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Audouard E, Khefif N, Mansat C, Nelcha O, Banchi EG, Lupiet C, Farabos D, Lamaziere A, Sevin C, Piguet F. Dose-response evaluation of intravenous gene therapy in a symptomatic mouse model of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101248. [PMID: 38680552 PMCID: PMC11046302 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a rare, autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A (ARSA), resulting in sulfatide accumulation and subsequent demyelination and neuronal damage within the central and peripheral nervous systems. Three clinical forms of MLD have been described, based on age at symptom onset. The most frequent and severe forms have an early onset, with the disease progressing rapidly toward severe motor and cognitive regression and ultimately premature death. There are currently no approved therapies for most of these early-onset patients once symptoms are present. Thus, it is crucial to develop new approaches to treat symptomatic patients. Here, we proposed a gene therapy approach based on the intravenous delivery of AAVPHP.eB encoding ARSA. MLD mice were treated at 6 months for a dose-response study and at 9 months to assess late-treatment efficacy. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated 3 or 6 months after injection. We demonstrated a broad transduction in the central nervous system, a complete correction of sulfatide storage, and a significant improvement in neuroinflammation at low dose and late treatment. Taken together, this work establishes a strong rationale for proposing a phase I/II clinical trial in MLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Audouard
- TIDU GENOV, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Khefif
- TIDU GENOV, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Mansat
- TIDU GENOV, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Océane Nelcha
- TIDU GENOV, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Elena-Gaia Banchi
- TIDU GENOV, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Camille Lupiet
- TIDU GENOV, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Farabos
- Sorbonne Université, Saint Antoine Research Center, INSERM UMR 938, Département de Métabolomique Clinique, Hôpital Saint Antoine, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Antonin Lamaziere
- Sorbonne Université, Saint Antoine Research Center, INSERM UMR 938, Département de Métabolomique Clinique, Hôpital Saint Antoine, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Sevin
- TIDU GENOV, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
- Bicêtre Hospital, Neuropediatrics Unit, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, 94275 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Piguet
- TIDU GENOV, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
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2
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Ding X, Chen X, Sullivan EE, Shay TF, Gradinaru V. Fast, accurate ranking of engineered proteins by target-binding propensity using structure modeling. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1687-1700. [PMID: 38582966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep-learning-based methods for protein structure prediction have achieved unprecedented accuracy, yet their utility in the engineering of protein-based binders remains constrained due to a gap between the ability to predict the structures of candidate proteins and the ability toprioritize proteins by their potential to bind to a target. To bridge this gap, we introduce Automated Pairwise Peptide-Receptor Analysis for Screening Engineered proteins (APPRAISE), a method for predicting the target-binding propensity of engineered proteins. After generating structural models of engineered proteins competing for binding to a target using an established structure prediction tool such as AlphaFold-Multimer or ESMFold, APPRAISE performs a rapid (under 1 CPU second per model) scoring analysis that takes into account biophysical and geometrical constraints. As proof-of-concept cases, we demonstrate that APPRAISE can accurately classify receptor-dependent vs. receptor-independent adeno-associated viral vectors and diverse classes of engineered proteins such as miniproteins targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike, nanobodies targeting a G-protein-coupled receptor, and peptides that specifically bind to transferrin receptor or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). APPRAISE is accessible through a web-based notebook interface using Google Colaboratory (https://tiny.cc/APPRAISE). With its accuracy, interpretability, and generalizability, APPRAISE promises to expand the utility of protein structure prediction and accelerate protein engineering for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Ding
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California, Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California, Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Erin E Sullivan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California, Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Timothy F Shay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California, Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California, Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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3
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Ueno Y, Kariya S, Ono Y, Maruyama T, Nakatani M, Komemushi A, Tanigawa N. In Vivo Sonoporation Effect Under the Presence of a Large Amount of Micro-Nano Bubbles in Swine Liver. Ultrasound Q 2024; 40:144-148. [PMID: 37918108 DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0000000000000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sonoporation as a method of intracellular drug and gene delivery has not yet progressed to being used in vivo. The aim of this study was to prove the feasibility of sonoporation at a level practical for use in vivo by using a large amount of carbon dioxide micro-nano bubbles. METHODS The carbon dioxide micro-nano bubbles and 100 mg of cisplatin were intra-arterially injected to the swine livers, and ultrasound irradiation was performed from the surface of the liver under laparotomy during the intra-arterial injection. After the intra-arterial injection, ultrasound-irradiated and nonirradiated liver tissues were immediately excised. Tissue platinum concentration was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Liver tissue platinum concentrations were compared between the irradiated tissue and nonirradiated tissue using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS The mean (SD) liver tissue platinum concentration was 6.260*103 (2.070) ng/g in the irradiated liver tissue and 3.280*103 (0.430) ng/g in the nonirradiated liver tissue, showing significantly higher concentrations in the irradiated tissue ( P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, increasing the tissue concentration of administered cisplatin in the livers of living swine through the effect of sonoporation was possible in the presence of a large amount of micro-nano bubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ueno
- Department of Radiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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4
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Giannelli SG, Luoni M, Iannielli A, Middeldorp J, Philippens I, Bido S, Körbelin J, Broccoli V. New AAV9 engineered variants with enhanced neurotropism and reduced liver off-targeting in mice and marmosets. iScience 2024; 27:109777. [PMID: 38711458 PMCID: PMC11070337 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Although adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) has been highly exploited as delivery platform for gene-based therapies, its efficacy is hampered by low efficiency in crossing the adult blood-brain barrier (BBB) and pronounced targeting to the liver upon intravenous delivery. We generated a new galactose binding-deficient AAV9 peptide display library and selected two new AAV9 engineered capsids with enhanced targeting in mouse and marmoset brains after intravenous delivery. Interestingly, the loss of galactose binding greatly reduced undesired targeting to peripheral organs, particularly the liver, while not compromising transduction of the brain vasculature. However, the galactose binding was necessary to efficiently infect non-endothelial brain cells. Thus, the combinatorial actions of the galactose-binding domain and the incorporated displayed peptide are crucial to enhance BBB crossing along with brain cell transduction. This study describes two novel capsids with high brain endothelial infectivity and extremely low liver targeting based on manipulating the AAV9 galactose-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Gea Giannelli
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Luoni
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Angelo Iannielli
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Philippens
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Bido
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
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5
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Lopez-Gordo E, Chamberlain K, Riyad JM, Kohlbrenner E, Weber T. Natural Adeno-Associated Virus Serotypes and Engineered Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Variants: Tropism Differences and Mechanistic Insights. Viruses 2024; 16:442. [PMID: 38543807 PMCID: PMC10975205 DOI: 10.3390/v16030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors are arguably the most promising in vivo gene delivery vehicles for durable therapeutic gene expression. Advances in molecular engineering, high-throughput screening platforms, and computational techniques have resulted in a toolbox of capsid variants with enhanced performance over parental serotypes. Despite their considerable promise and emerging clinical success, there are still obstacles hindering their broader use, including limited transduction capabilities, tissue/cell type-specific tropism and penetration into tissues through anatomical barriers, off-target tissue biodistribution, intracellular degradation, immune recognition, and a lack of translatability from preclinical models to clinical settings. Here, we first describe the transduction mechanisms of natural AAV serotypes and explore the current understanding of the systemic and cellular hurdles to efficient transduction. We then outline progress in developing designer AAV capsid variants, highlighting the seminal discoveries of variants which can transduce the central nervous system upon systemic administration, and, to a lesser extent, discuss the targeting of the peripheral nervous system, eye, ear, lung, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle, emphasizing their tissue and cell specificity and translational promise. In particular, we dive deeper into the molecular mechanisms behind their enhanced properties, with a focus on their engagement with host cell receptors previously inaccessible to natural AAV serotypes. Finally, we summarize the main findings of our review and discuss future directions.
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6
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Drouyer M, Merjane J, Nazareth D, Knight M, Scott S, Liao SHY, Ginn SL, Zhu E, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. Development of CNS tropic AAV1-like variants with reduced liver-targeting following systemic administration in mice. Mol Ther 2024; 32:818-836. [PMID: 38297833 PMCID: PMC10928139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Directed evolution of natural AAV9 using peptide display libraries have been widely used in the search for an optimal recombinant AAV (rAAV) for transgene delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the CNS following intravenous ( IV) injection. In this study, we used a different approach by creating a shuffled rAAV capsid library based on parental AAV serotypes 1 through 12. Following selection in mice, 3 novel variants closely related to AAV1, AAV-BBB6, AAV-BBB28, and AAV-BBB31, emerged as top candidates. In direct comparisons with AAV9, our novel variants demonstrated an over 270-fold improvement in CNS transduction and exhibited a clear bias toward neuronal cells. Intriguingly, our AAV-BBB variants relied on the LY6A cellular receptor for CNS entry, similar to AAV9 peptide variants AAV-PHP.eB and AAV.CAP-B10, despite the different bioengineering methods used and parental backgrounds. The variants also showed reduced transduction of both mouse liver and human primary hepatocytes in vivo. To increase clinical translatability, we enhanced the immune escape properties of our new variants by introducing additional modifications based on rational design. Overall, our study highlights the potential of AAV1-like vectors for efficient CNS transduction with reduced liver tropism, offering promising prospects for CNS gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Merjane
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Nazareth
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Maddison Knight
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Australian Genome Therapeutics Centre, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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7
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Zhang R, Liu Y, Yu F, Xu G, Li L, Li B, Lou Z. Structural basis of the recognition of adeno-associated virus by the neurological system-related receptor carbonic anhydrase IV. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011953. [PMID: 38315719 PMCID: PMC10868842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IV (Car4) is a newly identified receptor that allows adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9P31 to cross the blood-brain barrier and achieve efficient infection in the central nervous system (CNS) in mouse models. However, the molecular mechanism by which engineered AAV capsids with 7-mer insertion in the variable region (VR) VIII recognize these novel cellular receptors is unknown. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of AAV9P31 and its complex with Mus musculus Car4 at atomic resolution by utilizing the block-based reconstruction (BBR) method. The structures demonstrated that Car4 binds to the protrusions at 3-fold axes of the capsid. The inserted 7-mer extends into a hydrophobic region near the catalytic center of Car4 to form stable interactions. Mutagenesis studies also identified the key residues in Car4 responsible for the AAV9P31 interaction. These findings provide new insights into the novel receptor recognition mechanism of AAV generated by directed evolution and highlight the application of the BBR method to studying the virus-receptor molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Jinshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengxi Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxue Xu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lili Li
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Baobin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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8
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Davis JR, Banskota S, Levy JM, Newby GA, Wang X, Anzalone AV, Nelson AT, Chen PJ, Hennes AD, An M, Roh H, Randolph PB, Musunuru K, Liu DR. Efficient prime editing in mouse brain, liver and heart with dual AAVs. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:253-264. [PMID: 37142705 PMCID: PMC10869272 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Realizing the promise of prime editing for the study and treatment of genetic disorders requires efficient methods for delivering prime editors (PEs) in vivo. Here we describe the identification of bottlenecks limiting adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated prime editing in vivo and the development of AAV-PE vectors with increased PE expression, prime editing guide RNA stability and modulation of DNA repair. The resulting dual-AAV systems, v1em and v3em PE-AAV, enable therapeutically relevant prime editing in mouse brain (up to 42% efficiency in cortex), liver (up to 46%) and heart (up to 11%). We apply these systems to install putative protective mutations in vivo for Alzheimer's disease in astrocytes and for coronary artery disease in hepatocytes. In vivo prime editing with v3em PE-AAV caused no detectable off-target effects or significant changes in liver enzymes or histology. Optimized PE-AAV systems support the highest unenriched levels of in vivo prime editing reported to date, facilitating the study and potential treatment of diseases with a genetic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie R Davis
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samagya Banskota
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levy
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory A Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew V Anzalone
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Chen
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D Hennes
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meirui An
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Heejin Roh
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peyton B Randolph
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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9
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Madigan V, Zhang F, Dahlman JE. Drug delivery systems for CRISPR-based genome editors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:875-894. [PMID: 37723222 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-based drugs can theoretically manipulate any genetic target. In practice, however, these drugs must enter the desired cell without eliciting an unwanted immune response, so a delivery system is often required. Here, we review drug delivery systems for CRISPR-based genome editors, focusing on adeno-associated viruses and lipid nanoparticles. After describing how these systems are engineered and their subsequent characterization in preclinical animal models, we highlight data from recent clinical trials. Preclinical targeting mediated by polymers, proteins, including virus-like particles, and other vehicles that may deliver CRISPR systems in the future is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Madigan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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10
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Aerts-Kaya F, van Til NP. Gene and Cellular Therapies for Leukodystrophies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2522. [PMID: 38004502 PMCID: PMC10675548 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukodystrophies are a heterogenous group of inherited, degenerative encephalopathies, that if left untreated, are often lethal at an early age. Although some of the leukodystrophies can be treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, not all patients have suitable donors, and new treatment strategies, such as gene therapy, are rapidly being developed. Recent developments in the field of gene therapy for severe combined immune deficiencies, Leber's amaurosis, epidermolysis bullosa, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy, have paved the way for the treatment of leukodystrophies, revealing some of the pitfalls, but overall showing promising results. Gene therapy offers the possibility for overexpression of secretable enzymes that can be released and through uptake, allow cross-correction of affected cells. Here, we discuss some of the leukodystrophies that have demonstrated strong potential for gene therapy interventions, such as X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), and metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), which have reached clinical application. We further discuss the advantages and disadvantages of ex vivo lentiviral hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy, an approach for targeting microglia-like cells or rendering cross-correction. In addition, we summarize ongoing developments in the field of in vivo administration of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors, which can be used for direct targeting of affected cells, and other recently developed molecular technologies that may be applicable to treating leukodystrophies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Aerts-Kaya
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey;
- Advanced Technologies Application and Research Center, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Niek P. van Til
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Li L, Vasan L, Kartono B, Clifford K, Attarpour A, Sharma R, Mandrozos M, Kim A, Zhao W, Belotserkovsky A, Verkuyl C, Schmitt-Ulms G. Advances in Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2725. [PMID: 37893099 PMCID: PMC10603849 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are gene therapy delivery tools that offer a promising platform for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Keeping up with developments in this fast-moving area of research is a challenge. This review was thus written with the intention to introduce this field of study to those who are new to it and direct others who are struggling to stay abreast of the literature towards notable recent studies. In ten sections, we briefly highlight early milestones within this field and its first clinical success stories. We showcase current clinical trials, which focus on gene replacement, gene augmentation, or gene suppression strategies. Next, we discuss ongoing efforts to improve the tropism of rAAV vectors for brain applications and introduce pre-clinical research directed toward harnessing rAAV vectors for gene editing applications. Subsequently, we present common genetic elements coded by the single-stranded DNA of rAAV vectors, their so-called payloads. Our focus is on recent advances that are bound to increase treatment efficacies. As needed, we included studies outside the neurodegenerative disease field that showcased improved pre-clinical designs of all-in-one rAAV vectors for gene editing applications. Finally, we discuss risks associated with off-target effects and inadvertent immunogenicity that these technologies harbor as well as the mitigation strategies available to date to make their application safer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyao Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Lakshmy Vasan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bryan Kartono
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kevan Clifford
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Ahmadreza Attarpour
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Raghav Sharma
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Matthew Mandrozos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ain Kim
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Wenda Zhao
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ari Belotserkovsky
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Claire Verkuyl
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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12
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Chuapoco MR, Flytzanis NC, Goeden N, Christopher Octeau J, Roxas KM, Chan KY, Scherrer J, Winchester J, Blackburn RJ, Campos LJ, Man KNM, Sun J, Chen X, Lefevre A, Singh VP, Arokiaraj CM, Shay TF, Vendemiatti J, Jang MJ, Mich JK, Bishaw Y, Gore BB, Omstead V, Taskin N, Weed N, Levi BP, Ting JT, Miller CT, Deverman BE, Pickel J, Tian L, Fox AS, Gradinaru V. Adeno-associated viral vectors for functional intravenous gene transfer throughout the non-human primate brain. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1241-1251. [PMID: 37430038 PMCID: PMC10575780 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Crossing the blood-brain barrier in primates is a major obstacle for gene delivery to the brain. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) promise robust, non-invasive gene delivery from the bloodstream to the brain. However, unlike in rodents, few neurotropic AAVs efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier in non-human primates. Here we report on AAV.CAP-Mac, an engineered variant identified by screening in adult marmosets and newborn macaques, which has improved delivery efficiency in the brains of multiple non-human primate species: marmoset, rhesus macaque and green monkey. CAP-Mac is neuron biased in infant Old World primates, exhibits broad tropism in adult rhesus macaques and is vasculature biased in adult marmosets. We demonstrate applications of a single, intravenous dose of CAP-Mac to deliver functional GCaMP for ex vivo calcium imaging across multiple brain areas, or a cocktail of fluorescent reporters for Brainbow-like labelling throughout the macaque brain, circumventing the need for germline manipulations in Old World primates. As such, CAP-Mac is shown to have potential for non-invasive systemic gene transfer in the brains of non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel R Chuapoco
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas C Flytzanis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Capsida Biotherapeutics, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
| | - Nick Goeden
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Capsida Biotherapeutics, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ken Y Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lillian J Campos
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kwun Nok Mimi Man
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Junqing Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Arthur Lefevre
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vikram Pal Singh
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia M Arokiaraj
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Timothy F Shay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Julia Vendemiatti
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Min J Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - John K Mich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Bryan B Gore
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Naz Taskin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Natalie Weed
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Boaz P Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan T Ting
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cory T Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Deverman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Pickel
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew S Fox
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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13
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Mirjalili Mohanna SZ, Korecki AJ, Simpson EM. rAAV-PHP.B escapes the mouse eye and causes lethality whereas rAAV9 can transduce aniridic corneal limbal stem cells without lethality. Gene Ther 2023; 30:670-684. [PMID: 37072572 PMCID: PMC10506911 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-023-00400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently safety concerns have been raised in connection with high doses of recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV). Therefore, we undertook a series of experiments to test viral capsid (rAAV9 and rAAV-PHP.B), dose, and route of administration (intrastromal, intravitreal, and intravenous) focused on aniridia, a congenital blindness that currently has no cure. The success of gene therapy for aniridia may depend on the presence of functional limbal stem cells (LSCs) in the damaged aniridic corneas and whether rAAV can transduce them. Both these concerns were unknown, and thus were also addressed by our studies. For the first time, we report ataxia and lethality after intravitreal or intrastromal rAAV-PHP.B virus injections. We demonstrated virus escape from the eye and transduction of non-ocular tissues by rAAV9 and rAAV-PHP.B capsids. We have also shown that intrastromal and intravitreal delivery of rAAV9 can transduce functional LSCs, as well as all four PAX6-expressing retinal cell types in aniridic eye, respectively. Overall, lack of adverse events and successful transduction of LSCs and retinal cells makes it clear that rAAV9 is the capsid of choice for future aniridia gene therapy. Our finding of rAAV lethality after intraocular injections will be impactful for other researchers developing rAAV-based gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Zeinab Mirjalili Mohanna
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at British Columbia Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrea J Korecki
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at British Columbia Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Simpson
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at British Columbia Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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14
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Huang Q, Chen AT, Chan KY, Sorensen H, Barry AJ, Azari B, Zheng Q, Beddow T, Zhao B, Tobey IG, Moncada-Reid C, Eid FE, Walkey CJ, Ljungberg MC, Lagor WR, Heaney JD, Chan YA, Deverman BE. Targeting AAV vectors to the central nervous system by engineering capsid-receptor interactions that enable crossing of the blood-brain barrier. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002112. [PMID: 37467291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved the ability to bind and enter cells through interactions with a wide variety of cell macromolecules. We engineered peptide-modified adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids that transduce the brain through the introduction of de novo interactions with 2 proteins expressed on the mouse blood-brain barrier (BBB), LY6A or LY6C1. The in vivo tropisms of these capsids are predictable as they are dependent on the cell- and strain-specific expression of their target protein. This approach generated hundreds of capsids with dramatically enhanced central nervous system (CNS) tropisms within a single round of screening in vitro and secondary validation in vivo thereby reducing the use of animals in comparison to conventional multi-round in vivo selections. The reproducible and quantitative data derived via this method enabled both saturation mutagenesis and machine learning (ML)-guided exploration of the capsid sequence space. Notably, during our validation process, we determined that nearly all published AAV capsids that were selected for their ability to cross the BBB in mice leverage either the LY6A or LY6C1 protein, which are not present in primates. This work demonstrates that AAV capsids can be directly targeted to specific proteins to generate potent gene delivery vectors with known mechanisms of action and predictable tropisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Huang
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Albert T Chen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ken Y Chan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hikari Sorensen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Barry
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bahar Azari
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qingxia Zheng
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Beddow
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Binhui Zhao
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Isabelle G Tobey
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Moncada-Reid
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fatma-Elzahraa Eid
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Christopher J Walkey
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - M Cecilia Ljungberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William R Lagor
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason D Heaney
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yujia A Chan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E Deverman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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15
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Martino RA, Wang Q, Xu H, Hu G, Bell P, Arroyo EJ, Sims JJ, Wilson JM. Vector Affinity and Receptor Distribution Define Tissue-Specific Targeting in an Engineered AAV Capsid. J Virol 2023; 97:e0017423. [PMID: 37199615 PMCID: PMC10308920 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00174-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Unbiased in vivo selections of diverse capsid libraries can yield engineered capsids that overcome gene therapy delivery challenges like traversing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but little is known about the parameters of capsid-receptor interactions that govern their improved activity. This hampers broader efforts in precision capsid engineering and is a practical impediment to ensuring the translatability of capsid properties between preclinical animal models and human clinical trials. In this work, we utilize the adeno-associated virus (AAV)-PHP.B-Ly6a model system to better understand the targeted delivery and BBB penetration properties of AAV vectors. This model offers a defined capsid-receptor pair that can be used to systematically define relationships between target receptor affinity and in vivo activity of engineered AAV vectors. Here, we report a high-throughput method for quantifying capsid-receptor affinity and demonstrate that direct binding assays can be used to organize a vector library into families with varied affinity for their target receptor. Our data indicate that efficient central nervous system transduction requires high levels of target receptor expression at the BBB, but it is not a requirement for receptor expression to be limited to the target tissue. We observed that enhanced receptor affinity leads to reduced transduction of off-target tissues but can negatively impact on-target cellular transduction and penetration of endothelial barriers. Together, this work provides a set of tools for defining vector-receptor affinities and demonstrates how receptor expression and affinity interact to impact the performance of engineered AAV vectors in targeting the central nervous system. IMPORTANCE Novel methods for measuring adeno-associated virus (AAV)-receptor affinities, especially in relation to vector performance in vivo, would be useful to capsid engineers as they develop AAV vectors for gene therapy applications and characterize their interactions with native or engineered receptors. Here, we use the AAV-PHP.B-Ly6a model system to assess the impact of receptor affinity on the systemic delivery and endothelial penetration properties of AAV-PHP.B vectors. We discuss how receptor affinity analysis can be used to isolate vectors with optimized properties, improve the interpretation of library selections, and ultimately translate vector activities between preclinical animal models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Alexander Martino
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hao Xu
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gui Hu
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter Bell
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edgardo J. Arroyo
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua J. Sims
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James M. Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Reeson P, Boghozian R, Cota AP, Brown CE. Optical opening of the blood-brain barrier for targeted and ultra-sparse viral infection of cells in mouse cortex. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100489. [PMID: 37426748 PMCID: PMC10326348 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are used in a wide array of experimental situations for driving expression of biosensors, recombinases, and opto-/chemo-genetic actuators in the brain. However, conventional approaches for minimally invasive, spatially precise, and ultra-sparse AAV-mediated transduction of cells during imaging experiments have remained a significant challenge. Here, we show that intravenous injection of commercially available AAVs at different doses, combined with laser-based perforation of cortical capillaries through a cranial widow, allows for ultra-sparse, titratable, and micron-level precision for delivery of viral vectors with relatively little inflammation or tissue damage. Further, we show the utility of this approach for eliciting sparse expression of GCaMP6, channelrhodopsin, or fluorescent reporters in neurons and astrocytes within specific functional domains in normal and stroke-damaged cortex. This technique represents a facile approach for targeted delivery of viral vectors that should assist in the study of cell types and circuits in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Reeson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Roobina Boghozian
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Ana Paula Cota
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Craig E. Brown
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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Chen X, Wolfe DA, Bindu DS, Zhang M, Taskin N, Goertsen D, Shay TF, Sullivan EE, Huang SF, Ravindra Kumar S, Arokiaraj CM, Plattner VM, Campos LJ, Mich JK, Monet D, Ngo V, Ding X, Omstead V, Weed N, Bishaw Y, Gore BB, Lein ES, Akrami A, Miller C, Levi BP, Keller A, Ting JT, Fox AS, Eroglu C, Gradinaru V. Functional gene delivery to and across brain vasculature of systemic AAVs with endothelial-specific tropism in rodents and broad tropism in primates. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3345. [PMID: 37291094 PMCID: PMC10250345 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivering genes to and across the brain vasculature efficiently and specifically across species remains a critical challenge for addressing neurological diseases. We have evolved adeno-associated virus (AAV9) capsids into vectors that transduce brain endothelial cells specifically and efficiently following systemic administration in wild-type mice with diverse genetic backgrounds, and in rats. These AAVs also exhibit superior transduction of the CNS across non-human primates (marmosets and rhesus macaques), and in ex vivo human brain slices, although the endothelial tropism is not conserved across species. The capsid modifications translate from AAV9 to other serotypes such as AAV1 and AAV-DJ, enabling serotype switching for sequential AAV administration in mice. We demonstrate that the endothelial-specific mouse capsids can be used to genetically engineer the blood-brain barrier by transforming the mouse brain vasculature into a functional biofactory. We apply this approach to Hevin knockout mice, where AAV-X1-mediated ectopic expression of the synaptogenic protein Sparcl1/Hevin in brain endothelial cells rescued synaptic deficits.
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Grants
- DP1 DA048931 NIDA NIH HHS
- P51 OD011107 NIH HHS
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- UG3 MH120095 NIMH NIH HHS
- DP1 NS111369 NINDS NIH HHS
- OT2 OD024899 NIH HHS
- DP1 MH104069 NIMH NIH HHS
- UF1 MH128336 NIMH NIH HHS
- DP1 EB016986 NIBIB NIH HHS
- DP1 OD000616 NIH HHS
- DP2 NS087949 NINDS NIH HHS
- NIH Director’s New Innovator DP2NS087949 and PECASE, NIH BRAIN Armamentarium 1UF1MH128336-01, NIH Pioneer 5DP1NS111369-04 and SPARC 1OT2OD024899. Additional funding includes the Vallee Foundation, the Moore Foundation, the CZI Neurodegeneration Challenge Network, and the NSF NeuroNex Technology Hub grant 1707316, the Heritage Medical Research Institute and the Beckman Institute for CLARITY, Optogenetics and Vector Engineering Research (CLOVER) for technology development and dissemination, NIH BRAIN UG3MH120095.
- The Swiss National Science Foundation (310030_188952, A.K), the Synapsis (grant 2019-PI02, A.K.), the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society (A.K.).
- CNPRC base grant (NIH P51 OD011107)
- The CZI Neurodegeneration Challenge Network. C.E. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Damien A Wolfe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Mengying Zhang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Naz Taskin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Goertsen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Timothy F Shay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Erin E Sullivan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Sheng-Fu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zürich University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sripriya Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Cynthia M Arokiaraj
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Lillian J Campos
- Department of Psychology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John K Mich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deja Monet
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Ngo
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Lab, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Ding
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Natalie Weed
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yeme Bishaw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryan B Gore
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Athena Akrami
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cory Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Lab, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Boaz P Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annika Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zürich University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zürich, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan T Ting
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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18
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Müller GA, Müller TD. (Patho)Physiology of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins I: Localization at Plasma Membranes and Extracellular Compartments. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050855. [PMID: 37238725 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (APs) are anchored at the outer leaflet of plasma membranes (PMs) of all eukaryotic organisms studied so far by covalent linkage to a highly conserved glycolipid rather than a transmembrane domain. Since their first description, experimental data have been accumulating for the capability of GPI-APs to be released from PMs into the surrounding milieu. It became evident that this release results in distinct arrangements of GPI-APs which are compatible with the aqueous milieu upon loss of their GPI anchor by (proteolytic or lipolytic) cleavage or in the course of shielding of the full-length GPI anchor by incorporation into extracellular vesicles, lipoprotein-like particles and (lyso)phospholipid- and cholesterol-harboring micelle-like complexes or by association with GPI-binding proteins or/and other full-length GPI-APs. In mammalian organisms, the (patho)physiological roles of the released GPI-APs in the extracellular environment, such as blood and tissue cells, depend on the molecular mechanisms of their release as well as the cell types and tissues involved, and are controlled by their removal from circulation. This is accomplished by endocytic uptake by liver cells and/or degradation by GPI-specific phospholipase D in order to bypass potential unwanted effects of the released GPI-APs or their transfer from the releasing donor to acceptor cells (which will be reviewed in a forthcoming manuscript).
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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19
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Leikvoll A, Kara P. High fidelity sensory-evoked responses in neocortex after intravenous injection of genetically encoded calcium sensors. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1181828. [PMID: 37250396 PMCID: PMC10213453 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1181828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon imaging of genetically-encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) has traditionally relied on intracranial injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV) or transgenic animals to achieve expression. Intracranial injections require an invasive surgery and result in a relatively small volume of tissue labeling. Transgenic animals, although they can have brain-wide GECI expression, often express GECIs in only a small subset of neurons, may have abnormal behavioral phenotypes, and are currently limited to older generations of GECIs. Inspired by recent developments in the synthesis of AAVs that readily cross the blood brain barrier, we tested whether an alternative strategy of intravenously injecting AAV-PHP.eB is suitable for two-photon calcium imaging of neurons over many months after injection. We injected C57BL/6 J mice with AAV-PHP.eB-Synapsin-jGCaMP7s via the retro-orbital sinus. After allowing 5 to 34 weeks for expression, we performed conventional and widefield two-photon imaging of layers 2/3, 4 and 5 of the primary visual cortex. We found reproducible trial-by-trial neural responses and tuning properties consistent with known feature selectivity in the visual cortex. Thus, intravenous injection of AAV-PHP.eB does not interfere with the normal processing in neural circuits. In vivo and histological images show no nuclear expression of jGCaMP7s for at least 34 weeks post-injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakash Kara
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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20
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Shay TF, Sullivan EE, Ding X, Chen X, Ravindra Kumar S, Goertsen D, Brown D, Crosby A, Vielmetter J, Borsos M, Wolfe DA, Lam AW, Gradinaru V. Primate-conserved carbonic anhydrase IV and murine-restricted LY6C1 enable blood-brain barrier crossing by engineered viral vectors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg6618. [PMID: 37075114 PMCID: PMC10115422 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a major challenge for delivering large molecules to study and treat the central nervous system. This is due in part to the scarcity of targets known to mediate BBB crossing. To identify novel targets, we leverage a panel of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) previously identified through mechanism-agnostic directed evolution for improved BBB transcytosis. Screening potential cognate receptors for enhanced BBB crossing, we identify two targets: murine-restricted LY6C1 and widely conserved carbonic anhydrase IV (CA-IV). We apply AlphaFold-based in silico methods to generate capsid-receptor binding models to predict the affinity of AAVs for these identified receptors. Demonstrating how these tools can unlock target-focused engineering strategies, we create an enhanced LY6C1-binding vector, AAV-PHP.eC, that, unlike our prior PHP.eB, also works in Ly6a-deficient mouse strains such as BALB/cJ. Combined with structural insights from computational modeling, the identification of primate-conserved CA-IV enables the design of more specific and potent human brain-penetrant chemicals and biologicals, including gene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F. Shay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.F.S.); (V.G.)
| | - Erin E. Sullivan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Ding
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sripriya Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Goertsen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Brown
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Anaya Crosby
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Jost Vielmetter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Máté Borsos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Damien A. Wolfe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Annie W. Lam
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.F.S.); (V.G.)
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21
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Xiong Y, Cheng Q, Li Y, Han Y, Sun X, Liu L. Vimar/RAP1GDS1 promotes acceleration of brain aging after flies and mice reach middle age. Commun Biol 2023; 6:420. [PMID: 37061660 PMCID: PMC10105717 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging may accelerate after rodents reach middle age. However, the endogenous mediator that promotes this acceleration is unknown. We predict that the mediator may be expressed after an organism reaches middle age and dysregulates mitochondrial function. In the neurons of wild-type Drosophila (flies), we observed that mitochondria were fragmented in aged flies, and this fragmentation was associated with mitochondrial calcium overload. In a previous study, we found that mitochondrial fragmentation induced by calcium overload was reversed by the loss of Vimar, which forms a complex with Miro. Interestingly, Vimar expression was increased after the flies reached middle age. Overexpression of Vimar in neurons resulted in premature aging and mitochondrial calcium overload. In contrast, downregulation of Vimar in flies older than middle age promoted healthy aging. As the mouse homolog of Vimar, RAP1GDS1 expression was found to be increased after mice reached middle age; RAP1GDS1-transgenic and RAP1GDS1-knockdown mice displayed similar responses to flies with overexpressed and reduced Vimar expression, respectively. This research provides genetic evidence of a conserved endogenous mediator that promotes accelerated brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yanping Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xin Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, 132013, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing, 100069, China.
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22
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Campos LJ, Arokiaraj CM, Chuapoco MR, Chen X, Goeden N, Gradinaru V, Fox AS. Advances in AAV technology for delivering genetically encoded cargo to the nonhuman primate nervous system. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 4:100086. [PMID: 37397806 PMCID: PMC10313870 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern neuroscience approaches including optogenetics, calcium imaging, and other genetic manipulations have facilitated our ability to dissect specific circuits in rodent models to study their role in neurological disease. These approaches regularly use viral vectors to deliver genetic cargo (e.g., opsins) to specific tissues and genetically-engineered rodents to achieve cell-type specificity. However, the translatability of these rodent models, cross-species validation of identified targets, and translational efficacy of potential therapeutics in larger animal models like nonhuman primates remains difficult due to the lack of efficient primate viral vectors. A refined understanding of the nonhuman primate nervous system promises to deliver insights that can guide the development of treatments for neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we outline recent advances in the development of adeno-associated viral vectors for optimized use in nonhuman primates. These tools promise to help open new avenues for study in translational neuroscience and further our understanding of the primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian J. Campos
- Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 05616, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Arokiaraj
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Miguel R. Chuapoco
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Nick Goeden
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Capsida Biotherapeutics, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 05616, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
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23
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Leikvoll A, Kara P. High fidelity sensory-evoked responses in neocortex after intravenous injection of genetically encoded calcium sensors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.09.531938. [PMID: 36945523 PMCID: PMC10028972 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.531938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon imaging of genetically-encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) has traditionally relied on intracranial injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV) or transgenic animals to achieve expression. Intracranial injections require an invasive surgery and result in a relatively small volume of tissue labeling. Transgenic animals, although they can have brain-wide GECI expression, often express GECIs in only a small subset of neurons, may have abnormal behavioral phenotypes, and are currently limited to older generations of GECIs. Inspired by recent developments in the synthesis of AAVs that readily cross the blood brain barrier, we tested whether an alternative strategy of intravenously injecting AAV-PhP.eB is suitable for two-photon calcium imaging of neurons over many months after injection. We injected young (postnatal day 23 to 31) C57BL/6J mice with AAV-PhP.eB-Synapsin-jGCaMP7s via the retro-orbital sinus. After allowing 5 to 34 weeks for expression, we performed conventional and widefield two-photon imaging of layers 2/3, 4 and 5 of the primary visual cortex. We found reproducible trial-by-trial neural responses and tuning properties consistent with known feature selectivity in the visual cortex. Thus, intravenous injection of AAV-PhP.eB does not interfere with the normal processing in neural circuits. In vivo and histological images show no nuclear expression of jGCaMP7s for at least 34 weeks post-injection.
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24
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Viscomi C, Zeviani M. Experimental therapy for mitochondrial diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 194:259-277. [PMID: 36813318 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821751-1.00013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are extremely heterogeneous genetic disorders due to faulty oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). No cure is currently available for these conditions, beside supportive interventions aimed at relieving complications. Mitochondria are under a double genetic control carried out by the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and by nuclear DNA. Thus, not surprisingly, mutations in either genome can cause mitochondrial disease. Although mitochondria are usually associated with respiration and ATP synthesis, they play fundamental roles in a large number of other biochemical, signaling, and execution pathways, each being a potential target for therapeutic interventions. These can be classified as general therapies, i.e., potentially applicable to a number of different mitochondrial conditions, or therapies tailored to a single disease, i.e., personalized approaches, such as gene therapy, cell therapy, and organ replacement. Mitochondrial medicine is a particularly lively research field, and the last few years witnessed a steady increase in the number of clinical applications. This chapter will present the most recent therapeutic attempts emerged from preclinical work and an update of the currently ongoing clinical applications. We think that we are starting a new era in which the etiologic treatment of these conditions is becoming a realistic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Viscomi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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25
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Merjane J, Chung R, Patani R, Lisowski L. Molecular mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as broad therapeutic targets for gene therapy applications utilizing adeno-associated viral vectors. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36786126 DOI: 10.1002/med.21937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the devastating clinical outcome of the neurodegenerative disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), its etiology remains mysterious. Approximately 90% of ALS is characterized as sporadic, signifying that the patient has no family history of the disease. The development of an impactful disease modifying therapy across the ALS spectrum has remained out of grasp, largely due to the poorly understood mechanisms of disease onset and progression. Currently, ALS is invariably fatal and rapidly progressive. It is hypothesized that multiple factors can lead to the development of ALS, however, treatments are often focused on targeting specific familial forms of the disease (10% of total cases). There is a strong need to develop disease modifying treatments for ALS that can be effective across the full ALS spectrum of familial and sporadic cases. Although the onset of disease varies significantly between patients, there are general disease mechanisms and progressions that can be seen broadly across ALS patients. Therefore, this review explores the targeting of these widespread disease mechanisms as possible areas for therapeutic intervention to treat ALS broadly. In particular, this review will focus on targeting mechanisms of defective protein homeostasis and RNA processing, which are both increasingly recognized as design principles of ALS pathogenesis. Additionally, this review will explore the benefits of gene therapy as an approach to treating ALS, specifically focusing on the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a vector for gene delivery to the CNS and recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Merjane
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rickie Patani
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Stanton AC, Lagerborg KA, Tellez L, Krunnfusz A, King EM, Ye S, Solomon IH, Tabebordbar M, Sabeti PC. Systemic administration of novel engineered AAV capsids facilitates enhanced transgene expression in the macaque CNS. MED 2023; 4:31-50.e8. [PMID: 36417917 PMCID: PMC9840684 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are a promising vehicle for noninvasive gene delivery to the central nervous system via intravenous infusion. However, naturally occurring serotypes have a limited ability to transduce the brain, and translating engineered capsids from mice to nonhuman primates has proved challenging. METHODS In this study, we use an mRNA-based directed-evolution strategy in multiple strains of mice as well as a de novo selection in cynomolgus macaques to identify families of engineered vectors with increased potency in the brain and decreased tropism for the liver. FINDINGS We compare the transgene expression capabilities of several engineered vectors and show that while some of our novel macaque-derived variants significantly outperform AAV9 in transducing the macaque brain following systemic administration, mouse-derived variants-both those identified in this study and those reported by other groups-universally do not. CONCLUSIONS Together, the results of this work introduce a class of primate-derived engineered AAV capsids with increased therapeutic potential and highlight the critical need for using appropriate animal models to both identify and evaluate novel AAVs intended for delivery to the human central nervous system. FUNDING This work was funded primarily through an anonymous philanthropic gift to the P.C.S. lab at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and by a grant from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to P.C.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Stanton
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142,Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115,Lead Contact,Correspondence: (A.C.S); (P.C.S.)
| | - Kim A. Lagerborg
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142,Harvard Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Liana Tellez
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
| | | | - Emily M. King
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
| | - Simon Ye
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
| | - Isaac H. Solomon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | | | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 02138,Correspondence: (A.C.S); (P.C.S.)
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27
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Chuapoco MR, Flytzanis NC, Goeden N, Octeau JC, Roxas KM, Chan KY, Scherrer J, Winchester J, Blackburn RJ, Campos LJ, Man KNM, Sun J, Chen X, Lefevre A, Singh VP, Arokiaraj CM, Shaya TF, Vendemiatti J, Jang MJ, Mich J, Bishaw Y, Gore B, Omstead V, Taskin N, Weed N, Ting J, Miller CT, Deverman BE, Pickel J, Tian L, Fox AS, Gradinaru V. Intravenous functional gene transfer throughout the brain of non-human primates using AAV. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-1370972. [PMID: 36789432 PMCID: PMC9928057 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1370972/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) promise robust gene delivery to the brain through non-invasive, intravenous delivery. However, unlike in rodents, few neurotropic AAVs efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier in non-human primates (NHPs). Here we describe AAV.CAP-Mac, an engineered variant identified by screening in adult marmosets and newborn macaques with improved efficiency in the brain of multiple NHP species: marmoset, rhesus macaque, and green monkey. CAP-Mac is neuron-biased in infant Old World primates, exhibits broad tropism in adult rhesus macaques, and is vasculature-biased in adult marmosets. We demonstrate applications of a single, intravenous dose of CAP-Mac to deliver (1) functional GCaMP for ex vivo calcium imaging across multiple brain areas, and (2) a cocktail of fluorescent reporters for Brainbow-like labeling throughout the macaque brain, circumventing the need for germline manipulations in Old World primates. Given its capabilities for systemic gene transfer in NHPs, CAP-Mac promises to help unlock non-invasive access to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel R. Chuapoco
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Flytzanis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Capsida Biotherapeutics, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
- Present address: Capsida Biotherapeutics, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Nick Goeden
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Capsida Biotherapeutics, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
- Present address: Capsida Biotherapeutics, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | | | | | - Ken Y. Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Present address: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jon Scherrer
- Capsida Biotherapeutics, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | | | | | - Lillian J. Campos
- Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kwun Nok Mimi Man
- Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Junqing Sun
- Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Arthur Lefevre
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Vikram Pal Singh
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Arokiaraj
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Timothy F. Shaya
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Julia Vendemiatti
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Min J. Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - John Mich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yeme Bishaw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Bryan Gore
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Naz Taskin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Natalie Weed
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jonathan Ting
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Cory T. Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Deverman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Present address: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - James Pickel
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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Chen X, Wolfe DA, Bindu DS, Zhang M, Taskin N, Goertsen D, Shay TF, Sullivan E, Huang SF, Kumar SR, Arokiaraj CM, Plattner V, Campos LJ, Mich J, Monet D, Ngo V, Ding X, Omstead V, Weed N, Bishaw Y, Gore B, Lein ES, Akrami A, Miller C, Levi BP, Keller A, Ting JT, Fox AS, Eroglu C, Gradinaru V. Functional gene delivery to and across brain vasculature of systemic AAVs with endothelial-specific tropism in rodents and broad tropism in primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523844. [PMID: 36711773 PMCID: PMC9882234 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Delivering genes to and across the brain vasculature efficiently and specifically across species remains a critical challenge for addressing neurological diseases. We have evolved adeno-associated virus (AAV9) capsids into vectors that transduce brain endothelial cells specifically and efficiently following systemic administration in wild-type mice with diverse genetic backgrounds and rats. These AAVs also exhibit superior transduction of the CNS across non-human primates (marmosets and rhesus macaques), and ex vivo human brain slices although the endothelial tropism is not conserved across species. The capsid modifications translate from AAV9 to other serotypes such as AAV1 and AAV-DJ, enabling serotype switching for sequential AAV administration in mice. We demonstrate that the endothelial specific mouse capsids can be used to genetically engineer the blood-brain barrier by transforming the mouse brain vasculature into a functional biofactory. Vasculature-secreted Hevin (a synaptogenic protein) rescued synaptic deficits in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Damien A. Wolfe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Mengying Zhang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Naz Taskin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Goertsen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Timothy F. Shay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Erin Sullivan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Sheng-Fu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sripriya Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Arokiaraj
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Viktor Plattner
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lillian J. Campos
- Department of Psychology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John Mich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deja Monet
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Ngo
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Lab, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Ding
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Natalie Weed
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yeme Bishaw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryan Gore
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Athena Akrami
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cory Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Lab, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Boaz P. Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annika Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan T. Ting
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of Psychology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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29
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Pupo A, Fernández A, Low SH, François A, Suárez-Amarán L, Samulski RJ. AAV vectors: The Rubik's cube of human gene therapy. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3515-3541. [PMID: 36203359 PMCID: PMC9734031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective genes account for ∼80% of the total of more than 7,000 diseases known to date. Gene therapy brings the promise of a one-time treatment option that will fix the errors in patient genetic coding. Recombinant viruses are highly efficient vehicles for in vivo gene delivery. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors offer unique advantages, such as tissue tropism, specificity in transduction, eliciting of a relatively low immune responses, no incorporation into the host chromosome, and long-lasting delivered gene expression, making them the most popular viral gene delivery system in clinical trials, with three AAV-based gene therapy drugs already approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA). Despite the success of AAV vectors, their usage in particular scenarios is still limited due to remaining challenges, such as poor transduction efficiency in certain tissues, low organ specificity, pre-existing humoral immunity to AAV capsids, and vector dose-dependent toxicity in patients. In the present review, we address the different approaches to improve AAV vectors for gene therapy with a focus on AAV capsid selection and engineering, strategies to overcome anti-AAV immune response, and vector genome design, ending with a glimpse at vector production methods and the current state of recombinant AAV (rAAV) at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Pupo
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Audry Fernández
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Siew Hui Low
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Achille François
- Viralgen. Parque Tecnológico de Guipuzkoa, Edificio Kuatro, Paseo Mikeletegui, 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Lester Suárez-Amarán
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Richard Jude Samulski
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,Corresponding author: Richard Jude Samulski, R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, NC 27709, USA.
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30
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Song R, Pekrun K, Khan TA, Zhang F, Paşca SP, Kay MA. Selection of rAAV vectors that cross the human blood-brain barrier and target the central nervous system using a transwell model. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 27:73-88. [PMID: 36186955 PMCID: PMC9494039 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A limitation for recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated gene transfer into the central nervous system (CNS) is the low penetration of vectors across the human blood-brain barrier (BBB). High doses of intravenously delivered vector are required to reach the CNS, which has resulted in varying adverse effects. Moreover, selective transduction of various cell types might be important depending on the disorder being treated. To enhance BBB penetration and improve CNS cell selectivity, we screened an AAV capsid-shuffled library using an in vitro transwell BBB system with separate layers of human endothelial cells, primary astrocytes and/or human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons. After multiple passages through the transwell, we identified chimeric AAV capsids with enhanced penetration and improved transduction of astrocytes and/or neurons compared with wild-type capsids. We identified the amino acids (aa) from regions 451–470 of AAV2 associated with the capsids selected for neurons, and a combination of aa from regions 413–496 of AAV-rh10 and 538–598 of AAV3B/LK03 associated with capsids selected for astrocytes. A small interfering RNA screen identified several genes that affect transcytosis of AAV across the BBB. Our work supports the use of a human transwell system for selecting enhanced AAV capsids targeting the CNS and may allow for unraveling the underlying molecular mechanisms of BBB penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Song
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katja Pekrun
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Themasap A. Khan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute and Bio-X, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Feijie Zhang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sergiu P. Paşca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute and Bio-X, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark A. Kay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding author Mark A. Kay, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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31
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In vivo genome editing using novel AAV-PHP variants rescues motor function deficits and extends survival in a SOD1-ALS mouse model. Gene Ther 2022; 30:443-454. [PMID: 36450833 PMCID: PMC9713118 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-based gene editing technology represents a promising approach to deliver therapies for inherited disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Toxic gain-of-function superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutations are responsible for ~20% of familial ALS cases. Thus, current clinical strategies to treat SOD1-ALS are designed to lower SOD1 levels. Here, we utilized AAV-PHP.B variants to deliver CRISPR-Cas9 guide RNAs designed to disrupt the human SOD1 (huSOD1) transgene in SOD1G93A mice. A one-time intracerebroventricular injection of AAV.PHP.B-huSOD1-sgRNA into neonatal H11Cas9 SOD1G93A mice caused robust and sustained mutant huSOD1 protein reduction in the cortex and spinal cord, and restored motor function. Neonatal treatment also reduced spinal motor neuron loss, denervation at neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and muscle atrophy, diminished axonal damage and preserved compound muscle action potential throughout the lifespan of treated mice. SOD1G93A treated mice achieved significant disease-free survival, extending lifespan by more than 110 days. Importantly, a one-time intrathecal or intravenous injection of AAV.PHP.eB-huSOD1-sgRNA in adult H11Cas9 SOD1G93A mice, immediately before symptom onset, also extended lifespan by at least 170 days. We observed substantial protection against disease progression, demonstrating the utility of our CRISPR editing preclinical approach for target evaluation. Our approach uncovered key parameters (e.g., AAV capsid, Cas9 expression) that resulted in improved efficacy compared to similar approaches and can also serve to accelerate drug target validation.
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32
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Tan Q, Zhao S, Xu T, Wang Q, Lan M, Yan L, Chen X. Getting drugs to the brain: advances and prospects of organic nanoparticle delivery systems for assisting drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9314-9333. [PMID: 36349976 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01440h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an irreplaceable role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from bloodborne pathogens. However, the BBB complicates the treatment of CNS diseases because it prevents almost all therapeutic drugs from getting into the CNS. With the growing understanding of the physiological characteristics of the BBB and the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems have become promising tools for delivering drugs across the BBB to the CNS. Herein, we systematically summarize the recent progress in organic-nanoparticle delivery systems for treating CNS diseases and evaluate their mechanisms in overcoming the BBB with the aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of organic nanoparticles in delivering drugs across the BBB. This review may inspire new research ideas and directions for applying nanotechnology to treat CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Shaojing Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Ting Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Minhuan Lan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Li Yan
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China.
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK.
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33
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Liu P, Dai S, Mi T, Tang G, Wang Z, Wang H, Du H, Tang Y, Teng Z, Liu C. Acetate supplementation restores cognitive deficits caused by ARID1A haploinsufficiency in excitatory neurons. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15795. [PMID: 36385502 PMCID: PMC9728054 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A) cause Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS), a rare genetic disorder that results in mild to severe intellectual disabilities. However, the biological role of ARID1A in the brain remains unclear. In this study, we report that the haploinsufficiency of ARID1A in excitatory neurons causes cognitive impairment and defects in hippocampal synaptic transmission and dendritic morphology in mice. Similarly, human embryonic stem cell-derived excitatory neurons with deleted ARID1A exhibit fewer dendritic branches and spines, and abnormal electrophysiological activity. Importantly, supplementation of acetate, an epigenetic metabolite, can ameliorate the morphological and electrophysiological deficits observed in mice with Arid1a haploinsufficiency, as well as in ARID1A-null human excitatory neurons. Mechanistically, transcriptomic and ChIP-seq analyses demonstrate that acetate supplementation can increase the levels of H3K27 acetylation at the promoters of key regulatory genes associated with neural development and synaptic transmission. Collectively, these findings support the essential roles of ARID1A in the excitatory neurons and cognition and suggest that acetate supplementation could be a potential therapeutic intervention for CSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Pei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Shang‐Kun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,School of Life Sciences and MedicineShandong University of TechnologyZiboChina
| | - Ting‐Wei Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Gang‐Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hong‐Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhao‐Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Chang‐Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
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34
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Zinn E, Unzu C, Schmit PF, Turunen HT, Zabaleta N, Sanmiguel J, Fieldsend A, Bhatt U, Diop C, Merkel E, Gurrala R, Peacker B, Rios C, Messemer K, Santos J, Estelien R, Andres-Mateos E, Wagers AJ, Tipper C, Vandenberghe LH. Ancestral library identifies conserved reprogrammable liver motif on AAV capsid. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100803. [PMID: 36327973 PMCID: PMC9729830 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is emerging as a modality in 21st-century medicine. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) gene transfer is a leading technology to achieve efficient and durable expression of a therapeutic transgene. However, the structural complexity of the capsid has constrained efforts to engineer the particle toward improved clinical safety and efficacy. Here, we generate a curated library of barcoded AAVs with mutations across a variety of functionally relevant motifs. We then screen this library in vitro and in vivo in mice and nonhuman primates, enabling a broad, multiparametric assessment of every vector within the library. Among the results, we note a single residue that modulates liver transduction across all interrogated models while preserving transduction in heart and skeletal muscles. Moreover, we find that this mutation can be grafted into AAV9 and leads to profound liver detargeting while retaining muscle transduction-a finding potentially relevant to preventing hepatoxicities seen in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Zinn
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carmen Unzu
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pauline F Schmit
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Heikki T Turunen
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nerea Zabaleta
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julio Sanmiguel
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Allegra Fieldsend
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Urja Bhatt
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cheikh Diop
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erin Merkel
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rakesh Gurrala
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bryan Peacker
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Rios
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen Messemer
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Santos
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Reynette Estelien
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eva Andres-Mateos
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christopher Tipper
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luk H Vandenberghe
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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35
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Kofoed RH, Dibia CL, Noseworthy K, Xhima K, Vacaresse N, Hynynen K, Aubert I. Efficacy of gene delivery to the brain using AAV and ultrasound depends on serotypes and brain areas. J Control Release 2022; 351:667-680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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36
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Shen W, Liu S, Ou L. rAAV immunogenicity, toxicity, and durability in 255 clinical trials: A meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001263. [PMID: 36389770 PMCID: PMC9647052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is one of the main delivery vectors for gene therapy. To assess immunogenicity, toxicity, and features of AAV gene therapy in clinical settings, a meta-analysis of 255 clinical trials was performed. A total of 7,289 patients are planned to be dosed. AAV2 was the most dominantly used serotype (29.8%, n=72), and 8.3% (n=20) of trials used engineered capsids. 38.7% (n=91) of trials employed neutralizing antibody assays for patient enrollment, while 15.3% (n=36) used ELISA-based total antibody assays. However, there was high variability in the eligibility criteria with cut-off tiers ranging from 1:1 to 1:1,600. To address potential immunogenicity, 46.3% (n=118) of trials applied immunosuppressants (prophylactic or reactive), while 32.7% (n=18) of CNS and 37.5% (n=24) of ocular-directed trials employed immunosuppressants, possibly due to the immune-privileged status of CNS and retina. There were a total of 11 patient deaths across 8 trials, and 18 out of 30 clinical holds were due to toxicity findings in clinical studies. 30.6% (n=78) of trials had treatment-emergent serious adverse events (TESAEs), with hepatotoxicity and thrombotic microangiopathy (systemic delivery) and neurotoxicity (CNS delivery) being the most prominent. Additionally, the durability of gene therapy may be impacted by two distinct decline mechanisms: 1) rapid decline presumably due to immune responses; or 2) gradual decline due to vector dilution. The durability varied significantly depending on disease indication, dose, serotypes, and patient individuals. Most CNS (90.0%) and muscle trials (73.3%) achieved durable transgene expression, while only 43.6% of ocular trials had sustained clinical outcomes. The rAAV production system can affect rAAV quality and thus immunogenicity and toxicity. Out of 186 trials that have disclosed production system information, 63.0% (n=126) of trials used the transient transfection of the HEK293/HEK293T system, while 18.0% (n=36) applied the baculovirus/Sf9 (rBac/Sf9) system. There were no significant differences in TESAEs and durability between AAV generated by rBac/Sf9 and HEK293/HEK293T systems. In summary, rAAV immunogenicity and toxicity poses significant challenges for clinical development of rAAV gene therapies, and it warrants collaborative efforts to standardize monitoring/measurement methods, design novel strategies to overcome immune responses, and openly share relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Ou
- 3Genemagic Biosciences, Wallingford, PA, United States,4Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,*Correspondence: Li Ou,
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Liu D, Zhu M, Lin Y, Li M, Huang R, Yang L, Song Y, Diao Y, Yang C. LY6E protein facilitates adeno-associated virus crossing in a biomimetic chip model of the human blood-brain barrier. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4180-4190. [PMID: 36165190 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00698g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) controls chemical access to the brain and maintains fluid homeostasis, but in vitro models accurately simulating the physiological characteristics of the BBB are lacking. Here, we describe a simple and reproducible biomimetic chip-based model of the human BBB. In this bilayer co-culture, astrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are respectively seeded in upper and lower chambers separated by a semi-permeable membrane, with fluid shear force provided by a precision tilt shaker. Evaluation of barrier crossing by fluorescein sodium, 40 kDa or 70 kDa FITC-dextran, or adeno-associated virus (AAV) particles demonstrates that this bilayer model provides similar or greater barrier function than Transwell assays. Comparison of AAV serotypes indicated that AAV-PHP.eB can cross the human BBB in vitro, and at higher efficiency than AAV9. Additionally, RNAi knockdown and virus capsid protein binding assays show that AAV-PHP.eB delivery is facilitated by receptor protein lymphocyte antigen-6E (LY6E) in humans. This in vitro model system uses a miniaturized chip to enable high-throughput investigations of AAV crossing efficiency in the BBB, and provides strong initial evidence that human LY6E mediates AAV-PHP.eB crossing the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Mingyang Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Yi Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Mengmeng Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Ruolan Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yanling Song
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yong Diao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Variants of the adeno-associated virus serotype 9 with enhanced penetration of the blood-brain barrier in rodents and primates. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:1257-1271. [PMID: 36217021 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of gene therapies for the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system has been hindered by the limited availability of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) that efficiently traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we report the rational design of AAV9 variants displaying cell-penetrating peptides on the viral capsid and the identification of two variants, AAV.CPP.16 and AAV.CPP.21, with improved transduction efficiencies of cells of the central nervous system on systemic delivery (6- to 249-fold across 4 mouse strains and 5-fold in cynomolgus macaques, with respect to the AAV9 parent vector). We also show that the neurotropism of AAV.CPP.16 is retained in young and adult macaques, that this variant displays enhanced transcytosis at the BBB as well as increased efficiency of cellular transduction relative to AAV9, and that it can be used to deliver antitumour payloads in a mouse model of glioblastoma. AAV capsids that can efficiently penetrate the BBB will facilitate the clinical translation of gene therapies aimed at the central nervous system.
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Surdyka M, Jesion E, Niewiadomska-Cimicka A, Trottier Y, Kalinowska-Pośka Ż, Figiel M. Selective transduction of cerebellar Purkinje and granule neurons using delivery of AAV-PHP.eB and AAVrh10 vectors at axonal terminal locations. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:947490. [PMID: 36176957 PMCID: PMC9513253 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.947490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based brain gene therapies require precision without off-targeting of unaffected neurons to avoid side effects. The cerebellum and its cell populations, including granule and Purkinje cells, are vulnerable to neurodegeneration; hence, conditions to deliver the therapy to specific cell populations selectively remain challenging. We have investigated a system consisting of the AAV serotypes, targeted injections, and transduction modes (direct or retrograde) for targeted delivery of AAV to cerebellar cell populations. We selected the AAV-PHP.eB and AAVrh10 serotypes valued for their retrograde features, and we thoroughly examined their cerebellar transduction pattern when injected into lobules and deep cerebellar nuclei. We found that AAVrh10 is suitable for the transduction of neurons in the mode highly dependent on placing the virus at axonal terminals. The strategy secures selective transduction for granule cells. The AAV-PHP.eB can transduce Purkinje cells and is very selective for the cell type when injected into the DCN at axonal PC terminals. Therefore, both serotypes can be used in a retrograde mode for selective transduction of major neuronal types in the cerebellum. Moreover, our in vivo transduction strategies are suitable for pre-clinical protocol development for gene delivery to granule cells by AAVrh10 and Purkinje cells by AAV-PHPeB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surdyka
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewelina Jesion
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Niewiadomska-Cimicka
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Yvon Trottier
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Żaneta Kalinowska-Pośka
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Figiel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Maciej Figiel
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Xu G, Zhang R, Li H, Yin K, Ma X, Lou Z. Structural basis for the neurotropic AAV9 and the engineered AAVPHP.eB recognition with cellular receptors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:52-60. [PMID: 35755945 PMCID: PMC9198364 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clade F adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9 has been utilized as therapeutic gene delivery vector, and it is capable of crossing blood brain barrier (BBB). Recently, an AAV9-based engineering serotype AAVPHP.eB with enhanced BBB crossing ability further expanded clade F AAVs' usages in the murine central nervous system (CNS) gene delivery. In this study, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the AAVPHP.eB and its parental serotype AAV9 in native form or in complex with their essential receptor AAV receptor (AAVR). These structures reveal the molecular details of their AAVR recognition, where the polycystic kidney disease repeat domain 2 (PKD2) of AAVR interacts with AAV9 and AAVPHP.eB virions at the 3-fold protrusions and the raised capsid regions between the 2- and 5-fold axes, termed the 2/5-fold wall. The interacting patterns of AAVR to AAV9 and AAVPHP.eB are similar to what was observed in AAV1/AAV2-AAVR complexes. Moreover, we found that the AAVPHP.eB variable region VIII (VR-VIII) may independently facilitate the new receptor recognition responsible for enhanced CNS transduction. Our study provides insights into the recognition principles of multiple receptors for engineered AAVPHP.eB and parental serotype AAV9, and further reveal the potential molecular basis underlying their different tropisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxue Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author Guangxue Xu, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ran Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huapeng Li
- PackGene Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaixin Yin
- International School of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- Beijing No.8 High School, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author Zhiyong Lou, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Jang S, Shen HK, Ding X, Miles TF, Gradinaru V. Structural basis of receptor usage by the engineered capsid AAV-PHP.eB. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:343-354. [PMID: 36034770 PMCID: PMC9382559 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) is a promising gene therapy vector for treating neurodegenerative diseases due to its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. PHP.eB was engineered from AAV9 by insertion of a 7-amino acid peptide and point mutation of neighboring residues, thereby enhancing potency in the central nervous system. Here, we report a 2.24-Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of PHP.eB, revealing conformational differences from other 7-mer insertion capsid variants. In PHP.eB, the 7-mer loop adopts a bent conformation, mediated by an interaction between engineered lysine and aspartate residues. Further, we identify PKD2 as the main AAV receptor (AAVR) domain recognizing both AAV9 and PHP.eB and find that the PHP.eB 7-mer partially destabilizes this interaction. Analysis of previously reported AAV structures together with our pull-down data demonstrate that the 7-mer topology determined by the lysine-aspartate interaction dictates AAVR binding strength. Our results suggest that PHP.eB's altered tropism may arise from both an additional interaction with LY6A and weakening of its AAVR interaction. Changing the insertion length, but not sequence, modifies PKD2 binding affinity, suggesting that a steric clash impedes AAVR binding. This research suggests improved library designs for future AAV selections to identify non-LY6A-dependent vectors and modulate AAVR interaction strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hao K Shen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Ding
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Timothy F Miles
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Guo L, Li Z, Li Y, Qu B, Jiao G, Liang C, Lu Z, Wang XG, Huang C, Du H, Liang J, Zhou Q, Li W. Treatment of glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) via intracerebroventricular delivery of GCDH. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Becker J, Fakhiri J, Grimm D. Fantastic AAV Gene Therapy Vectors and How to Find Them—Random Diversification, Rational Design and Machine Learning. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070756. [PMID: 35890005 PMCID: PMC9318892 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses are a diverse family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that infect a wide variety of species, tissues and cell types. For over half a century, their intriguing biology and pathophysiology has fueled intensive research aimed at dissecting the underlying viral and cellular mechanisms. Concurrently, their broad host specificity (tropism) has motivated efforts to develop parvoviruses as gene delivery vectors for human cancer or gene therapy applications. While the sum of preclinical and clinical data consistently demonstrates the great potential of these vectors, these findings also illustrate the importance of enhancing and restricting in vivo transgene expression in desired cell types. To this end, major progress has been made especially with vectors based on Adeno-associated virus (AAV), whose capsid is highly amenable to bioengineering, repurposing and expansion of its natural tropism. Here, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art approaches to create new AAV variants with higher specificity and efficiency of gene transfer in on-target cells. We first review traditional and novel directed evolution approaches, including high-throughput screening of AAV capsid libraries. Next, we discuss programmable receptor-mediated targeting with a focus on two recent technologies that utilize high-affinity binders. Finally, we highlight one of the latest stratagems for rational AAV vector characterization and optimization, namely, machine learning, which promises to facilitate and accelerate the identification of next-generation, safe and precise gene delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Becker
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), BioQuant, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Fakhiri
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (D.G.); Tel.: +49-174-3486203 (J.F.); +49-6221-5451331 (D.G.)
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), BioQuant, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (D.G.); Tel.: +49-174-3486203 (J.F.); +49-6221-5451331 (D.G.)
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Li J, Chen Y, Sun J, Lu Z, Li Y, Liu T. Functional analysis of mutations endowing rAAV2-retro with retrograde tracing capacity. Neurosci Lett 2022; 784:136746. [PMID: 35718237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are widespread vectors in neuroscience research. However, the nearly absent retrograde access to projection neurons hampers their application in functional dissection of neural circuits and in therapeutic intervention. Recently, engineering of the AAV2 capsid has generated an AAV variant, called rAAV2-retro, with exceptional retrograde functionality. This variant comprises a 10-mer peptide insertion at residue 587 and two point mutations (LADQDYTKTA + V708I + N382D). Here, we evaluated the contribution of each mutation to retrograde transport in prefrontal cortex -striatum and amygdala-striatum pathways, respectively. Results showed that disruption of the inserted decapeptide almost completely abolishes the retrograde access to neurons projecting to striatum. Eliminating N382D has little effect on the retrograde functionality. Restoring another mutation V708I, however, even improves its performance in amygdala-striatum pathway. Parallel comparison within same animal further confirms this conflicting effect of V708I. These results demonstrate a pivotal role of decapeptide insertion in gaining the capacity of retrograde transport and highlight a neural circuit-dependent contribution of V708I. It suggests constant and custom engineering of rAAV2-retro might be required to tackle the challenge of tremendous neuronal heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiamin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yefei Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhonghua Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuantao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Taian Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Palfi A, Chadderton N, Millington-Ward S, Post I, Humphries P, Kenna PF, Farrar GJ. AAV-PHP.eB transduces both the inner and outer retina with high efficacy in mice. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 25:236-249. [PMID: 35474956 PMCID: PMC9018541 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are one of the main gene delivery vehicles used in retinal gene therapy approaches; however, there is a need to further improve the efficacy, tropism, and safety of these vectors. In this study, using a CMV-EGFP expression cassette, we characterize the retinal utility of AAV-PHP.eB, a serotype recently developed by in vivo directed evolution, which can cross the blood-brain barrier and target neurons with high efficacy in mice. Systemic and intravitreal delivery of AAV-PHP.eB resulted in the high transduction efficacy of retinal ganglion and horizontal cells, with systemic delivery providing pan-retinal coverage of the mouse retina. Subretinal delivery transduced photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium cells robustly. EGFP expression (number of transduced cells and mRNA levels) were similar when the retinas were transduced systemically or intravitreally with AAV-PHP.eB or intravitreally with AAV2/2. Notably, in photoreceptors, EGFP fluorescence intensities and mRNA levels were 50–70 times higher, when subretinal injections with AAV-PHP.eB were compared to AAV2/8. Our results demonstrate the pan-retinal transduction of ganglion cells and extremely efficient transduction of photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium cells as the most valuable features of AAV-PHP.eB in the mouse retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Palfi
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Naomi Chadderton
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophia Millington-Ward
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Iris Post
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pete Humphries
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F Kenna
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25, Dublin, Ireland.,The Research Foundation, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, D02 XK51, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G Jane Farrar
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25, Dublin, Ireland
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Hanaford AR, Cho YJ, Nakai H. AAV-vector based gene therapy for mitochondrial disease: progress and future perspectives. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:217. [PMID: 35668433 PMCID: PMC9169410 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of rare, heterogeneous diseases caused by gene mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes that result in defects in mitochondrial function. They are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality as they affect multiple organ systems and particularly those with high energy-utilizing tissues, such as the nervous system, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle. Virtually no effective treatments exist for these patients, despite the urgent need. As the majority of these conditions are monogenic and caused by mutations in nuclear genes, gene replacement is a highly attractive therapeutic strategy. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a well-characterized gene replacement vector, and its safety profile and ability to transduce quiescent cells nominates it as a potential gene therapy vehicle for several mitochondrial diseases. Indeed, AAV vector-based gene replacement is currently being explored in clinical trials for one mitochondrial disease (Leber hereditary optic neuropathy) and preclinical studies have been published investigating this strategy in other mitochondrial diseases. This review summarizes the preclinical findings of AAV vector-based gene replacement therapy for mitochondrial diseases including Leigh syndrome, Barth syndrome, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Hanaford
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Reserach Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Nakai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
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Kuwayama R, Suzuki K, Nakamura J, Aizawa E, Yoshioka Y, Ikawa M, Nabatame S, Inoue KI, Shimmyo Y, Ozono K, Kinoshita T, Murakami Y. Establishment of mouse model of inherited PIGO deficiency and therapeutic potential of AAV-based gene therapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3107. [PMID: 35661110 PMCID: PMC9166810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) deficiency (IGD) is caused by mutations in GPI biosynthesis genes. The mechanisms of its systemic, especially neurological, symptoms are not clarified and fundamental therapy has not been established. Here, we report establishment of mouse models of IGD caused by PIGO mutations as well as development of effective gene therapy. As the clinical manifestations of IGD are systemic and lifelong lasting, we treated the mice with adeno-associated virus for homology-independent knock-in as well as extra-chromosomal expression of Pigo cDNA. Significant amelioration of neuronal phenotypes and growth defect was achieved, opening a new avenue for curing IGDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Kuwayama
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable disease research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emi Aizawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) and Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Nabatame
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable disease research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Immunoglycobiology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable disease research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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48
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Abstract
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Adeno-associated
virus (AAV) has a single-stranded DNA genome encapsidated
in a small icosahedrally symmetric protein shell with 60 subunits.
AAV is the leading delivery vector in emerging gene therapy treatments
for inherited disorders, so its structure and molecular interactions
with human hosts are of intense interest. A wide array of electron
microscopic approaches have been used to visualize the virus and its
complexes, depending on the scientific question, technology available,
and amenability of the sample. Approaches range from subvolume tomographic
analyses of complexes with large and flexible host proteins to detailed
analysis of atomic interactions within the virus and with small ligands
at resolutions as high as 1.6 Å. Analyses have led to the reclassification
of glycan receptors as attachment factors, to structures with a new-found
receptor protein, to identification of the epitopes of antibodies,
and a new understanding of possible neutralization mechanisms. AAV
is now well-enough characterized that it has also become a model system
for EM methods development. Heralding a new era, cryo-EM is now also
being deployed as an analytic tool in the process development and
production quality control of high value pharmaceutical biologics,
namely AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Stagg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States.,Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Craig Yoshioka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Omar Davulcu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Michael S Chapman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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49
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Chen X, Ravindra Kumar S, Adams CD, Yang D, Wang T, Wolfe DA, Arokiaraj CM, Ngo V, Campos LJ, Griffiths JA, Ichiki T, Mazmanian SK, Osborne PB, Keast JR, Miller CT, Fox AS, Chiu IM, Gradinaru V. Engineered AAVs for non-invasive gene delivery to rodent and non-human primate nervous systems. Neuron 2022; 110:2242-2257.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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50
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Bauer A, Puglisi M, Nagl D, Schick JA, Werner T, Klingl A, El Andari J, Hornung V, Kessler H, Götz M, Grimm D, Brack‐Werner R. Molecular Signature of Astrocytes for Gene Delivery by the Synthetic Adeno-Associated Viral Vector rAAV9P1. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104979. [PMID: 35398994 PMCID: PMC9165502 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have crucial functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and are major players in many CNS diseases. Research on astrocyte-centered diseases requires efficient and well-characterized gene transfer vectors. Vectors derived from the Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) target astrocytes in the brains of rodents and nonhuman primates. A recombinant (r) synthetic peptide-displaying AAV9 variant, rAAV9P1, that efficiently and selectively transduces cultured human astrocytes, has been described previously. Here, it is shown that rAAV9P1 retains astrocyte-targeting properties upon intravenous injection in mice. Detailed analysis of putative receptors on human astrocytes shows that rAAV9P1 utilizes integrin subunits αv, β8, and either β3 or β5 as well as the AAV receptor AAVR. This receptor pattern is distinct from that of vectors derived from wildtype AAV2 or AAV9. Furthermore, a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-wide knockout screening revealed the involvement of several astrocyte-associated intracellular signaling pathways in the transduction of human astrocytes by rAAV9P1. This study delineates the unique receptor and intracellular pathway signatures utilized by rAAV9P1 for targeting human astrocytes. These results enhance the understanding of the transduction biology of synthetic rAAV vectors for astrocytes and can promote the development of advanced astrocyte-selective gene delivery vehicles for research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Bauer
- Institute of VirologyHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherberg85764Germany
| | - Matteo Puglisi
- Physiological GenomicsBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU)Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
- Institute for Stem Cell ResearchHelmholtz Center MunichBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU)Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
| | - Dennis Nagl
- Gene Center and Department of BiochemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMunich81377Germany
| | - Joel A Schick
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and PharmacologyGenetics and Cellular Engineering GroupHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherberg85764Germany
| | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics & Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Plant Development and Electron MicroscopyDepartment Biology IBiocenterLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU)Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
| | - Jihad El Andari
- BioQuant Center and Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks at Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Infectious DiseasesVirologyMedical FacultyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelberg69120Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of BiochemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMunich81377Germany
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM)Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenGarching85748Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological GenomicsBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU)Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
- Institute for Stem Cell ResearchHelmholtz Center MunichBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU)Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
- Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology (SYNERGY)Munich81377Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- BioQuant Center and Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks at Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Infectious DiseasesVirologyMedical FacultyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelberg69120Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner site HeidelbergHeidelberg69120Germany
| | - Ruth Brack‐Werner
- Institute of VirologyHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherberg85764Germany
- Department of Biology IILudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität (LMU)Planegg‐Martinsried82152Germany
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