman GE, Boyden PA, Gyorke S, Band H, Hund TJ, Mohler PJ. EHD3-dependent endosome pathway regulates cardiac membrane excitability and physiology. Circ Res 2014; 115:68-78. [PMID: 24759929 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiac function is dependent on the coordinate activities of membrane ion channels, transporters, pumps, and hormone receptors to tune the membrane electrochemical gradient dynamically in response to acute and chronic stress. Although our knowledge of membrane proteins has rapidly advanced during the past decade, our understanding of the subcellular pathways governing the trafficking and localization of integral membrane proteins is limited and essentially unstudied in vivo. In the heart, to our knowledge, there are no in vivo mechanistic studies that directly link endosome-based machinery with cardiac physiology. OBJECTIVE To define the in vivo roles of endosome-based cellular machinery for cardiac membrane protein trafficking, myocyte excitability, and cardiac physiology. METHODS AND RESULTS We identify the endosome-based Eps15 homology domain 3 (EHD3) pathway as essential for cardiac physiology. EHD3-deficient hearts display structural and functional defects including bradycardia and rate variability, conduction block, and blunted response to adrenergic stimulation. Mechanistically, EHD3 is critical for membrane protein trafficking, because EHD3-deficient myocytes display reduced expression/localization of Na/Ca exchanger and L-type Ca channel type 1.2 with a parallel reduction in Na/Ca exchanger-mediated membrane current and Cav1.2-mediated membrane current. Functionally, EHD3-deficient myocytes show increased sarcoplasmic reticulum [Ca], increased spark frequency, and reduced expression/localization of ankyrin-B, a binding partner for EHD3 and Na/Ca exchanger. Finally, we show that in vivo EHD3-deficient defects are attributable to cardiac-specific roles of EHD3 because mice with cardiac-selective EHD3 deficiency demonstrate both structural and electric phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS These data provide new insight into the critical role of endosome-based pathways in membrane protein targeting and cardiac physiology. EHD3 is a critical component of protein trafficking in heart and is essential for the proper membrane targeting of select cellular proteins that maintain excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Curran
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.).
| | - Michael A Makara
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Sean C Little
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Hassan Musa
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Bin Liu
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Xiangqiong Wu
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Iuliia Polina
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Joseph S Alecusan
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Patrick Wright
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Jingdong Li
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - George E Billman
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Penelope A Boyden
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Sandor Gyorke
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Hamid Band
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Thomas J Hund
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
| | - Peter J Mohler
- From The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., X.W., I.P., J.S.A., P.W., J.L., G.E.B., S.G., T.J.H., P.J.M.); Departments of Internal Medicine (P.J.M.) and Physiology and Cell Biology (J.C., M.A.M., S.C.L., H.M., B.L., P.W., G.E.B., S.G., P.J.M.), The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (T.J.H.); Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.A.B.); and The Eppley Institute and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (H.B.)
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Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) in physiology and diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:453-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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