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Gregory CA, Ma J, Lomeli S. The coordinated activities of collagen VI and XII in maintenance of tissue structure, function and repair: evidence for a physical interaction. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1376091. [PMID: 38606288 PMCID: PMC11007232 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1376091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Collagen VI and collagen XII are structurally complex collagens of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Like all collagens, type VI and XII both possess triple-helical components that facilitate participation in the ECM network, but collagen VI and XII are distinct from the more abundant fibrillar collagens in that they also possess arrays of structurally globular modules with the capacity to propagate signaling to attached cells. Cell attachment to collagen VI and XII is known to regulate protective, proliferative or developmental processes through a variety of mechanisms, but a growing body of genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that at least some of these phenomena may be potentiated through mechanisms that require coordinated interaction between the two collagens. For example, genetic studies in humans have identified forms of myopathic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with overlapping phenotypes that result from mutations in either collagen VI or XII, and biochemical and cell-based studies have identified accessory molecules that could form bridging interactions between the two collagens. However, the demonstration of a direct or ternary structural interaction between collagen VI or XII has not yet been reported. This Hypothesis and Theory review article examines the evidence that supports the existence of a functional complex between type VI and XII collagen in the ECM and discusses potential biological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A. Gregory
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
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2
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Sano T, Ochiai T, Nagayama T, Nakamura A, Kubota N, Kadowaki T, Wakabayashi T, Iwatsubo T. Genetic Reduction of Insulin Signaling Mitigates Amyloid-β Deposition by Promoting Expression of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the Brain. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7226-7241. [PMID: 37699718 PMCID: PMC10601373 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0071-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) regulates a wide range of biological processes, including aging and lifespan, and has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We and others have reported that reduced signaling by genetic ablation of the molecules involved in IIS (e.g., insulin receptor substrate 2 [IRS-2]) markedly mitigates amyloid plaque formation in the brains of mouse models of AD, although the molecular underpinnings of the amelioration remain unsolved. Here, we revealed, by a transcriptomic analysis of the male murine cerebral cortices, that the expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix (ECM) was significantly upregulated by the loss of IRS-2. Insulin signaling activity negatively regulated the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 in the brain, and suppressed TGF-β/Smad-dependent expression of a subset of ECM genes in brain-derived cells. The ECM proteins inhibited Aβ fibril formation in vitro, and IRS-2 deficiency suppressed the aggregation process of Aβ in the brains of male APP transgenic mice as revealed by injection of aggregation seeds in vivo Our results propose a novel mechanism in AD pathophysiology whereby IIS modifies Aβ aggregation and amyloid pathology by altering the expression of ECM genes in the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) has been recognized as a regulator of aging, a leading risk factor for the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD mouse models, genetic deletion of key IIS molecules markedly reduces the amyloid plaque formation in the brain, although the molecular underpinnings of this amelioration remain elusive. We found that the deficiency of insulin receptor substrate 2 leads to an increase in the expression of various extracellular matrices (ECMs) in the brain, potentially through TGF-β/Smad signaling. Furthermore, some of those ECMs exhibited the potential to inhibit amyloid plaque accumulation by disrupting the formation of Aβ fibrils. This study presents a novel mechanism by which IIS regulates Aβ accumulation, which may involve altered brain ECM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Sano
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Ochiai
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Pharmacology Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Company, LTD, Kyoto, 607-8042, Japan
| | - Takeru Nagayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nakamura
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoto Kubota
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Therapy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Tomoko Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Innovative Dementia Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Sumioka T, Matsumoto KI, Reinach PS, Saika S. Tenascins and osteopontin in biological response in cornea. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:131-149. [PMID: 37209968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The structural composition, integrity and regular curvature of the cornea contribute to the maintenance of its transparency and vision. Disruption of its integrity caused by injury results in scarring, inflammation and neovascularization followed by losses in transparency. These sight compromising effects is caused by dysfunctional corneal resident cell responses induced by the wound healing process. Upregulation of growth factors/cytokines and neuropeptides affect development of aberrant behavior. These factors trigger keratocytes to first transform into activated fibroblasts and then to myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts express extracellular matrix components for tissue repair and contract the tissue to facilitate wound closure. Proper remodeling following primary repair is critical for restoration of transparency and visual function. Extracellular matrix components contributing to the healing process are divided into two groups; a group of classical tissue structural components and matrix macromolecules that modulate cell behaviors/activities besides being integrated into the matrix structure. The latter components are designated as matricellular proteins. Their functionality is elicited through mechanisms which modulate the scaffold integrity, cell behaviors, activation/inactivation of either growth factors or cytoplasmic signaling regulation. We discuss here the functional roles of matricellular proteins in mediating injury-induced corneal tissue repair. The roles are described of major matricellular proteins, which include tenascin C, tenascin X and osteopontin. Focus is directed towards dealing with their roles in modulating individual activities of wound healing-related growth factors, e. g., transforming growth factor β (TGF β). Modulation of matricellular protein functions could encompass a potential novel strategy to improve the outcome of injury-induced corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Sumioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Peter Sol Reinach
- Department of Biological. Sciences SUNY Optometry, New York, NY, 10036, USA
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, 641-0012, Japan
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4
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Okuda-Ashitaka E, Matsumoto KI. Tenascin-X as a causal gene for classical-like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Front Genet 2023; 14:1107787. [PMID: 37007968 PMCID: PMC10050494 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1107787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-X (TNX) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein for which a deficiency results in a recessive form of classical-like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (clEDS), a heritable connective tissue disorder with hyperextensible skin without atrophic scarring, joint hypermobility, and easy bruising. Notably, patients with clEDS also suffer from not only chronic joint pain and chronic myalgia but also neurological abnormalities such as peripheral paresthesia and axonal polyneuropathy with high frequency. By using TNX-deficient (Tnxb−/−) mice, well-known as a model animal of clEDS, we recently showed that Tnxb−/− mice exhibit hypersensitivity to chemical stimuli and the development of mechanical allodynia due to the hypersensitization of myelinated A-fibers and activation of the spinal dorsal horn. Pain also occurs in other types of EDS. First, we review the underlying molecular mechanisms of pain in EDS, especially that in clEDS. In addition, the roles of TNX as a tumor suppressor protein in cancer progression have been reported. Recent in silico large-scale database analyses have shown that TNX is downregulated in various tumor tissues and that high expression of TNX in tumor cells has a good prognosis. We describe what is so far known about TNX as a tumor suppressor protein. Furthermore, some patients with clEDS show delayed wound healing. Tnxb−/− mice also exhibit impairment of epithelial wound healing in corneas. TNX is also involved in liver fibrosis. We address the molecular mechanism for the induction of COL1A1 by the expression of both a peptide derived from the fibrinogen-related domain of TNX and integrin α11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Okuda-Ashitaka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Emiko Okuda-Ashitaka, ; Ken-ichi Matsumoto,
| | - Ken-ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Emiko Okuda-Ashitaka, ; Ken-ichi Matsumoto,
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5
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Leiphart RJ, Weiss SN, DiStefano MS, Mavridis AA, Adams SA, Dyment NA, Soslowsky LJ. Collagen V deficiency during murine tendon healing results in distinct healing outcomes based on knockdown severity. J Biomech 2022; 144:111315. [PMID: 36201909 PMCID: PMC10108665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Tendon function is dependent on proper organization and maintenance of the collagen I tissue matrix. Collagen V is a critical regulator of collagen I fibrils, and while prior studies have shown a negative impact of collagen V deficiency on tendon healing outcomes, these studies are confounded by collagen V deficiency through tendon development. The specific role of collagen V in regulating healing tendon properties is therefore unknown. By using inducible Col5a1 knockdown models and analyzing gene expression, fibril and histological tendon morphology, and tendon mechanical properties, this study defines the isolated role of collagen V through tendon healing. Patellar tendon injury caused large changes in tendon gene expression, and Col5a1 knockdown resulted in dysregulated expression of several genes through tendon healing. Col5a1 knockdown also impacted collagen fibril size and shape without observable changes in scar tissue formation. Surprisingly, heterozygous Col5a1 knockdown resulted in improved stiffness of healing tendons that was not observed with homozygous Col5a1 knockdown. Together, these results present an unexpected and dynamic role of collagen V deficiency on tendon healing outcomes following injury. This work suggests a model of tendon healing in which quasi-static mechanics may be improved through titration of collagen fibril size and shape with modulation of collagen V expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Leiphart
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - S N Weiss
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M S DiStefano
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A A Mavridis
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - S A Adams
- University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - N A Dyment
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - L J Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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6
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Papanicolaou M, Parker AL, Yam M, Filipe EC, Wu SZ, Chitty JL, Wyllie K, Tran E, Mok E, Nadalini A, Skhinas JN, Lucas MC, Herrmann D, Nobis M, Pereira BA, Law AMK, Castillo L, Murphy KJ, Zaratzian A, Hastings JF, Croucher DR, Lim E, Oliver BG, Mora FV, Parker BL, Gallego-Ortega D, Swarbrick A, O'Toole S, Timpson P, Cox TR. Temporal profiling of the breast tumour microenvironment reveals collagen XII as a driver of metastasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4587. [PMID: 35933466 PMCID: PMC9357007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour stroma, and in particular the extracellular matrix (ECM), is a salient feature of solid tumours that plays a crucial role in shaping their progression. Many desmoplastic tumours including breast cancer involve the significant accumulation of type I collagen. However, recently it has become clear that the precise distribution and organisation of matrix molecules such as collagen I is equally as important in the tumour as their abundance. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) coexist within breast cancer tissues and play both pro- and anti-tumourigenic roles through remodelling the ECM. Here, using temporal proteomic profiling of decellularized tumours, we interrogate the evolving matrisome during breast cancer progression. We identify 4 key matrisomal clusters, and pinpoint collagen type XII as a critical component that regulates collagen type I organisation. Through combining our proteomics with single-cell transcriptomics, and genetic manipulation models, we show how CAF-secreted collagen XII alters collagen I organisation to create a pro-invasive microenvironment supporting metastatic dissemination. Finally, we show in patient cohorts that collagen XII may represent an indicator of breast cancer patients at high risk of metastatic relapse. The distribution and organisation of matrix molecules in the tumour stroma help shape solid tumour progression. Here they perform temporal proteomic profiling of the matrisome during breast cancer progression and show that collagen XII secreted from CAFs provides a pro-invasive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Papanicolaou
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Amelia L Parker
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Yam
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Elysse C Filipe
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sunny Z Wu
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica L Chitty
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kaitlin Wyllie
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Emmi Tran
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ellie Mok
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Audrey Nadalini
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanna N Skhinas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brooke A Pereira
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew M K Law
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lesley Castillo
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordan F Hastings
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elgene Lim
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fatima Valdes Mora
- Cancer Epigenetic Biology and Therapeutics, Personalised Medicine, Children's Cancer Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Metabolic Systems Biology Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra O'Toole
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. .,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Thomas R Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. .,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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7
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Almici E, Chiappini V, López-Márquez A, Badosa C, Blázquez B, Caballero D, Montero J, Natera-de Benito D, Nascimento A, Roldán M, Lagunas A, Jiménez-Mallebrera C, Samitier J. Personalized in vitro Extracellular Matrix Models of Collagen VI-Related Muscular Dystrophies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:851825. [PMID: 35547158 PMCID: PMC9081367 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.851825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen VI-related dystrophies (COL6-RDs) are a group of rare congenital neuromuscular dystrophies that represent a continuum of overlapping clinical phenotypes that go from the milder Bethlem myopathy (BM) to the severe Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy, for which there is no effective treatment. Mutations in one of the three Collagen VI genes alter the incorporation of this protein into the extracellular matrix (ECM), affecting the assembly and the structural integrity of the whole fibrillar network. Clinical hallmarks of COL6-RDs are secondary to the ECM disruption and include muscle weakness, proximal joint contractures, and distal hyperlaxity. Although some traits have been identified in patients’ ECMs, a correlation between the ECM features and the clinical phenotype has not been established, mainly due to the lack of predictive and reliable models of the pathology. Herein, we engineered a new personalized pre-clinical model of COL6-RDs using cell-derived matrices (CDMs) technology to better recapitulate the complexity of the native scenario. We found that CDMs from COL6-RD patients presented alterations in ECM structure and composition, showing a significantly decreased Collagen VI secretion, especially in the more severe phenotypes, and a decrease in Fibrillin-1 inclusion. Next, we examined the Collagen VI-mediated deposition of Fibronectin in the ECM, finding a higher alignment, length, width, and straightness than in patients with COL6-RDs. Overall, these results indicate that CDMs models are promising tools to explore the alterations that arise in the composition and fibrillar architecture due to mutations in Collagen VI genes, especially in early stages of matrix organization. Ultimately, CDMs derived from COL6-RD patients may become relevant pre-clinical models, which may help identifying novel biomarkers to be employed in the clinics and to investigate novel therapeutic targets and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Almici
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Chiappini
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Arístides López-Márquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Patología Neuromuscular, Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Badosa
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Patología Neuromuscular, Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Blázquez
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Caballero
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Montero
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Natera-de Benito
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Patología Neuromuscular, Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Nascimento
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Patología Neuromuscular, Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mònica Roldán
- Unitat de Microscòpia Confocal i Imatge Cel·lular, Servei de Medicina Genètica i Molecular, Institut Pediàtric de Malalties Rares (IPER), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Lagunas
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Anna Lagunas, ; Cecilia Jiménez-Mallebrera,
| | - Cecilia Jiménez-Mallebrera
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Patología Neuromuscular, Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barselona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Anna Lagunas, ; Cecilia Jiménez-Mallebrera,
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Bhardwaj V, Fabijanic KI, Cohen A, Mao J, Azadegan C, Pittet JC, Bris BL. Holistic approach to visualize and quantify collagen organization at macro, micro, and nano‐scale. Skin Res Technol 2022; 28:419-426. [PMID: 35285552 PMCID: PMC9907653 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is scarcity of imaging and image processing techniques for accurate discrimination and quantitation of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), primarily collagen. The aim of this study was to develop and demonstrate a holistic imaging and image processing approach to visualize and quantify collagen remodeling at the macro-, micro- and nano-scale using histochemical imaging, Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), respectively. MATERIAL AND METHODS For proof-of-concept, a commercial anti-aging product known to induce collagen neo-synthesis and re-organization was tested ex vivo on human skin biopsies from two aged females. RESULTS Relative to untreated skin, collagen fibers (RCM) and fibrils (AFM) were longer and aligned after treatment. The content of collagen and elastin (histochemical imaging and ELISA) statistically improved after treatment. CONCLUSION Based on our findings, we can conclude: (1) AFM, RCM, and histochemical imaging can accurately discriminate collagen from other ECM components in the skin and (2) the image processing methods can enable quantitation and hence capture small improvements in collagen remodeling after treatment (commercial cosmetic product with collagen organizer technology as proof-of-concept). The reported holistic imaging approach has direct clinical implications for scientists and dermatologists to make quick, real-time, and accurate decisions in skin research and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Bhardwaj
- Department of Global Personal Care and Skin Health R&D Colgate‐Palmolive Company New Jersey USA
| | | | - Aaron Cohen
- Department of Global Personal Care and Skin Health R&D Colgate‐Palmolive Company New Jersey USA
| | - Junhong Mao
- Department of Global Personal Care and Skin Health R&D Colgate‐Palmolive Company New Jersey USA
| | - Chloe Azadegan
- Department of Global Personal Care and Skin Health R&D Colgate‐Palmolive Company New Jersey USA
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9
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Lattouf R, Assoumou-Abroh A, Younes R, Lutomski D, Bassil J, Blanchet-Bardon C, Naaman N, Changotade S, Godeau G, Senni K. Inherited connective tissue diseases highlight macromolecular network interdependences in skin extracellular matrix: a histomorphometric study. J Histotechnol 2022; 45:66-76. [PMID: 35135439 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2021.2024980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of just a single extracellular matrix protein, a receptor or enzyme involved in connective tissue metabolism is sufficient to cause systemic pathologies and failure of tissues that are subjected to strong mechanical stresses. Skin histological and computerized image analyses can provide a good qualitative and quantitative indication of these inherited connective tissue diseases. In this study, skin biopsies from young (10 to 25 years) and middle-aged patients (26 to 50 years) suffering from Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS), Marfan syndrome (MS) or pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) were studied after specific staining of both the collagen and elastic networks. Findings from the histomorphometric analyses conducted on skin sections of the patients with EDS, MS and PXE were compared to skin sections of healthy subjects from the same age groups. Our results show that both the collagen and the elastic networks were affected in all the studied pathological cases, but that the adverse changes to the elastic network in older patients were distinct from the physiological changes observed during aging process for healthy subjects. This degenerative process may be explained by an added phenomenon involving a general connective tissue proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Lattouf
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Antoine Assoumou-Abroh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Ronald Younes
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Didier Lutomski
- Unité de Recherche en Ingénierie Tissulaire-URIT, Université Paris 13 dénommée Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Joseph Bassil
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Nada Naaman
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sylvie Changotade
- Unité de Recherche en Ingénierie Tissulaire-URIT, Université Paris 13 dénommée Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Gaston Godeau
- Biochemistry Department, Dental School, Paris Descartes University, Montrouge, France
| | - Karim Senni
- Laboratoire EBInnov, Ecole de Biologie Industrielle-EBI, Cergy, France
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10
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Van Meijel RLJ, Wang P, Bouwman F, Blaak EE, Mariman ECM, Goossens GH. The Effects of Mild Intermittent Hypoxia Exposure on the Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Proteome in Overweight and Obese Men: A First-in-Human Randomized, Single-Blind, and Cross-Over Study. Front Physiol 2022; 12:791588. [PMID: 35058800 PMCID: PMC8764283 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.791588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) oxygen tension (pO2) has been implicated in AT dysfunction and metabolic perturbations in both rodents and humans. Compelling evidence suggests that hypoxia exposure alters metabolism, at least partly through effects on AT. However, it remains to be elucidated whether mild intermittent hypoxia (MIH) exposure impacts the AT proteome. We performed a randomized, single-blind, and cross-over study to investigate the effects of seven consecutive days of MIH (FiO2 15%, 3x2h/d) compared to normoxia (FiO2 21%) exposure on the AT proteome in overweight/obese men. In vivo AT insulin sensitivity was determined by the gold standard hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and abdominal subcutaneous AT biopsies were collected under normoxic fasting conditions following both exposure regimens (day 8). AT proteins were isolated and quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. After correction for blood contamination, 1,022 AT protein IDs were identified, of which 123 were differentially expressed following MIH (p < 0.05). We demonstrate for the first time that MIH exposure, which markedly reduces in vivo AT oxygen tension, impacts the human AT proteome. Although we cannot exclude that a single differentially expressed protein might be a false positive finding, several functional pathways were altered by MIH exposure, also after adjustment for multiple testing. Specifically, differentially expressed proteins were involved in redox systems, cell-adhesion, actin cytoskeleton organization, extracellular matrix composition, and energy metabolism. The MIH-induced change in AT TMOD3 expression was strongly related to altered in vivo AT insulin sensitivity, thus linking MIH-induced effects on the AT proteome to metabolic changes in overweight/obese humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rens L J Van Meijel
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Freek Bouwman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin C M Mariman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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11
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Ran Y, Su W, Ma L, Tan Y, Yi Z, Li X. Developing exquisite collagen fibrillar assemblies in the presence of keratin nanoparticles for improved cellular affinity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:380-390. [PMID: 34428491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the collagen-keratin (CK) composites have received much attention for the purpose of biomedical applications due to the intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradability of these two proteins. However, few studies have reported the CK composites developed by the self-assembly approach and the influence of the keratin on the collagen self-assembly in vitro was still unknown. In this study, the keratin nanoparticles (KNPs) were successfully prepared by the reduction method, and we focused on investigating the effect of the varying concentrations of KNPs on the mechanism of the fibrillogenesis process of collagen. The intermolecular interaction between the two proteins revealed by the ultraviolet spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and circular dichromatic (CD) spectroscopy showed that KNPs would interact with the collagen, and keratin significantly influenced the hydrogen bonding interaction existed in collagen molecules. The SEM images exhibited the formation of exquisite fibrillar networks after incorporating the KNPs into collagen, and it was conspicuous that the KNPs could uniformly distribute on the surface of collagen fibrils via electrostatic interaction, for both of the two proteins possessed many charged moieties. In addition, the AFM images confirmed the presence of the characteristic D-periodicity of collagen fibrils, indicating that the introduction of KNPs did not disrupt the self-assembly nature of the native collagen. The cell adhesion, proliferation and migration experiments on the CK fibrils were also performed in this study. The results demonstrated that the CK composites showed a better cellular affinity compared with the collagen, thus it might be a promising candidate for the biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Ran
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wen Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lei Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yunfei Tan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zeng Yi
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xudong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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12
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Vroman R, Malfait AM, Miller RE, Malfait F, Syx D. Animal Models of Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes: Phenotype, Pathogenesis, and Translational Potential. Front Genet 2021; 12:726474. [PMID: 34712265 PMCID: PMC8547655 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.726474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of heritable connective tissues disorders mainly characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility and generalized tissue fragility. Currently, 14 EDS subtypes each with particular phenotypic features are recognized and are caused by genetic defects in 20 different genes. All of these genes are involved in the biosynthesis and/or fibrillogenesis of collagens at some level. Although great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular basis of different EDS subtypes, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the observed phenotypes remain poorly understood, and consequentially, adequate treatment and management options for these conditions remain scarce. To date, several animal models, mainly mice and zebrafish, have been described with defects in 14 of the 20 hitherto known EDS-associated genes. These models have been instrumental in discerning the functions and roles of the corresponding proteins during development, maturation and repair and in portraying their roles during collagen biosynthesis and/or fibrillogenesis, for some even before their contribution to an EDS phenotype was elucidated. Additionally, extensive phenotypical characterization of these models has shown that they largely phenocopy their human counterparts, with recapitulation of several clinical hallmarks of the corresponding EDS subtype, including dermatological, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and ocular features, as well as biomechanical and ultrastructural similarities in tissues. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of animal models manifesting phenotypes that mimic EDS with a focus on engineered mouse and zebrafish models, and their relevance in past and future EDS research. Additionally, we briefly discuss domestic animals with naturally occurring EDS phenotypes. Collectively, these animal models have only started to reveal glimpses into the pathophysiological aspects associated with EDS and will undoubtably continue to play critical roles in EDS research due to their tremendous potential for pinpointing (common) signaling pathways, unveiling possible therapeutic targets and providing opportunities for preclinical therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Vroman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Malfait
- Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rachel E Miller
- Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Fransiska Malfait
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delfien Syx
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Takenaka-Ninagawa N, Kim J, Zhao M, Sato M, Jonouchi T, Goto M, Yoshioka CKB, Ikeda R, Harada A, Sato T, Ikeya M, Uezumi A, Nakatani M, Noguchi S, Sakurai H. Collagen-VI supplementation by cell transplantation improves muscle regeneration in Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy model mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:446. [PMID: 34372931 PMCID: PMC8351132 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) function as supportive cells on skeletal muscle homeostasis through several secretory factors including type 6 collagen (COL6). Several mutations of COL6A1, 2, and 3 genes cause Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD). Skeletal muscle regeneration deficiency has been reported as a characteristic phenotype in muscle biopsy samples of human UCMD patients and UCMD model mice. However, little is known about the COL6-dependent mechanism for the occurrence and progression of the deficiency. The purpose of this study was to clarify the pathological mechanism of UCMD by supplementing COL6 through cell transplantation. Methods To test whether COL6 supplementation has a therapeutic effect for UCMD, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted using four types of MSCs: (1) healthy donors derived-primary MSCs (pMSCs), (2) MSCs derived from healthy donor induced pluripotent stem cell (iMSCs), (3) COL6-knockout iMSCs (COL6KO-iMSCs), and (4) UCMD patient-derived iMSCs (UCMD-iMSCs). Results All four MSC types could engraft for at least 12 weeks when transplanted into the tibialis anterior muscles of immunodeficient UCMD model (Col6a1KO) mice. COL6 protein was restored by the MSC transplantation if the MSCs were not COL6-deficient (types 1 and 2). Moreover, muscle regeneration and maturation in Col6a1KO mice were promoted with the transplantation of the COL6-producing MSCs only in the region supplemented with COL6. Skeletal muscle satellite cells derived from UCMD model mice (Col6a1KO-MuSCs) co-cultured with type 1 or 2 MSCs showed improved proliferation, differentiation, and maturation, whereas those co-cultured with type 3 or 4 MSCs did not. Conclusions These findings indicate that COL6 supplementation improves muscle regeneration and maturation in UCMD model mice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02514-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Takenaka-Ninagawa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Jinsol Kim
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masae Sato
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Jonouchi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Megumi Goto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Clémence Kiho Bourgeois Yoshioka
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Rukia Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Aya Harada
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sato
- Department of Anatomy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uezumi
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Research Team for Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masashi Nakatani
- Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Satoru Noguchi
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Development, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sakurai
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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14
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Musiime M, Chang J, Hansen U, Kadler KE, Zeltz C, Gullberg D. Collagen Assembly at the Cell Surface: Dogmas Revisited. Cells 2021; 10:662. [PMID: 33809734 PMCID: PMC8002325 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increased awareness about the importance of the composition, organization, and stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) for tissue homeostasis, there is a renewed need to understand the details of how cells recognize, assemble and remodel the ECM during dynamic tissue reorganization events. Fibronectin (FN) and fibrillar collagens are major proteins in the ECM of interstitial matrices. Whereas FN is abundant in cell culture studies, it is often only transiently expressed in the acute phase of wound healing and tissue regeneration, by contrast fibrillar collagens form a persistent robust scaffold in healing and regenerating tissues. Historically fibrillar collagens in interstitial matrices were seen merely as structural building blocks. Cell anchorage to the collagen matrix was thought to be indirect and occurring via proteins like FN and cell surface-mediated collagen fibrillogenesis was believed to require a FN matrix. The isolation of four collagen-binding integrins have challenged this dogma, and we now know that cells anchor directly to monomeric forms of fibrillar collagens via the α1β1, α2β1, α10β1 and α11β1 integrins. The binding of these integrins to the mature fibrous collagen matrices is more controversial and depends on availability of integrin-binding sites. With increased awareness about the importance of characterizing the total integrin repertoire on cells, including the integrin collagen receptors, the idea of an absolute dependence on FN for cell-mediated collagen fibrillogenesis needs to be re-evaluated. We will summarize data suggesting that collagen-binding integrins in vitro and in vivo are perfectly well suited for nucleating and supporting collagen fibrillogenesis, independent of FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Musiime
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; (M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Joan Chang
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (J.C.); (K.E.K.)
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Karl E. Kadler
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (J.C.); (K.E.K.)
| | - Cédric Zeltz
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; (M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Donald Gullberg
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; (M.M.); (C.Z.)
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15
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Saranathan V, Finet C. Cellular and developmental basis of avian structural coloration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:56-64. [PMID: 33684846 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Vivid structural colors in birds are a conspicuous and vital part of their phenotype. They are produced by a rich diversity of integumentary photonic nanostructures in skin and feathers. Unlike pigmentary coloration, whose genetic basis is being elucidated, little is known regarding the pathways underpinning organismal structural coloration. Here, we review available data on the development of avian structural colors. In particular, feather photonic nanostructures are understood to be intracellularly self-assembled by physicochemical forces typically seen in soft colloidal systems. We identify promising avenues for future research that can address current knowledge gaps, which are also highly relevant for the sustainable engineering of advanced bioinspired and biomimetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodkumar Saranathan
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 10 College Avenue West, 138609, Singapore; NUS Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Initiative, National University of Singapore, 117581, Singapore.
| | - Cédric Finet
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 10 College Avenue West, 138609, Singapore
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16
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Türlü C, Willumsen N, Marando D, Schjerling P, Biskup E, Hannibal J, Jorgensen LN, Ågren MS. A Human Cellular Model for Colorectal Anastomotic Repair: The Effect of Localization and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Treatment on Collagen Deposition and Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041616. [PMID: 33562728 PMCID: PMC7914853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a devastating complication after colorectal surgery, possibly due to the loss of stabilizing collagen fibers in the submucosa. Our aim was to assess the formation of collagen in the colon versus the rectum with or without transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 exposure in a human cellular model of colorectal repair. Primary fibroblasts were isolated by an explant procedure from clinically resected tissue rings during anastomosis construction in 19 consecutive colorectal patients who underwent laparoscopy. The cells, identified as fibroblasts by morphologic characteristics and flow cytometry analysis (CD90+), were cultured for 8 days and in 12 patients in the presence of 1 ng/mL TGF-β1. Total collagen deposition was measured colorimetrically after Sirius red staining of fixed cell layers, and type I, III, and VI collagen biosynthesis and degradation were specifically determined by the biomarkers PINP, PRO-C3, PRO-C6, and C3M in conditioned media by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Total collagen deposition by fibroblasts from the colon and rectum did not significantly differ. TGF-β1 treatment increased PINP, PRO-C6, and total collagen deposition. Mechanistically, TGF-β1 treatment increased COL1A1 and ACTA2 (encoding α-smooth muscle actin), and decreased COL6A1 and MMP2 mRNA levels in colorectal fibroblasts. In conclusion, we found no effect of anatomic localization on collagen production by fibroblasts derived from the large intestine. TGF-β1 represents a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of AL by increasing type I collagen synthesis and collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceylan Türlü
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.T.); (D.M.); (L.N.J.)
| | | | - Debora Marando
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.T.); (D.M.); (L.N.J.)
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edyta Biskup
- Department of Dermatology and Copenhagen Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lars N. Jorgensen
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.T.); (D.M.); (L.N.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus S. Ågren
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.T.); (D.M.); (L.N.J.)
- Department of Dermatology and Copenhagen Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-3863-5954
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17
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Matsumoto KI, Aoki H. The Roles of Tenascins in Cardiovascular, Inflammatory, and Heritable Connective Tissue Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:609752. [PMID: 33335533 PMCID: PMC7736112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascins are a family of multifunctional extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins with time- and tissue specific expression patterns during development, tissue homeostasis, and diseases. There are four family members (tenascin-C, -R, -X, -W) in vertebrates. Among them, tenascin-X (TNX) and tenascin-C (TNC) play important roles in human pathologies. TNX is expressed widely in loose connective tissues. TNX contributes to the stability and maintenance of the collagen network, and its absence causes classical-like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (clEDS), a heritable connective tissue disorder. In contrast, TNC is specifically and transiently expressed upon pathological conditions such as inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. There is growing evidence that TNC is involved in inflammatory processes with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory activity in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we summarize the roles of these two tenascins, TNX and TNC, in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases and in clEDS, and we discuss the functional consequences of the expression of these tenascins for tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Aoki
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
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18
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McQuitty CE, Williams R, Chokshi S, Urbani L. Immunomodulatory Role of the Extracellular Matrix Within the Liver Disease Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574276. [PMID: 33262757 PMCID: PMC7686550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease when accompanied by underlying fibrosis, is characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and chronic inflammation. Although traditionally considered as a passive and largely architectural structure, the ECM is now being recognized as a source of potent damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)s with immune-active peptides and domains. In parallel, the ECM anchors a range of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, all of which are capable of modulating immune responses. A growing body of evidence shows that ECM proteins themselves are capable of modulating immunity either directly via ligation with immune cell receptors including integrins and TLRs, or indirectly through release of immunoactive molecules such as cytokines which are stored within the ECM structure. Notably, ECM deposition and remodeling during injury and fibrosis can result in release or formation of ECM-DAMPs within the tissue, which can promote local inflammatory immune response and chemotactic immune cell recruitment and inflammation. It is well described that the ECM and immune response are interlinked and mutually participate in driving fibrosis, although their precise interactions in the context of chronic liver disease are poorly understood. This review aims to describe the known pro-/anti-inflammatory and fibrogenic properties of ECM proteins and DAMPs, with particular reference to the immunomodulatory properties of the ECM in the context of chronic liver disease. Finally, we discuss the importance of developing novel biotechnological platforms based on decellularized ECM-scaffolds, which provide opportunities to directly explore liver ECM-immune cell interactions in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. McQuitty
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Williams
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Urbani
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Tenascin-C Function in Glioma: Immunomodulation and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1272:149-172. [PMID: 32845507 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
First identified in the 1980s, tenascin-C (TNC) is a multi-domain extracellular matrix glycoprotein abundantly expressed during the development of multicellular organisms. TNC level is undetectable in most adult tissues but rapidly and transiently induced by a handful of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a variety of pathological conditions including infection, inflammation, fibrosis, and wound healing. Persistent TNC expression is associated with chronic inflammation and many malignancies, including glioma. By interacting with its receptor integrin and a myriad of other binding partners, TNC elicits context- and cell type-dependent function to regulate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. TNC operates as an endogenous activator of toll-like receptor 4 and promotes inflammatory response by inducing the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory factors in innate immune cells such as microglia and macrophages. In addition, TNC drives macrophage differentiation and polarization predominantly towards an M1-like phenotype. In contrast, TNC shows immunosuppressive function in T cells. In glioma, TNC is expressed by tumor cells and stromal cells; high expression of TNC is correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Besides promoting glioma invasion and angiogenesis, TNC has been found to affect the morphology and function of tumor-associated microglia/macrophages in glioma. Clinically, TNC can serve as a biomarker for tumor progression; and TNC antibodies have been utilized as an adjuvant agent to deliver anti-tumor drugs to target glioma. A better mechanistic understanding of how TNC impacts innate and adaptive immunity during tumorigenesis and tumor progression will open new therapeutic avenues to treat brain tumors and other malignancies.
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20
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Wawrzyniak D, Grabowska M, Głodowicz P, Kuczyński K, Kuczyńska B, Fedoruk-Wyszomirska A, Rolle K. Down-regulation of tenascin-C inhibits breast cancer cells development by cell growth, migration, and adhesion impairment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237889. [PMID: 32817625 PMCID: PMC7440653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that plays an important role in cell proliferation, migration, and tumour invasion in various cancers. TNC is one of the main protein overexpressed in breast cancer, indicating a role for this ECM molecule in cancer pathology. In this study we have evaluated the TNC loss-off-function in breast cancer cells. In our approach, we used dsRNA sharing sequence homology with TNC mRNA, called ATN-RNA. We present the data showing the effects of ATN-RNA in MDA-MB-231 cells both in monolayer and three-dimensional culture. Cells treated with ATN-RNA were analyzed for phenotypic alterations in proliferation, migration, adhesion, cell cycle, multi-caspase activation and the involvement in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes. As complementary analysis the oncogenomic portals were used to assess the clinical implication of TNC expression on breast cancer patient's survival, showing the TNC overexpression associated with a poor survival outcome. Our approach applied first in brain tumors and then in breast cancer cell lines reveals that ATN-RNA significantly diminishes the cell proliferation, migration and additionally, reverses the mesenchymal cells phenotype to the epithelial one. Thus, TNC could be considered as the universal target in different types of tumors, where TNC overexpression is associated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Wawrzyniak
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grabowska
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Głodowicz
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Konrad Kuczyński
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bogna Kuczyńska
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Fedoruk-Wyszomirska
- Laboratory of Subcellular Structures Analysis, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rolle
- Department of Molecular Neurooncology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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21
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Mechanical allodynia in mice with tenascin-X deficiency associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6569. [PMID: 32300146 PMCID: PMC7162960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-X (TNX) is a member of the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin family, and TNX deficiency leads to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a heritable human disorder characterized mostly by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and easy bruising. TNX-deficient patients complain of chronic joint pain, myalgia, paresthesia, and axonal polyneuropathy. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TNX deficiency complicates pain are unknown. Here, we examined the nociceptive behavioral responses of TNX-deficient mice. Compared with wild-type mice, TNX-deficient mice exhibited mechanical allodynia but not thermal hyperalgesia. TNX deficiency also increased pain sensitivity to chemical stimuli and aggravated early inflammatory pain elicited by formalin. TNX-deficient mice were significantly hypersensitive to transcutaneous sine wave stimuli at frequencies of 250 Hz (Aδ fiber responses) and 2000 Hz (Aβ fiber responses), but not to stimuli at frequency of 5 Hz (C fiber responses). In addition, the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-related kinase, an active neuronal marker, and the activity of NADPH-diaphorase, a neuronal nitric oxide activation marker, were enhanced in the spinal dorsal horns of TNX-deficient mice. These results suggest that TNX deficiency contributes to the development of mechanical allodynia and hypersensitivity to chemical stimuli, and it induces hypersensitization of myelinated A fibers and activation of the spinal dorsal horn.
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22
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Yamada K, Watanabe A, Takeshita H, Fujita A, Miyake N, Matsumoto N, Matsumoto KI. Measurement of Serum Tenascin-X in Joint Hypermobility Syndrome Patients. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1596-1599. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamada
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdiscipnary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Nippon Medical School Hospital
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Kanazawa University Hospital
| | - Haruo Takeshita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ken-ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdiscipnary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University
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23
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Tendon and Ligament Injuries in Elite Rugby: The Potential Genetic Influence. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7060138. [PMID: 31167482 PMCID: PMC6628064 DOI: 10.3390/sports7060138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews tendon and ligament injury incidence and severity within elite rugby union and rugby league. Furthermore, it discusses the biological makeup of tendons and ligaments and how genetic variation may influence this and predisposition to injury. Elite rugby has one of the highest reported injury incidences of any professional sport. This is likely due to a combination of well-established injury surveillance systems and the characteristics of the game, whereby high-impact body contact frequently occurs, in addition to the high intensity, multispeed and multidirectional nature of play. Some of the most severe of all these injuries are tendon and ligament/joint (non-bone), and therefore, potentially the most debilitating to a player and playing squad across a season or World Cup competition. The aetiology of these injuries is highly multi-factorial, with a growing body of evidence suggesting that some of the inter-individual variability in injury susceptibility may be due to genetic variation. However, little effort has been devoted to the study of genetic injury traits within rugby athletes. Due to a growing understanding of the molecular characteristics underpinning the aetiology of injury, investigating genetic variation within elite rugby is a viable and worthy proposition. Therefore, we propose several single nucleotide polymorphisms within candidate genes of interest; COL1A1, COL3A1, COL5A1, MIR608, MMP3, TIMP2, VEGFA, NID1 and COLGALT1 warrant further study within elite rugby and other invasion sports.
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24
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Kajitani N, Yamada T, Kawakami K, Matsumoto KI. TNX deficiency results in bone loss due to an increase in multinucleated osteoclasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:659-664. [PMID: 30922562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-X (TNX), a glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix (ECM), is expressed in various tissues and plays an important role in ECM architecture. The TNXB gene encoding TNX is known as the gene responsible for classic-like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (clEDS). To date, the role of TNX in dermal, muscular and obstetric features has been reported, but its role in bone homeostasis remains to be clarified. In this study, we found significant bone loss and upregulation of osteoclast marker gene expression in TNX-deficient mice. Further, TNX deficiency in the bone marrow promoted multinucleation of osteoclasts and resulted in increased bone resorption activity. These results indicate that multinucleated osteoclasts are the cause of bone loss in a TNX-deficient environment. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanism of osteoclast differentiation mediated by TNX and the pathology of clEDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyo Kajitani
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan; Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Takaya Yamada
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Kohei Kawakami
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
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25
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Fiorino S, Di Saverio S, Leandri P, Tura A, Birtolo C, Silingardi M, de Biase D, Avisar E. The role of matricellular proteins and tissue stiffness in breast cancer: a systematic review. Future Oncol 2018; 14:1601-1627. [PMID: 29939077 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignancies consist not only of cancerous and nonmalignant cells, but also of additional elements, as extracellular matrix. The aim of this review is to summarize meta-analyses, describing breast tissue stiffness and risk of breast carcinoma (BC) assessing the potential relationship between matricellular proteins (MPs) and survival. A systematic computer-based search of published articles, according to PRISMA statement, was conducted through Ovid interface. Mammographic density and tissue stiffness are associated with the risk of BC development, suggesting that MPs may influence BC prognosis. No definitive conclusions are available and additional researches are required to definitively clarify the role of each MP, mammographic density and stiffness in BC development and the mechanisms involved in the onset of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirio Fiorino
- Internal Medicine 'C' Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Local Health Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salomone Di Saverio
- Cambridge Colorectal Unit, Box 201, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paolo Leandri
- Internal Medicine 'C' Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Local Health Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Tura
- Metabolic Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Birtolo
- Geriatric Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Silingardi
- Internal Medicine 'A' Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Local Health Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eli Avisar
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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26
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Imanaka-Yoshida K, Matsumoto KI. Multiple Roles of Tenascins in Homeostasis and Pathophysiology of Aorta. Ann Vasc Dis 2018; 11:169-180. [PMID: 30116408 PMCID: PMC6094038 DOI: 10.3400/avd.ra.17-00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascins are a family of large extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins. Four family members (tenascin-C, -R, -X, and -W) have been identified to date. Each member consists of the same types of structural domains and exhibits time- and tissue-specific expression patterns, suggesting their specific roles in embryonic development and tissue remodeling. Among them, the significant involvement of tenascin-C (TNC) and tenascin-X (TNX) in the progression of vascular diseases has been examined in detail. TNC is strongly up-regulated under pathological conditions, induced by a number of inflammatory mediators and mechanical stress. TNC has diverse functions, particularly in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Recent studies suggest that TNC is involved in the pathophysiology of aneurysmal and dissecting lesions, in part by protecting the vascular wall from destructive mechanical stress. TNX is strongly expressed in vascular walls, and its distribution is often reciprocal to that of TNC. TNX is involved in the stability and maintenance of the collagen network and elastin fibers. A deficiency in TNX results in a form of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS). Although their exact roles in vascular diseases have not yet been elucidated, TNC and TNX are now being recognized as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and risk stratification of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.,Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
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27
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Fiorino S, Bacchi-Reggiani ML, Birtolo C, Acquaviva G, Visani M, Fornelli A, Masetti M, Tura A, Sbrignadello S, Grizzi F, Patrinicola F, Zanello M, Mastrangelo L, Lombardi R, Benini C, Di Tommaso L, Bondi A, Monetti F, Siopis E, Orlandi PE, Imbriani M, Fabbri C, Giovanelli S, Domanico A, Accogli E, Di Saverio S, Grifoni D, Cennamo V, Leandri P, Jovine E, de Biase D. Matricellular proteins and survival in patients with pancreatic cancer: A systematic review. Pancreatology 2018; 18:122-132. [PMID: 29137857 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a fundamental role in tissue architecture and homeostasis and modulates cell functions through a complex interaction between cell surface receptors, hormones, several bioeffector molecules, and structural proteins like collagen. These components are secreted into ECM and all together contribute to regulate several cellular activities including differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, and migration. The so-called "matricellular" proteins (MPs) have recently emerged as important regulators of ECM functions. The aim of our review is to consider all different types of MPs family assessing the potential relationship between MPs and survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). A systematic computer-based search of published articles, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Statement issued in 2009 was conducted through Ovid interface, and literature review was performed in May 2017. The search text words were identified by means of controlled vocabulary, such as the National Library of Medicine's MESH (Medical Subject Headings) and Keywords. Collected data showed an important role of MPs in carcinogenesis and in PDAC prognosis even though the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown and data are not univocal. Therefore, a better understanding of MPs role in regulation of ECM homeostasis and remodeling of specific organ niches may suggest potential novel extracellular targets for the development of efficacious therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirio Fiorino
- Internal Medicine Unit C, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Letizia Bacchi-Reggiani
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Cardiology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, via Massarenti 9, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Birtolo
- Internal Medicine Unit A, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Acquaviva
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Visani
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adele Fornelli
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Masetti
- Surgery Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Patrinicola
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanello
- Surgery Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Mastrangelo
- Surgery Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Lombardi
- Surgery Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Benini
- Surgery Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Di Tommaso
- Department of Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Arrigo Bondi
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Monetti
- Radiology Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Siopis
- Radiology Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Emilio Orlandi
- Radiology Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Imbriani
- Radiology Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Fabbri
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Giovanelli
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Domanico
- Internal Medicine Unit A, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Esterita Accogli
- Internal Medicine Unit A, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salomone Di Saverio
- Surgical Emergency Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Grifoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via San Donato 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cennamo
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Leandri
- Surgical Emergency Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elio Jovine
- Surgery Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via San Donato 15, Bologna, Italy.
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28
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Zhu S, Yuan Q, Yin T, You J, Gu Z, Xiong S, Hu Y. Self-assembly of collagen-based biomaterials: preparation, characterizations and biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2650-2676. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02999c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
By combining regulatory parameters with characterization methods, researchers can selectively fabricate collagenous biomaterials with various functional responses for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichen Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province
| | - Qijuan Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Yin
- College of Food Science and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Juan You
- College of Food Science and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Shanbai Xiong
- College of Food Science and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province
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29
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Hashimoto K, Kajitani N, Miyamoto Y, Matsumoto KI. Wound healing-related properties detected in an experimental model with a collagen gel contraction assay are affected in the absence of tenascin-X. Exp Cell Res 2017; 363:102-113. [PMID: 29291401 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with tenascin-X (TNX)-deficient type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) do not exhibit delayed wound healing, unlike classic type EDS patients, who exhibit mutations in collagen genes. Similarly, in TNX-knockout (KO) mice, wound closure of the skin is normal even though these mice exhibit a reduced breaking strength. Therefore, we speculated that the wound healing process may be affected in the absence of TNX. In this study, to investigate the effects of TNX absence on wound healing-related properties, we performed collagen gel contraction assays with wild-type (WT) and TNX-KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Collagen gels with embedded TNX-KO MEFs showed significantly greater contraction than those containing WT MEFs. Subsequently, we assessed collagen gel contraction-related properties, such as the activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and the protein and mRNA expression levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the collagen gels. The activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and the expression level of TGF-β1 were elevated in the absence of TNX. Furthermore, filopodia-like protrusion formation, cell proliferation, migration, and collagen expression in MEFs were promoted in the absence of TNX. These results indicate that these wound healing-related properties are affected in a TNX-deficient extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Naoyo Kajitani
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan.
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Yamaguchi S, Kawakami K, Satoh K, Fukunaga N, Akama K, Matsumoto KI. Suppression of hepatic dysfunction in tenascin‑X‑deficient mice fed a high‑fat diet. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4061-4067. [PMID: 28731143 PMCID: PMC5646988 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin‑X (TNX) is the largest member of the tenascin family. In the present study, the contribution of TNX to liver dysfunction was investigated by administration of high‑fat and high‑cholesterol diet with high levels of phosphorus and calcium (HFCD) to wild‑type (WT) and TNX‑knockout (KO) mice. After 16 weeks of HFCD administration, the ratio of liver weight to body weight was approximately 22% higher in the HFCD‑fed WT mice compared with the HFCD‑fed TNX‑KO mice, indicating hepatomegaly in HFCD‑fed WT mice. Histological analyses with hematoxylin and eosin staining at 21 weeks revealed that hepatocyte hypertrophy in HFCD‑fed TNX‑KO mice was suppressed to 85% of that in HFCD‑fed WT mice. By contrast, there was a 1.2‑fold increase in lipid deposition in hepatocytes from HFCD‑fed TNX‑KO mice compared with HFCD‑fed WT mice at 18 weeks, as demonstrated by Oil Red O staining. In addition, TNX‑KO mice at 21 weeks and 27 weeks post‑HFCD administration exhibited significant suppression of inflammatory cell infiltrate to 51 and 24% of that in WT mice, respectively. Immunofluorescence analysis for type I collagen and Elastica van Gieson staining demonstrated a clear hepatic fibrosis progression in HFCD‑fed WT mice at 27 weeks, whereas hepatic fibrosis was undetected in HFCD‑fed TNX‑KO mice. The present findings indicated that TNX deficiency suppressed hepatic dysfunction induced by HFCD administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsaku Yamaguchi
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane 693‑8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawakami
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane 693‑8501, Japan
| | - Kazumi Satoh
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane 693‑8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Fukunaga
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane 693‑8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Akama
- Department of Biological Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690‑8504, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane 693‑8501, Japan
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Sakai H, Yokota S, Kajitani N, Yoneyama T, Kawakami K, Yasui Y, Matsumoto KI. A potential contribution of tenascin-X to blood vessel formation in peripheral nerves. Neurosci Res 2017; 124:1-7. [PMID: 28668501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-X (TNX), an extracellular matrix protein, is abundantly expressed in peripheral nerves. However, the physiological role of TNX in peripheral nerves remains unknown. In this study, we found that actin levels in sciatic nerves of TNX-deficient mice were markedly decreased. Since actin was highly expressed in endothelial cells in wild-type sciatic nerves, we assessed morphological alterations of blood vessels in TNX-null sciatic nerves. The density of blood vessels was significantly decreased and the size of blood vessels was larger than those in wild-type sciatic nerves. Immunofluorescence showed that TNX was expressed by Schwann cells and fibroblasts in sciatic nerves. The results suggest that TNX secreted from Schwann cells and/or fibroblasts is involved in blood vessel formation in peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Sakai
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Japan.
| | - Shigefumi Yokota
- Department of Anatomy and Morphological Neuroscience, Shimane University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Naoyo Kajitani
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Japan; Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Japan
| | - Tsunao Yoneyama
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawakami
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Yasui
- Department of Anatomy and Morphological Neuroscience, Shimane University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Japan.
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Tokhmafshan F, Brophy PD, Gbadegesin RA, Gupta IR. Vesicoureteral reflux and the extracellular matrix connection. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:565-576. [PMID: 27139901 PMCID: PMC5376290 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common pediatric condition due to a developmental defect in the ureterovesical junction. The prevalence of VUR among individuals with connective tissue disorders, as well as the importance of the ureter and bladder wall musculature for the anti-reflux mechanism, suggest that defects in the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the ureterovesical junction may result in VUR. This review will discuss the function of the smooth muscle and its supporting ECM microenvironment with respect to VUR, and explore the association of VUR with mutations in ECM-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick D. Brophy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rasheed A. Gbadegesin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Indra R. Gupta
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Theocharidis G, Connelly JT. Minor collagens of the skin with not so minor functions. J Anat 2017; 235:418-429. [PMID: 31318053 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and function of the skin relies on the complex expression pattern and organisation of extracellular matrix macromolecules, of which collagens are a principal component. The fibrillar collagens, types I and III, constitute over 90% of the collagen content within the skin and are the major determinants of the strength and stiffness of the tissue. However, the minor collagens also play a crucial regulatory role in a variety of processes, including cell anchorage, matrix assembly, and growth factor signalling. In this article, we review the expression patterns, key functions and involvement in disease pathogenesis of the minor collagens found in the skin. While it is clear that the minor collagens are important mediators of normal tissue function, homeostasis and repair, further insight into the molecular level structure and activity of these proteins is required for translation into clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Theocharidis
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John T Connelly
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Yamada K, Watanabe A, Takeshita H, Matsumoto KI. A method for quantification of serum tenascin-X by nano-LC/MS/MS. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 459:94-100. [PMID: 27236034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complete deficiency of an extracellular matrix tenascin-X (TNX) leads to a classical type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). TNX haploinsufficiency is a cause of hypermobility type of EDS. Human TNX is also present in a serum form (sTNX) with a molecular size of 140kDa. In this study, we established a method for quantification of sTNX using nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with selected/multiple reaction monitoring. METHODS Twelve abundant protein-depleted sera were reduced, alkylated, and digested with Lys-C and trypsin. Subsequently, the digests were fractionated by strong cation exchange chromatography. Optimal and validated transitions of precursor and product ions of the peptides from sTNX were developed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. RESULTS Serum concentrations of sTNX of healthy individuals were quantified as an average of 144ng/ml. However, sTNX was not detected by this method in serum from a patient with a classical type of EDS in whom sTNX was not found by Western blot analysis. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of sTNX by nano-LC/MS/MS method was 2.8pg whereas the detection sensitivity of sTNX by Western blot analysis was 19pg. The nano-LC/MS/MS method is more sensitive than Western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS The quantification method will be useful for diagnosis and risk stratification of EDS caused by TNX deficiency and haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamada
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Haruo Takeshita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
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Type VI Collagen Regulates Dermal Matrix Assembly and Fibroblast Motility. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:74-83. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins of the tenascin family resemble each other in their domain structure, and also share functions in modulating cell adhesion and cellular responses to growth factors. Despite these common features, the 4 vertebrate tenascins exhibit vastly different expression patterns. Tenascin-R is specific to the central nervous system. Tenascin-C is an “oncofetal” protein controlled by many stimuli (growth factors, cytokines, mechanical stress), but with restricted occurrence in space and time. In contrast, tenascin-X is a constituitive component of connective tissues, and its level is barely affected by external factors. Finally, the expression of tenascin-W is similar to that of tenascin-C but even more limited. In accordance with their highly regulated expression, the promoters of the tenascin-C and -W genes contain TATA boxes, whereas those of the other 2 tenascins do not. This article summarizes what is currently known about the complex transcriptional regulation of the 4 tenascin genes in development and disease.
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Key Words
- AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- AP-1, activator protein-1
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CBP, CREB binding protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- CREB-RP, CREB-related protein
- CYP21A2, cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A polypeptide 2
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- EBS, Ets binding site
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- ETS, E26 transformation-specific
- EWS-ETS, Ewing sarcoma-Ets fusion protein
- Evx1, even skipped homeobox 1
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HBS, homeodomain binding sequence
- IL, interleukin
- ILK, integrin-linked kinase
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MHCIII, major histocompatibility complex class III
- MKL1, megakaryoblastic leukemia-1
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NGF, nerve growth factor; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- OTX2, orthodenticle homolog 2
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- POU3F2, POU domain class 3 transcription factor 2
- PRRX1, paired-related homeobox 1
- RBPJk, recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless
- ROCK, Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase
- RhoA, ras homolog gene family member A
- SAP, SAF-A/B, Acinus, and PIAS
- SCX, scleraxix
- SEAP, secreted alkaline phosphatase
- SMAD, small body size - mothers against decapentaplegic
- SOX4, sex determining region Y-box 4
- SRE, serum response element
- SRF, serum response factor
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNC, tenascin-C
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TNR, tenascin-R
- TNW, tenascin-W
- TNX, tenascin-X
- TSS, transcription start site
- UTR, untranslated region
- WNT, wingless-related integration site
- cancer
- cytokine
- development
- extracellular matrix
- gene promoter
- gene regulation
- glucocorticoid
- growth factor
- homeobox gene
- matricellular
- mechanical stress
- miR, micro RNA
- p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase
- tenascin
- transcription factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiovaro
- a Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research ; Basel , Switzerland
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Valcourt U, Alcaraz LB, Exposito JY, Lethias C, Bartholin L. Tenascin-X: beyond the architectural function. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:154-65. [PMID: 25793578 PMCID: PMC4422802 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.994893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-X is the largest member of the tenascin (TN) family of evolutionary conserved extracellular matrix glycoproteins, which also comprises TN-C, TN-R and TN-W. Among this family, TN-X is the only member described so far to exert a crucial architectural function as evidenced by a connective tissue disorder (a recessive form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) resulting from a loss-of-function of this glycoprotein in humans and mice. However, TN-X is more than an architectural protein, as it displays features of a matricellular protein by modulating cell adhesion. However, the cellular functions associated with the anti-adhesive properties of TN-X have not yet been revealed. Recent findings indicate that TN-X is also an extracellular regulator of signaling pathways. Indeed, TN-X has been shown to regulate the bioavailability of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β and to modulate epithelial cell plasticity. The next challenges will be to unravel whether the signaling functions of TN-X are functionally linked to its matricellular properties.
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Key Words
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDS, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS)
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- FBG, fibrinogen-like domain
- FNIII, fibronectin type III module
- LAP, latency associated peptide
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- SLC, small latent complex
- TGF-β
- TGF-β activation
- TN, tenascin
- TSP-1, thrombospondin-1
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- cell signaling
- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
- integrin α11β1
- matricellular protein
- tenascin-X
- transforming growth factor-β
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Valcourt
- a Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon , Lyon , France
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Paco S, Casserras T, Rodríguez MA, Jou C, Puigdelloses M, Ortez CI, Diaz-Manera J, Gallardo E, Colomer J, Nascimento A, Kalko SG, Jimenez-Mallebrera C. Transcriptome Analysis of Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Fibroblasts Reveals a Disease Extracellular Matrix Signature and Key Molecular Regulators. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145107. [PMID: 26670220 PMCID: PMC4686057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Collagen VI related myopathies encompass a range of phenotypes with involvement of skeletal muscle, skin and other connective tissues. They represent a severe and relatively common form of congenital disease for which there is no treatment. Collagen VI in skeletal muscle and skin is produced by fibroblasts. Aims & Methods In order to gain insight into the consequences of collagen VI mutations and identify key disease pathways we performed global gene expression analysis of dermal fibroblasts from patients with Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy with and without vitamin C treatment. The expression data were integrated using a range of systems biology tools. Results were validated by real-time PCR, western blotting and functional assays. Findings We found significant changes in the expression levels of almost 600 genes between collagen VI deficient and control fibroblasts. Highly regulated genes included extracellular matrix components and surface receptors, including integrins, indicating a shift in the interaction between the cell and its environment. This was accompanied by a significant increase in fibroblasts adhesion to laminin. The observed changes in gene expression profiling may be under the control of two miRNAs, miR-30c and miR-181a, which we found elevated in tissue and serum from patients and which could represent novel biomarkers for muscular dystrophy. Finally, the response to vitamin C of collagen VI mutated fibroblasts significantly differed from healthy fibroblasts. Vitamin C treatment was able to revert the expression of some key genes to levels found in control cells raising the possibility of a beneficial effect of vitamin C as a modulator of some of the pathological aspects of collagen VI related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Paco
- Neuromuscular Unit, Neuropaediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Casserras
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Angels Rodríguez
- Neuromuscular Unit, Neuropaediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Jou
- Pathology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Puigdelloses
- Neuromuscular Unit, Neuropaediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos I. Ortez
- Neuromuscular Unit, Neuropaediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Diaz-Manera
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gallardo
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Colomer
- Neuromuscular Unit, Neuropaediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Nascimento
- Neuromuscular Unit, Neuropaediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana G. Kalko
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Jimenez-Mallebrera
- Neuromuscular Unit, Neuropaediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Stamov DR, Stock E, Franz CM, Jähnke T, Haschke H. Imaging collagen type I fibrillogenesis with high spatiotemporal resolution. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 149:86-94. [PMID: 25486377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibrillar collagens, such as collagen type I, belong to the most abundant extracellular matrix proteins and they have received much attention over the last five decades due to their large interactome, complex hierarchical structure and high mechanical stability. Nevertheless, the collagen self-assembly process is still incompletely understood. Determining the real-time kinetics of collagen type I formation is therefore pivotal for better understanding of collagen type I structure and function, but visualising the dynamic self-assembly process of collagen I on the molecular scale requires imaging techniques offering high spatiotemporal resolution. Fast and high-speed scanning atomic force microscopes (AFM) provide the means to study such processes on the timescale of seconds under near-physiological conditions. In this study we have applied fast AFM tip scanning to study the assembly kinetics of fibrillar collagen type I nanomatrices with a temporal resolution reaching eight seconds for a frame size of 500 nm. By modifying the buffer composition and pH value, the kinetics of collagen fibrillogenesis can be adjusted for optimal analysis by fast AFM scanning. We furthermore show that amplitude-modulation imaging can be successfully applied to extract additional structural information from collagen samples even at high scan rates. Fast AFM scanning with controlled amplitude modulation therefore provides a versatile platform for studying dynamic collagen self-assembly processes at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Stock
- JPK Instruments AG, Bouchéstrasse 12, 12435 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens M Franz
- DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Torsten Jähnke
- JPK Instruments AG, Bouchéstrasse 12, 12435 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Haschke
- JPK Instruments AG, Bouchéstrasse 12, 12435 Berlin, Germany
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40
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Lettmann S, Bloch W, Maaß T, Niehoff A, Schulz JN, Eckes B, Eming SA, Bonaldo P, Paulsson M, Wagener R. Col6a1 null mice as a model to study skin phenotypes in patients with collagen VI related myopathies: expression of classical and novel collagen VI variants during wound healing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105686. [PMID: 25158062 PMCID: PMC4144880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from collagen VI related myopathies caused by mutations in COL6A1, COL6A2 and COL6A3 often also display skin abnormalities, like formation of keloids or "cigarette paper" scars, dry skin, striae rubrae and keratosis pilaris (follicular keratosis). Here we evaluated if Col6a1 null mice, an established animal model for the muscle changes in collagen VI related myopathies, are also suitable for the study of mechanisms leading to the skin pathology. We performed a comprehensive study of the expression of all six collagen VI chains in unwounded and challenged skin of wild type and Col6a1 null mice. Expression of collagen VI chains is regulated in both skin wounds and bleomycin-induced fibrosis and the collagen VI α3 chain is proteolytically processed in both wild type and Col6a1 null mice. Interestingly, we detected a decreased tensile strength of the skin and an altered collagen fibril and basement membrane architecture in Col6a1 null mice, the latter being features that are also found in collagen VI myopathy patients. Although Col6a1 null mice do not display an overt wound healing defect, these mice are a relevant animal model to study the skin pathology in collagen VI related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lettmann
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Maaß
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Niehoff
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Beate Eckes
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine A. Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paolo Bonaldo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Raimund Wagener
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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41
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O'Connell K, Knight H, Ficek K, Leonska-Duniec A, Maciejewska-Karlowska A, Sawczuk M, Stepien-Slodkowska M, O'Cuinneagain D, van der Merwe W, Posthumus M, Cieszczyk P, Collins M. Interactions between collagen gene variants and risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 15:341-50. [PMID: 25073002 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.936324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The COL5A1 and COL12A1 variants are independently associated with modulating the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture in females. The objective of this study was to further investigate if COL3A1 and COL6A1 variants independently, as well as, collagen gene-gene interactions, modulate ACL rupture risk. Three hundred and thirty-three South African (SA, n = 242) and Polish (PL, n = 91) participants with diagnosed ACL ruptures and 378 controls (235 SA and 143 PL) were recruited. Participants were genotyped for COL3A1 rs1800255 G/A, COL5A1 rs12722 (T/C), COL6A1 rs35796750 (T/C) and COL12A1 rs970547 (A/G). No significant associations were identified between COL6A1 rs35796750 and COL3A1 rs1800255 genotypes and risk of ACL rupture in the SA cohort. The COL3A1 AA genotype was, however, significantly (p = 0.036) over-represented in the PL ACL group (9.9%, n = 9) when compared to the PL control (CON) group (2.8%, n = 4). Although there were genotype distribution differences between the SA and PL cohorts, the T+A-inferred pseudo-haplotype constructed from COL5A1 and COL12A1 was significantly over-represented in the female ACL group when compared to the female CON group within the SA (T+A ACL 50.5%, T+A CON 38.1%, p = 0.022), PL (T+A ACL 56.3%, T+A CON 36.3%, p = 0.029) and combined (T+A ACL 51.8%, T+A CON 37.5%, p = 0.004) cohorts. In conclusion, the novel main finding of this study was a significant interaction between the COL5A1 rs12722 T/C and COL12A1 rs970547 A/G variants and risk of ACL injury. These results highlight the importance of investigating gene-gene interactions in the aetiology of ACL ruptures in multiple independent cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O'Connell
- a MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science & Sports Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
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42
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Pan TC, Zhang RZ, Arita M, Bogdanovich S, Adams SM, Gara SK, Wagener R, Khurana TS, Birk DE, Chu ML. A mouse model for dominant collagen VI disorders: heterozygous deletion of Col6a3 Exon 16. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10293-10307. [PMID: 24563484 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.549311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant and recessive mutations in collagen VI genes, COL6A1, COL6A2, and COL6A3, cause a continuous spectrum of disorders characterized by muscle weakness and connective tissue abnormalities ranging from the severe Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy to the mild Bethlem myopathy. Herein, we report the development of a mouse model for dominant collagen VI disorders by deleting exon 16 in the Col6a3 gene. The resulting heterozygous mouse, Col6a3(+/d16), produced comparable amounts of normal Col6a3 mRNA and a mutant transcript with an in-frame deletion of 54 bp of triple-helical coding sequences, thus mimicking the most common molecular defect found in dominant Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy patients. Biosynthetic studies of mutant fibroblasts indicated that the mutant α3(VI) collagen protein was produced and exerted a dominant-negative effect on collagen VI microfibrillar assembly. The distribution of the α3(VI)-like chains of collagen VI was not altered in mutant mice during development. The Col6a3(+/d16) mice developed histopathologic signs of myopathy and showed ultrastructural alterations of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle and abnormal collagen fibrils in tendons. The Col6a3(+/d16) mice displayed compromised muscle contractile functions and thereby provide an essential preclinical platform for developing treatment strategies for dominant collagen VI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Cheng Pan
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Rui-Zhu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Machiko Arita
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Sasha Bogdanovich
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Sheila M Adams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Sudheer Kumar Gara
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Raimund Wagener
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne D-50931, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Tejvior S Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David E Birk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Mon-Li Chu
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107.
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43
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Nakahara H, Hasegawa A, Otabe K, Ayabe F, Matsukawa T, Onizuka N, Ito Y, Ozaki T, Lotz MK, Asahara H. Transcription factor Mohawk and the pathogenesis of human anterior cruciate ligament degradation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:2081-9. [PMID: 23686683 DOI: 10.1002/art.38020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression and function of Mohawk (MKX) in human adult anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tissue and ligament cells from normal and osteoarthritis (OA)-affected knees. METHODS Knee joints were obtained at autopsy (within 24-48 hours postmortem) from 13 donors with normal knees (mean ± SD age 36.9 ± 11.0 years), 16 donors with knee OA (age 79.7 ± 11.4 years), and 8 aging donors without knee OA (age 76.9 ± 12.9 years). All cartilage surfaces were graded macroscopically. MKX expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. ACL-derived cells were used to study regulation of MKX expression by interleukin-1β (IL-1β). MKX was knocked down with small interfering RNA (siRNA) to analyze the function of MKX in extracellular matrix (ECM) production and differentiation in ACL-derived cells. RESULTS The expression of MKX was significantly decreased in ACL-derived cells from OA knees compared with normal knees. Consistent with this finding, immunohistochemistry analysis showed that MKX-positive cells were significantly reduced in ACL tissue from OA donors, in particular in cells located in disorientated fibers. In ACL-derived cells, IL-1β strongly suppressed MKX expression and reduced expression of the ligament ECM genes COL1A1 and TNXB. In contrast, SOX9, a chondrocyte master transcription factor, was up-regulated by IL-1β treatment. Importantly, knockdown of MKX expression with siRNA up-regulated SOX9 expression in ACL-derived cells, whereas the expression of COL1A1 and TNXB was reduced. CONCLUSION Reduced expression of MKX is a feature of degenerated ACL in OA-affected joints, and this may be mediated in part by IL-1β. MKX appears necessary to maintain the tissue-specific cellular differentiation status and ECM production in adult human tendons and ligaments.
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44
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Hermanns-Lê T, Piérard GE, Piérard-Franchimont C, Delvenne P. Dermal Ultrastructure in Collagen VI Myopathy. Ultrastruct Pathol 2013; 38:164-6. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2013.829151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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45
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Carvalho ADM, Badial PR, Álvarez LEC, Yamada ALM, Borges AS, Deffune E, Hussni CA, Garcia Alves AL. Equine tendonitis therapy using mesenchymal stem cells and platelet concentrates: a randomized controlled trial. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:85. [PMID: 23876512 PMCID: PMC3854756 DOI: 10.1186/scrt236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tendon injury is a major cause of lameness and decreased performance in athletic equines. Various therapies for tendonitis have been described; however, none of these therapies results in complete tissue regeneration, and the injury recurrence rate is high even after long recovery periods involving rest and physiotherapy. METHODS A lesion was induced with collagenase gel in the superficial digital flexor tendon in the center portion of the metacarpal region of eight equines of mixed breed. After two weeks, the lesions of the animals in the treated and control groups were treated through the intralesional administration of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (adMSCs) suspended in platelet concentrate (PC) and with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), respectively. Serial ultrasound analyses were performed every two weeks. After 16 weeks of therapy, a biopsy was performed for histopathological, immunohistochemical and gene expression (type I collagen (COL1A1), type III collagen (COL3A1), tenascin-C (TNC), tenomodulin (TNMD), and scleraxis (SCX)) analyses. RESULTS Differences in the ultrasound and histopathological analyses were observed between the groups. Improved results were reported in the group treated with adMSCs suspended in PC. There was no difference in the gene expression levels observed after the different treatments. The main results observed from the histopathological evaluation of the treated group were as follows: a prevention of the progression of the lesion, a greater organization of collagen fibers, and a decreased inflammatory infiltrate. A lack of progression of the lesion area and its percentage was observed in the ultrasound image, and increased blood flow was measured by Power Doppler. CONCLUSIONS The use of adMSCs combined with PC for the therapy of experimentally induced tendonitis prevented the progression of the tendon lesion, as observed in the ultrasound examination, and resulted in a greater organization and decreased inflammation, as observed in the histopathological evaluation. These data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this therapy for the treatment of equine tendonitis.
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46
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Pan TC, Zhang RZ, Markova D, Arita M, Zhang Y, Bogdanovich S, Khurana TS, Bönnemann CG, Birk DE, Chu ML. COL6A3 protein deficiency in mice leads to muscle and tendon defects similar to human collagen VI congenital muscular dystrophy. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14320-14331. [PMID: 23564457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.433078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen VI is a ubiquitously expressed extracellular microfibrillar protein. Its most common molecular form is composed of the α1(VI), α2(VI), and α3(VI) collagen α chains encoded by the COL6A1, COL6A2, and COL6A3 genes, respectively. Mutations in any of the three collagen VI genes cause congenital muscular dystrophy types Bethlem and Ullrich as well as intermediate phenotypes characterized by muscle weakness and connective tissue abnormalities. The α3(VI) collagen α chain has much larger N- and C-globular domains than the other two chains. Its most C-terminal domain can be cleaved off after assembly into microfibrils, and the cleavage product has been implicated in tumor angiogenesis and progression. Here we characterize a Col6a3 mutant mouse that expresses a very low level of a non-functional α3(VI) collagen chain. The mutant mice are deficient in extracellular collagen VI microfibrils and exhibit myopathic features, including decreased muscle mass and contractile force. Ultrastructurally abnormal collagen fibrils were observed in tendon, but not cornea, of the mutant mice, indicating a distinct tissue-specific effect of collagen VI on collagen I fibrillogenesis. Overall, the mice lacking normal α3(VI) collagen chains displayed mild musculoskeletal phenotypes similar to mice deficient in the α1(VI) collagen α chain, suggesting that the cleavage product of the α3(VI) collagen does not elicit essential functions in normal growth and development. The Col6a3 mouse mutant lacking functional α3(VI) collagen chains thus serves as an animal model for COL6A3-related muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Cheng Pan
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Rui-Zhu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Dessislava Markova
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Machiko Arita
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Sasha Bogdanovich
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- Neurogenetics Branch, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20824
| | - David E Birk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Mon-Li Chu
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107.
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47
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O'connell K, Posthumus M, Collins M. No association between COL3A1, COL6A1 or COL12A1 gene variants and range of motion. J Sports Sci 2012; 31:181-7. [PMID: 23013106 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.723133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 64-70% of the variability in joint range of motion (ROM) is heritable. A common variant within a type V collagen (COL5A1) gene is associated with joint range of motion. Like type V collagen, types III, VI and XII collagen are also involved in fibril assembly and/or diameter regulation. Mutations within the genes that encode these proteins, COL3A1, COL6A1 and COL12A1, also cause connective tissue hypermobility disorders and phenotypes. The aim of this study was to determine if variants within these genes are associated with measures of joint range of motion. Three hundred and fifty apparently healthy and physically active Caucasian participants were recruited. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Sit-and-reach (SR), straight leg raise (SLR) and total shoulder rotation (ShTR) range of motion were measured. All participants were genotyped for COL3A1 rs1800255, COL6A1 rs35796750 and COL12A1 rs970547. COL3A1 rs1800255, COL6A1 rs35796750 and COL12A1 rs970547 were not significantly associated with sit-and-reach, straight leg raise or total shoulder rotation range of motion. Furthermore, no significant age-genotype interaction effects were identified between the variants and range of motion measurements. None of the variants investigated in this study were significantly associated with any of the measures of range of motion used. Further studies are required to identify additional intrinsic and extrinsic factors that may determine range of motion, including the genetic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O'connell
- MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science & Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Human Biology, Cape Town, South Africa
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48
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Matsumoto KI, Satoh K, Maniwa T, Araki A, Maruyama R, Oda T. Noticeable decreased expression of tenascin-X in calcific aortic valves. Connect Tissue Res 2012; 53:460-8. [PMID: 22827484 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.702818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcification of aortic valves results in valvular aortic stenosis and is becoming a common valvular condition in elderly populations. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this valve lesion is important for revealing potential biomarkers associated with the development and progression of this disease. In order to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in calcific aortic valves (CAVs) compared with those in adjacent normal valvular tissues, comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the tissues was done by a quantitative proteomic approach with isobaric tag for absolute and relative quantitation labeling followed by nanoliquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The proteomic analysis revealed 105 proteins differentially expressed in CAVs in contrast to adjacent normal valvular tissues with high confidence. Significantly increased expression (≥1.3-fold) was found in 34 proteins, whereas decreased expression (<0.77-fold) was found in 39 proteins in CAVs. Among them, α-2-HS-glycoprotein showed the greatest increase in expression (6.54-fold) and tenascin-X showed the greatest decrease in expression (0.37-fold). Numerous extracellular matrix proteins such as collagens were identified as proteins with significantly decreased expression. Panther pathway analysis showed that some of the identified proteins were linked to blood coagulation and integrin signaling pathways. Cluster analysis of the 105 proteins differentially expressed in CAVs based on the expression pattern revealed that tenascin-X was clustered with proteins controlling collagen structure and function, especially collagen fibrillogenesis, such as decorin and fibromodulin. We confirmed decreased levels of these proteins in CAVs by Western blot analyses. These results indicated that massive destruction of the extracellular matrix occurs in CAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Center for Integrated Research in Science, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo, Japan.
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Abstract
The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDSs) comprise a heterogeneous group of diseases, characterized by fragility of the soft connective tissues and widespread manifestations in skin, ligaments, joints, blood vessels and internal organs. The clinical spectrum varies from mild skin and joint hyperlaxity to severe physical disability and life-threatening vascular complications. The current Villefranche classification recognizes six subtypes, most of which are linked to mutations in genes encoding fibrillar collagens or enzymes involved in post-translational modification of these proteins. Mutations in type V and type III collagen cause classic or vascular EDS respectively, while mutations involving the processing of type I collagen are involved in the kyphoscoliosis, arthrochalasis and dermatosparaxis type of EDS. Establishing the correct EDS subtype has important implications for genetic counseling and management and is supported by specific biochemical and molecular investigations. Over the last years, several new EDS variants have been characterized which call for a refinement of the Villefranche classification. Moreover, the study of these diseases has brought new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of EDS by implicating genetic defects in the biosynthesis of other extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, such as proteoglycans and tenascin-X, or genetic defects in molecules involved in intracellular trafficking, secretion and assembly of ECM proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Paepe
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, Belgium.
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50
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Imura K, Sato I. Identification of the novel localization of tenascinX in the monkey choroid plexus and comparison with the mouse. Eur J Histochem 2012; 53:e27. [PMID: 22073359 PMCID: PMC3167336 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2009.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-X (Tn-X) belongs to the tenascin family of glycoproteins and has been reported to be significantly associated with schizophrenia in a single nucleotide polymorphism analysis in humans. This finding indicates an important role of Tn-X in the central nervous system (CNS). However, details of Tn-X localization are not clear in the primate CNS. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we found novel localizations of Tn-X in the interstitial connective tissue and around blood vessels in the choroid plexus (CP) in macaque monkeys. To verify the reliability of Tn-X localization, we compared the Tn-X localization with the tenascin-C (Tn-C) localization in corresponding regions using neighbouring sections. Localization of Tn-C was not observed in CP. This result indicated consistently restricted localization of Tn-X in CP. Comparative investigations using mouse tissues showed equivalent results. Our observations provide possible insight into specific roles of Tn-X in CP for mammalian CNS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Imura
- Department of Anatomy, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Japan.
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