Molecular machinery and interplay of apoptosis and autophagy in coronary heart disease

Study on the mechanism of action of berberine combined with Jianpi Yishen Huazhuo formulation in treating obese polycystic ovary syndrome by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of berberine in conjunction with Jianpi Yishen Huazhuo formulation (JPYSHZF) on obese rats that serve as a model for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

METHODS

Letrozole combined with high-fat diet (HFD) was used to establish an overweight PCOS rat model. After successful modeling, each intervention group was monitored for 28 d. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is performed to assess glucose metabolism. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the levels of sex hormones and serum levels of gastrointestinal hormones in rats. Biochemical analyzers were used to assess blood lipid levels. The protein expression levels of p38, PI3K, GLUT4, and AKT in ovarian tissue were demonstrated using Western Blotting (WB). Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of p38, PI3K, GLUT4 and AKT in the same tissue. The morphological changes of ovarian tissue were observed using Hematoxylin-eosin (HE).

RESULTS

Treatment with berberine in conjunction with JPYSHZF has been shown to reduce serum testosterone T and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels while increasing serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and E2 levels. This combination therapy also decreases the LH/FSH ratio and ameliorates polycystic ovary-like pathological changes in the ovaries of rats with PCOS. Additionally, this treatment decreases serum TC, TG, and LDL-c levels while increasing HDL-c levels. It also reduces levels of GLU and Ghrelin while enhancing levels of CCK, PYY, and GLP-1. Furthermore, the relative 6 of PI3K and AKT proteins, as well as the mRNA levels of PI3K, GLUT4, and AKT, were found to be increased.

CONCLUSIONS

Berberine combined with JPYSHZF can improve the sex hormone levels, ovarian function, glucose and lipid metabolism levels, and gastrointestinal hormone levels in obese PCOS rats by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby playing a role in treating obese PCOS.

Crosstalk between autophagy and other forms of programmed cell death

Cell death occurs continuously throughout individual development. By removing damaged or senescent cells, cell death not only facilitates morphogenesis during the developmental process, but also contributes to maintaining homeostasis after birth. In addition, cell death reduces the spread of pathogens by eliminating infected cells. Cell death is categorized into two main forms: necrosis and programmed cell death. Programmed cell death encompasses several types, including autophagy, pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and PANoptosis. Autophagy, a mechanism of cell death that maintains cellular equilibrium via the breakdown and reutilization of proteins and organelles, is implicated in regulating almost all forms of cell death in pathological contexts. Notably, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and PANoptosis are directly classified as autophagy-mediated cell death. Therefore, regulating autophagy presents a therapeutic approach for treating diseases such as inflammation and tumors that arise from abnormalities in other forms of programmed cell death. This review focuses on the crosstalk between autophagy and other programmed cell death modalities, providing new perspectives for clinical interventions in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.

tRF5-22-SerGCT-1 protects the heart against myocardial injury by targeting MSK1

AIM

This study aims to explore the expression profiles and potential functions of tsRNAs in MI.

METHODS

Using a mouse model of MI induced by coronary artery ligation, we used smallRNA array to obtain tsRNAs expression profiles. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR), Western Blot, tRF5-22-SerGCT-1 mimics and inhibitors, cell proliferation and apoptosis detection, luciferase reporter assay, and bioinformatics analysis were employed to screen differentially expressed tsRNAs and identify the functions of tsRNAs after MI.

RESULTS

A total of 175 significantly different tsRNAs (FC > 1.5, p < 0.05) were identified in MI mice, including 98 upregulated and 77 downregulated tsRNAs. Bioinformatics and target gene prediction revealed that two differentially expressed tsRNAs (5'tiRNA-34-GlnCTG-4, tRF5-22-SerGCT-1) may be involved in processes like autophagy and apoptosis, as well as in key signaling pathways such as MAPK and autophagy. Further investigation of tRF5-22-SerGCT-1 revealed that its overexpression or inhibition in vitro affected MSK1 levels and cardiomyocytes apoptosis following oxygen-glucose deprivation, providing a protective effect. Dual-luciferase assays confirmed that tRF5-22-SerGCT-1 targets MSK1.

CONCLUSION

We found differentially expressed tsRNAs in MI. In addition, our research showed first that tRF5-22-SerGCT-1 might be involved in the MAPK pathways by targeting the MSK1, modulating apoptosis.

The crosstalk of breast cancer and ischemic heart disease

In recent years, the continuous optimization of anti-tumor therapy has greatly improved the cancer-specific survival rate for patients with breast cancer (BC). The prevention and treatment of breast cancer-related heart diseases have become a new breakthrough in improving the long-term survival for BC patient. The cardiac damages caused by BC treatment are increasingly prominent among BC patients, of which ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the most prominent. Besides, the systemic inflammatory response activated by tumor microenvironment c an induce and exacerbate IHD and increase the risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Conversely, IHD can also exert detrimental effects on tumors. MI not only increases the risk of BC, but also induces specialized immune cell to BC and accelerates the progression of BC. Meanwhile, the treatment of IHD can also promote BC metastasis and transition to more aggressive phenotypes. Although BC and IHD are diseases of two independent systems, their crosstalk increases the difficulty of anti-cancer treatment and IHD management, which reduces the survival for both diseases. Therefore, this review mainly explores the mutual influence and underlying mechanisms between BC and IHD, aiming to provide insights for improving the long-term survival for patients with BC or IHD.

Multi-omics analysis of two rat models reveals potential role of vesicle transport and autophagy in right ventricular remodeling

Right ventricular failure as a severe consequence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis, although the pathogenesis of right ventricular remodeling (RVR) remains unclear. Exploring the shared molecular pathways and key molecules in the right ventricle in monocrotaline (MCT) and pulmonary artery banding (PAB) rat models may reveal critical RVR mechanisms. Untargeted proteome and metabolome analysis were performed on the right ventricular myocardium of two RVR models (MCT-induced PAH rats and PAB-operated rats) to identify the altered proteins and metabolites, followed by validation using parallel reaction monitoring analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The multi-omics profiles of MCT and PAB rat models were compared to explore the key dysregulated molecules and pathways in RVR. Our proteomics study identified 25 shared RVR-altered differentially expressed proteins. Multiple common biological pathways were identified between PAB and MCT rat models, encompassing myocardial remodeling and energy metabolism alternation, etc. Various molecules and pathways related to vesicle transport and autophagy were identified, including nidogen-1, the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) signaling pathway, and the microautophagy pathway (all previously unreported in RVR). Glycerophospholipid metabolism was the sole statistically significant common metabolic pathway enriched by metabolomics. Underreported biological processes, including vesicle transport and autophagy, may contribute to the pathophysiology of PAH-induced RVR.

Semen Ziziphi Spinosae alleviates cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats with coronary heart disease via the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway activation

BACKGROUND

Coronary heart disease (CHD) represents a significant cardiovascular condition, with its occurrence increasing as a result of alterations in lifestyle and dietary habits. Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (SZS) is commonly utilized for the management of disorders associated with the nervous system, including conditions like depression and insomnia. Recent research has revealed its potential therapeutic properties for cardiovascular issues. Nevertheless, there exists a limited amount of research addressing the mechanisms involved.

PURPOSE

This research seeks to explore the protective effects that SZS has on cardiac tissue, specifically within the framework of CHD. By conducting this investigation, the study aims to uncover the various mechanisms that play a role in these protective effects. This understanding could yield significant insights into how SZS may result in the preservation and enhancement of cardiac health in patients affected by CHD.

STUDY DESIGN

The study innovatively combines multiple advanced techniques. It first integrates UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis and network pharmacology to identify SZS components. In vitro experiments were conducted using H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes, and in vivo experiments used a CHD model in SD rats. Multiple assays were performed for multi - level and multi - dimensional validation.

METHODS

In the initial stage, the primary components of SZS and their possible mechanisms for combating CHD were examined through UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis in conjunction with network pharmacology approaches. For the in vitro investigation, an ischemia-hypoxia model was established utilizing H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes. The CCK-8 assay was used to assess myocardial injury markers. TUNEL staining and Western blot techniques were employed to confirm the impact of SZS treatment on apoptosis in H9c2 cells. The expression levels of proteins associated with the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway were measured using RT-qPCR and Western blotting, and the results were validated with the AMPK inhibitor, compound C. In the in vivo segment, a model of coronary heart disease (CHD) in SD rats was established through the administration of a high-fat emulsion diet combined with pituitrin injections. Cardiac function in the rats was evaluated through electrocardiograms and echocardiograms. Pathological changes in the heart were observed utilizing TTC and H&E staining. Kits were implemented to measure the serum biochemical indicators in the rats.RT - qPCR and Western blotting were employed to measure the expression levels of proteins related to the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC - 1α signaling pathway.

RESULTS

The study identified 67 in vitro components, 27 blood - absorbed components, and 12 metabolic components of SZS. Network pharmacology analysis suggested the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC - 1α signaling pathway as a key mechanism. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that SZS increased cell viability, reduced apoptosis, and activated the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC - 1α signaling pathway. Inhibiting AMPK abolished SZS's effects. SZS also improved cardiac function and reduced myocardial damage in rats with CHD.

CONCLUSION

This study for the first time highlights that Semen Ziziphi Spinosae plays a beneficial role in cardiovascular health by activating the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway and reducing apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. These findings support its potential application in the treatment of CHD and other cardiac conditions.

Melatonin as a treatment for atherosclerosis: focus on programmed cell death, inflammation and oxidative stress

Delaying the development of atherosclerosis (AS) and decreasing cardiac ischemia-reperfusion damage remain serious challenges for the medical community. Chronic arterial disease, i.e., AS, is frequently linked to oxidative stress and inflammation as significant contributing causes. AS risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia, high blood pressure, age, hyperglycemia, smoking, high cholesterol, and irregular sleep patterns, can exacerbate AS in the carotid artery and further shrink its lumen. Finding new approaches that support plaque inhibition or stability is an ongoing problem. The last ten years have shown us that melatonin (MLT) affects the cardiovascular system, although its exact mechanisms of action are yet unknown. MLT's direct free radical scavenger activity, its indirect antioxidant qualities, and its anti-inflammatory capabilities all contribute to its atheroprotective effects on several pathogenic signaling pathways. Herein, we examine the evidence showing that MLT treatment has significant protective effects against AS and AS-related cardiovascular diseases. The numerous pieces of the puzzle that have been as for epigenetic and biogenetic targets for prevention and therapy against the atherosclerotic pathogenic processes are identified.

Diagnostic value of combined detection of serum neuron-specific enolase and homocysteine in patients with coronary atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND

The aim of this paper was to investigate the diagnostic significance and severity assessment of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) combined with homocysteine (Hcy) for patients with coronary atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease, CAD).

METHODS

Two hundred sixty-three patients with coronary artery disease were selected as the research group, and 400 healthy individuals who underwent physical examination during the same period were taken as the control group. Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and biochemical analyzer were employed to detect the serum NSE and Hcy levels of all subjects. The diagnostic value of combined and individual serum NSE and Hcy detection for the combined group was analyzed using the ROC curve.

RESULTS

The serum NSE (19.91±9.98 vs. 11.17±2.35) and Hcy levels (15.76±5.37 vs. 10.17±3.71) in the research group were significantly higher than those in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The serum NSE (16.67±4.02 vs. 18.63±5.49 vs. 20.29±5.87) and Hcy levels (13.28±2.49 vs. 15.56±2.67 vs. 16.66±3.94) gradually increased across groups A, B, and C, and inter-group comparisons showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The AUC value of combined serum NSE and Hcy detection for CAD patients was higher (0.879 vs. 0.724 vs. 0.827) than individual NSE and Hcy testing. The specificity of Hcy for the diagnosis of CAD was the highest, reaching 90.3%. The sensitivity of combined NSE and Hcy (82.9%) was higher than the individual testing sensitivity of the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The combined detection of serum NSE and Hcy has high diagnostic efficacy for CAD and provides reference value in assessing the severity of the disease.

Research progress of cPLA2 in cardiovascular diseases (Review)

Cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is a vital member of the PLA2 family. Studies have demonstrated that cPLA2 plays a key role in various inflammatory‑related diseases and cancers. However, limited research has focused on cPLA2 in cardiovascular diseases. The present review discussed and summarized the research progress on cPLA2 in atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion injury and other related conditions. It also highlighted the critical molecular mechanisms by which cPLA2 regulates the pathophysiological processes of vascular endothelial cells, platelets and myocardial cells in cardiovascular diseases. Current studies confirm that cPLA2 plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases and has the potential to become a therapeutic target for the diagnosis, treatment evaluation and prognosis of these conditions. The present review systematically explored the significant role of cPLA2 in cardiovascular diseases and elaborated on its underlying molecular mechanisms. The findings aimed to refine the theoretical understanding of cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and provide a foundation for developing novel treatment strategies.

Different types of cell death and their interactions in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a multifaceted process observed in patients with coronary artery disease when blood flow is restored to the heart tissue following ischemia-induced damage. Cardiomyocyte cell death, particularly through apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, is pivotal in myocardial I/R injury. Preventing cell death during the process of I/R is vital for improving ischemic cardiomyopathy. These multiple forms of cell death can occur simultaneously, interact with each other, and contribute to the complexity of myocardial I/R injury. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the key molecular mechanisms and regulatory patterns involved in these five types of cell death in myocardial I/R injury. We will also discuss the crosstalk and intricate interactions among these mechanisms, highlighting the interplay between different types of cell death. Furthermore, we will explore specific molecules or targets that participate in different cell death pathways and elucidate their mechanisms of action. It is important to note that manipulating the molecules or targets involved in distinct cell death processes may have a significant impact on reducing myocardial I/R injury. By enhancing researchers' understanding of the mechanisms and interactions among different types of cell death in myocardial I/R injury, this review aims to pave the way for the development of novel interventions for cardio-protection in patients affected by myocardial I/R injury.

Curcumin attenuates myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion‑induced autophagy‑dependent ferroptosis via Sirt1/AKT/FoxO3a signaling

Curcumin (Cur) effectively attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). MIRI has a complex mechanism and is associated with autophagy‑dependent ferroptosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether autophagy‑dependent ferroptosis occurs in MIRI and assess the mechanism of Cur in attenuating MIRI. The study was conducted on a Sprague‑Dawley rat MIRI model and H9c2 cell anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) injury model. The effect of Cur pretreatment on A/R or MIRI induced autophagy‑dependent ferroptosis and its molecular mechanism were investigated. Protein expression, lysosomal, reactive oxygen species, Fe2+, oxidative systems, mitochondrial function, subcellular localization of molecules, and cardiac function assays will be employed. Cur decreased MIRI; improved myocardial histopathology; increased cardiomyocyte viability; inhibited ferroptosis, apoptosis and autophagy; reduced infarct size and maintained cardiac function. MIRI decreased silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1), decreased AKT and forkhead box O3A (FoxO3a) phosphorylation, leading to FoxO3a entry into the nucleus to activate translation of autophagy‑related genes and inducing ferroptosis, apoptosis and autophagy. However, Cur pretreatment activated AKT and FoxO3a phosphorylation via Sirt1, thereby transporting FoxO3a out of the nucleus, reducing autophagy‑related gene translation and attenuating MIRI‑induced ferroptosis, apoptosis and autophagy. Of note, the silencing of Sirt1 and administration of triciribine (an AKT inhibitor) both eliminated the protective effect of Cur. Thus, Cur maintained cardiomyocyte function by inhibiting autophagy‑dependent ferroptosis via Sirt1/AKT/FoxO3a signaling.

Inhibition of Bif-1 confers cardio-protection in myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a major cause of chronic heart failure. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an emerging therapeutic strategy to prevent adverse remodeling of the infarcted heart. However, little is known about how Bax-interacting protein 1 (Bif-1), a member of the endophilin B family, is involved in mediating cardiac ER stress in ischemic heart disease. Here, a combination of a left anterior descending coronary artery ligation mouse model and an adenovirus-based transfection strategy was used to investigate the effect of Bif-1 on cardiac remodeling and function after MI. 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) was used to understand the role of ER stress in cardiac remodeling. To discover the molecular mechanism, an RNA sequencing study was performed. We found that Bif-1 expression was highly elevated in the heart infarct border zone post-MI and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes treated with oxygen and glucose deprivation. Adenovirus-based knockdown of Bif-1 protected the heart from MI as demonstrated by attenuated maladaptive remodeling and preserved contractile function. ER stress inhibition by 4-PBA alleviated the adverse effects of Bif-1 overexpression on cardiac structure and function. Furthermore, we explored the underlying mechanism by RNA sequencing and identified Bif-1 as a molecule involved in cardiac lipid metabolism. In conclusion, our study identifies Bif-1 as a negative regulator of cardiac protection in MI. Inhibition of Bif-1 alleviates ER stress, which may restore lipid metabolism homeostasis to preserve cardiac function post-MI. Therefore, Bif-1 is a potential novel therapeutic target for ischemic heart disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study demonstrated that Bif-1 contributes to adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction following MI by promoting ER stress. Pharmacological inhibition of ER stress ameliorates cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. In addition, we identified Bif-1 as a negative regulator of cardiac lipid metabolism post-MI, as shown by elevated expression of Acox1, Pla2g7, Acsbg1, Acsl5, Ch25h, and Bcat1 in the heart. These findings suggest that Bif-1 plays a crucial role in cardiac decline post-MI.

Role of programmed cell death in mammalian ovarian follicular atresia

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental process in the development process of organisms, including apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. In mammalian ovaries, 99 % of follicles undergo atresia, while only 1 % mature and ovulate, which limits the reproductive efficiency of mammals. The PCD process is closely related to the regulation of follicle development and atresia. Recently, an increasing number of studies have reported that autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis of PCD are involved in regulating granulosa cell apoptosis and follicular atresia. Granulosa cell apoptosis is a hallmark of follicular atresia. Therefore, an understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating PCD events is required for future advances in the diagnosis and management of various disorders of follicular atresia. This review summarizes recent work on apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis of PCD that affect granulosa cell survival and follicular atresia, and further elucidating the mechanisms of follicular atresia and providing new directions for improving the reproductive capacity of humans and animals.

High plasma levels of fortilin are associated with cardiovascular events in patients undergoing coronary angiography

Excessive apoptosis and its insufficient clearance is characteristic of atherosclerotic plaques. Fortilin has potent antiapoptotic property and is abundantly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques. Fortilin-deficient mice had less atherosclerosis with more macrophage apoptosis. Recently, we reported that plasma fortilin levels were high in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, its prognostic value has not been elucidated. We investigated plasma fortilin levels and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in 404 patients (mean age 68 ± 12 years; 276 males) undergoing coronary angiography for suspected CAD. MACE was defined as cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, heart failure, stroke, or coronary revascularization. Of the 404 patients, 218 (54%) had CAD. Plasma fortilin levels were higher in patients with CAD than without CAD (median 74.9 vs. 70.9 pg/mL, p < 0.05). During a mean follow-up of 5.7 ± 4.2 years, MACE was observed in 59 (15%) patients. Notably, patients with MACE had higher fortilin levels (median 83.0 vs. 71.4 pg/mL) and more often had fortilin level > 80.0 pg/mL (54% vs. 36%) than those without MACE (p < 0.025). A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed lower event-free survival in patients with fortilin > 80.0 pg/mL than in those with ≤ 80.0 pg/mL (p < 0.001). In multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, fortilin level (> 80.0 pg/mL) was an independent predictor of MACE (hazard ratio: 2.29, 95%CI: 1.36-3.85, p < 0.002). Among the 218 patients with CAD, fortilin level was also a significant predictor of MACE (hazard ratio: 2.48; 95%CI: 1.34-4.61, p < 0.005). Thus, high plasma fortilin levels were found to be associated with cardiovascular events in patients with CAD as well as those undergoing coronary angiography.

The chemical composition analysis of Yixin Tongmai Granules using UHPLC-MS/MS and exploration of its potential mechanism in treatment of coronary artery disease based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Yixin Tongmai Granules (YTG) is a popular Chinese herbal granules for the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD), but its molecular pharmacological mechanism is still unclear. This article explores the mechanism of CAD treatment from the perspective of network pharmacology. We analyzed the chemical composition of YTG using UHPLC-MS/MS and identified 131 ingredients. The relative drug content of 33 ingredients exceeded 0.5%. These ingredients were further screened using the SwissADME platform with ADME criteria. Using the HIT database and SwissTargetPrediction platform, high probability targets for these ingredients were generated. Using Venn Diagram, 96 effective targets associated with CAD were identified, involving 14 core ingredients. This study imported these effective targets into the STRING platform and obtained the core targets through network topology analysis: TP53, STAT3, transcription factor Jun, MAPK3, MAPK1, AKT1, SRC, MYC, BCL2, transcription factor p65, TNF, and ESR2. Then enrichment analysis with Metascape platform indicated that, in the system network of YTG in anti-CAD, the principal pathways are "Lipid and Atherosclerosis", "Pathways in cancer", and "AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications." Next, the affinities between the core ingredients and their associated core targets were examined individually through molecular docking. Finally, based on deep mining of PubMed literature, this study investigated the relationship between each core target and CAD, the relationship between each core target and its associated core ingredients, and inferred the main pharmacological ingredients of YTG, namely Tanshinone IIA, Cryptotanshinone, Caffeic acid, Denshensu, Ononin, and Formononetin.

Regulated programmed cell death in sepsis associated acute lung injury: From pathogenesis to therapy

Sepsis associated acute lung injury (SALI) is a common complication in patients with severe sepsis and a disease with high morbidity and mortality in ICU patients. The main mechanism of SALI is pulmonary hypoperfusion due to hypotension and shock caused by sepsis, which leads to ischemic necrosis of alveolar endothelial cells and eventually lung failure. At present, SALI therapy mainly includes antibiotic therapy, fluid resuscitation, transfusion products and vasoactive drugs, but these strategies are not satisfactory. Therefore, focusing on the role of different cell death patterns in SALI may help in the search for effective treatments. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of SALI and identifying pathways that inhibit lung cell death are critical to developing effective drug therapies to prevent the progression of SALI. Cell death is controlled by programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, including apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy. There is growing evidence that PCD plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SALI, and inhibitors of various types of PCD represent a promising therapeutic strategy. Therefore, understanding the role and mechanism of PCD in SALI is conducive to our understanding of its pathological mechanism, and is of great significance for the treatment of SALI. In this article, we discuss recent advances in the role of PCD in SALI, show how different signaling pathways (such as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, mTOR, and Nrf2) regulate PCD to regulate SALI development, and discuss the associations between various types of PCD. The aim is to explore the molecular mechanism behind SALI and to find new targets for SALI therapy.

Macrophage pyroptosis in atherosclerosis: therapeutic potential

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipid-rich plaques in arterial walls, leading to cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Macrophage pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death driven by the NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 activation, plays a critical role in the progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage pyroptosis and their significant contributions to AS pathogenesis. Recent advancements have highlighted the therapeutic potential of targeting key components of the pyroptotic pathway, including the use of nanotechnology to increase drug delivery specificity. These strategies are promising for reducing inflammation, stabilizing plaques, and mitigating the clinical impact of AS. Future studies should focus on translating these findings into clinical applications to develop effective treatments that can halt or reverse AS progression by modulating macrophage pyroptosis.

METTL3 regulates autophagy of hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes by targeting ATG7

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA modification is the most common mRNA internal modification in eukaryotes, which participates in a variety of biological processes. However, the role of m6A methylation in regulating autophagy induced by ischemia and hypoxia remains to be widely investigated. Here, we investigated the impact of METTL3, a key m6A methyltransferase, on the autophagy regulation in ischemic and hypoxic cardiomyocytes, as well as in mice following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METTL3 negatively regulated autophagy in cardiomyocytes under ischemia and hypoxia conditions. Silencing METTL3 enhanced autophagy and mitigated cardiomyocyte injury, whereas overexpression of METTL3 exerted the opposite effect. Mechanistically, METTL3 methylated ATG7 mRNA, a crucial autophagy-related gene, leads to the recruitment of the m6A-binding protein YTHDF2. Subsequently, YTHDF2 facilitated the degradation of ATG7 mRNA, consequently inhibiting autophagy and exacerbating cellular damage. Our study shed light on the pivotal role of METTL3-mediated m6A modification in the regulation of autophagy during AMI, providing novel insights into the functional significance of m6A methylation and its regulatory mechanisms.

The Role of P53 in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

PURPOSE

P53 is one of the key tumor suppressors. In normal cells, p53 is maintained at low levels by the ubiquitination of the ubiquitinated ligase MDM2. In contrast, under stress conditions such as DNA damage and ischemia, the interaction between p53 and MDM2 is blocked and activated by phosphorylation and acetylation, thereby mediating the trans-activation of p53 through its target genes to regulate a variety of cellular responses. Previous studies have shown that the expression of p53 is negligible in normal myocardium, tends to increase in myocardial ischemia and is maximally induced in ischemia-reperfused myocardium, demonstrating a possible key role of p53 in the development of MIRI. In this review, we detail and summarize recent studies on the mechanism of action of p53 in MIRI and describe the therapeutic agents targeting the relevant targets to provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of MIRI.

METHODS

We collected 161 relevant papers mainly from Pubmed and Web of Science (search terms "p53" and "myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury"). After that, we selected pathway studies related to p53 and classified them according to their contents. We eventually analyzed and summarized them.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

In this review, we detail and summarize recent studies on the mechanism of action of p53 in MIRI and validate its status as an important intermediate affecting MIRI. On the one hand, p53 is regulated and modified by multiple factors, especially non-coding RNAs; on the other hand, p53 regulates apoptosis, programmed necrosis, autophagy, iron death and oxidative stress in MIRI through multiple pathways. More importantly, several studies have reported medications targeting p53-related therapeutic targets. These medications are expected to be effective options for the alleviation of MIRI, but further safety and clinical studies are needed to convert them into clinical applications.

Evidence and perspectives on miRNA, circRNA, and lncRNA in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a bibliometric study

OBJECTIVE

miRNA, circRNA, and lncRNA play crucial roles in the pathogenesis and progression of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MI/RI). This study aims to provide valuable insights into miRNA, circRNA, lncRNA, and MI/RI from a bibliometric standpoint, with the goal of fostering further advancements in this area.

METHODS

The relevant literature in the field of miRNA, circRNA, lncRNA, and MI/RI was retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) database within Web of Science. The "Analyze Results" and "Citation Report" functions in WOS were utilized to compile the annual publication and citation counts in this field. Microsoft Office Excel 2019 was used to organize and visualize the data. Furthermore, bibliometric and visualization analyses of countries/regions, institutions, authors, keywords, and references were conducted using the bibliometric visualization software CiteSpace.

RESULTS

A total of 858 publications were included for further analysis in this field. The literature was published across 297 journals, with Molecular Medicine Reports contributing the highest number of publications. Researchers from 45 countries participated in studies within this field, with those from China contributing the most publications. The research hotspots in this field primarily focus on three areas: the role of miRNA, circRNA, and lncRNA in the pathogenesis of MI/RI, their potential as therapeutic targets, and their role as biomarkers. Among these, circular RNA, therapy target, inflammatory response, and cardiomyocyte ferroptosis are likely to emerge as emerging trends in this field.

CONCLUSION

The overall development of research in this field is on the rise. The compilation of research hotspots and emerging trends in this area may provide researchers with more references and assistance in selecting research directions, ultimately benefiting MI/RI patients.

Notoginsenoside R1 Attenuates H/R Injury in H9c2 Cells by Maintaining Mitochondrial Homeostasis

Mitochondrial homeostasis is crucial for maintaining cellular energy production and preventing oxidative stress, which is essential for overall cellular function and longevity. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction often occur concomitantly in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1), a unique saponin from the traditional Chinese medicine Panax notoginseng, has been shown to alleviate MIRI in previous studies, though its precise mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of NGR1 in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) H9c2 cells. The results showed that NGR1 pretreatment effectively increased cell survival rates post-H/R, reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and mitigated cell damage. Further investigation into mitochondria revealed that NGR1 alleviated mitochondrial structural damage, improved mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (mPTP) persistence, and prevented mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) depolarization. Additionally, NGR1 pretreatment enhanced ATP levels, increased the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I-V after H/R, and reduced excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) production, thereby protecting mitochondrial function. Further analysis indicated that NGR1 upregulated the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins (PGC-1α, Nrf1, Nrf2) and mitochondrial fusion proteins (Opa1, Mfn1, Mfn2), while downregulating mitochondrial fission proteins (Fis1, Drp1) and reducing mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) levels, as well as the expression of mitophagy-related proteins (Pink1, Parkin, BNIP3) post-H/R. Therefore, this study showed that NGR1 can maintain mitochondrial homeostasis by regulating mitophagy, mitochondrial fission-fusion dynamics, and mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby alleviating H9c2 cell H/R injury and protecting cardiomyocytes.

Puerarin pretreatment provides protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting excessive autophagy and apoptosis by modulation of HES1

The study aimed to elucidate the underlying pharmacological mechanism of the traditional Chinese medicine Pue in ameliorating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), a critical clinical challenge exacerbated by reperfusion therapy. In vivo MIRI and in vitro anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) models were constructed. The results demonstrated that Pue pretreatment effectively alleviated MIRI, as manifested by diminishing the levels of serum CK-MB and LDH, mitigating the extent of myocardial infarction and enhancing cardiac functionality. Additionally, Pue significantly alleviated histopathological damage in MIRI-treated myocardium, as evidenced by HE staining and TUNEL assay. In vitro, Pue pretreatment significantly alleviated A/R-induced damage by decreasing LDH levels, increasing cellular activity, inhibiting autophagic lysosomal overactivation, inhibiting oxidative stress (ROS, LIP ROS, MDA), increasing antioxidant defense (SOD, GSH-Px), and increasing P62 protein expression while decreasing LC3II/I ratio. Furthermore, Pue inhibited apoptosis and maintained mitochondrial homeostasis by up-regulating the expression of Hairy and Enhancer of Split-1 (HES1) protein, which was crucial for its cardioprotective effects. Nevertheless, the cardioprotective efficacy of Pue pretreatment was negated via the knockdown of HES1 protein expression via pAD/HES1-shRNA transfection. In conclusion, Pue effectively ameliorated HES1-mediated MIRI-induced autophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Exploring the mechanism of pachymic acid intervention in myocardial ischemia based on network pharmacology and experimental validation

OBJECTIVES

To deeply explore the mechanism of pachymic acid (PA) intervention in myocardial ischemia, providing new ideas and methods for the treatment of myocardial ischemia.

METHODS

Predict the targets of PA for improving myocardial ischemia, and conduct functional enrichment analysis using databases, such as Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and Reactome. To verify these findings, PPI network topology analysis and molecular docking were used to screen key targets and main mechanisms of action and further validated through in vitro experiments on the H9C2 cell line.

KEY FINDINGS

PA can significantly alleviate myocardial damage caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation, effectively reversing the abnormalities of oxidative stress indicators such as LDH, MDA, SOD, and ROS. PA may exert its effects through 39 targets, particularly by regulating the downregulation of autophagy-related proteins LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression via MTOR, thereby inhibiting excessive autophagy in cardiomyocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

PA protects myocardial cells during myocardial ischemia through various pathways, particularly by regulating mTOR to inhibit excessive autophagy.

Prognostic signature and therapeutic drug identification for dilated cardiomyopathy based on necroptosis via bioinformatics and experimental validation

Necroptosis, a type of programmed cell death, has been increasingly linked to cardiovascular disease development, yet its role in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the GSE5406 dataset from the GEO database to explore necroptosis-related prognostic signatures in DCM using LASSO regression. We identified five necroptosis-related genes (BID, CAMK2B, GLUL, HSP90AB1, CHMP5) that define a necroptosis-related signature with strong predictive value, evidenced by ROC curve areas of 0.852 and 0.957 in training and test sets, respectively. Our analyses, including GO and GSEA enrichment, focused on pathways associated with high necroptosis-related scores (NRS) and revealed significant immune cell infiltration. Notably, nTreg and iTreg cells were enriched in the high NRS group, while CD8 naive T cells and CD8 T cells positively correlated with NRS. Small molecule drugs fenofibrate, procyclidine, and tienilic acid emerged as potential therapeutic agents for high-risk patients, with fenofibrate showing efficacy in inhibiting DCM progression in an inflammatory animal model. These findings underscore the clinical relevance of necroptosis-related genes in assessing DCM progression and prognosis and highlight their potential for targeted therapeutic development.

Circular RNAs in coronary heart disease: From molecular mechanism to promising clinical application (Review)

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing a substantial public health burden. Despite advancements in treatment, the complex etiology of CHD necessitates ongoing exploration of novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a distinct class of non‑coding RNAs with a covalently closed loop structure, have emerged as significant regulators in various diseases, including CHD. Their high stability, tissue‑specific expression and evolutionary conservation underscore their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic agents in CHD. This review discusses the current knowledge on circRNAs in the context of CHD and explores the molecular mechanisms by which circRNAs influence the pathophysiology of CHD, including cardiomyocyte death, endothelial injury, vascular dysfunction and inflammation. It also summarizes the emerging evidence highlighting the differential expression of circRNAs in patients with CHD and their potential utilities as non‑invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this disease.

PCSK9 induces endothelial cell autophagy by regulating the PI3K/ATK pathway in atherosclerotic coronary heart disease

OBJECTIVE

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arteries, and its pathogenesis is related to endothelial dysfunction. It has been found that the protein convertase subtilin/kexin9 type (PCSK9) plays an important role in AS, but its specific mechanism is still unclear.

METHODS

In this study, we first cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with 50 or 100μg/ml oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) for 24 hours to establish a coronary atherosclerosis cell model.

RESULTS

The results showed that ox-LDL induced HUVEC injury and autophagy and upregulated PCSK9 protein expression in HUVECs in a concentration-dependent manner. Silencing PCSK9 expression with siRNA inhibited ox-LDL-induced HUVEC endothelial dysfunction, inhibited the release of inflammatory factors, promoted HUVEC proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. In addition, ox-LDL increased the expression of LC3B-I and LC3B-II and decreased the expression of p62. However, these processes are reversed by sh-PCSK9. In addition, sh-PCSK9 can inhibit PI3K, AKT and mTOR phosphorylation and promote autophagy.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our research shows that silencing PCSK9 inhibits the PI3K/ATK/mTOR pathway to activate ox-LDL-induced autophagy in vascular endothelial cells, alleviating endothelial cell injury and inflammation.

Inhibition of Taurine-upregulated Gene 1 Upregulates MiR-34a-5p to Protect against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion via Autophagy Regulation

BACKGROUND

Taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) has been identified on long noncoding RNA (lncRNA); however, its function in myocardial cells following ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) injury has not been explored. This study aimed to investigate the role of LncTUG1 in I/R injury by focusing on its relationship with autophagy induction by regulating miR-34a-5p expression.

METHODS

We established a myocardial I/R model and H9C2 hypoxia-ischemic and reoxygenation (HI/R) conditions to induce I/R injury. TTC, Western blot, CCK-8 assay, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy were used to assess the size of myocardial infarct, level of some apoptotic-related and autophagy-associated proteins, cell viability, the level of LncRNA TUG1, apoptosis, and autophagy, respectively.

RESULTS

The results revealed that a TUG1 knockdown protected against I/R-induced myocardial injury by decreasing the impairment in cardiac function. LncRNA TUG1 expression was increased in a myocardial I/R model and HI/R in H9C2 cells. Moreover, inhibition of LncTUG1 enhanced H9C2 cell viability and protected the cells from HI/R-induced apoptosis. Silencing LncRNA TUG1 promoted HI/R-induced autophagy. Furthermore, TUG1 siRNA upregulated the level of miR-34a-5p compared to the HI/R group. The protective effect of LncRNA TUG1 inhibition on H9C2 cells following HI/R was eliminated by blocking autophagy with an miR-34a-5p inhibitor.

CONCLUSION

These findings indicated that inhibiting TUG1 may reduce the extent of myocardial I/R injury by regulating miR-34a-5p. Taken together, these results suggest that LncRNA TUG1 may represent a novel therapeutic target for myocardial I/R injury.

Anti-Stemness and Anti-Proliferative Effects of Cadmium on Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Cadmium accumulation in the body can damage a variety of organs and impair their development and functions. In the present study, we investigated the effect of cadmium on the stemness and proliferation of normal bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). Normal bovine mammary epithelial cells treated with cadmium chloride were assessed for the expression of stemness-related proteins and cell proliferation. Western blotting results found that exposure to different concentrations of cadmium (0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 μm) for 48 h significantly increased Gli1 expression but unexpectedly decreased the expression of downstream stem cell-related proteins including BMI1, SOX2, and ALDH. However, we also observed that treatment with 5 μm cadmium for 48 h inhibited mammosphere formation using microscopy. In this study, cadmium exposure significantly reduced cell viability and mobility. Flow cytometry detection found that cadmium decreased the percentage of cells in the G0 phase but increased the percentage of cells in the S phase and the apoptosis rate. Furthermore, cadmium exposure significantly increased the levels of caspase-8, caspase-3, and PARP cleavage as assessed by western blotting. Our study uncovers a previously unrecognized role of cadmium in mammary cell stemness and suggests that cadmium may affect breast development by impairing normal stem cell self-renewal and inducing their apoptosis. Therefore, this study provides important scientific significance regarding whether heavy metal cadmium affects normal breast development.

Application of autophagy in mesenchymal stem cells

In this editorial, we have taken an in-depth look at the article published by Wan et al. The study showed that preconditioning mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) protected them against programmed cell death, and increased their survival rate and therapeutic potential. Autophagy, a type of programmed cell death, is a major intracellular degradation and recycling pathway that is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, self-renewal, and pluripotency. We have explored the relationship between autophagy and MSCs to determine the role of autophagy in the therapeutic applications of MSCs.

The Association of PLA2G7 Gene Polymorphisms with Serum Lp-PLA2 Activity and Lipid Profile in Han Chinese Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the distribution patterns of PLA2G7 gene variants in Han Chinese patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), and their relationships with serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) levels and lipid profiles.

Methods

A total of 93 han Chinese CHD patients were recruited. Serum Lp-PLA2 levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while comprehensive analysis of PLA2G7 gene polymorphisms was conducted through whole-exome sequencing. Concurrently, multiple lipid parameters were measured and analyzed.

Results

Among these Han Chinese CHD patients, the PLA2G7 gene rs1051931 (c.1136T>C p.Val379Ala) rare variant was highly prevalent (variant rate: 94.62%) among the study population, and showed negative correlation with serum Lp-PLA2 activity. The rs1765208290 (c.233G>A p.Gly78Asp) rare variant showed positive correlation with TG, ApoA, ApoB, HDL, LDL and TCHO levels in the serum. Strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between the rs1805018 (c.593T>C p.Ile198Thr) and rs76863441 (c.835G>T p.Val279Phe), both of which were related to lower Lp-PLA2 activity.

Conclusion

In these Han Chinese CHD patients, the rs1051931 (c.1136T>C p.Val379Ala) rare variant in the PLA2G7 gene is closely linked to decreased Lp-PLA2 activity, whereas the rs1765208290 (c.233G>A p.Gly78Asp) rare variant influences lipid homeostasis. The strong LD between rs1805018 (c.593T>C p.Ile198Thr) and rs76863441 (c.835G>T p.Val279Phe) loci may act synergistically to reduce Lp-PLA2 activity.

Advanced PROTAC and Quantitative Proteomics Strategy Reveals Bax Inhibitor-1 as a Critical Target of Icaritin in Burkitt Lymphoma

Understanding the molecular targets of natural products is crucial for elucidating their mechanisms of action, mitigating toxicity, and uncovering potential therapeutic pathways. Icaritin (ICT), a bioactive flavonoid, demonstrates significant anti-tumor activity but lacks defined molecular targets. This study employs an advanced strategy integrating proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology with quantitative proteomics to identify ICT's key targets. A library of 22 ICT-based PROTAC derivatives were synthesized, among which LJ-41 exhibited a superior IC50 of 5.52 μM against Burkitt lymphoma (CA-46) cells. Then, differential proteomic analysis identified Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) as a potential target. Target validation techniques, including cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay, and molecular docking, confirmed LJ-41's high specificity for BI-1. Mechanistic investigations revealed that LJ-41 induces apoptosis through BI-1 degradation, triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress and activating inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α (IRE1α), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor transcription factor heme oxygenase 1 (NRF2-HO-1) signaling pathways. This study establishes a refined methodological framework for natural product target discovery and highlights ICT-PROTAC derivatives' potential for clinical application in Burkitt lymphoma treatment.

A crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe condition that devastatingly harms human health and poses a financial burden on families and society. Bcl-2 Associated X-protein (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) are two classic apoptotic markers post-ICH. Beclin 1 offers a competitive architecture with that of Bax, both playing a vital role in autophagy. However, the interaction between Beclin 1 and Bcl-2/Bax has not been conjunctively analyzed. This review aims to examine the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in ICH by focusing on the interaction and balance of Beclin 1, Bax, and Bcl-2. We also explored the therapeutic potential of Western conventional medicine and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in ICH via controlling the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis.

Risk factors associated with the false positive of cardiopulmonary exercise test in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease

PURPOSE

Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is a common method for preliminary evaluating coronary heart disease (CHD), but it may experience false positive. The present study aimed to reveal the potential factors relating to the false positive of CPET, including blood glucose and lipids.

METHODS

This observational cohort study included 103 subjects with false positive of CPET and 65 subjects with true positive of CPET. The baseline characteristics, blood glucose, and blood lipids between the true and false positive groups were compared. After adjusting for the age and sex, logistic regression analysis was performed to reveal the potential risk factors of false positive. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the potential of related factors in distinguishing between true and false positive results.

RESULTS

Males, smokers, and patients with diabetes were less likely to suffer from false positive of CPET. Compared with the true positive group, the false positive group exhibited significantly higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1), and lower levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb). After adjustment, FBG and GHb were protective factors of the true positive of CPET, and they both had moderate ability to distinguish false positive from true positive in females. However, their combination did not improve the discriminative effect more obviously than FBG alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Sex, smoking, diabetes, and blood glucose were associated with the false positive of CPET. FBG was valuable in predicting the risk of false positive of CPET in females with suspected CHD.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The present study is registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR2400089239).

FGF12 Positively Regulates Keratinocyte Proliferation by Stabilizing MDM2 and Inhibiting p53 Activity in Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease characterized by abnormal proliferation and inflammation of epidermal keratinocytes. Fibroblast growth factor 12 (FGF12) is implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular signals; however, its precise mechanism in psoriasis requires further investigation. In this study, high expression of FGF12 is observed in the epidermis of skin lesion in psoriasis patients and imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis like-dermatitis. Moreover, specific loss of FGF12 in keratinocytes in IMQ-induced psoriasis model alleviates psoriasis-like symptoms and reduces proliferation. In vitro RNA sequencing demonstrates that knockdown of FGF12 effectively arrests the cell cycle, inhibits cell proliferation, and predominantly regulates the p53 signaling pathway. Mechanistically, FGF12 is selectively bound to the RING domain of MDM2, thus partially inhibiting the binding of β-Trcp to MDM2. This interaction inhibits β-Trcp-induced-K48 ubiquitination degradation of MDM2, thereby suppressing the activity of the p53 signaling pathway, which results in excessive cell proliferation. Last, the alleviatory effect of FGF12 deficiency on psoriasis progression is reversed by p53 knockdown. In summary, these findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms by which FGF12 suppresses p53 signaling in keratinocytes, exacerbating the development of psoriasis. This positive regulatory loop highlights the potential of FGF12 as a therapeutic target to manage psoriasis.

A bibliometric analysis of the application of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in cancer

PI3K-AKT-mTOR plays as important role in the growth, metabolism, proliferation, and migration of cancer cells, and in apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and angiogenesis in cancer. In this study, the aim was to comprehensively review the current research landscape regarding the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in cancer, using bibliometrics to analyze research hotspots, and provide ideas for future research directions. Literature published on the topic between January 2006 and May 2023 was retrieved from the Web of Science core database, and key information and a visualization map were analyzed using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. A total of 5800 articles from 95 countries/regions were collected, including from China and the USA. The number of publications on the topic increased year on year. The major research institution was the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Oncotarget and Clinical Cancer Research were the most prevalent journals in the field. Of 26,621 authors, R Kurzrock published the most articles, and J Engelman was cited most frequently. "A549 cell," "first line treatment," "first in human phase I," and "inhibitor" were the keywords of emerging research hotspots. Inhibitors of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and their use in clinical therapeutic strategies for cancer were the main topics in the field, and future research should also focus on PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway inhibitors. This study is the first to comprehensively summarize trends and development s in research into the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in cancer. The information that was obtained clarified recent research frontiers and directions, providing references for scholars of cancer management.

TRPC6 regulates necroptosis in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via Ca2+/CaMKII signaling pathway

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) frequently complicates postoperative cardiovascular disease treatment. Necroptosis, a cell death mechanism similar to apoptosis, is regulated by specific signaling pathways and plays an important role in MIRI. Receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), a key protein regulating necroptosis during MIRI, directly phosphorylates calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Leading to mitochondrial permeablity transition pore (mPTP) opening and inducing necroptosis. Transient receptor potential canonical channel 6 (TRPC6) regulats Ca2+ entry, is linked to CaMKII as an important upstream effector. However, the connection between TRPC6 and MIRI necroptosis remains unclear. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between TRPC6 and MIRI necroptosis, with a specific focus on elucidating the role of TRPC6 in regulating CaMKII phosphorylation during cardiac necroptosis via Ca2+ modulation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The experiment used wild-type (WT) and TRPC6 knockout (TRPC6-/-) mice for I/R model construction, and H9c2 myocardial cell line for H/R model. After ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), TRPC6 protein levels in mice significantly increased, exacerbating myocardial injury, infarct size (IS), and cardiac function in WT mice. In contrast, TRPC6 knockout attenuated myocardial injury, IS, and improved cardiac function. The results showed a significant correlation between changes in CaMKII and TRPC6. TRPC6 knockout led to decreased intracellular calcium levels, CaMKII phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species levels, mPTP opening, and improve mitochondrial structure. CONCLUSION: I/R upregulates TRPC6, which mediates Ca2+ entry and CaMKII phosphorylation, exacerbates oxidative stress, and induces necroptosis. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic avenue for mitigating MIRI by targeting TRPC6.

Enhancing Cardiomyocyte Resilience to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: The Therapeutic Potential of an Indole-Peptide-Tempo Conjugate (IPTC)

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury leads to apoptosis and extensive cellular and mitochondrial damage, triggered by the early generation and subsequent accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). This condition not only contributes to the pathology of I/R injury itself but is also implicated in a variety of other diseases, especially within the cardiovascular domain. Addressing mitochondrial oxidative stress thus emerges as a critical therapeutic target. In this context, our study introduces an indole-peptide-tempo conjugate (IPTC), a compound designed with dual functionalities: antioxidative properties and the ability to modulate autophagy. Our findings reveal that IPTC effectively shields H9C2 cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) damage, primarily through counteracting mtROS overproduction linked to impaired mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. We propose that IPTC operates by simultaneously reducing mtROS levels and inducing mitophagy, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for mitigating mitochondrial oxidative damage and, by extension, easing I/R injury and potentially other related cardiovascular conditions.

The Role of Programmed Types of Cell Death in Pathogenesis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a condition that develops in the course of many diseases and conditions, and its pathophysiology is still not well understood, but the involvement of programmed types of cell death in the development of this type of heart failure is becoming increasingly certain. In addition, drugs already widely used in clinical practice, with a good safety profile and efficacy demonstrated in large-group clinical trials, seem to be exerting their beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. Perhaps new drugs that reduce the susceptibility of cells to programmed types of cell death are under investigation and may improve the prognosis of patients with HFpEF. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge about the pathogenesis of HFpEF and the role of programmed types of cell death in its development. Additionally, we have described the future directions of research that may lead to the improvement of a patient's prognosis and potential treatment.

Integrating genomic profiling to clinical data: assessing the impact of CD147 expression on plaque stability

Background

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) continues to be a leading cause of death and illness worldwide. Differentiating stable from unstable coronary plaques is essential for enhancing patient outcomes. This research investigates the role of CD147 as a biomarker for plaque stability among coronary artery disease patients.

Methods

The study began with high-throughput sequencing of blood samples from six patients, divided equally between those with Stable Angina (SA) and Unstable Angina (UA), followed by bioinformatics analysis. Expanding upon these findings, the study included 31 SA patients and 30 patients with ACS, using flow cytometry to examine CD147 expression on platelets and monocytes. Additionally, logistic regression was utilized to integrate traditional risk factors and evaluate the predictive value of CD147 expression for plaque stability.

Results

Initial sequencing displayed a notable difference in CD147 expression between SA and UA groups, with a significant increase in UA patients. Further analysis confirmed that elevated platelet CD147 expression was strongly associated with unstable plaques (OR = 277.81, P < .001), after adjusting for conventional risk factors, whereas monocyte CD147 levels did not show a significant difference.

Conclusion

Elevated CD147 expression on platelets is a crucial biomarker for identifying unstable coronary artery plaques, offering insights into patient risk stratification and the development of targeted treatment strategies. This underscores the pivotal role of molecular research in understanding and managing coronary artery disease, paving the way for improved clinical outcomes.

Protective effect of salvianolic acid B against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: preclinical systematic evaluation and meta-analysis

Background

Salvianolic acid B is the most abundant water-soluble component in the traditional Chinese medicine Danshen and can reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury through multiple targets and pathways. However, the role of SalB in protecting the myocardium from ischemia/reperfusion injury remains unclear.

Purpose

To perform a preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of Sal B in an animal model of myocardial infarction/reperfusion (MI/R) and to summarize the potential mechanisms of Sal B against MI/R.

Methods

Studies published from inception to March 2024 were systematically searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Wanfang, and VIP databases. The methodological quality was determined using the SYRCLE RoB tool. The R software was used to analyze the data. The potential mechanisms are categorized and summarized.

Results

32 studies containing 732 animals were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that Sal B reduced myocardial infarct size (p < 0.01), and the cardiological indices of CK-MB (p < 0.01), CK (p < 0.01), LDH (p < 0.01), and cTnI (p < 0.01) compared to the control group. In addition, Sal B increased cardiac function indices, such as LVFS (p < 0.01), -dp/dt max (p < 0.01), +dp/dt max (p < 0.01), and cardiac output (p < 0.01). The protective effects of Sal B on the myocardium after I/R may be mediated by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation, promoting neovascularization, regulating vascular function, and attenuating cardiac myocyte apoptosis. Publication bias was observed in all the included studies. Further studies are required to elucidate the extent of the cardioprotective effects of SalB and the safety of its use.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of Sal B in the treatment of MI/R injury, and Sal B demonstrated a positive effect on MI/R injury through the modulation of key pathological indicators and multiple signaling pathways. Further studies are needed to elucidate the extent to which SalB exerts its cardioprotective effects and the safety of its use.

Systematic Review Registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/.

Unraveling the Mechanisms of S100A8/A9 in Myocardial Injury and Dysfunction

S100A8 and S100A9, which are prominent members of the calcium-binding protein S100 family and recognized as calprotectin, form a robust heterodimer known as S100A8/A9, crucial for the manifestation of their diverse biological effects. Currently, there is a consensus that S100A8/A9 holds promise as a biomarker for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), exerting an influence on cardiomyocytes or the cardiovascular system through multifaceted mechanisms that contribute to myocardial injury or dysfunction. In particular, the dualistic nature of S100A8/A9, which functions as both an inflammatory mediator and an anti-inflammatory agent, has garnered significantly increasing attention. This comprehensive review explores the intricate mechanisms through which S100A8/A9 operates in cardiovascular diseases, encompassing its bidirectional regulatory role in inflammation, the initiation of mitochondrial dysfunction, the dual modulation of myocardial fibrosis progression, and apoptosis and autophagy. The objective is to provide new information on and strategies for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in the future.

FoxO1 silencing in Atp7b-/- neural stem cells attenuates high copper-induced apoptosis via regulation of autophagy

Wilson disease (WD) is a severely autosomal genetic disorder triggered by dysregulated copper metabolism. Autophagy and apoptosis share common modulators that process cellular death. Emerging evidences suggest that Forkhead Box O1 over-expression (FoxO1-OE) aggravates abnormal autophagy and apoptosis to induce neuronal injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remain undetermined. Herein, the aim of this study was to investigate how regulating FoxO1 affects cellular autophagy and apoptosis to attenuate neuronal injury in a well-established WD cell model, the high concentration copper sulfate (CuSO4, HC)-triggered Atp7b-/- (Knockout, KO) neural stem cell (NSC) lines. The FoxO1-OE plasmid, or siRNA-FoxO1 (siFoxO1) plasmid, or empty vector plasmid was stably transfected with recombinant lentiviral vectors into HC-induced Atp7b-/- NSCs. Toxic effects of excess deposited copper on wild-type (WT), Atp7b-/- WD mouse hippocampal NSCs were tested by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Subsequently, the FoxO1 expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence (IF) assay, western blot (WB) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Meanwhile, the cell autophagy and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry (FC), TUNEL staining, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), JC-1, WB, and qRT-PCR. The current study demonstrated a strong rise in FoxO1 levels in HC-treated Atp7b-/- NSCs, accompanied with dysregulated autophagy and hyperactive apoptosis. Also, it was observed that cell viability was significantly decreased with the over-expressed FoxO1 in HC-treated Atp7b-/- WD model. As intended, silencing FoxO1 effectively inhibited abnormal autophagy in HC-treated Atp7b-/- NSCs, as depicted by a decline in LC3II/I, Beclin-1, ATG3, ATG7, ATG13, and ATG16, whereas simultaneously increasing P62. In addition, silencing FoxO1 suppressed apoptosis via diminishing oxidative stress (OS), and mitochondrial dysfunction in HC-induced Atp7b-/- NSCs. Collectively, these results clearly demonstrate the silencing FoxO1 has the neuroprotective role of suppressing aberrant cellular autophagy and apoptosis, which efficiently attenuates neuronal injury in WD.

Role of M6a Methylation in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, with acute myocardial infarction and anticancer drug-induced cardiotoxicity being the significant factors. The most effective treatment for acute myocardial infarction is rapid restoration of coronary blood flow by thrombolytic therapy or percutaneous coronary intervention. However, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MI/RI) after reperfusion therapy is common in acute myocardial infarction, thus affecting the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction. There is no effective treatment for MI/RI. Anthracyclines such as Doxorubicin (DOX) have limited clinical use due to their cardiotoxicity, and the mechanism of DOX-induced cardiac injury is complex and not yet fully understood. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a crucial role in many biological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that m6A methylation plays a critical regulatory role in MI/RI and DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC), suggesting that m6A may serve as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for MI/RI and DIC. M6A methylation may mediate the pathophysiological processes of MI/RI and DIC by regulating cellular autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. In this paper, we first focus on the relationship between m6A methylation and MI/RI, then further elucidate that m6A methylation may mediate the pathophysiological process of MI/RI through the regulation of cellular autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. Finally, briefly outline the roles played by m6A in DIC, which will provide a new methodology and direction for the research and treatment of MI/RI and DIC.

Alchemilla vulgaris modulates isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity: interplay of oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis

Introduction: Isoproterenol (ISO) is regarded as an adrenergic non-selective β agonist. It regulates myocardial contractility and may cause damage to cardiac tissues. Alchemilla vulgaris (AV) is an herbal plant that has garnered considerable attention due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioactive components. The present investigation assessed the cardioprotective potential of AV towards ISO-induced myocardial damage. Methods: Four groups of mice were utilized: control that received saline, an ISO group (85 mg/kg, S.C.), ISO + AV100, and ISO + AV200 groups (mice received 100 or 200 mg/kg AV orally along with ISO). Results and discussion: ISO induced notable cardiac damage demonstrated by clear histopathological disruption and alterations in biochemical parameters. Intriguingly, AV treatment mitigates ISO provoked oxidative stress elucidated by a substantial enhancement in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) content, as well as a considerable reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. In addition, notable downregulation of inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, TNF-α, and RAGE) and the NF-κB/p65 pathway was observed in ISO-exposed animals following AV treatment. Furthermore, the pro-apoptotic marker Bax was downregulated together with autophagy markers Beclin1 and LC3 with in ISO-exposed animals when treated with AV. Pre-treatment with AV significantly alleviated ISO-induced cardiac damage in a dose related manner, possibly due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Interestingly, when AV was given at higher doses, a remarkable restoration of ISO-induced cardiac injury was revealed.

PTEN in kidney diseases: a potential therapeutic target in preventing AKI-to-CKD transition

Renal fibrosis, a critical factor in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is predominantly initiated by acute kidney injury (AKI) and subsequent maladaptive repair resulting from pharmacological or pathological stimuli. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), also known as phosphatase and tensin-associated phosphatase, plays a pivotal role in regulating the physiological behavior of renal tubular epithelial cells, glomeruli, and renal interstitial cells, thereby preserving the homeostasis of renal structure and function. It significantly impacts cell proliferation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and mitochondrial energy metabolism during AKI-to-CKD transition. Despite gradual elucidation of PTEN's involvement in various kidney injuries, its specific role in AKI and maladaptive repair after injury remains unclear. This review endeavors to delineate the multifaceted role of PTEN in renal pathology during AKI and CKD progression along with its underlying mechanisms, emphasizing its influence on oxidative stress, autophagy, non-coding RNA-mediated recruitment and activation of immune cells as well as renal fibrosis. Furthermore, we summarize prospective therapeutic targeting strategies for AKI and CKD-treatment related diseases through modulation of PTEN.

BECN1 regulates FADD/RIPK1/Caspase-8 complex formation via RIPK1 ubiquitination by downregulating OTUD1 in MI/R induced myocyte apoptosis

BACKGROUND

Cardiomyocyte apoptosis plays a vital role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury; however, the role of beclin1 (BECN1) remains unclear. This study aimed at revealing the function of BECN1 during cardiomyocyte apoptosis after MI/R injury.

METHODS

In vivo, TTC and Evan's blue double staining was applied to verify the gross morphological alteration in both wild type (WT) mice and BECN1 transgene mice (BECN1-TG), and TUNEL staining and western blot were adopted to evaluate the cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In vitro, a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model was established in H9c2 cells to simulate MI/R injury. Proteomics analysis was preformed to verify if apoptosis occurs in the H/R cellular model. And apoptosis factors, RIPK1, Caspase-1, Caspase-3, and cleaved Caspase-3, were investigated using western bolting. In addition, the mRNA level were verified using RT-PCR. To further investigate the protein interactions small interfering RNA and lentiviral transfection were used. To continue investigate the protein interactions, immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation were applied.

RESULTS

Morphologically, BECN1 significantly attenuated the apoptosis from TTC-Evan's staining, TUNEL, and cardiac tissue western blot. After H/R, a RIPK1-induced complex (complex II) containing RIPK1, Caspase-8, and FADD was formed. Thereafter, cleaved Caspase-3 was activated, and myocyte apoptosis occurred. However, BECN1 decreased the expression of RIPK1, Caspase-8, and FADD. Nevertheless, BECN1 overexpression increased RIPK1 ubiquitination before apoptosis by inhibiting OTUD1.

CONCLUSIONS

BECN1 regulates FADD/RIPK1/Caspase-8 complex formation via RIPK1 ubiquitination by downregulating OTUD1 in C-Caspase-3-induced myocyte apoptosis after MI/R injury. Therefore, BECN1 can function as a cardioprotective candidate.

Programmed death of cardiomyocytes in cardiovascular disease and new therapeutic approaches

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have a complex pathogenesis and pose a major threat to human health. Cardiomyocytes have a low regenerative capacity, and their death is a key factor in the morbidity and mortality of many CVDs. Cardiomyocyte death can be regulated by specific signaling pathways known as programmed cell death (PCD), including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, etc. Abnormalities in PCD can lead to the development of a variety of cardiovascular diseases, and there are also molecular-level interconnections between different PCD pathways under the same cardiovascular disease model. Currently, the link between programmed cell death in cardiomyocytes and cardiovascular disease is not fully understood. This review describes the molecular mechanisms of programmed death and the impact of cardiomyocyte death on cardiovascular disease development. Emphasis is placed on a summary of drugs and potential therapeutic approaches that can be used to treat cardiovascular disease by targeting and blocking programmed cell death in cardiomyocytes.

Emodin alleviates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung injury by upregulating HO-1 expression via PI3K/AkT pathway

BACKGROUND

Emodin, a natural anthraquinone derivative found in various Chinese medicinal herbs, has been proved to be an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of many diseases. However, its effect on lung injury after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury remains unknown. This research was designed to investigate whether emodin protects against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung injury and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro.

METHODS

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by occluding the superior mesenteric artery in mice, and mouse lung epithelial-12 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation to establish an in vitro model.

RESULTS

Our data indicated that emodin treatment reduced intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in lung tissues and alleviated lung injury. However, the protective effects of emodin on intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung injury were reversed by the protein kinase B inhibitor triciribine or the heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX. The protein kinase inhibitor triciribine also downregulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our data suggest that emodin treatment protects against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung injury by enhancing heme oxygenase-1 expression via activation of the PI3K/protein kinase pathway. Emodin may act as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion.

Mechanism and use strategy of uric acid-lowering drugs on coronary heart disease

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a serious cardiovascular illness, for which an elevated uric acid (UA) level presents as a considerable risk factor. This can be treated with UA-lowering drugs such as allopurinol and benzbromarone, which can reduce UA levels by the inhibition of UA production or by promoting its excretion. Such drugs can also be beneficial to CHD in other ways, such as reducing the degree of coronary arteriosclerosis, improving myocardial blood supply and alleviating ventricular remodeling. Different UA-lowering drugs are used in different ways: allopurinol is preferred as a single agent in clinical application, but in absence of the desired response, a combination of drugs such as benzbromarone with ACE inhibitors may be used. Patients must be monitored regularly to adjust the medication regimen. Appropriate use of UA-lowering drugs has great significance for the prevention and treatment of CHD. However, the specific mechanisms of the drugs and individualized drug use need further research. This review article expounds the mechanisms of UA-lowering drugs on CHD and their clinical application strategy, thereby providing a reference for further optimization of treatment.

Network pharmacology analysis and experimental verification of the antithrombotic active compounds of trichosanthis pericarpium (Gualoupi) in treating coronary heart disease

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Trichosanthis pericarpium (TP; Gualoupi, pericarps of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to reduce heat, resolve phlegm, promote Qi, and clear chest congestion. It is also an essential herbal ingredient in the "Gualou Xiebai" formula first recorded by Zhang Zhongjing (from the Eastern Han Dynasty) in the famous TCM classic "Jin-Guì-Yào-Lüe" for treating chest impediments. According to its traditional description, Gualou Xiebai is indicated for symptoms of chest impediments, which correspond to coronary heart diseases (CHD).

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to identify the antithrombotic compounds in Gualoupi for the treatment of CHD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A CHD rat model was established with a combination of high-fat diet and isoproterenol hydrochloride (ISO) administration via subcutaneous multi-point injection in the back of the neck. This model was used to evaluate the antithrombotic effect of two mainstream cultivars of TP ("HaiShi GuaLou" and "WanLou") by analyzing the main components and their effects. Network pharmacology, molecular docking-based studies, and a zebrafish (Danio rerio) thrombosis model induced by phenylhydrazine was used to validate the antithrombosis components of TP.

RESULTS

TP significantly reduced the body weight of the CHD rats, improved myocardial ischemia, and reduced collagen deposition and fibrosis around the infarcted tissue. It reduced thrombosis in a dose-dependent manner and significantly reduced inflammation and oxidative stress damage. Cynaroside, isoquercitrin, rutin, citrulline, and arginine were identified as candidate active TP compounds with antithrombotic effects. The key potential targets of TP in thrombosis treatment were initially identified by molecular docking-based analysis, which showed that the candidate active compounds have a strong binding affinity to the potential targets (protein kinase C alpha type [PKCα], protein kinase C beta type [PKCβ], von Willebrand factor [vWF], and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 [PTGS1], fibrinogen alpha [Fga], fibrinogen beta [Fgb], fibrinogen gamma [Fgg], coagulation factor II [F2], and coagulation factor VII [F7]). In addition, the candidate active compounds reduced thrombosis, improved oxidative stress damage, and down-regulated the expression of thrombosis-related genes (PKCα, PKCβ, vWF, PTGS1, Fga, Fgb, Fgg, F2, and F7) in the zebrafish model.

CONCLUSION

Cynaroside, isoquercitrin, rutin, citrulline, and arginine were identified as the active antithrombotic compounds of TP used to treat CHD. Mechanistically, the active compounds were found to be involved in oxidative stress injury, platelet activation pathway, and complement and coagulation cascade pathways.