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El Rahmany WS, Blackstone NW. Morphological, Genetic, and Physiological Effects of Nutrient Manipulation on a Colonial Marine Hydroid. ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 97:1-10. [PMID: 38717367 DOI: 10.1086/729053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
AbstractThe availability of environmental nutrients is an existential constraint for heterotrophic organisms and is thus expected to impact numerous biochemical and physiological features. The continuously proliferative polyp stage of colonial hydroids provides a useful model to study these features, allowing genetically identical replicates to be compared. Two groups of colonies of Eirene sp., defined by different feeding treatments, were grown by explanting the same founder colony onto cover glass. Colonies of both treatments were allowed to grow continuously by explanting them onto new cover glass as they reached the edge of the existing surface. The nutrient-abundant polyps grew faster and produced more clumped or "sheet-like" colonies. Compared to the founder colony, the nutrient-abundant colonies exhibited more mutations (i.e., single-nucleotide polymorphisms) than the nutrient-scarce colonies. Nevertheless, these differences were not commensurate with the differences in growth. Using a polarographic electrode, we found that the nutrient-abundant colonies exhibited lower rates of oxygen uptake relative to total protein. The probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and fluorescent microscopy allowed visualization of the mitochondrion-rich cells at the base of the polyps and showed that the nutrient-abundant colonies exhibited greater amounts of reactive oxygen species than the nutrient-scarce colonies. Parallels to the Warburg effect-aerobic glycolysis, diminished oxygen uptake, and lactate secretion-found in human cancers and other proliferative cells may be suggested. However, little is known about anaerobic metabolism in cnidarians. Examination of oxygen uptake suggests an anaerobic threshold at a roughly 1-mg/L oxygen concentration. Nutrient-abundant colonies may respond more dramatically to this threshold than nutrient-scarce colonies.
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Thomasdotter A, Shum P, Mugnai F, Vingiani M, Dubut V, Marschal F, Abbiati M, Chenuil A, Costantini F. Spineless and overlooked: DNA metabarcoding of autonomous reef monitoring structures reveals intra- and interspecific genetic diversity in Mediterranean invertebrates. Mol Ecol Resour 2023; 23:1689-1705. [PMID: 37452608 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to gather genetic information using DNA metabarcoding of bulk samples obtained directly from the environment is crucial to determine biodiversity baselines and understand population dynamics in the marine realm. While DNA metabarcoding is effective in evaluating biodiversity at community level, genetic patterns within species are often concealed in metabarcoding studies and overlooked for marine invertebrates. In the present study, we implement recently developed bioinformatics tools to investigate intraspecific genetic variability for invertebrate taxa in the Mediterranean Sea. Using metabarcoding samples from Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) deployed in three locations, we present haplotypes and diversity estimates for 145 unique species. While overall genetic diversity was low, we identified several species with high diversity records and potential cryptic lineages. Further, we emphasize the spatial scale of genetic variability, which was observed from locations to individual sampling units (ARMS). We carried out a population genetic analysis of several important yet understudied species, which highlights the current knowledge gap concerning intraspecific genetic patterns for the target taxa in the Mediterranean basin. Our approach considerably enhances biodiversity monitoring of charismatic and understudied Mediterranean species, which can be incorporated into ARMS surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Thomasdotter
- County Administrative Board of Västerbotten, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, UOS Ravenna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Peter Shum
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Francesco Mugnai
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, UOS Ravenna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Marina Vingiani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, UOS Ravenna, Ravenna, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences, CNR-ISMAR, Venice, Italy
| | - Vincent Dubut
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Florent Marschal
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Marco Abbiati
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Marine Sciences (CoNISMa), Rome, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Environmental Sciences (CIRSA), Ravenna, Italy
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISMAR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Anne Chenuil
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Federica Costantini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, UOS Ravenna, Ravenna, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Marine Sciences (CoNISMa), Rome, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Environmental Sciences (CIRSA), Ravenna, Italy
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3
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Pham HTM, Karanovic I. Four new Parasterope (Ostracoda, Myodocopina) from the Northwest Pacific and their phylogeny based on 16S rRNA. Zookeys 2022; 1095:13-42. [PMID: 35836690 PMCID: PMC9021157 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1095.77996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasterope Kornicker, 1975 is a marine ostracod genus with 49 species described so far, which makes it the most diverse representative of the subfamily Cylindroleberidinae, as well as the entire family Cylindroleberididae. Despite its global distribution no species are reported from South Korea. Three new species collected from the Korean coast of the Sea of Japan (Parasteropebusanensissp. nov., P.singulasp. nov., and P.sohisp. nov.), and one from the Japanese coast of the Pacific Ocean (P.sagamisp. nov.) are described. A taxonomic key to all named species from East Asia is provided. A phylogenetic tree is reconstructed based on partial 16S rRNA sequences of the four new species and other Cylindroleberidinae available from GenBank. Monophyly of Parasterope is supported by high posterior probabilities, but the phylogenetic analyses also indicate that some of the GenBank data attributed to this genus are probably misidentifications. A map of distribution and a checklist of all described Parasterope species are also provided.
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Calder DR, Carlton JT, Keith I, Ashton GV, Larson K, Ruiz GM, Herrera E, Golfin G. Biofouling hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from a Tropical Eastern Pacific island, with remarks on their biogeography. J NAT HIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2068387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale R. Calder
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James T. Carlton
- Williams College-Mystic Seaport Ocean & Coastal Studies Program, Mystic, CT, USA
| | - Inti Keith
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Santa Cruz, Ecuador
| | - Gail V. Ashton
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD and Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Kristen Larson
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD and Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Gregory M. Ruiz
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD and Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Esteban Herrera
- Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación/Área de Conservación Marina, Cocos, Costa Rica
| | - Geiner Golfin
- Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación/Área de Conservación Marina, Cocos, Costa Rica
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5
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OUP accepted manuscript. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Schuchert P, Collins R. Hydromedusae observed during night dives in the Gulf Stream. REV SUISSE ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.35929/rsz.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schuchert
- Muséum d'histoire naturelle, C.P. 6434, CH-1211 Genève 6, Switzerland
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Penney MS, Rawlings TA. An Examination of Shallow-Water Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Using Morphology and DNA Barcoding. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2021. [DOI: 10.1656/045.028.m1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S.A. Penney
- Department of Biology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada
| | - Timothy A. Rawlings
- Department of Biology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada
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Cunha AF, Collins AG, Marques AC. When morphometry meets taxonomy: morphological variation and species boundaries in Proboscoida (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Species delimitation in marine taxa is often problematic given large intraspecific variation. Based on extensive, recently published genetic sampling from specimens of the hydrozoan families Campanulariidae, Clytiidae and Obeliidae, we evaluate morphological variation in this group, correlating morphometric and phylogenetic patterns for species delimitation. Several species of Campanulariidae are confidently delimited based on differences in size (e.g. Bonneviella species, Tulpa tulipifera and Rhizocaulus verticillatus), while others are re-identified and corroborated based on differences in perisarc thickness (e.g. Silicularia rosea, Orthopyxis and Campanularia species). In Clytiidae, the length and diameter of hydrothecae, height of hydrothecal cusps and perisarc thickness delimit the species Clytia linearis, C. elsaeoswaldae and C. noliformis from others. However, few characters reliably differentiate the clades associated with the nominal species C. gracilis and C. hemisphaerica. In Obeliidae, Obelia geniculata is distinctive in its higher perisarc thickness, and corroborated as a widely distributed species. Obelia longissima and clades refered to O. dichotoma are subtly distinguished, showing a few differences in size and branching of colonies. The taxonomic implications of these results are discussed. With a few exceptions, species can be delimited based on morphometric patterns, once morphological variation is compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F Cunha
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allen G Collins
- National Systematics Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Antonio C Marques
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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G. Arun, R. Rajaram, K. Kaleshkumar. Additional description of the Algae Hydroid Thyroscyphus ramosus (Hydrozoa: Leptothecata: Thyroscyphidae) from Palk Bay, India with insights into its ecology and genetic structure. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2020. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.4590.12.8.15852-15863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Algae hydroid Thyroscyphus ramosus of the Indian subcontinent is the most easily recognizable fleshy colonial hydroid playing a vital role in benthic communities. Though this fauna is abundant, it has remained unexplored for the past nine decades in India. This study provides a detailed report of the morphology, ecology and geographical locations of T. ramosus. Morphological traits such as maximum height, gonophore, and theca twist directions were studied in detail. The molecular biological data confirms the identity of T. ramosus and its abundance in Palk Bay, India. Important molecular markers such as 18S, 16S rRNA sequences of T. ramosus were analyzed and compared with similar species in NCBI. Using 18S sequence data, it is proven that T. ramosus is a distinct and valid species, however, interestingly the 16S rRNA forms clades with other species of the same genera (T. fruticosus and T. bedoti) rather than the same species. Moreover the mtCOI forms a different clade with other genera. Furthermore, these data may enhance the advancement of identification in non-monophyletic conditions.
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Osadchenko BV, Kraus YA. Trachylina: The Group That Remains Enigmatic Despite 150 Years of Investigations. Russ J Dev Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360418030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Song X, Gravili C, Ruthensteiner B, Lyu M, Wang J. Incongruent cladistics reveal a new hydrozoan genus (Cnidaria : Sertularellidae) endemic to the eastern and western coasts of the North Pacific Ocean. INVERTEBR SYST 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/is17070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetics provides objective references for zoological systematics which sometimes are inconsistent with morphological data. This applies particularly for some primitive phyla such as Cnidaria. The marine hydrozoan Symplectoscyphus turgidus (Sertularellidae) is a recent questionable case reported to occupy an unexpected phylogenetic position and suggested to belong to a new genus. However, its position, based on a single Californian specimen, seemed doubtful. Here we contributed 16S, 18S and 28S rRNA data of another morphologically related species from the Yellow Sea, forming a monophyletic clade with the Californian sample, confirming the clade stability. Further integrative analyses support describing this clade as the new genus Xingyurella, gen. nov., and lead to a taxonomic revision of species characterised by three hydrothecal marginal teeth and strong gonothecal spines. This resulted in a new species and three new combinations: Xingyurella xingyuarum, sp. nov., X. gotoi, comb. nov., X. pedrensis, comb. nov. and X. turgida, comb. nov. Future investigations are required to understand the evolution and speciation involved in the transoceanic distribution pattern of Xingyurella. The approach used herein for dealing with non-monophyletic conditions may be indicative for further studies by integrating trophosome and gonosome traits for Sertularellidae and other hydrozoans. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E99F8777-8E31-4C4B-A065-71C71371EEBC.
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12
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Phylogenetic relationships of Proboscoida Broch, 1910 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): Are traditional morphological diagnostic characters relevant for the delimitation of lineages at the species, genus, and family levels? Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 106:118-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
SUMMARYComplex life cycles are common in free-living and parasitic organisms alike. The adaptive decoupling hypothesis postulates that separate life cycle stages have a degree of developmental and genetic autonomy, allowing them to be independently optimized for dissimilar, competing tasks. That is, complex life cycles evolved to facilitate functional specialization. Here, I review the connections between the different stages in parasite life cycles. I first examine evolutionary connections between life stages, such as the genetic coupling of parasite performance in consecutive hosts, the interspecific correlations between traits expressed in different hosts, and the developmental and functional obstacles to stage loss. Then, I evaluate how environmental factors link life stages through carryover effects, where stressful larval conditions impact parasites even after transmission to a new host. There is evidence for both autonomy and integration across stages, so the relevant question becomes how integrated are parasite life cycles and through what mechanisms? By highlighting how genetics, development, selection and the environment can lead to interdependencies among successive life stages, I wish to promote a holistic approach to studying complex life cycle parasites and emphasize that what happens in one stage is potentially highly relevant for later stages.
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Leclère L, Copley RR, Momose T, Houliston E. Hydrozoan insights in animal development and evolution. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 39:157-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Maggioni D, Montano S, Seveso D, Galli P. Molecular evidence for cryptic species in Pteroclava krempfi (Hydrozoa, Cladocorynidae) living in association with alcyonaceans. SYST BIODIVERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2016.1170735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Maggioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy
- MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Republic of Maldives
| | - Simone Montano
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy
- MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Republic of Maldives
| | - Davide Seveso
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy
- MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Republic of Maldives
| | - Paolo Galli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy
- MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Republic of Maldives
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16
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Maronna MM, Miranda TP, Peña Cantero ÁL, Barbeitos MS, Marques AC. Towards a phylogenetic classification of Leptothecata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Sci Rep 2016; 6:18075. [PMID: 26821567 PMCID: PMC4731775 DOI: 10.1038/srep18075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptothecata are hydrozoans whose hydranths are covered by perisarc and gonophores and whose medusae bear gonads on their radial canals. They develop complex polypoid colonies and exhibit considerable morphological variation among species with respect to growth, defensive structures and mode of development. For instance, several lineages within this order have lost the medusa stage. Depending on the author, traditional taxonomy in hydrozoans may be either polyp- or medusa-oriented. Therefore, the absence of the latter stage in some lineages may lead to very different classification schemes. Molecular data have proved useful in elucidating this taxonomic challenge. We analyzed a super matrix of new and published rRNA gene sequences (16S, 18S and 28S), employing newly proposed methods to measure branch support and improve phylogenetic signal. Our analysis recovered new clades not recognized by traditional taxonomy and corroborated some recently proposed taxa. We offer a thorough taxonomic revision of the Leptothecata, erecting new orders, suborders, infraorders and families. We also discuss the origination and diversification dynamics of the group from a macroevolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano M. Maronna
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão Trav. 14, 101, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís P. Miranda
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão Trav. 14, 101, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Álvaro L. Peña Cantero
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Departamento de Zoología Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcos S. Barbeitos
- Departamento de Zoologia, Caixa Postal 19020, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Marques
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão Trav. 14, 101, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
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Postaire B, Magalon H, Bourmaud CAF, Gravier-Bonnet N, Bruggemann J. Phylogenetic relationships within Aglaopheniidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) reveal unexpected generic diversity. ZOOL SCR 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bautisse Postaire
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL; Université de La Réunion UMR ENTROPIE 9220; CS 92003 97744 Saint Denis CEDEX 9 France
| | - Helene Magalon
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL; Université de La Réunion UMR ENTROPIE 9220; CS 92003 97744 Saint Denis CEDEX 9 France
| | - Chloe A.-F. Bourmaud
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL; Université de La Réunion UMR ENTROPIE 9220; CS 92003 97744 Saint Denis CEDEX 9 France
| | - Nicole Gravier-Bonnet
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL; Université de La Réunion UMR ENTROPIE 9220; CS 92003 97744 Saint Denis CEDEX 9 France
| | - J. Henrich Bruggemann
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL; Université de La Réunion UMR ENTROPIE 9220; CS 92003 97744 Saint Denis CEDEX 9 France
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18
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Gold DA, Nakanishi N, Hensley NM, Cozzolino K, Tabatabaee M, Martin M, Hartenstein V, Jacobs DK. Structural and Developmental Disparity in the Tentacles of the Moon Jellyfish Aurelia sp.1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134741. [PMID: 26241309 PMCID: PMC4524682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tentacles armed with stinging cells (cnidocytes) are a defining trait of the cnidarians, a phylum that includes sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, and hydras. While cnidarian tentacles are generally characterized as structures evolved for feeding and defense, significant variation exists between the tentacles of different species, and within the same species across different life stages and/or body regions. Such diversity suggests cryptic distinctions exist in tentacle function. In this paper, we use confocal and transmission electron microscopy to contrast the structure and development of tentacles in the moon jellyfish, Aurelia species 1. We show that polyp oral tentacles and medusa marginal tentacles display markedly different cellular and muscular architecture, as well as distinct patterns of cellular proliferation during growth. Many structural differences between these tentacle types may reflect biomechanical solutions to different feeding strategies, although further work would be required for a precise mechanistic understanding. However, differences in cell proliferation dynamics suggests that the two tentacle forms lack a conserved mechanism of development, challenging the textbook-notion that cnidarian tentacles can be homologized into a conserved bauplan.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Gold
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nagayasu Nakanishi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholai M. Hensley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kira Cozzolino
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mariam Tabatabaee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle Martin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David K. Jacobs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Jouiaei M, Yanagihara AA, Madio B, Nevalainen TJ, Alewood PF, Fry BG. Ancient Venom Systems: A Review on Cnidaria Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2251-71. [PMID: 26094698 PMCID: PMC4488701 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7062251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians are the oldest extant lineage of venomous animals. Despite their simple anatomy, they are capable of subduing or repelling prey and predator species that are far more complex and recently evolved. Utilizing specialized penetrating nematocysts, cnidarians inject the nematocyst content or "venom" that initiates toxic and immunological reactions in the envenomated organism. These venoms contain enzymes, potent pore forming toxins, and neurotoxins. Enzymes include lipolytic and proteolytic proteins that catabolize prey tissues. Cnidarian pore forming toxins self-assemble to form robust membrane pores that can cause cell death via osmotic lysis. Neurotoxins exhibit rapid ion channel specific activities. In addition, certain cnidarian venoms contain or induce the release of host vasodilatory biogenic amines such as serotonin, histamine, bunodosine and caissarone accelerating the pathogenic effects of other venom enzymes and porins. The cnidarian attacking/defending mechanism is fast and efficient, and massive envenomation of humans may result in death, in some cases within a few minutes to an hour after sting. The complexity of venom components represents a unique therapeutic challenge and probably reflects the ancient evolutionary history of the cnidarian venom system. Thus, they are invaluable as a therapeutic target for sting treatment or as lead compounds for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdokht Jouiaei
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Angel A Yanagihara
- Pacific Cnidaria Research Lab, Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Bruno Madio
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Timo J Nevalainen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku FIN-20520, Finland.
| | - Paul F Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
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Reassessment of morphological diagnostic characters and species boundaries requires taxonomical changes for the genus orthopyxis L. Agassiz, 1862 (campanulariidae, hydrozoa) and some related campanulariids. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117553. [PMID: 25723572 PMCID: PMC4344204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Orthopyxis is widely known for its morphological variability, making species identification particularly difficult. A number of nominal species have been recorded in the southwestern Atlantic, although most of these records are doubtful. The goal of this study was to infer species boundaries in the genus Orthopyxis from the southwestern Atlantic using an integrative approach. Intergeneric limits were also tested using comparisons with specimens of the genus Campanularia. We performed DNA analyses using the mitochondrial genes 16S and COI and the nuclear ITS1 and ITS2 regions. Orthopyxis was monophyletic in maximum likelihood analyses using the combined dataset and in analyses with 16S alone. Four lineages of Orthopyxis were retrieved for all analyses, corresponding morphologically to the species Orthopyxis sargassicola (previously known in the area), Orthopyxis crenata (first recorded for the southwestern Atlantic), Orthopyxis caliculata (= Orthopyxis minuta Vannucci, 1949 and considered a synonym of O. integra by some authors), and Orthopyxis mianzani sp. nov. A re-evaluation of the traditional morphological diagnostic characters, guided by our molecular analyses, revealed that O. integra does not occur in the study area, and O. caliculata is the correct identification of one of the lineages occurring in this region, corroborating the validity of that species. Orthopyxis mianzani sp. nov. resembles O. caliculata with respect to gonothecae morphology and a smooth hydrothecae rim, although it shows significant differences for other characters, such as perisarc thickness, which has traditionally been thought to have wide intraspecific variation. The species O. sargassicola is morphologically similar to O. crenata, although they differ in gonothecae morphology, and these species can only be reliably identified when this structure is present.
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Mayorova T, Kosevich I. FMRF-amide immunoreactivity pattern in the planula and colony of the hydroid Gonothyraea loveni. ZOOLOGY 2013; 116:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Miglietta MP, Cunningham CW. EVOLUTION OF LIFE CYCLE, COLONY MORPHOLOGY, AND HOST SPECIFICITY IN THE FAMILY HYDRACTINIIDAE (HYDROZOA, CNIDARIA). Evolution 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Moura CJ, Cunha MR, Porteiro FM, Rogers AD. The use of the DNA barcode gene 16S mRNA for the clarification of taxonomic problems within the family Sertulariidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). ZOOL SCR 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Abstract
More than 230,000 known species representing 31 metazoan phyla populate the world's oceans. Perhaps another 1,000,000 or more species remain to be discovered. There is reason for concern that species extinctions may out-pace discovery, especially in diverse and endangered marine habitats such as coral reefs. DNA barcodes (i.e., short DNA sequences for species recognition and discrimination) are useful tools to accelerate species-level analysis of marine biodiversity and to facilitate conservation efforts. This review focuses on the usual barcode region for metazoans: a approximately 648 base-pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Barcodes have also been used for population genetic and phylogeographic analysis, identification of prey in gut contents, detection of invasive species, forensics, and seafood safety. More controversially, barcodes have been used to delimit species boundaries, reveal cryptic species, and discover new species. Emerging frontiers are the use of barcodes for rapid and increasingly automated biodiversity assessment by high-throughput sequencing, including environmental barcoding and the use of barcodes to detect species for which formal identification or scientific naming may never be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Bucklin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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25
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Cartwright P, Nawrocki AM. Character evolution in Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria). Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:456-72. [PMID: 21558215 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of hydrozoan life cycles, as manifested in the wide range of polyp, colony, and medusa morphologies, has been appreciated for centuries. Unraveling the complex history of characters involved in this diversity is critical for understanding the processes driving hydrozoan evolution. In this study, we use a phylogenetic approach to investigate the evolution of morphological characters in Hydrozoa. A molecular phylogeny is reconstructed using ribosomal DNA sequence data. Several characters involving polyp, colony, and medusa morphology are coded in the terminal taxa. These characters are mapped onto the phylogeny and then the ancestral character states are reconstructed. This study confirms the complex evolutionary history of hydrozoan morphological characters. Many of the characters involving polyp, colony, and medusa morphology appear as synapomorphies for major hydrozoan clades, yet homoplasy is commonplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulyn Cartwright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence KS 66045, USA.
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26
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Nawrocki AM, Schuchert P, Cartwright P. Phylogenetics and evolution of Capitata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), and the systematics of Corynidae. ZOOL SCR 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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27
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Leclère L, Schuchert P, Cruaud C, Couloux A, Manuel M. Molecular phylogenetics of Thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) reveals long-term maintenance of life history traits despite high frequency of recent character changes. Syst Biol 2009; 58:509-26. [PMID: 20525605 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syp044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two fundamental life cycle types are recognized among hydrozoan cnidarians, the benthic (generally colonial) polyp stage either producing pelagic sexual medusae or directly releasing gametes elaborated from an attached gonophore. The existence of intermediate forms, with polyps producing simple medusoids, has been classically considered compelling evidence in favor of phyletic gradualism. In order to gain insights about the evolution of hydrozoan life history traits, we inferred phylogenetic relationships of 142 species of Thecata (= Leptothecata, Leptomedusae), the most species-rich hydrozoan group, using 3 different ribosomal RNA markers (16S, 18S, and 28S). In conflict with morphology-derived classifications, most thecate species fell in 2 well-supported clades named here Statocysta and Macrocolonia. We inferred many independent medusa losses among Statocysta. Several instances of secondary regain of medusoids (but not of full medusa) from medusa-less ancestors were supported among Macrocolonia. Furthermore, life cycle character changes were significantly correlated with changes affecting colony shape. For both traits, changes did not reflect graded and progressive loss or gain of complexity. They were concentrated in recent branches, with intermediate character states being relatively short lived at a large evolutionary scale. This punctuational pattern supports the existence of 2 alternative stable evolutionary strategies: simple stolonal colonies with medusae (the ancestral strategy, seen in most Statocysta species) versus large complex colonies with fixed gonophores (the derived strategy, seen in most Macrocolonia species). Hypotheses of species selection are proposed to explain the apparent long-term stability of these life history traits despite a high frequency of character change. Notably, maintenance of the medusa across geological time in Statocysta might be due to higher extinction rates for species that have lost this dispersive stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Leclère
- Université Paris 06, UMR 7138/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPMC MNHN IRD, 7 quai St Bernard, Paris, France.
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Peña Cantero ÁL, Sentandreu V, Latorre A. Phylogenetic relationships of the endemic Antarctic benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): what does the mitochondrial 16S rRNA tell us about it? Polar Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-009-0683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Genetic analysis reveals multiple cryptic invasive species of the hydrozoan genus Cordylophora. Biol Invasions 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-008-9365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Slow Mitochondrial COI Sequence Evolution at the Base of the Metazoan Tree and Its Implications for DNA Barcoding. J Mol Evol 2008; 66:167-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-008-9069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Moura CJ, Harris DJ, Cunha MR, Rogers AD. DNA barcoding reveals cryptic diversity in marine hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from coastal and deep-sea environments. ZOOL SCR 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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32
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Leclère L, Schuchert P, Manuel M. Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organisation and life cycle. ZOOL SCR 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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