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Zeng XX, Wu Y. Strategies of Bladder Reconstruction after Partial or Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01163-0. [PMID: 38761327 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The standard strategy is to reconstruct bladder by use of bowel segments as material in bladder cancer with radical cystectomy clinically. Both natural derived and non natural derived materials are investigated in bladder reconstruction. Studies on mechanical bladder, bladder transplantation and bladder xenotransplantation are currently limited although heart and kidney transplantation or xenotransplantation are successful to a certain extent, and bone prostheses are applied in clinical contexts. Earlier limited number of studies associated with bladder xenograft from animals to humans were not particular promising in results. Although there have been investigations on pig to human cardiac xenotransplantation with CRISPR Cas9 gene editing, the CRISPR Cas technique is not yet widely researched in porcine bladder related gene editing for the potential of human bladder replacement for bladder cancer. The advancement of technologies such as gene editing, bioprinting and induced pluripotent stem cells allow further research into partial or whole bladder replacement strategies. Porcine bladder is suggested as a potential source material for bladder reconstruction due to its alikeness to human bladder. Challenges that exist with all these approaches need to be overcome. This paper aims to review gene editing technology such as the CRISPR Cas systems as tools in bladder reconstruction, bladder xenotransplantation and hybrid bladder with technologies of induced pluripotent stem cells and genome editing, bioprinting for bladder replacement for bladder reconstruction and to restore normal bladder control function after cystectomy for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xue Zeng
- Department of Health Management, Centre of General Practice, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 28, Desheng Road Section, Liguan Road, Lishui Town, Nanhai District, Foshan City, 528000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
- Benjoe Institute of Systems Bio-Engineering, High Technology Park, Changzhou, 213022, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuyan Wu
- Department of Health Management, Centre of General Practice, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 28, Desheng Road Section, Liguan Road, Lishui Town, Nanhai District, Foshan City, 528000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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2
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Smilde BJ, Botman E, de Vries TJ, de Vries R, Micha D, Schoenmaker T, Janssen JJWM, Eekhoff EMW. A Systematic Review of the Evidence of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation to Fibroblasts. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123063. [PMID: 36551819 PMCID: PMC9775738 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts have an important role in the maintenance of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues by producing and remodelling extracellular matrix proteins. They are indispensable for physiological processes, and as such also associate with many pathological conditions. In recent years, a number of studies have identified donor-derived fibroblasts in various tissues of bone marrow transplant recipients, while others could not replicate these findings. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of the current literature regarding the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into fibroblasts in various tissues. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (Core Collection) were systematically searched for original articles concerning fibroblast origin after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in collaboration with a medical information specialist. Our search found 5421 studies, of which 151 were analysed for full-text analysis by two authors independently, resulting in the inclusion of 104 studies. Only studies in animals and humans, in which at least one marker was used for fibroblast identification, were included. The results were described per organ of fibroblast engraftment. We show that nearly all mouse and human organs show evidence of fibroblasts of hematopoietic stem cell transfer origin. Despite significant heterogeneity in the included studies, most demonstrate a significant presence of fibroblasts of hematopoietic lineage in non-hematopoietic tissues. This presence appears to increase after the occurrence of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J. Smilde
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée Botman
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph de Vries
- Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elisabeth M. W. Eekhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-72-548-4444
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3
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Giri TK, Alexander A, Agrawal M, Saraf S, Saraf S, Ajazuddin. Current Status of Stem Cell Therapies in Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:117-126. [PMID: 29732992 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x13666180502103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a multi-disciplinary field such as material science, life science, and bioengineering that are necessary to make artificial tissue or rejuvenate damaged tissue. Numerous tissue repair techniques and substitute now exist even though it has several shortcomings; these shortcomings give a good reason for the continuous research for more acceptable tissue-engineered substitutes. The search for and use of a suitable stem cell in tissue engineering is a promising concept. Stem cells have a distinctive capability to differentiate and self-renew that make more suitable for cell-based therapies in tissue repair and regeneration. This review article focuses on stem cell for tissue engineering and their methods of manufacture with their application in nerve, bone, skin, cartilage, bladder, cardiac, liver tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Giri
- NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, 124 BL Saha Road, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India.,Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 490024, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 490024, India
| | - Mukta Agrawal
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 490024, India
| | - Swarnalata Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Shailendra Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India.,Durg University, Govt. Vasudev Vaman Patankar Girls' P.G. College Campus, Raipur Naka, Durg, Chhattisgarh 491001, India
| | - Ajazuddin
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 490024, India
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4
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Vardar E, Vythilingam G, Pinnagoda K, Engelhardt EM, Zambelli PY, Hubbell JA, Lutolf MP, Frey P, Larsson HM. A bioactive injectable bulking material; a potential therapeutic approach for stress urinary incontinence. Biomaterials 2019; 206:41-48. [PMID: 30925287 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a life changing condition, affecting 20 million women worldwide. In this study, we developed a bioactive, injectable bulking agent that consists of Permacol™ (Medtronic, Switzerland) and recombinant insulin like growth factor-1 conjugated fibrin micro-beads (fib_rIGF-1) for its bulk stability and capacity to induce muscle regeneration. Therefore, Permacol™ formulations were injected in the submucosal space of rabbit bladders. The ability of a bulking material to form a stable and muscle-inducing bulk represents for us a promising therapeutic approach to achieve a long-lasting treatment for SUI. The fib_rIGF-1 showed no adverse effect on human smooth muscle cell metabolic activity and viability in vitro based on AlamarBlue assays and Live/Dead staining. Three months after injection of fib_rIGF-1 together with Permacol™ into the rabbit bladder wall, we observed a smooth muscle tissue like formation within the injected materials. Positive staining for alpha smooth muscle actin, calponin, and caldesmon demonstrated a contractile phenotype of the newly formed smooth muscle tissue. Moreover, the fib_rIGF-1 treated group also improved the neovascularization at the injection site, confirmed by CD31 positive staining compared to bulks made of PermacolTM only. The results of this study encourage us to further develop this injectable, bioactive bulking material towards a future therapeutic approach for a minimal invasive and long-lasting treatment of SUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vardar
- Experimental Pediatric Urology, Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Pharmacobiology, Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Vythilingam
- Experimental Pediatric Urology, Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Pharmacobiology, Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Pinnagoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E M Engelhardt
- Experimental Pediatric Urology, Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Pharmacobiology, Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - P Y Zambelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J A Hubbell
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - M P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - P Frey
- Experimental Pediatric Urology, Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Pharmacobiology, Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - H M Larsson
- Experimental Pediatric Urology, Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Pharmacobiology, Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
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5
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Gallo F, Ninotta G, Schenone M, Cortese P, Giberti C. Advances in stem cell therapy for male stress urinary incontinence. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:293-300. [PMID: 30709326 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1578343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among the several options that have been proposed in recent years for the management of male stress urinary incontinence (SUI), stem cell therapy represents a new frontier in treatment. The aim of this paper is to update the current status of stem cell therapy in animal and human studies for the management of iatrogenic male SUI. AREAS COVERED A literature review was conducted based on MEDLINE/PubMed searches for English articles using a combination of the following keywords: stem cell therapy, urinary incontinence, prostatectomy, regenerative medicine, mesenchymal stem cells. EXPERT OPINION The few studies reported in the literature have demonstrated short-term safety and promising results of stem cell therapy in treating male SUI. However, many aspects need to be clarified before stem cell therapy can be introduced into daily urologic practice. In fact, important issues such as the limitations of these studies in terms of small sample sizes and short follow-ups, the incomplete knowledge of the mechanism of action of stem cells, the technical details regarding the delivery method and the best sources of stem cells, the safety risks regarding genomic or epigenetic changes and potential immune reactions in the longer term need to be identified in more stringent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Gallo
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Urology , San Paolo Hospital , Savona , Italy
| | - Gaetano Ninotta
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Urology , San Paolo Hospital , Savona , Italy
| | - Maurizio Schenone
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Urology , San Paolo Hospital , Savona , Italy
| | - Pierluigi Cortese
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Urology , San Paolo Hospital , Savona , Italy
| | - Claudio Giberti
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Urology , San Paolo Hospital , Savona , Italy
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6
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Mirzaei A, Saburi E, Islami M, Ardeshirylajimi A, Omrani MD, Taheri M, Moghadam AS, Ghafouri-Fard S. Bladder smooth muscle cell differentiation of the human induced pluripotent stem cells on electrospun Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanofibrous structure. Gene 2019; 694:26-32. [PMID: 30735717 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) regeneration plays an important role in retrieving the bladder-wall functionality and it can be achieved by a proper cell-co-polymer constructed by tissue engineering. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can be specifically prepared for the patient, was considered as cells in this study, and Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) as a most interesting polymer in biomedical applications was applied to the scaffold fabrication by electrospinning. After scaffold characterization, SMC differentiation potential of the human iPSCs was investigated while cultured on the PLGA nanofibrous scaffold by evaluation of the SMC related important gene and protein markers. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), Smooth muscle 22 alpha (SM-22a) as two early SMC markers were significantly up regulated either two and three weeks after differentiation induction in human iPSCs cultured on PLGA compared to those cells cultured on the tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). But Calponin-1, Caldesmon1 and myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression differences in human iPSCs cultured on PLGA and TCPS were significant only three weeks after differentiation induction based on its lately expression in the differentiation process. ASMA and MHC proteins were also considered for evaluation by immunocytochemistry on differentiated iPSCs whereas results showed higher expression of these proteins in stem cells grown on PLGA compared to the TCPS. According to the results, human iPSCs demonstrated a great SMC differentiation potential when grown on PLGA and it could be considered as a promising cell-co-polymer for use in bladder tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mirzaei
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ehsan Saburi
- Immunogenetics and Cell Culture Department, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Islami
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Ardeshirylajimi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Shapouri Moghadam
- Bu-Ali Research Institute, Department of Immunogenetics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Wnt-GSK3 β/ β-Catenin Regulates the Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells into Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8907570. [PMID: 30809265 PMCID: PMC6369468 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8907570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell- (SMC-) based tissue engineering provides a promising therapeutic strategy for SMC-related disorders. It has been demonstrated that human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) possess the potential to differentiate into mature bladder SMCs by induction with condition medium (CM) from bladder SMC culture, in combination with the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). However, the molecular mechanism of SMC differentiation from DPSCs has not been fully uncovered. The canonical Wnt signaling (also known as Wnt/β-catenin) pathway plays an essential role in stem cell fate decision. The aim of this study is to explore the regulation via GSK3β and associated downstream effectors for SMC differentiation from DPSCs. We characterized one of our DPSC clones with the best proliferation and differentiation abilities. This stem cell clone has shown the capacity to generate a smooth muscle layer-like phenotype after an extended differentiation duration using the SMC induction protocol we established before. We further found that Wnt-GSK3β/β-catenin signaling is involved in the process of SMC differentiation from DPSCs, as well as a serial of growth factors, including TGF-β1, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor-homodimer polypeptide of B chain (BB) (PDGF-BB), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Pharmacological inhibition on the canonical Wnt-GSK3β/β-catenin pathway significantly downregulated GSK3β phosphorylation and β-catenin activation, which in consequence reduced the augmented expression of the growth factors (including TGF-β1, HGF, PDGF-BB, and VEGF) as well as SMC markers (especially myosin) at a late stage of SMC differentiation. These results suggest that the canonical Wnt-GSK3β/β-catenin pathway contributes to DPSC differentiation into mature SMCs through the coordination of different growth factors.
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8
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Smolar J, Horst M, Sulser T, Eberli D. Bladder regeneration through stem cell therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:525-544. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1439013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Smolar
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Maya Horst
- Department of Urology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tulio Sulser
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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The utility of stem cells in pediatric urinary bladder regeneration. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:258-266. [PMID: 28915233 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric patients with a neurogenic urinary bladder, caused by developmental abnormalities including spina bifida, exhibit chronic urological problems. Surgical management in the form of enterocystoplasty is used to enlarge the bladder, but is associated with significant clinical complications. Thus, alternative methods to enterocystoplasty have been explored through the incorporation of stem cells with tissue engineering strategies. Within the context of this review, we will examine the use of bone marrow stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as they relate to bladder regeneration at the anatomic and molecular levels. The use of bone marrow stem cells has demonstrated significant advances in bladder tissue regeneration as multiple aspects of bladder tissue have been recapitulated including the urothelium, bladder smooth muscle, vasculature, and peripheral nerves. iPSCs, on the other hand, have been well characterized and used in multiple tissue-regenerative settings, yet iPSC research is still in its infancy with regards to bladder tissue regeneration with recent studies describing the differentiation of iPSCs to the bladder urothelium. Finally, we examine the role of the Sonic Hedgehog signaling cascade that mediates the proliferative response during regeneration between bladder smooth muscle and urothelium. Taken together, this review provides a current, comprehensive perspective on bladder regeneration.
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Yudintceva NM, Bogolyubova IO, Muraviov AN, Sheykhov MG, Vinogradova TI, Sokolovich EG, Samusenko IA, Shevtsov MA. Application of the allogenic mesenchymal stem cells in the therapy of the bladder tuberculosis. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1580-e1593. [PMID: 28990734 DOI: 10.1002/term.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Urogenital tuberculosis (TB) often leads to contraction of the bladder, a reduction of the urinary reservoir capacity, and, in the latest stage, to real microcystitis up to full obliteration. Bladder TB Stage 4 is unsuitable for conservative therapy, and cystectomy with subsequent enteroplasty is indicated. In this study, using a model of bladder TB in New Zealand rabbits, the therapeutic efficacy of the interstitial injection of autologous bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combined with standard anti-TB treatment in the restoration of the bladder function was demonstrated. For analysis of the MSC distribution in tissues, the latter were labelled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. In vitro studies demonstrated the high intracellular incorporation of nanoparticles and the absence of cytotoxicity on MSC viability and proliferation. A single-dose administration of MSCs into the bladder mucosal layer significantly reduced the wall deformation and inflammation and hindered the development of fibrosis, which was proven by the subsequent histological assay. Confocal microscopy studies of the bladder cryosections confirmed the presence of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-labelled MSCs in different bladder layers of the treated animals, thus indicating the role of stem cells in bladder regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Yudintceva
- Cell Technology Center, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina O Bogolyubova
- Cell Technology Center, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandr N Muraviov
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Magomed G Sheykhov
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana I Vinogradova
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgenii G Sokolovich
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Saint Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor A Samusenko
- Federal State Budgetary Institute «The Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine» (Ministry of Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maxim A Shevtsov
- Cell Technology Center, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia.,First I.P. Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Reconstructive urologists are constantly facing diverse and complex pathologies that require structural and functional restoration of urinary organs. There is always a demand for a biocompatible material to repair or substitute the urinary tract instead of using patient's autologous tissues with its associated morbidity. Biomimetic approaches are tissue-engineering tactics aiming to tailor the material physical and biological properties to behave physiologically similar to the urinary system. This review highlights the different strategies to mimic urinary tissues including modifications in structure, surface chemistry, and cellular response of a range of biological and synthetic materials. The article also outlines the measures to minimize infectious complications, which might lead to graft failure. Relevant experimental and preclinical studies are discussed, as well as promising biomimetic approaches such as three-dimensional bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa M Elsawy
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital, NHS Trust, University College London (UCL)
- Division of Reconstructive Urology, University College London Hospitals (uclh), London, UK
- Urology Department, School of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Achala de Mel
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital, NHS Trust, University College London (UCL)
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12
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Smolar J, Salemi S, Horst M, Sulser T, Eberli D. Stem Cells in Functional Bladder Engineering. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:328-335. [PMID: 27781020 PMCID: PMC5073506 DOI: 10.1159/000447977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditions impairing bladder function in children and adults, such as myelomeningocele, posterior urethral valves, bladder exstrophy or spinal cord injury, often need urinary diversion or augmentation cystoplasty as when untreated they may cause severe bladder dysfunction and kidney failure. Currently, the gold standard therapy of end-stage bladder disease refractory to conservative management is enterocystoplasty, a surgical enlargement of the bladder with intestinal tissue. Despite providing functional improvement, enterocystoplasty is associated with significant long-term complications, such as recurrent urinary tract infections, metabolic abnormalities, stone formation, and malignancies. Therefore, there is a strong clinical need for alternative therapies for these reconstructive procedures, of which stem cell-based tissue engineering (TE) is considered to be the most promising future strategy. This review is focused on the recent progress in bladder stem cell research and therapy and the challenges that remain for the development of a functional bladder wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Smolar
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Souzan Salemi
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maya Horst
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tullio Sulser
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Giberti C, Gallo F, Schenone M, Cortese P, Ninotta G. Stem Cell Therapy for Male Urinary Incontinence. Urol Int 2016; 90:249-52. [PMID: 23221307 DOI: 10.1159/000342415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among the medical and surgical options which have been proposed in the last years for the management of male stress urinary incontinence (SUI), stem cell therapy represents a new frontier treatment. The aim of this paper is to update the current status of stem cell therapy in animal and human studies for the management of iatrogenic male SUI. MATERIAL AND METHODS A PubMed review of the literature on stem cell therapy for the treatment of male SUI was performed. RESULTS Regarding animal studies, bone marrow-, muscle- and adipose-derived stem cells have been widely studied, showing regeneration of the urethral sphincter and recovery of the damaged pelvic nerves. With regard to human studies, only four papers are available in the literature using muscle- and adipose-derived stem cells which reported a significant improvement in sphincteric function and incontinence with no severe side effects. CONCLUSIONS In spite of these promising results, further studies are needed with longer follow-ups and larger numbers of patients in order to clarify the potential role of stem cell therapy for the treatment of male SUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giberti
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy
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Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells Differentiation from Dental Pulp Stem Cells: Future Potential for Bladder Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6979368. [PMID: 26880982 PMCID: PMC4736571 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6979368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into multiple cell lines, thus providing an alternative source of cell for tissue engineering. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) regeneration is a crucial step in tissue engineering of the urinary bladder. It is known that DPSCs have the potential to differentiate into a smooth muscle phenotype in vitro with differentiation agents. However, most of these studies are focused on the vascular SMCs. The optimal approaches to induce human DPSCs to differentiate into bladder SMCs are still under investigation. We demonstrate in this study the ability of human DPSCs to differentiate into bladder SMCs in a growth environment containing bladder SMCs-conditioned medium with the addition of the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). After 14 days of exposure to this medium, the gene and protein expression of SMC-specific marker (α-SMA, desmin, and calponin) increased over time. In particular, myosin was present in differentiated cells after 11 days of induction, which indicated that the cells differentiated into the mature SMCs. These data suggested that human DPSCs could be used as an alternative and less invasive source of stem cells for smooth muscle regeneration, a technology that has applications for bladder tissue engineering.
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Brun J, Lutz KA, Neumayer KMH, Klein G, Seeger T, Uynuk-Ool T, Wörgötter K, Schmid S, Kraushaar U, Guenther E, Rolauffs B, Aicher WK, Hart ML. Smooth Muscle-Like Cells Generated from Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Display Marker Gene Expression and Electrophysiological Competence Comparable to Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145153. [PMID: 26673782 PMCID: PMC4684225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) differentiated toward a smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype may provide an alternative for investigators interested in regenerating urinary tract organs such as the bladder where autologous smooth muscle cells cannot be used or are unavailable. In this study we measured the effects of good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant expansion followed by myogenic differentiation of human MSCs on the expression of a range of contractile (from early to late) myogenic markers in relation to the electrophysiological parameters to assess the functional role of the differentiated MSCs and found that differentiation of MSCs associated with electrophysiological competence comparable to bladder SMCs. Within 1-2 weeks of myogenic differentiation, differentiating MSCs significantly expressed alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA; ACTA2), transgelin (TAGLN), calponin (CNN1), and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC; MYH11) according to qRT-PCR and/or immunofluorescence and Western blot. Voltage-gated Na+ current levels also increased within the same time period following myogenic differentiation. In contrast to undifferentiated MSCs, differentiated MSCs and bladder SMCs exhibited elevated cytosolic Ca2+ transients in response to K+-induced depolarization and contracted in response to K+ indicating functional maturation of differentiated MSCs. Depolarization was suppressed by Cd2+, an inhibitor of voltage-gated Ca2+-channels. The expression of Na+-channels was pharmacologically identified as the Nav1.4 subtype, while the K+ and Ca2+ ion channels were identified by gene expression of KCNMA1, CACNA1C and CACNA1H which encode for the large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel BKCa channels, Cav1.2 L-type Ca2+ channels and Cav3.2 T-type Ca2+ channels, respectively. This protocol may be used to differentiate adult MSCs into smooth muscle-like cells with an intermediate-to-late SMC contractile phenotype exhibiting voltage-gated ion channel activity comparable to bladder SMCs which may be important for urological regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Brun
- Clinical Research Group KFO 273, Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin A. Lutz
- Clinical Research Group KFO 273, Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina M. H. Neumayer
- Clinical Research Group KFO 273, Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Klein
- Center for Medical Research, University Medical Clinic, Department II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Seeger
- Center for Medical Research, University Medical Clinic, Department II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tatiana Uynuk-Ool
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Laboratory for Molecular Biomechanics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Wörgötter
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Laboratory for Molecular Biomechanics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Schmid
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Department of Electrophysiology, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Udo Kraushaar
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Department of Electrophysiology, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Elke Guenther
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Department of Electrophysiology, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Laboratory for Molecular Biomechanics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm K. Aicher
- Clinical Research Group KFO 273, Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie L. Hart
- Clinical Research Group KFO 273, Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Laboratory for Molecular Biomechanics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Lilly MA, Kulkulka NA, Firmiss PR, Ross MJ, Flum AS, Santos GBD, Bowen DK, Dettman RW, Gong EM. The Murine Bladder Supports a Population of Stromal Sca-1+/CD34+/lin- Mesenchymal Stem Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141437. [PMID: 26540309 PMCID: PMC4634995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder fibrosis is an undesired end point of injury of obstruction and often renders the smooth muscle layer noncompliant. In many cases, the long-term effect of bladder fibrosis is renal failure. Despite our understanding of the progression of this disease, little is known about the cellular mechanisms that lead to a remodeled bladder wall. Resident stem (progenitor) cells have been identified in various organs such as the brain, heart and lung. These cells function normally during organ homeostasis, but become dysregulated after organ injury. Here, we aimed to characterize a mesenchymal progenitor cell population as a first step in understanding its role in bladder fibrosis. Using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), we identified a Sca-1+/ CD34+/ lin- (PECAM-: CD45-: Ter119-) population in the adult murine bladder. These cells were localized to the stromal layer of the adult bladder and appeared by postnatal day 1. Cultured Sca-1+/ CD34+/ lin- bladder cells self-renewed, formed colonies and spontaneously differentiated into cells expressing smooth muscle genes. These cells differentiated into other mesenchymal lineages (chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes) upon culture in induction medium. Both acute and partial obstruction of the bladder reduced expression of CD34 and changed localization of Sca-1 to the urothelium. Partial obstruction resulted in upregulation of fibrosis genes within the Sca-1+/CD34+/lin- population. Our data indicate a resident, mesenchymal stem cell population in the bladder that is altered by bladder obstruction. These findings provide new information about the cellular changes in the bladder that may be associated with bladder fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A. Lilly
- Developmental Biology, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Anne and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave. Box 225, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
| | - Natalie A. Kulkulka
- Developmental Biology, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Anne and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave. Box 225, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
| | - Paula R. Firmiss
- Developmental Biology, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Anne and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave. Box 225, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Ross
- Loyola University Health System, Department of Urology, 2160 S. First St., Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Flum
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, 303 E. Chicago Ave., 16–703, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
- Developmental Biology, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Anne and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave. Box 225, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
| | - Grace B. Delos Santos
- Loyola University Health System, Department of Urology, 2160 S. First St., Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Diana K. Bowen
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, 303 E. Chicago Ave., 16–703, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
- Developmental Biology, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Anne and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave. Box 225, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Dettman
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, 303 E. Chicago Ave., 16–703, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
- Developmental Biology, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Anne and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave. Box 225, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RWD); (EMG)
| | - Edward M. Gong
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, 303 E. Chicago Ave., 16–703, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
- Developmental Biology, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Anne and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave. Box 225, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RWD); (EMG)
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17
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Das A, Segar CE, Chu Y, Wang TW, Lin Y, Yang C, Du X, Ogle RC, Cui Q, Botchwey EA. Bioactive lipid coating of bone allografts directs engraftment and fate determination of bone marrow-derived cells in rat GFP chimeras. Biomaterials 2015; 64:98-107. [PMID: 26125501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone grafting procedures are performed to treat wounds incurred during wartime trauma, accidents, and tumor resections. Endogenous mechanisms of repair are often insufficient to ensure integration between host and donor bone and subsequent restoration of function. We investigated the role that bone marrow-derived cells play in bone regeneration and sought to increase their contributions by functionalizing bone allografts with bioactive lipid coatings. Polymer-coated allografts were used to locally deliver the immunomodulatory small molecule FTY720 in tibial defects created in rat bone marrow chimeras containing genetically-labeled bone marrow for monitoring cell origin and fate. Donor bone marrow contributed significantly to both myeloid and osteogenic cells in remodeling tissue surrounding allografts. FTY720 coatings altered the phenotype of immune cells two weeks post-injury, which was associated with increased vascularization and bone formation surrounding allografts. Consequently, degradable polymer coating strategies that deliver small molecule growth factors such as FTY720 represent a novel therapeutic strategy for harnessing endogenous bone marrow-derived progenitors and enhancing healing in load-bearing bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusuya Das
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Claire E Segar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yihsuan Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tiffany W Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yong Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Chunxi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xeujun Du
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Roy C Ogle
- School of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Quanjun Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Edward A Botchwey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Hart ML, Izeta A, Herrera-Imbroda B, Amend B, Brinchmann JE. Cell Therapy for Stress Urinary Incontinence. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:365-76. [PMID: 25789845 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Urinary incontinence (UI) is the involuntary loss of urine and is a common condition in middle-aged and elderly women and men. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is caused by leakage of urine when coughing, sneezing, laughing, lifting, and exercise, even standing leads to increased intra-abdominal pressure. Other types of UI also exist such as urge incontinence (also called overactive bladder), which is a strong and unexpected sudden urge to urinate, mixed forms of UI that result in symptoms of both urge and stress incontinence, and functional incontinence caused by reduced mobility, cognitive impairment, or neuromuscular limitations that impair mobility or dexterity. However, for many SUI patients, there is significant loss of urethral sphincter muscle due to degeneration of tissue, the strain and trauma of pregnancy and childbirth, or injury acquired during surgery. Hence, for individuals with SUI, a cell-based therapeutic approach to regenerate the sphincter muscle offers the advantage of treating the cause rather than the symptoms. We discuss current clinically relevant cell therapy approaches for regeneration of the external urethral sphincter (striated muscle), internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle), the neuromuscular synapse, and blood supply. The use of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells is a major step in the right direction, but they may not be enough for regeneration of all components of the urethral sphincter. Inclusion of other cell types or biomaterials may also be necessary to enhance integration and survival of the transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Hart
- 1 Clinical Research Group KFO 273, Department of Urology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ander Izeta
- 2 Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia , San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Bastian Amend
- 4 Department of Urology, University of Tübingen , Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jan E Brinchmann
- 5 Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- 6 Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
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19
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Mauney JR, Adam RM. Dynamic reciprocity in cell-scaffold interactions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:77-85. [PMID: 25453262 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering in urology has shown considerable promise. However, there is still much to understand, particularly regarding the interactions between scaffolds and their host environment, how these interactions regulate regeneration and how they may be enhanced for optimal tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the concept of dynamic reciprocity as applied to tissue engineering, i.e. how bi-directional signaling between implanted scaffolds and host tissues such as the bladder drives the process of constructive remodeling to ensure successful graft integration and tissue repair. The impact of scaffold content and configuration, the contribution of endogenous and exogenous bioactive factors, the influence of the host immune response and the functional interaction with mechanical stimulation are all considered. In addition, the temporal relationships of host tissue ingrowth, bioactive factor mobilization, scaffold degradation and immune cell infiltration, as well as the reciprocal signaling between discrete cell types and scaffolds are discussed. Improved understanding of these aspects of tissue repair will identify opportunities for optimization of repair that could be exploited to enhance regenerative medicine strategies for urology in future studies.
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20
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Lin HK, Madihally SV, Palmer B, Frimberger D, Fung KM, Kropp BP. Biomatrices for bladder reconstruction. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:47-63. [PMID: 25477305 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a demand for tissue engineering of the bladder needed by patients who experience a neurogenic bladder or idiopathic detrusor overactivity. To avoid complications from augmentation cystoplasty, the field of tissue engineering seeks optimal scaffolds for bladder reconstruction. Naturally derived biomaterials as well as synthetic and natural polymers have been explored as bladder substitutes. To improve regenerative properties, these biomaterials have been conjugated with functional molecules, combined with nanotechology, or seeded with exogenous cells. Although most studies reported complete and functional bladder regeneration in small-animal models, results from large-animal models and human clinical trials varied. For functional bladder regeneration, procedures for biomaterial fabrication, incorporation of biologically active agents, introduction of nanotechnology, and application of stem-cell technology need to be standardized. Advanced molecular and medical technologies such as next generation sequencing and magnetic resonance imaging can be introduced for mechanistic understanding and non-invasive monitoring of regeneration processes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Kung Lin
- Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sundar V Madihally
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 423 Engineering North, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Blake Palmer
- Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Dominic Frimberger
- Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Bradley P Kropp
- Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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21
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Song L, Murphy SV, Yang B, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Atala A. Bladder Acellular Matrix and Its Application in Bladder Augmentation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:163-72. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lujie Song
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Oriental Institute for Urologic Reconstruction, Shanghai, China
| | - Sean V. Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Bin Yang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuemin Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Oriental Institute for Urologic Reconstruction, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
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Abstract
PURPOSE To compare integration of bladder acellular matrix (BAM) with the bladder when seeded with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and when MSC are injected intravenously (IV). METHODS MSCs were isolated from bone marrow of EPM-1 Wistar male rats. Female rats were distributed into: Group A-BAM augmentation; Group B-BAM augmentation and MSCs IV administered; Group C-BAM-MSC seeded augmentation. Animals were killed on postoperative days 7, 14 and 28. Morphological analyses were performed using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome, in addition to immunohistochemical staining with α-SMA and neurofilament for assessment of tissue repair. RNAm expression of the SRY gene was used to mark MSCs in the rats killed on postoperative day 28. RESULTS The muscle layer was best repaired in Groups B and C. No difference in the repair of the urothelium in the animals in any of the three groups was found. Group B presented the smallest inflammatory reaction and the best neural repair on postoperative day 28. None of the animals examined had MSCs in their bladder graft. CONCLUSION The MSCs were able to improve repair of the muscle layer and when injected intravenously, they were noted to initiate the neuronal regeneration process.
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Vaegler M, DaSilva L, Benz K, Amend B, Mollenhauer J, Aicher W, Stenzl A, Sievert KD. Zellbasierte Therapie der Belastungsinkontinenz. Urologe A 2014; 53:354-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00120-013-3353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kanno Y, Mitsui T, Sano H, Kitta T, Moriya K, Nonomura K. Contribution of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the morphological changes in the bladder after partial outlet obstruction: A preliminary study. Int J Urol 2014; 21:714-8. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kanno
- Department of Urology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Takahiko Mitsui
- Department of Urology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sano
- Department of Urology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Takeya Kitta
- Department of Urology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kimihiko Moriya
- Department of Urology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Katsuya Nonomura
- Department of Urology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
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25
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Aicher WK, Hart ML, Stallkamp J, Klünder M, Ederer M, Sawodny O, Vaegler M, Amend B, Sievert KD, Stenzl A. Towards a Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: Application of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Regeneration of the Sphincter Muscle. J Clin Med 2014; 3:197-215. [PMID: 26237258 PMCID: PMC4449674 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence is a significant social, medical, and economic problem. It is caused, at least in part, by degeneration of the sphincter muscle controlling the tightness of the urinary bladder. This muscular degeneration is characterized by a loss of muscle cells and a surplus of a fibrous connective tissue. In Western countries approximately 15% of all females and 10% of males are affected. The incidence is significantly higher among senior citizens, and more than 25% of the elderly suffer from incontinence. When other therapies, such as physical exercise, pharmacological intervention, or electrophysiological stimulation of the sphincter fail to improve the patient’s conditions, a cell-based therapy may improve the function of the sphincter muscle. Here, we briefly summarize current knowledge on stem cells suitable for therapy of urinary incontinence: mesenchymal stromal cells, urine-derived stem cells, and muscle-derived satellite cells. In addition, we report on ways to improve techniques for surgical navigation, injection of cells in the sphincter muscle, sensors for evaluation of post-treatment therapeutic outcome, and perspectives derived from recent pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm K Aicher
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Melanie L Hart
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Jan Stallkamp
- FRAUNHOFER Institute, Klinikum Mannhein, Mannheim 68167, Germany.
| | - Mario Klünder
- Department for Systems Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Michael Ederer
- Department for Systems Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Oliver Sawodny
- Department for Systems Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Martin Vaegler
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Bastian Amend
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Karl D Sievert
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
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26
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Ghionzoli M, Repele A, Sartiani L, Costanzi G, Parenti A, Spinelli V, David AL, Garriboli M, Totonelli G, Tian J, Andreadis ST, Cerbai E, Mugelli A, Messineo A, Pierro A, Eaton S, De Coppi P. Human amniotic fluid stem cell differentiation along smooth muscle lineage. FASEB J 2013; 27:4853-65. [PMID: 23995291 PMCID: PMC6188351 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-218578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional smooth muscle engineering requires isolation and expansion of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and this process is particularly challenging for visceral smooth muscle tissue where progenitor cells have not been clearly identified. Herein we showed for the first time that efficient SMCs can be obtained from human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs). Clonal lines were generated from c-kit(+) hAFSCs. Differentiation toward SM lineage (SMhAFSCs) was obtained using a medium conditioned by PDGF-BB and TGF-β1. Molecular assays revealed higher level of α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), desmin, calponin, and smoothelin in SMhAFSCs when compared to hAFSCs. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that SMhAFSCs also presented in the cytoplasm increased intermediate filaments, dense bodies, and glycogen deposits like SMCs. SMhAFSC metabolism evaluated via mass spectrometry showed higher glucose oxidation and an enhanced response to mitogenic stimuli in comparison to hAFSCs. Patch clamp of transduced hAFSCs with lentiviral vectors encoding ZsGreen under the control of the α-SMA promoter was performed demonstrating that SMhAFSCs retained a smooth muscle cell-like electrophysiological fingerprint. Eventually SMhAFSCs contractility was evident both at single cell level and on a collagen gel. In conclusion, we showed here that hAFSCs under selective culture conditions are able to give rise to functional SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ghionzoli
- 2UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond St. Hospital for Children, 30 Guilford St., London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Shoae-Hassani A, Sharif S, Seifalian AM, Mortazavi-Tabatabaei SA, Rezaie S, Verdi J. Endometrial stem cell differentiation into smooth muscle cell: a novel approach for bladder tissue engineering in women. BJU Int 2013; 112:854-63. [PMID: 24028767 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate manufacturing smooth muscle cells (SMCs) for regenerative bladder reconstruction from differentiation of endometrial stem cells (EnSCs), as the recent discovery of EnSCs from the lining of women's uteri, opens up the possibility of using these cells for tissue engineering applications, such as building up natural tissue to repair prolapsed pelvic floors as well as building urinary bladder wall. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human EnSCs that were positive for cluster of differentiation 146 (CD146), CD105 and CD90 were isolated and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle/F12 medium supplemented with myogenic growth factors. The myogenic factors included: transforming growth factor β, platelet-derived growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Differentiated SMCs on bioabsorbable polyethylene-glycol and collagen hydrogels were checked for SMC markers by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot (WB) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) analyses. RESULTS Histology confirmed the growth of SMCs in the hydrogel matrices. The myogenic growth factors decreased the proliferation rate of EnSCs, but they differentiated the human EnSCs into SMCs more efficiently on hydrogel matrices and expressed specific SMC markers including α-smooth muscle actin, desmin, vinculin and calponin in RT-PCR, WB and ICC experiments. The survival rate of cultures on the hydrogel-coated matrices was significantly higher than uncoated cultures. CONCLUSIONS Human EnSCs were successfully differentiated into SMCs, using hydrogels as scaffold. EnSCs may be used for autologous bladder wall regeneration without any immunological complications in women. Currently work is in progress using bioabsorbable nanocomposite materials as EnSC scaffolds for developing urinary bladder wall tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shoae-Hassani
- Department of Stem cell and Tissue Engineering, Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine (RCSTiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Mazzanti B, Lorenzi B, Lorenzoni P, Borghini A, Boieri M, Lorenzi M, Santosuosso M, Bosi A, Saccardi R, Weber E, Pessina F. Treatment of experimental esophagogastric myotomy with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e669-79. [PMID: 23859028 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last 15 years, many studies demonstrated the myogenic regenerative potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC), making them an attractive tool for the regeneration of damaged tissues. In this study, we have developed an animal model of esophagogastric myotomy (MY) aimed at determining the role of autologous MSC in the regeneration of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) after surgery. METHODS Syngeneic BM-MSC were locally injected at the site of MY. Histological and functional analysis were performed to evaluate muscle regeneration, contractive capacity, and the presence of green fluorescent protein-positive BM-MSC (BM-MSC-GFP(+) ) in the damaged area at different time points from implantation. KEY RESULTS Treatment with syngeneic BM-MSC improved muscle regeneration and increased contractile function of damaged LES. Transplanted BM-MSC-GFP(+) remained on site up to 30 days post injection. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that MSC maintain their phenotype and no differentiation toward smooth or striated muscle was shown at any time point. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our data support the use of autologous BM-MSC to both improve sphincter regeneration of LES and to control the gastro-esophageal reflux after MY.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mazzanti
- Haematology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Kim JH, Lee SR, Song YS, Lee HJ. Stem cell therapy in bladder dysfunction: where are we? And where do we have to go? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:930713. [PMID: 24151627 PMCID: PMC3787556 DOI: 10.1155/2013/930713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To date, stem cell therapy for the bladder has been conducted mainly on an experimental basis in the areas of bladder dysfunction. The therapeutic efficacy of stem cells was originally thought to be derived from their ability to differentiate into various cell types. Studies about stem cell therapy for bladder dysfunction have been limited to an experimental basis and have been less focused than bladder regeneration. Bladder dysfunction was listed in MESH as "urinary bladder neck obstruction", "urinary bladder, overactive", and "urinary bladder, neurogenic". Using those keywords, several articles were searched and studied. The bladder dysfunction model includes bladder outlet obstruction, cryoinjured, diabetes, ischemia, and spinal cord injury. Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs), bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), and skeletal muscle derived stem cells (SkMSCs) are used for transplantation to treat bladder dysfunction. The main mechanisms of stem cells to reconstitute or restore bladder dysfunction are migration, differentiation, and paracrine effects. The aim of this study is to review the stem cell therapy for bladder dysfunction and to provide the status of stem cell therapy for bladder dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Heon Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang School of Medicine, Seoul 140-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seob Song
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang School of Medicine, Seoul 140-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jun Lee
- Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang School of Medicine, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Imamura M, Sugino Y, Long X, Slivano OJ, Nishikawa N, Yoshimura N, Miano JM. Myocardin and microRNA-1 modulate bladder activity through connexin 43 expression during post-natal development. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1819-26. [PMID: 23359472 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a pervasive clinical problem involving alterations in both neurogenic and myogenic activity. While there has been some progress in understanding neurogenic inputs to OAB, the mechanisms controlling myogenic bladder activity are unclear. We report the involvement of myocardin (MYOCD) and microRNA-1 (miR-1) in the regulation of connexin 43 (GJA1), a major gap junction in bladder smooth muscle, and the collective role of these molecules during post-natal bladder development. Wild-type (WT) mouse bladders showed normal development from early post-natal to adult including increases in bladder capacity and maintenance of normal sensitivity to cholinergic agents concurrent with down-regulation of MYOCD and several smooth muscle cell (SMC) contractile genes. Myocardin heterozygous-knockout mice exhibited reduced expression of Myocd mRNA and several SMC contractile genes concurrent with bladder SMC hypersensitivity that was mediated by gap junctions. In both cultured rat bladder SMC and in vivo bladders, MYOCD down-regulated GJA1 expression through miR-1 up-regulation. Interestingly, adult myocardin heterozygous-knockout mice showed normal increases in bladder and body weight but lower bladder capacity compared to WT mice. These results suggest that MYOCD down-regulates GJA1 expression via miR-1 up-regulation, thereby contributing to maintenance of normal sensitivity and development of bladder capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Imamura
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA.
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Do mesenchymal stem cells modulate the milieu of reconstructed bladder wall? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:483-93. [PMID: 23974130 PMCID: PMC3898129 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) influence on cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression in rat bladder wall regeneration. MSCs cultures from the bone marrow were established. Acellular matrices from the bladder submucosa were prepared. Bladders were reconstructed using cell-seeded (n = 5) and unseeded (n = 5) grafts. MSCs were injected into the bladder wall (n = 5), bladders were incised and MSCs were injected into the circulation (n = 5) or were left intact (n = 5). Animals were killed after 3 months. Bladder histology and immunohistochemical staining of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β1, IFN-γ, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were done. Bladders reconstructed with cell-seeded grafts mimicked native tissue, while unseeded grafts revealed shrinkage and morphological irregularities. There were no morphological changes in bladders of other groups. Different pattern of cytokine and MMP expression was observed. Increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and MMPs in bladder promotes detrusor regeneration.
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Nakatsu H, Ueno T, Oga A, Nakao M, Nishimura T, Kobayashi S, Oka M. Influence of mesenchymal stem cells on stomach tissue engineering using small intestinal submucosa. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:296-304. [PMID: 23913876 PMCID: PMC4409104 DOI: 10.1002/term.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is a biodegradable collagen-rich matrix containing functional growth factors. We have previously reported encouraging outcomes for regeneration of an artificial defect in the rodent stomach using SIS grafts, although the muscular layer was diminutive. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of SIS in conjunction with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for regeneration of the gastrointestinal tract. MSCs from the bone marrow of green fluorescence protein (GFP)-transgenic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were isolated and expanded ex vivo. A 1 cm whole-layer stomach defect in SD rats was repaired using: a plain SIS graft without MSCs (group 1, control); a plain SIS graft followed by intravenous injection of MSCs (group 2); a SIS graft co-cultured with MSCs (group 3); or a SIS sandwich containing an MSC sheet (group 4). Pharmacological, electrophysiological and immunohistochemical examination was performed to evaluate the regenerated stomach tissue. Contractility in response to a muscarinic receptor agonist, a nitric oxide precursor or electrical field stimulation was observed in all groups. SIS grafts seeded with MSCs (groups 3 and 4) appeared to support improved regeneration compared with SIS grafts not seeded with MSCs (groups 1 and 2), by enabling the development of well-structured smooth muscle layers of significantly increased length. GFP expression was detected in the regenerated interstitial tissue, with fibroblast-like cells in the seeded-SIS groups. SIS potently induced pharmacological and electrophysiological regeneration of the digestive tract, and seeded MSCs provided an enriched environment that supported tissue regeneration by the SIS graft in the engineered stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakatsu
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology (Department of Surgery II), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Liu Y, Deng B, Zhao Y, Xie S, Nie R. Differentiated markers in undifferentiated cells: expression of smooth muscle contractile proteins in multipotent bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:591-605. [PMID: 23557080 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In studying the differentiation of stem cells along smooth muscle lineage, smooth muscle cell (SMC) contractile proteins serve as markers for the relative state of maturation. Yet, recent evidence suggests that some SMC markers are probably expressed in multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Such a paradox necessitates investigations to re-examine their role as differentiated markers in MSCs. We tried to detect the expression of four widely used SMC markers including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), h1-calponin, desmin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), as well as the other isoforms of calponin family in resting MSCs. Then we used three different conditions to initiate MSCs differentiation along SMC lineage, and examined the alternation of SMC markers expression at both the transcript level and protein level. Desmin and h1-calponin are expressed in MSCs, in the presence or absence of SMC induction conditions. Moreover, MSCs are shown to express all known isoforms of calponin. Double-staining reveals that h1-calponin +/α-SMA - cells constitute the majority of resting MSCs. Under differentiated conditions, expression of SM-MHC was initiated and expression of α-SMA was promoted. The expression of SM-MHC and upregulation of α-SMA are relatively reliable indications of a mature smooth muscle phenotype in MSCs. Given that the cells are particularly rich in calponins expression, we postulate possible roles of these proteins in regulating cellular function by taking part in actin cytoskeleton and signaling. These findings imply that an extensive study of the cell physiology of MSCs should focus on the functional roles for these proteins, rather than simply regard them as differentiated markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guanghzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
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Nishikawa N, Kanematsu A, Negoro H, Imamura M, Sugino Y, Okinami T, Yoshimura K, Hashitani H, Ogawa O. PTHrP is endogenous relaxant for spontaneous smooth muscle contraction in urinary bladder of female rat. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2058-68. [PMID: 23546599 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Acute bladder distension causes various morphologic and functional changes, in part through altered gene expression. We aimed to investigate the physiologic role of PTHrP, which is up-regulated in an acute bladder distension model in female rats. In the control Empty group, bladders were kept empty for 6 hours, and in the Distension group, bladders were kept distended for 3 hours after an artificial storing-voiding cycle for 3 hours. In the Distention group bladder, up-regulation of transcripts was noted for 3 genes reported to be up-regulated by stretch in the cultured bladder smooth muscle cells in vitro. Further transcriptome analysis by microarray identified PTHrP as the 22nd highest gene up-regulated in Distension group bladder, among more than 27,000 genes. Localization of PTHrP and its functional receptor, PTH/PTHrP receptor 1 (PTH1R), were analyzed in the untreated rat bladders and cultured bladder cells using real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting, which revealed that PTH1R and PTHrP were more predominantly expressed in smooth muscle than in urothelium. Exogenous PTHrP peptide (1-34) increased intracellular cAMP level in cultured bladder smooth muscle cells. In organ bath study using bladder strips, the PTHrP peptide caused a marked reduction in the amplitude of spontaneous contraction but caused only modest suppression for carbachol-induced contraction. In in vivo functional study by cystometrogram, the PTHrP peptide decreased voiding pressure and increased bladder compliance. Thus, PTHrP is a potent endogenous relaxant of bladder contraction, and autocrine or paracrine mechanism of the PTHrP-PTH1R axis is a physiologically relevant pathway functioning in the bladder.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carbachol/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholinergic Agonists/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Immunoblotting
- In Vitro Techniques
- Muscle Contraction/genetics
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/genetics
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/metabolism
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/physiology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Urinary Bladder/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder/physiopathology
- Urinary Retention/genetics
- Urinary Retention/metabolism
- Urinary Retention/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Nishikawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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35
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Virarkar M, Alappat L, Bradford PG, Awad AB. L-Arginine and Nitric Oxide in CNS Function and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:1157-67. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.573885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Isolation and myogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for urologic tissue engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1001:65-80. [PMID: 23494421 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-363-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based tissue engineering is one of the most promising areas in biotechnology for restoring tissues and organ function in the urinary tract. Current strategies for bladder tissue engineering require a competent biological scaffold that is seeded in vitro with the patient's own bladder cells. This use of autologous cells avoids graft rejection and the long-term use of immunosuppressive medications usually required after allogeneic transplantation. However, suitable bladder cells from the patient are sometimes limited or unobtainable. When suitable cells are unavailable for seeding due to bladder exstrophy, malignancy, or other reasons, the use of other cell types originating from the patient may be an alternative. A suitable alternative to autologous bladder cells could be mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). MSC reside primarily in the bone marrow, although they exist in other sites as well, including adipose tissue, peripheral and cord blood, liver tissue, and fetal tissues. Bone marrow-derived stromal cell populations contain few MSC (one MSC in 10(4)-5 × 10(7) marrow cells), with the exact number depending on the age of the patient. Despite their limited numbers, MSC possess both the ability to self-renew for extended periods of time and the potential to differentiate into several different specialized cell types under the appropriate conditions. MSC are capable of expansion and tissue-specific differentiation in vitro based on external signals and/or the environment. There are different methodologies for induction and maintenance of a differentiated cell phenotype from MSC. For example, MSC can differentiate into a smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype in vitro when exposed to stimuli such as conditioned medium derived from SMC cultures or specific myogenic growth factors (PDGF-BB, HGF, TGF-β). These differential cells can migrate to a scaffold for differentiation into smooth muscle-like cells in vivo. Furthermore, stem cell-seeded scaffolds that are implanted into the bladders repopulate and reorganize the tissue rapidly, thus reducing fibrosis and restoring appropriate neural functionality.In this chapter, we describe the methods we use for the isolation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC), and demonstrate evidence of their myogenic differentiation capacity for potential use in urologic tissue engineering.
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Sano H, Mitsui T, Kanno Y, Moriya K, Tanaka H, Kitta T, Nonomura K. Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1α Induces Accumulation of Intraveneously Administered Marrow-Derived Stromal Cells in the Partially Obstructed Rat Bladder. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2012; 4:154-60. [PMID: 26676624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-5672.2012.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the time course of the stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF1α) expression and behavior of intravenously administered bone marrow-derived stromal (BMS) cells in the urinary bladder of partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) rats. METHODS Study 1: Recombinant SDF1α or saline was directly injected into the bladder wall of female rats followed by intravenous administration of BMS cells isolated from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rats. The bladder was examined with immunohistochemistry to determine whether SDF1α would enhance migration of BMS cells to the bladder. Study 2: Following surgery of PBOO or sham in female rats, bladders were removed on days 1-14, and expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and SDF1α were examined with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine if PBOO preferentially increased their expression. Study 3: Female rats underwent PBOO or sham surgery followed by intravenous administration of GFP-positive BMS cells. Bladders were examined with immunohistochemistry on days 1-14 to determine whether BMS cells preferentially accumulated in the bladder. RESULTS BMS cells were accumulated in the injection site of SDF1α but not saline in the bladder. SDF1α and HIF1α increased at day 1 after PBOO compared to sham. More BMS cells accumulated in the bladder of PBOO on day 1, and some BMS cells expressed smooth muscle phenotypes by day 14. CONCLUSION SDF1α induced with ischemia/hypoxia due to PBOO is implicated in the accumulation of BMS cells in the bladder and regeneration of the bladder for PBOO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sano
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Mitsui
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kanno
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Moriya
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeya Kitta
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
Urinary diversion after radical cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer normally takes the form of an ileal conduit or neobladder. However, such diversions are associated with a number of complications including increased risk of infection. A plausible alternative is the construction of a neobladder (or bladder tissue) in vitro using autologous cells harvested from the patient. Biomaterials can be used as a scaffold for naturally occurring regenerative stem cells to latch onto to regrow the bladder smooth muscle and epithelium. Such engineered tissues show great promise in urologic tissue regeneration, but are faced with a number of challenges. For example, the differentiation mesenchymal stem cells from various sources can be difficult and the smooth muscle cells formed do not precisely mimic the natural cells.
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Zhao L, Hantash BM. TGF-β1 regulates differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 87:127-41. [PMID: 22127241 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386015-6.00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are a small population of stromal cells present in most adult connective tissues, such as bone marrow, fat tissue, and umbilical cord blood. MSCs are maintained in a relative state of quiescence in vivo but, in response to a variety of physiological and pathological stimuli, are capable of proliferating then differentiating into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, or other mesoderm-type lineages like smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and cardiomyocytes. Multiple signaling networks orchestrate MSCs differentiating into functional mesenchymal lineages. Among these, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has emerged as a key player. Hence, we summarize the effects of TGF-β1 on differentiation of MSCs toward different lineages. TGF-β1 can induce either chondrogenic or SMC differentiation of MSCs in vitro. However, it requires cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, similar to development of these tissues in vivo. The effect of TGF-β1-regulated osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro depends on the specific culture conditions involved. TGF-β1 inhibits adipogenic differentiation of MSCs in monolayer culture. Using this information, we may optimize the culture conditions to differentiate MSCs into desired lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longmei Zhao
- Escape Therapeutics, Inc., San Jose, California, USA
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40
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Antoon R, Yeger H, Loai Y, Islam S, Farhat WA. Impact of bladder-derived acellular matrix, growth factors, and extracellular matrix constituents on the survival and multipotency of marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:72-83. [PMID: 21972045 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of bladder-derived acellular matrix (ACM) on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) growth, survival, and differentiation, and evaluate the effect of collagen I and IV on BM-MSC differentiation potential to SMC. BM-MSCs isolated from CD1(_) mice were characterized by surface markers and differentiation into different lineages. BM-MSC SMC potential was further evaluated in stem cell medium alone or supplemented with TGF-β1 and recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) on plastic, collagen I and IV using western blot. Furthermore, BM-MSCs were seeded on porcine derived ACM-fortified with hyaluronic acid and cultured in Mesencult+-growth factors, bone, or fat induction media for 3 weeks. Seeded constructs were evaluated by H&E, Ki67 assay, Oil red O, and Alizarin red stain. SMC differentiation was semiquantified via immunohistochemistry. BM-MSCs differentiated into fat and bone when induced. In Mesencult, BM-MSCs differentiated into SMC, expressing α-SMA, calponin, and MHC. BM-MSCs cultured on collagen I and IV reduced expression of SMC and MHC compared to plastic. On ACM-HA, BM-MSCs maintained multipotent state by differentiating to bone and fat when induced. In Mesencult, BM-MSC-seeded ACM-HA expressed α-SMA, calponin, and MHC. TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB enhanced SMC differentiation on collagens and ACM-HA. SMC proteins expression by BM-MSC varies depending on culture substrate. SMC markers are expressed higher on plastic and lower on collagen I, IV, and ACM-HA, suggesting these substrates preferentially maintain undifferentiated state of BM-MSC, which could be advantageous for incorporation of cell-seeded grafts to permit host modulation of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roula Antoon
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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41
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Sharma AK, Bury MI, Marks AJ, Fuller NJ, Meisner JW, Tapaskar N, Halliday LC, Matoka DJ, Cheng EY. A nonhuman primate model for urinary bladder regeneration using autologous sources of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2011; 29:241-50. [PMID: 21732482 DOI: 10.1002/stem.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal models that have been used to examine the regenerative capacity of cell-seeded scaffolds in a urinary bladder augmentation model have ultimately translated poorly in the clinical setting. This may be due to a number of factors including cell types used for regeneration and anatomical/physiological differences between lower primate species and their human counterparts. We postulated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could provide a cell source for partial bladder regeneration in a newly described nonhuman primate bladder (baboon) augmentation model. Cell-sorted CD105(+) /CD73(+) /CD34(-) /CD45(-) baboon MSCs transduced with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were seeded onto small intestinal submucosa (SIS) scaffolds. Baboons underwent an approximate 40%-50% cystectomy followed by augmentation cystoplasty with the aforementioned scaffolds or controls and finally enveloped with omentum. Bladders from sham, unseeded SIS, and MSC/SIS scaffolds were subjected to trichrome, H&E, and immunofluorescent staining 10 weeks postaugmentation. Immunofluorescence staining for muscle markers combined with an anti-GFP antibody revealed that >90% of the cells were GFP(+) /muscle marker(+) and >70% were GFP(+) /Ki-67(+) demonstrating grafted cells were present and actively proliferating within the grafted region. Trichrome staining of MSC/SIS-augmented bladders exhibited typical bladder architecture and quantitative morphometry analyses revealed an approximate 32% and 52% muscle to collagen ratio in unseeded versus seeded animals, respectively. H&E staining revealed a lack of infiltration of inflammatory cells in grafted animals and in corresponding kidneys and ureters. Simple cystometry indicated recovery between 28% and 40% of native bladder capacity. Data demonstrate MSC/SIS composites support regeneration of bladder tissue and validate this new bladder augmentation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Sharma
- Division of Pediatric Urology; Children's Memorial Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Reddy NP, Miyamoto S, Araki K, Liu T, Feldman M, O'Malley BW, Li D. A novel orthotopic mouse model of head and neck cancer with molecular imaging. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:1202-7. [PMID: 21480280 DOI: 10.1002/lary.21794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Our goal was to develop a noninvasive, dynamic imaging method that would further the understanding of head and neck cancer (HNC) tumor growth and local spreading. We developed a novel orthotopic mouse model of HNC with a stable cell line expressing a red fluorescent protein gene to compare a molecular imaging tumor quantification with traditional caliper measurement. METHODS An HNC-tdT stable cell line expressing the tdTomato gene was established, which were injected into the floor of the mouth of nude mice. Tumor growth was constantly monitored using molecular imaging for up to 35 days. The tumors were further evaluated by histologic examination. RESULTS Established tumors consistently expressed fluorescent signals that were successfully imaged by molecular imaging during the study. Initial tumor development was detected earlier than caliper measurement would allow. The fluorescent signal quantities of tumors detected by the imaging correlated with the tumor sizes measured by calipers. CONCLUSIONS This novel animal model represents an orthotopic human HNC model. The tumor can be detected earlier with molecular imaging than by conventional external caliper measurement. Unlike surgical measurement, the tumor can be quantified without disturbing the tumor environment. This model has significant potential for HNC oncologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant P Reddy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Cameron AR, Frith JE, Cooper-White JJ. The influence of substrate creep on mesenchymal stem cell behaviour and phenotype. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5979-93. [PMID: 21621838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are capable of probing and responding to the mechanical properties of their substrate. Although most biological and synthetic matrices are viscoelastic materials, previous studies have primarily focused upon substrate compressive modulus (rigidity), neglecting the relative contributions that the storage (elastic) and loss (viscous) moduli make to the summed compressive modulus. In this study we aimed to isolate and identify the effects of the viscous component of a substrate on hMSC behaviour. Using a polyacrlyamide gel system with constant compressive modulus and varying loss modulus we determined that changes to substrate loss modulus substantially affected hMSC morphology, proliferation and differentiation potential. In addition, we showed that the effect of substrate loss modulus on hMSC behaviour is due to a reduction in both passive and actively generated isometric cytoskeletal tension caused by the inherent creep of substrates with a high loss modulus. These findings highlight substrate creep, or more explicitly substrate loss modulus, as an important mechanical property of a biomaterial system that can be tailored to encourage the growth and differentiation of specific cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Cameron
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Building 75-Cnr of College and Cooper Road, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Basu J, Genheimer CW, Guthrie KI, Sangha N, Quinlan SF, Bruce AT, Reavis B, Halberstadt C, Ilagan RM, Ludlow JW. Expansion of the human adipose-derived stromal vascular cell fraction yields a population of smooth muscle-like cells with markedly distinct phenotypic and functional properties relative to mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:843-60. [PMID: 21595545 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue contains a heterogeneous cell population composed of endothelial cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and mesenchymal progenitors and stromal cells that meet the criteria put forth by the International Society for Cellular Therapy as defining mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). In this study, we expanded the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of human adipose tissue and characterized the resulting adherent primary cell cultures by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, antigen expression, protein fingerprinting, growth kinetics, in vitro tri-lineage differentiation bioactivity, and functional responses to small molecules modulating SMC-related developmental pathways and compared the results to those obtained with functionally validated MSC cultures. SVF-derived initial cultures (P0) were expanded in a defined medium that was not optimized for MSC growth conditions, neither were recombinant cytokines or growth factors added to the media to direct differentiation. The adherent cell cultures derived from SVF expansion under these conditions had markedly distinct phenotypic and biological properties relative to functionally validated MSC cultures. SVF-derived adherent cell cultures retained characteristics consistent with the SMC subpopulation within adipose tissue--phenotype, gene, and protein expression--that were independent of passage number and source of SVF (n=4 independent donors). SVF-derived cells presented significantly less robust in vitro tri-lineage differentiation bioactivity relative to validated MSC. Expanded SVF cells and MSC had opposite responses to the thromboxane A2 mimetic U46619, demonstrating an unambiguous functional distinction between the two cell types. Taken together, these data support the conclusions that SVF cells expanded under the conditions described in these studies are accurately described as adipose-derived SMC and represent a cellular subpopulation of adipose SVF that is separate and distinct from other classes of adipose-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Basu
- Bioprocess Research and Assay Development, Tengion Inc., Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103, USA.
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Negoro H, Kanematsu A, Imamura M, Kimura Y, Matsuoka R, Tanaka M, Tabata Y, Ogawa O. Regulation of connexin 43 by basic fibroblast growth factor in the bladder: transcriptional and behavioral implications. J Urol 2011; 185:2398-404. [PMID: 21511298 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Basic fibroblast growth factor is a candidate causative factor of detrusor overactivity in bladder outlet obstruction cases through up-regulation of the gap junction protein connexin 43. We addressed the transcriptional and behavioral implications of this axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cx43 and Cx45 mRNA expression was assessed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in the bladder of a rat bladder outlet obstruction model and in cultured rat bladder smooth muscle cells with and without basic fibroblast growth factor treatment. Involvement of the extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2-activator protein-1 pathway was evaluated by immunofluorescence study and a promoter-reporter assay in bladder smooth muscle cells. The effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on micturition behavior was measured in unrestrained rats under a 12-hour light/dark cycle using a controlled release system from gelatin hydrogels fixed on the bladder. The expression of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 and connexin 43 protein was assessed by Western blotting of rat bladder protein. RESULTS Cx43 but not Cx45 mRNA expression was increased in the bladder of the obstruction model and in bladder smooth muscle cells treated with basic fibroblast growth factor. The mitogen-activated and extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059 blocked the stimulatory effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on connexin 43 protein expression and promoter activity, which was also decreased by mutation or deletion of an activator protein-1 cis-element of the connexin 43 promoter. In vivo application of basic fibroblast growth factor on the bladder increased urinary frequency during the latter half of the dark phase, ie the late active phase of rats (F = 5.1, 2-way ANOVA p <0.05). The expression of phospho-extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 and connexin 43 protein was increased in the bladder. CONCLUSIONS The extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2-activator protein-1-connexin 43 axis could be a potential therapeutic target for increased urinary frequency.
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Basu J, Genheimer C, Guthrie KI, Sangha N, Quinlan SF, Bruce AT, Reavis B, Halberstadt CR, Ilagan R, Ludlow JW. Expansion of the Human Adipose-derived Stromal Vascular Cell Fraction Yields a Population of Smooth Muscle-like Cells with Markedly Distinct Phenotypic and Functional Properties Relative to Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is highly prevalent. As of now, there is no minimally invasive long-term treatment available. Adult stem cells are nonimmunogenic and have the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into multiple cell types. Over the past decade, in vivo studies have described periurethral injections of adult-derived stem cells for the treatment of SUI. The ultimate goal has been to achieve a permanent cure for SUI by restoration of the intrinsic and extrinsic urethral sphincter and the surrounding connective tissue, including peripheral nerves and blood vessels. For this purpose, future studies need to focus on delivery systems, cell survival, and functional improvement of the urethral closure mechanism, including improvement of innervation and vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Staack
- UCLA School of Medicine, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite 240, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Larissa V. Rodríguez
- UCLA School of Medicine, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite 240, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Culture media for the differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:463-77. [PMID: 20688199 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can be isolated from various tissues such as bone marrow aspirates, fat or umbilical cord blood. These cells have the ability to proliferate in vitro and differentiate into a series of mesoderm-type lineages, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, myocytes and vascular cells. Due to this ability, MSCs provide an appealing source of progenitor cells which may be used in the field of tissue regeneration for both research and clinical purposes. The key factors for successful MSC proliferation and differentiation in vitro are the culture conditions. Hence, we here summarize the culture media and their compositions currently available for the differentiation of MSCs towards osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle phenotypes. However, optimal combination of growth factors, cytokines and serum supplements and their concentration within the media is essential for the in vitro culture and differentiation of MSCs and thereby for their application in advanced tissue engineering.
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Drzewiecki BA, Thomas JC, Tanaka ST. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: current and future applications in the urinary bladder. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2010:765167. [PMID: 21253479 PMCID: PMC3022195 DOI: 10.4061/2010/765167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from almost any adult tissue. In this paper we focus on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells which have captured the interest of researchers since their introduction because of the promising potential of tissue regeneration and repair. They are known for their ability to self-renew and differentiate into diverse lineages while maintaining low immunogenicity. The exact mechanisms behind how these cells work still remain unclear, and there is a continuing shift in the paradigms that support them. There has been extensive research in multiple organ systems; however, the genitorurinary system has been vastly underrepresented. This article discusses the background behind bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and they are currently being applied to the urinary bladder in the realm of tissue engineering. We also postulate on their future applications based on the current literature in other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Drzewiecki
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Monroe Carell, Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John C. Thomas
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Monroe Carell, Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stacy T. Tanaka
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Monroe Carell, Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Loai Y, Yeger H, Coz C, Antoon R, Islam SS, Moore K, Farhat WA. Bladder tissue engineering: tissue regeneration and neovascularization of HA-VEGF-incorporated bladder acellular constructs in mouse and porcine animal models. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:1205-15. [PMID: 20694987 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Successful tissue engineering requires appropriate recellularization and vascularization. Herein, we assessed the regenerative and angiogenic effects of porcine bladder acellular matrix (ACM) incorporated with hyaluronic acid (HA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mouse and porcine models. Prepared HA-ACMs were rehydrated in different concentrations of VEGF (1, 2, 3, 10, and 50 ng/g ACM). Grafts were implanted in mice peritoneum in situ for 1 week. Angiogenesis was quantified with CD31 and Factor VIII immunostaining using Simple PCI. Selected optimal VEGF concentration that induced maximum vascularization was then used in porcine bladder augmentation model. Implants were left in for 4 and 10 weeks. Three groups of six pigs each were implanted with ACM alone, HA-ACM, and HA-VEGF-ACM. Histological, immunohistochemical (Uroplakin III, alpha-SMA, Factor VIII), and immunofluorescence (CD31) analysis were performed to assess graft regenerative capacity and angiogenesis. In mouse model, statistically significant increase in microvascular density was demonstrated in the 2 ng/g ACM group. When this concentration was used in porcine model, recellularization increased significantly from weeks 4 to 10 in HA-VEGF-ACM, with progressive decrease in fibrosis. Significantly increased vascularization, coupled with increased urothelium and smooth muscle cell (SMC) regeneration, was observed in HA-VEGF grafts at week 10 in the center and periphery, compared with week 4. HA-VEGF grafts displayed highest in vivo epithelialization, neovascularization, and SMCs regeneration. A total of 2 ng/g tissue VEGF when incorporated with HA proved effective in stimulating robust graft recellularization and vascularization, coordinated with increased urothelial bladder development and SMC augmentation into bundles by week 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Loai
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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