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Tang H, Chen Z, Shao Y, Ju X, Li L. Development of an enzymatic cascade to systematically utilize lignocellulosic monosaccharide. J Sci Food Agric 2023; 103:1974-1980. [PMID: 36448581 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fermentation valorization of two main lignocellulosic monosaccharides, glucose and xylose, is extensively developed; however, it is restricted by limited yield and process complexity. An in vitro enzymatic cascade reaction can be an alternative approach. RESULTS In this study, a three-stage, five-enzyme cascade was developed to convert pretreated biomass to valuable chemicals. First, a ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B mutant isomerized xylose to d-xylulose with high substrate specificity, and a d-arabinose dehydrogenase continued to reduce d-xylulose to d-arabitol. Simultaneously, glucose was utilized for the coenzyme regeneration catalyzed by a glucose dehydrogenase, generating useful gluconic acid and achieving 73% of total conversion rate after 36 h. Then, six kinds of pretreated biomass lignocellulose were hydrolyzed by cellulase and hemicellulase, and corn cob was identified as the initial substrate for providing the highest monosaccharide content. A 65% conversion rate of the lignocellulosic xylose was obtained after 24 h. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a proof of concept to convert main lignocellulosic monosaccharides systematically by an enzymatic cascade at stoichiometric ratio. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengtao Tang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu Shao
- Engineering and Technology Centers of Transdermal Drug Delivery System of Jiangsu Province, Yunnan Baiyao Group Wuxi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ju
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liangzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P. R. China
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Johnston ML, Bonett EM, DeColli AA, Freel Meyers CL. Antibacterial Target DXP Synthase Catalyzes the Cleavage of d- Xylulose 5-Phosphate: a Study of Ketose Phosphate Binding and Ketol Transfer Reaction. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1810-1823. [PMID: 35998648 PMCID: PMC9531112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial enzyme 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXPS) catalyzes the formation of DXP from pyruvate and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (d-GAP) in a thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent manner. In addition to its role in isoprenoid biosynthesis, DXP is required for ThDP and pyridoxal phosphate biosynthesis. Due to its function as a branch-point enzyme and its demonstrated substrate and catalytic promiscuity, we hypothesize that DXPS could be key for bacterial adaptation in the dynamic metabolic landscape during infection. Prior work in the Freel Meyers laboratory has illustrated that DXPS displays relaxed specificity toward donor and acceptor substrates and varies acceptor specificity according to the donor used. We have reported that DXPS forms dihydroxyethyl (DHE)ThDP from ketoacid or aldehyde donor substrates via decarboxylation and deprotonation, respectively. Here, we tested other DHE donors and found that DXPS cleaves d-xylulose 5-phosphate (X5P) at C2-C3, producing DHEThDP through a third mechanism involving d-GAP elimination. We interrogated DXPS-catalyzed reactions using X5P as a donor substrate and illustrated (1) production of a semi-stable enzyme-bound intermediate and (2) O2, H+, and d-erythrose 4-phosphate act as acceptor substrates, highlighting a new transketolase-like activity of DXPS. Furthermore, we examined X5P binding to DXPS and suggest that the d-GAP binding pocket plays a crucial role in X5P binding and turnover. Overall, this study reveals a ketose-cleavage reaction catalyzed by DXPS, highlighting the remarkable flexibility for donor substrate usage by DXPS compared to other C-C bond-forming enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L. Johnston
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eucolona M. Bonett
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Caren L. Freel Meyers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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MOSES V, FERRIER RJ. The biochemical preparation of D-xylulose and L-ribulose. Details of the action of Acetobacter suboxydans on D-arabitol, ribitol and other polyhydroxy compounds. Biochem J 1998; 83:8-14. [PMID: 14476469 PMCID: PMC1243501 DOI: 10.1042/bj0830008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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STIRPE F, COMPORTI M. REGULATION OF ASCORBIC ACID AND OF XYLULOSE SYNTHESIS IN RAT-LIVER EXTRACTS. THE EFFECT OF STARVATION ON THE ENZYMES OF THE GLUCURONIC ACID PATHWAY. Biochem J 1996; 95:354-62. [PMID: 14340084 PMCID: PMC1214330 DOI: 10.1042/bj0950354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The synthesis of ascorbic acid in rat-liver extracts is impaired during starvation, and more from glucuronolactone and glucuronate than from gulonate and gulonolactone. 2. The formation of xylulose from gulonate and from gulonolactone is greatly enhanced during starvation, whereas it is decreased from glucuronolactone and from glucuronate. 3. The activity of the enzymes of the glucuronic acid pathway during starvation has been determined in rat-liver preparations. Gulonolactone oxidase is decreased, NAD-linked gulonate dehydrogenase is enhanced, and uronolactonase, aldonolactonase and NADP-linked hexonate dehydrogenase are unchanged. 4. The impairment of ascorbic acid synthesis from gulonate observed during starvation can be accounted for by the depressed activity of gulonolactone oxidase. 5. The cause of the enhanced formation of xylulose has been located in the sedimentable fraction of liver homogenate. 6. The hypothesis is formulated of an increased utilization of the glucuronic acid pathway during starvation.
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STIRPE F, COMPORTI M, DELLACORTE E. REGULATION OF ASCORBIC ACID AND OF XYLULOSE SYNTHESIS IN LIVER EXTRACTS. THE EFFECT OF STARVATION IN VARIOUS ANIMALS. Biochem J 1996; 95:363-4. [PMID: 14340085 PMCID: PMC1214331 DOI: 10.1042/bj0950363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of starvation on the synthesis of ascorbic acid and of xylulose from glucuronolactone and from gulonate has been studied with liver extracts from cats, rabbits, hamsters, mice and guinea pigs. 2. The synthesis of ascorbic acid from glucuronolactone is decreased in all species except cats, and that from gulonate is decreased in hamsters and mice only. 3. The synthesis of xylulose from glucuronolactone was decreased in all species except cats and mice, whereas from gulonate it was enhanced in all the species examined.
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Williams DG. Effect of added xylulose-5-phosphate on the assay of erythrocyte transketolase. Clin Chem 1977; 23:1368. [PMID: 872397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Frey WA, Fishbein R, de Maine MM, Benkovic SJ. Substrate form of D-frutose 1,6-bisphosphate utilized by fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. Biochemistry 1977; 16:2479-84. [PMID: 193561 DOI: 10.1021/bi00630a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rapid quench kinetic experiments on fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase demonstrate a stereospecificity for the alpha anomer of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate relative to the beta configuration. The beta anomer is only utilized after mutarotation to the alpha form in a process that is not enzyme catalyzed. Studies employing analogues of the acyclic keto configuration indicate that the keto form is utilized at a rate less than 5% that of the alpha anomer, a finding also confirmed by computer simulation of the rapid quench data. Chemical trapping experiments of the keto analogue, xylulose 1,5-bisphosphate, and the normal substrate suggest that interconversion of the acyclic and anomeric configurations is retarded by their binding to the enzyme. A hypothesis is advanced attributing substrate inhibition of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase to possible binding of the keto species.
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Ramchander S, Feather MS. An intramolecular C-2 leads to C-1 hydrogen transfer during the acid-catalyzed conversion of D-xylose to D-threo-pentulose (D- xylulose). Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 178:576-80. [PMID: 836046 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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BOHJALIAN O. ESSENTIAL PENTOSURIA. Va Med Mon (1918) 1965; 92:385. [PMID: 14343031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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STIRPE F, COMPORTI M. [ADAPTIVE REGULATION OF THE SYNTHESIS OF ASCORBIC ACID AND OF XYLULOSE IN RAT LIVER. COMPETITION BY GULONIC ACID IN FASTING RATS OR RATS FED A CARBOHYDRATE-FREE DIET]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1963; 39:842-4. [PMID: 14067650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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KOVACS L. [The significance of pentosuria in rheumatic diseases]. Z Rheumaforsch 1963; 22:77-83. [PMID: 14035175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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POLITZER WM, FLEISCHMANN H. L-xylulosuria in a Lebanese family. Am J Hum Genet 1962; 14:256-60. [PMID: 14487602 PMCID: PMC1932211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
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KHACHADURIAN AK. Essential pentosuria. Am J Hum Genet 1962; 14:249-55. [PMID: 14455483 PMCID: PMC1932208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
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HIRSCH-MARIE H. [On the malabsorption test with D-xylose or induced xylosuria]. Arch Mal Appar Dig Mal Nutr 1961; 50:1187-9. [PMID: 13907721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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KUMAHARA Y, FEINGOLD DS, FREEDBERG IM, HIATT HH. Studies of pentose metabolism in normal subjects and in patients with pentosuria and pentosuria trait. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1961; 21:887-94. [PMID: 13755082 DOI: 10.1210/jcem-21-8-887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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MITOLO M. [The glucuronic acid- xylulose cycle as metabolic alternative of glucides]. Prog Med (Napoli) 1961; 17:151-8. [PMID: 13771392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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TOUSTER O. Essential pentosuria and the glucuronate- xylulose pathway. Fed Proc 1960; 19:977-83. [PMID: 13777751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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ABEL FL, ROUTH JI, SHEPHERD JA, UTTERBACK RA. Observations concerning pentosuria and labile phosphate excretion in muscular dystrophy. Clin Chem 1960; 6:98-114. [PMID: 13791433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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BARTELHEIMER H, FREYSCHMIDT P. [Essential pentosuria, liver cirrhosis with abnormally increased spider formation, abuse of amidopyrine]. Arztl Wochensch 1959; 14:262-6. [PMID: 13636940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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HICKMAN J, ASHWELL G. A sensitive and stereospecific enzymatic assay for xylulose. J Biol Chem 1959; 234:758-61. [PMID: 13654257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
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ASHWELL G, KANFER J, BURNS JJ. Studies of the mechanism of L- xylulose formation by kidney enzymes. J Biol Chem 1959; 234:472-5. [PMID: 13641243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
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KNOX WE. Sir Archibald Garrod's Inborn Errors of Metabolism. IV. Pentosuria. Am J Hum Genet 1958; 10:385-97. [PMID: 13606116 PMCID: PMC1931884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
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HEATH EC, HURWITZ J, HORECKER BL, GINSBURG A. Pentose fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum. I. The cleavage of xylulose 5-phosphate by phosphoketolase. J Biol Chem 1958; 231:1009-29. [PMID: 13539033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
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TABACHNICK M, SRERE PA, COOPER J, RACKER E. The oxidative pentose phosphate cycle. III. The interconversion of ribose 5-phosphate, ribulose 5-phosphate and xylulose 5-phosphate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1958; 74:315-25. [PMID: 13534662 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(58)90003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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BUBLITZ C, GROLLMAN AP, LEHNINGER AL. The enzymic conversion of D-glucuronate to L-ascorbate and L- xylulose in animal tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 1958; 27:221-2. [PMID: 13510283 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(58)90324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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TOUSTER O, MAYBERRY RH, MCCORMICK DB. The conversion of 1-13C-D-glucuronolactone to 5-13C-L- xylulose in a pentosuric human. Biochim Biophys Acta 1957; 25:196-8. [PMID: 13445742 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(57)90443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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ASHWELL G, HICKMAN J. Enzymatic formation of xylulose 5-phosphate from ribose 5-phosphate in spleen. J Biol Chem 1957; 226:65-76. [PMID: 13428737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
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HOLLMANN S, TOUSTER O. The L- xylulose-xylitol enzyme and other polyol dehydrogenases of guinea pig liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1957; 225:87-102. [PMID: 13416220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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HORECKER BL, HURWITZ J. The purification of phosphoketopentoepimerase from Lactobacillus pentosus and the preparation of xylulose 5-phosphate. J Biol Chem 1956; 223:993-1008. [PMID: 13385247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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HORECKER BL, HURWITZ J, SMYRNIOTIS PZ. The role of xylulose 5-phosphate in the transketolase reaction. J Biol Chem 1956; 223:1009-19. [PMID: 13385248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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PERKOFF GT, TYLER FH. Studies in disorders of muscle. XI. The problem of pentosuria in progressive muscular dystrophy. Metabolism 1956; 5:563-72. [PMID: 13358571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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HUTCHESON RM, REYNOLDS VH, TOUSTER O. The reduction of L- xylulose to xylitol by guinea pig liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1956; 221:697-709. [PMID: 13357463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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STUMPF PK, HORECKER BL. The role of xylulose 5-phosphate in xylose metabolism of Lactobacillus pentosus. J Biol Chem 1956; 218:753-68. [PMID: 13295228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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TOUSTER O, HUTCHESON RM, RICE L. The influence of D-glucuronolactone on the excretion of L- xylulose by humans and guinea pigs. J Biol Chem 1955; 215:677-84. [PMID: 13242566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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