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Cha M, Kim JK, Lee WH, Song H, Lee TG, Kim SK, Kim SJ. Metabolic engineering of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii for hydrogen production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:65. [PMID: 38194138 PMCID: PMC10776719 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen is an alternative fuel for transportation vehicles because it is clean, sustainable, and highly flammable. However, the production of hydrogen from lignocellulosic biomass by microorganisms presents challenges. This microbial process involves multiple complex steps, including thermal, chemical, and mechanical treatment of biomass to remove hemicellulose and lignin, as well as enzymatic hydrolysis to solubilize the plant cell walls. These steps not only incur costs but also result in the production of toxic hydrolysates, which inhibit microbial growth. A hyper-thermophilic bacterium of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii can produce hydrogen by decomposing and fermenting plant biomass without the need for conventional pretreatment. It is considered as a consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) microorganism. This review summarizes the basic scientific knowledge and hydrogen-producing capacity of C. bescii. Its genetic system and metabolic engineering strategies to improve hydrogen production are also discussed. KEY POINTS: • Hydrogen is an alternative and eco-friendly fuel. • Caldicellulosiruptor bescii produces hydrogen with a high yield in nature. • Metabolic engineering can make C. bescii to improve hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Cha
- Research Center for Biological Cybernetics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kon Kim
- Department of Animal Environment, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Heong Lee
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tae-Gi Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ki Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Kim
- Research Center for Biological Cybernetics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Z, Wu J, Kong W, Zhou Y, Ye C, Yuan Q, Zhang Y, Li P. The Integration of Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Provides Insights into the Determinants of the Wood Properties in Toona ciliata. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4541. [PMID: 38674126 PMCID: PMC11050501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Toona ciliata, also known as Chinese mahogany, is a high-quality and fast-growing wood species with a high economic value. The wood properties of T. ciliata of different provenances vary significantly. In this study, we conducted comprehensive transcriptome and metabolome analyses of red and non-red T. ciliata wood cores of different provenances to compare their wood properties and explore the differential metabolites and genes that govern the variation in their wood properties. Through combined analyses, three differential genes and two metabolites were identified that are possibly related to lignin synthesis. The lignin content in wood cores from T. ciliata of different provenances shows significant variation following systematic measurement and comparisons. The gene Tci09G002190, one of the three differential genes, was identified as a member of the CAD (Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase) gene family of T. ciliata, which is associated with lignin synthesis. Our data provide insights into the determinants of the wood properties in T. ciliata, providing a solid foundation for research into the subsequent mechanisms of the formation of T. ciliata wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (J.W.); (W.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (J.W.); (W.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weijia Kong
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (J.W.); (W.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (J.W.); (W.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunyi Ye
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (J.W.); (W.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qianyun Yuan
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (J.W.); (W.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongjia Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (J.W.); (W.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pei Li
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (J.W.); (W.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Y.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Tiwari R, Sathesh-Prabu C, Kim Y, Kuk Lee S. Simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose by metabolically engineered Pseudomonas putida for the production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130389. [PMID: 38295962 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida,a robust candidate for lignocellulosicbiomass-based biorefineries, encounters challenges in metabolizing xylose. In this study, Weimberg pathway was introduced intoP. putidaEM42 under a xylose-inducible promoter, resulting in slow cell growth (0.05 h-1) on xylose.Through adaptive laboratory evolution, an evolved strain exhibited highly enhanced growth on xylose (0.36 h-1), comparable to that on glucose (0.39 h-1). Whole genome sequencing identified four mutations, with two key mutations located inPP3380andPP2219. Reverse-engineered strain 8EM42_Xyl, harboring these two mutations, showed enhanced growth on xylose but co-utilizing glucose and xylose at a rate of 0.3 g/L/h. Furthermore, 8EM42_Xyl was employed for 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3HP) production from glucose and xylose by expressing malonyl-CoA reductase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, yielding 29 g/L in fed-batch fermentation. Moreover, the engineered strain exhibited promising performance in 3HP production from empty palm fruit bunch hydrolysate, demonstrating its potential as a promising cell factory forbiorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar Tiwari
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Chandran Sathesh-Prabu
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Yuchan Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Sung Kuk Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
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Wang Y, Yuan X, Liu J, Jia X. Recent Advances in Zeolites-Catalyzed Biomass Conversion to Hydroxymethylfurfural: The Role of Porosity and Acidity. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300399. [PMID: 37889167 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is an attractive raw material for the production of fuel oil and chemical intermediates due to its abundant reserves, low price, easy biodegradability, and renewable use. Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a valuable platform chemically derived from biomass that has gained significant research interest owing to its economic and environmental benefits. In this review, recent advances in biomass catalytic conversion systems for 5-HMF production were examined with a focus on the catalysts selection and feedstocks' impact on the 5-HMF selectivity and yield. Specifically, the potential of zeolite-based catalysts for efficient biomass catalysis was evaluated given their unique pore structure and tunable (Lewis and Brønsted) acidity. The benefits of hierarchical modifications and the interactions between porosity and acidity in zeolites, which are critical factors for the development of green catalytic systems to convert biomass to 5-HMF efficiently, were summarized and assessed. This Review suggests that zeolite-based catalysts hold significant promise in facilitating the sustainable utilization of biomass resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 83400, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxian Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 83400, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 83400, P.R. China
- Department of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, P.R. China
| | - Xicheng Jia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 83400, P.R. China
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Deng Z, Mu Y, Chen Z, Yan L, Ju X, Li L. Construction of a xylose metabolic pathway in Trichosporonoides oedocephalis ATCC 16958 for the production of erythritol and xylitol. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:1529-1539. [PMID: 37831286 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Erythritol is a valuable compound as sweetener and chemical material however cannot be fermented from the abundant substrate xylose. METHODS The strain Trichosporonoides oedocephalis ATCC 16958 was employed to produce polyols including xylitol and erythritol by metabolic engineering approaches. RESULTS The introduction of a substrate-specific ribose-5-phosphate isomerase endowed T. oedocephalis with xylose-assimilation activity to produce xylitol, and eliminated glycerol production simultaneously. A more value-added product, erythritol was produced by further introducing a homologous xylulose kinase. The carbon flux was redirected from xylitol to erythritol by adding high osmotic pressure. The production of erythritol was improved to 46.5 g/L in flasks by fermentation adjustment, and the process was scaled up in a 5-L fermentor, with a 40 g/L erythritol production after 120 h, and a time-space yield of 0.56 g/L/h. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the potential of T. oedocephalis in the synthesis of multiple useful products from xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Deng
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Xuefu Rd., Huqiu District, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Mu
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Xuefu Rd., Huqiu District, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Xuefu Rd., Huqiu District, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lishi Yan
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Xuefu Rd., Huqiu District, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ju
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Xuefu Rd., Huqiu District, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liangzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Xuefu Rd., Huqiu District, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Xu C, Tong S, Sun L, Gu X. Cellulase immobilization to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: An all-inclusive review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121319. [PMID: 37739542 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulase-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery plays a crucial role in the production of high-value biofuels and chemicals, with enzymatic hydrolysis being an essential component. The advent of cellulase immobilization has revolutionized this process, significantly enhancing the efficiency, stability, and reusability of cellulase enzymes. This review offers a thorough analysis of the fundamental principles underlying immobilization, encompassing various immobilization approaches such as physical adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, and cross-linking. Furthermore, it explores a diverse range of carrier materials, including inorganic, organic, and hybrid/composite materials. The review also focuses on emerging approaches like multi-enzyme co-immobilization, oriented immobilization, immobilized enzyme microreactors, and enzyme engineering for immobilization. Additionally, it delves into novel carrier technologies like 3D printing carriers, stimuli-responsive carriers, artificial cellulosomes, and biomimetic carriers. Moreover, the review addresses recent obstacles in cellulase immobilization, including molecular-level immobilization mechanism, diffusion limitations, loss of cellulase activity, cellulase leaching, and considerations of cost-effectiveness and scalability. The knowledge derived from this review is anticipated to catalyze the evolution of more efficient and sustainable biocatalytic systems for lignocellulosic biomass conversion, representing the current state-of-the-art in cellulase immobilization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| | - Shanshan Tong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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Ming Y, Li G, Shi Z, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Gao G, Ma T, Wu M. Co-utilization of glucose and xylose for the production of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Sphingomonas sanxanigenens NX02. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:162. [PMID: 37635215 PMCID: PMC10463938 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), produced by a variety of microbial organisms, is a good substitute for petrochemically derived plastics due to its excellent properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. The high cost of PHB production is a huge barrier for application and popularization of such bioplastics. Thus, the reduction of the cost is of great interest. Using low-cost substrates for PHB production is an efficient and feasible means to reduce manufacturing costs, and the construction of microbial cell factories is also a potential way to reduce the cost. RESULTS In this study, an engineered Sphingomonas sanxanigenens strain to produce PHB by blocking the biosynthetic pathway of exopolysaccharide was constructed, and the resulting strain was named NXdE. NXdE could produce 9.24 ± 0.11 g/L PHB with a content of 84.0% cell dry weight (CDW) using glucose as a sole carbon source, which was significantly increased by 76.3% compared with the original strain NX02. Subsequently, the PHB yield of NXdE under the co-substrate with different proportions of glucose and xylose was also investigated, and results showed that the addition of xylose would reduce the PHB production. Hence, the Dahms pathway, which directly converted D-xylose into pyruvate in four sequential enzymatic steps, was enhanced by overexpressing the genes xylB, xylC, and kdpgA encoding xylose dehydrogenase, gluconolactonase, and aldolase in different combinations. The final strain NX02 (ΔssB, pBTxylBxylCkdpgA) (named NXdE II) could successfully co-utilize glucose and xylose from corn straw total hydrolysate (CSTH) to produce 21.49 ± 0.67 g/L PHB with a content of 91.2% CDW, representing a 4.10-fold increase compared to the original strain NX02. CONCLUSION The engineered strain NXdE II could co-utilize glucose and xylose from corn straw hydrolysate, and had a significant increase not only in cell growth but also in PHB yield and content. This work provided a new host strain and strategy for utilization of lignocellulosic biomass such as corn straw to produce intracellular products like PHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ming
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yufei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ge Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, PR China.
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Bakratsas G, Polydera A, Nilson O, Chatzikonstantinou AV, Xiros C, Katapodis P, Stamatis H. Mycoprotein Production by Submerged Fermentation of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus in a Batch Stirred Tank Bioreactor Using Agro-Industrial Hydrolysate. Foods 2023; 12:2295. [PMID: 37372506 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for cheap, healthy, and sustainable alternative protein sources has turned research interest into microbial proteins. Mycoproteins prevail due to their quite balanced amino acid profile, low carbon footprint and high sustainability potential. The goal of this research was to investigate the capability of Pleurotus ostreatus to metabolize the main sugars of agro-industrial side streams, such as aspen wood chips hydrolysate, to produce high-value protein with low cost. Our results indicate that P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 could be cultivated both in a C-6 (glucose)- and C-5(xylose)-sugar-containing medium for mycoprotein production. A mixture of glucose and xylose was found to be ideal for biomass production with high protein content and rich amino acid profile. P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 cultivation in a 4 L stirred-tank bioreactor using aspen hydrolysate was achieved with 25.0 ± 3.4 g L-1 biomass production, 1.8 ± 0.4 d-1 specific growth rate and a protein yield of 54.5 ± 0.5% (g/100 g sugars). PCA analysis of the amino acids revealed a strong correlation between the amino acid composition of the protein produced and the ratios of glucose and xylose in the culture medium. The production of high-nutrient mycoprotein by submerged fermentation of the edible fungus P. ostreatus using agro-industrial hydrolysates is a promising bioprocess in the food and feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Bakratsas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Angeliki Polydera
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Oskar Nilson
- RISE Processum AB, SE-89122 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
| | - Alexandra V Chatzikonstantinou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Petros Katapodis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Wang N, Peng H, Yang C, Guo W, Wang M, Li G, Liu D. Metabolic Engineering of Model Microorganisms for the Production of Xanthophyll. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1252. [PMID: 37317226 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthophyll is an oxidated version of carotenoid. It presents significant value to the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its specific antioxidant activity and variety of colors. Chemical processing and conventional extraction from natural organisms are still the main sources of xanthophyll. However, the current industrial production model can no longer meet the demand for human health care, reducing petrochemical energy consumption and green sustainable development. With the swift development of genetic metabolic engineering, xanthophyll synthesis by the metabolic engineering of model microorganisms shows great application potential. At present, compared to carotenes such as lycopene and β-carotene, xanthophyll has a relatively low production in engineering microorganisms due to its stronger inherent antioxidation, relatively high polarity, and longer metabolic pathway. This review comprehensively summarized the progress in xanthophyll synthesis by the metabolic engineering of model microorganisms, described strategies to improve xanthophyll production in detail, and proposed the current challenges and future efforts needed to build commercialized xanthophyll-producing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huakang Peng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Caifeng Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenfang Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gangqiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dehu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Tang H, Chen Z, Shao Y, Ju X, Li L. Development of an enzymatic cascade to systematically utilize lignocellulosic monosaccharide. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1974-1980. [PMID: 36448581 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fermentation valorization of two main lignocellulosic monosaccharides, glucose and xylose, is extensively developed; however, it is restricted by limited yield and process complexity. An in vitro enzymatic cascade reaction can be an alternative approach. RESULTS In this study, a three-stage, five-enzyme cascade was developed to convert pretreated biomass to valuable chemicals. First, a ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B mutant isomerized xylose to d-xylulose with high substrate specificity, and a d-arabinose dehydrogenase continued to reduce d-xylulose to d-arabitol. Simultaneously, glucose was utilized for the coenzyme regeneration catalyzed by a glucose dehydrogenase, generating useful gluconic acid and achieving 73% of total conversion rate after 36 h. Then, six kinds of pretreated biomass lignocellulose were hydrolyzed by cellulase and hemicellulase, and corn cob was identified as the initial substrate for providing the highest monosaccharide content. A 65% conversion rate of the lignocellulosic xylose was obtained after 24 h. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a proof of concept to convert main lignocellulosic monosaccharides systematically by an enzymatic cascade at stoichiometric ratio. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengtao Tang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu Shao
- Engineering and Technology Centers of Transdermal Drug Delivery System of Jiangsu Province, Yunnan Baiyao Group Wuxi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ju
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liangzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P. R. China
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11
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Elmore JR, Dexter GN, Baldino H, Huenemann JD, Francis R, Peabody GL, Martinez-Baird J, Riley LA, Simmons T, Coleman-Derr D, Guss AM, Egbert RG. High-throughput genetic engineering of nonmodel and undomesticated bacteria via iterative site-specific genome integration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade1285. [PMID: 36897939 PMCID: PMC10005180 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Efficient genome engineering is critical to understand and use microbial functions. Despite recent development of tools such as CRISPR-Cas gene editing, efficient integration of exogenous DNA with well-characterized functions remains limited to model bacteria. Here, we describe serine recombinase-assisted genome engineering, or SAGE, an easy-to-use, highly efficient, and extensible technology that enables selection marker-free, site-specific genome integration of up to 10 DNA constructs, often with efficiency on par with or superior to replicating plasmids. SAGE uses no replicating plasmids and thus lacks the host range limitations of other genome engineering technologies. We demonstrate the value of SAGE by characterizing genome integration efficiency in five bacteria that span multiple taxonomy groups and biotechnology applications and by identifying more than 95 heterologous promoters in each host with consistent transcription across environmental and genetic contexts. We anticipate that SAGE will rapidly expand the number of industrial and environmental bacteria compatible with high-throughput genetics and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Elmore
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Gara N. Dexter
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Henri Baldino
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jay D. Huenemann
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996,USA
| | - Ryan Francis
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - George L. Peabody
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jessica Martinez-Baird
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Lauren A. Riley
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996,USA
| | - Tuesday Simmons
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA
| | - Devin Coleman-Derr
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Adam M. Guss
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Robert G. Egbert
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
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12
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Chen S, Xu Z, Ding B, Zhang Y, Liu S, Cai C, Li M, Dale BE, Jin M. Big data mining, rational modification, and ancestral sequence reconstruction inferred multiple xylose isomerases for biorefinery. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd8835. [PMID: 36724227 PMCID: PMC9891696 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The isomerization of xylose to xylulose is considered the most promising approach to initiate xylose bioconversion. Here, phylogeny-guided big data mining, rational modification, and ancestral sequence reconstruction strategies were implemented to explore new active xylose isomerases (XIs) for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Significantly, 13 new active XIs for S. cerevisiae were mined or artificially created. Moreover, the importance of the amino-terminal fragment for maintaining basic XI activity was demonstrated. With the mined XIs, four efficient xylose-utilizing S. cerevisiae were constructed and evolved, among which the strain S. cerevisiae CRD5HS contributed to ethanol titers as high as 85.95 and 94.76 g/liter from pretreated corn stover and corn cob, respectively, without detoxifying or washing pretreated biomass. Potential genetic targets obtained from adaptive laboratory evolution were further analyzed by sequencing the high-performance strains. The combined XI mining methods described here provide practical references for mining other scarce and valuable enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Chen
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Biorefinery Research Institution, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhaoxian Xu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Biorefinery Research Institution, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Boning Ding
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Biorefinery Research Institution, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Biorefinery Research Institution, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Biorefinery Research Institution, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chenggu Cai
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Biorefinery Research Institution, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Muzi Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Biorefinery Research Institution, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Bruce E. Dale
- Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Centre (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - Mingjie Jin
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Biorefinery Research Institution, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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13
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Volk MJ, Tran VG, Tan SI, Mishra S, Fatma Z, Boob A, Li H, Xue P, Martin TA, Zhao H. Metabolic Engineering: Methodologies and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 123:5521-5570. [PMID: 36584306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering aims to improve the production of economically valuable molecules through the genetic manipulation of microbial metabolism. While the discipline is a little over 30 years old, advancements in metabolic engineering have given way to industrial-level molecule production benefitting multiple industries such as chemical, agriculture, food, pharmaceutical, and energy industries. This review describes the design, build, test, and learn steps necessary for leading a successful metabolic engineering campaign. Moreover, we highlight major applications of metabolic engineering, including synthesizing chemicals and fuels, broadening substrate utilization, and improving host robustness with a focus on specific case studies. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on perspectives and future challenges related to metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Vinh G Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shih-I Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shekhar Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zia Fatma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aashutosh Boob
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pu Xue
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Teresa A Martin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass-Challenges and Solutions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248717. [PMID: 36557852 PMCID: PMC9785513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regarding the limited resources for fossil fuels and increasing global energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change, there is a need to find alternative energy sources that are sustainable, environmentally friendly, renewable, and economically viable. In the last several decades, interest in second-generation bioethanol production from non-food lignocellulosic biomass in the form of organic residues rapidly increased because of its abundance, renewability, and low cost. Bioethanol production fits into the strategy of a circular economy and zero waste plans, and using ethanol as an alternative fuel gives the world economy a chance to become independent of the petrochemical industry, providing energy security and environmental safety. However, the conversion of biomass into ethanol is a challenging and multi-stage process because of the variation in the biochemical composition of biomass and the recalcitrance of lignin, the aromatic component of lignocellulose. Therefore, the commercial production of cellulosic ethanol has not yet become well-received commercially, being hampered by high research and production costs, and substantial effort is needed to make it more widespread and profitable. This review summarises the state of the art in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass, highlights the most challenging steps of the process, including pretreatment stages required to fragment biomass components and further enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, presents the most recent technological advances to overcome the challenges and high costs, and discusses future perspectives of second-generation biorefineries.
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15
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Yang Z, Leero DD, Yin C, Yang L, Zhu L, Zhu Z, Jiang L. Clostridium as microbial cell factory to enable the sustainable utilization of three generations of feedstocks. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 361:127656. [PMID: 35872277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable production of chemicals and biofuels from non-fossil carbon sources is considered key to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Clostridium sp. can convert various substrates, including the 1st-generation (biomass crops), the 2nd-generation (lignocellulosic biomass), and the 3rd-generation (C1 gases) feedstocks, into high-value products, which makes Clostridia attractive for biorefinery applications. However, the complexity of lignocellulosic catabolism and C1 gas utilization make it difficult to construct efficient production routes. Accordingly, this review highlights the advances in the development of three generations of feedstocks with Clostridia as cell factories. At the same time, more attention was given to using agro-industrial wastes (lignocelluloses and C1 gases) as the feedstocks, for which metabolic and process engineering efforts were comprehensively analyzed. In addition, the challenges of using agro-industrial wastes are also discussed. Lastly, several new synthetic biology tools and regulatory strategies are emphasized as promising technologies to be developed to address the aforementioned challenges in Clostridia and realize the efficient utilization of agro-industrial wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Donald Delano Leero
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chengtai Yin
- College of Overseas Education, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- College of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhengming Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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16
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Improving Lipid Production of Yarrowia lipolytica by the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Mediated Furfural Detoxification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094761. [PMID: 35563152 PMCID: PMC9102794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica, the non-conventional yeast capable of high lipogenesis, is a microbial chassis for producing lipid-based biofuels and chemicals from renewable resources such as lignocellulosic biomass. However, the low tolerance of Y. lipolytica against furfural, a major inhibitory furan aldehyde derived from the pretreatment processes of lignocellulosic biomass, has restricted the efficient conversion of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. In this study, the furfural tolerance of Y. lipolytica has been improved by supporting its endogenous detoxification mechanism. Specifically, the endogenous genes encoding the aldehyde dehydrogenase family proteins were overexpressed in Y. lipolytica to support the conversion of furfural to furoic acid. Among them, YALI0E15400p (FALDH2) has shown the highest conversion rate of furfural to furoic acid and resulted in two-fold increased cell growth and lipid production in the presence of 0.4 g/L of furfural. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify the native furfural detoxification mechanism and increase furfural resistance through rational engineering in Y. lipolytica. Overall, these results will improve the potential of Y. lipolytica to produce lipids and other value-added chemicals from a carbon-neutral feedstock of lignocellulosic biomass.
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17
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Knychala MM, dos Santos AA, Kretzer LG, Gelsleichter F, Leandro MJ, Fonseca C, Stambuk BU. Strategies for Efficient Expression of Heterologous Monosaccharide Transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010084. [PMID: 35050024 PMCID: PMC8778384 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous work, we developed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (DLG-K1) lacking the main monosaccharide transporters (hxt-null) and displaying high xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase and xylulokinase activities. This strain proved to be a useful chassis strain to study new glucose/xylose transporters, as SsXUT1 from Scheffersomyces stipitis. Proteins with high amino acid sequence similarity (78–80%) to SsXUT1 were identified from Spathaspora passalidarum and Spathaspora arborariae genomes. The characterization of these putative transporter genes (SpXUT1 and SaXUT1, respectively) was performed in the same chassis strain. Surprisingly, the cloned genes could not restore the ability to grow in several monosaccharides tested (including glucose and xylose), but after being grown in maltose, the uptake of 14C-glucose and 14C-xylose was detected. While SsXUT1 lacks lysine residues with high ubiquitinylation potential in its N-terminal domain and displays only one in its C-terminal domain, both SpXUT1 and SaXUT1 transporters have several such residues in their C-terminal domains. A truncated version of SpXUT1 gene, deprived of the respective 3′-end, was cloned in DLG-K1 and allowed growth and fermentation in glucose or xylose. In another approach, two arrestins known to be involved in the ubiquitinylation and endocytosis of sugar transporters (ROD1 and ROG3) were knocked out, but only the rog3 mutant allowed a significant improvement of growth and fermentation in glucose when either of the XUT permeases were expressed. Therefore, for the efficient heterologous expression of monosaccharide (e.g., glucose/xylose) transporters in S. cerevisiae, we propose either the removal of lysines involved in ubiquitinylation and endocytosis or the use of chassis strains hampered in the specific mechanism of membrane protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia M. Knychala
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (M.M.K.); (A.A.d.S.); (L.G.K.); (F.G.)
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de Bioenergia, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.L.); (C.F.)
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Angela A. dos Santos
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (M.M.K.); (A.A.d.S.); (L.G.K.); (F.G.)
| | - Leonardo G. Kretzer
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (M.M.K.); (A.A.d.S.); (L.G.K.); (F.G.)
| | - Fernanda Gelsleichter
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (M.M.K.); (A.A.d.S.); (L.G.K.); (F.G.)
| | - Maria José Leandro
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de Bioenergia, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.L.); (C.F.)
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - César Fonseca
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de Bioenergia, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.L.); (C.F.)
- Discovery, R&D, Chr. Hansen A/S, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Boris U. Stambuk
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (M.M.K.); (A.A.d.S.); (L.G.K.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-48-3721-4449
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