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Ayala G, Frolov A, Chatterjee D, He D, Hilsenbeck S, Ittmann M. Expression of ERG protein in prostate cancer: variability and biological correlates. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:277-87. [PMID: 25972242 PMCID: PMC4432248 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death of men in the USA. The TMPRSS2/ERG (T/E) fusion gene is present in approximately 50% of prostate cancers and promotes tumor progression in vivo. The presence of the T/E fusion gene is strongly associated with the expression of ERG protein, but emerging evidence indicates a significant interfocal and intrafocal variability in the levels of ERG protein expression. We therefore analyzed ERG protein expression by image analysis to objectively quantitate the extent of such heterogeneity, and confirmed significant interfocal and intrafocal variability of ERG protein expression levels in cancer expressing ERG. To define the pathways associated with ERG and its variable expression in prostate cancer, we have analyzed the correlations of ERG expression, as evaluated by immunohistochemistry, with 46 key proteins associated with signal transduction, transcriptional control, and other processes using a large tissue microarray with more than 500 prostate cancers. We found a significant correlation of ERG expression with the markers of activation of the PI3K, MYC, and NFκB pathways, which had previously been linked directly or indirectly to ERG expression. We have also identified significant correlations with novel proteins that have not been previously linked to ERG expression, including serum response factor, the p160 coactivator SRC1, and Sprouty1. Notably, SKP2 only correlated with a high level of ERG protein expression. Thus ERG expression is variable in prostate cancer and is associated with activation of multiple pathways and proteins including several potentially targetable pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ayala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Anna Frolov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dandan He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Susan Hilsenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Funagayama M, Kondo K, Chijiiwa K, Kataoka H. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma and postoperative outcomes. World J Surg 2011; 34:1563-71. [PMID: 20213201 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-010-0517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1), one of the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors, has an important role in cancer progression through regulation of the activity of hepatocyte growth factor. HAI-1 is expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to various degrees. Investigation of the relationship between HAI-1 expression and clinicopathological features of HCC may contribute to improved treatment outcomes for HCC through understanding the mechanism of tumor progression or improvement in the prediction of tumor malignancy. METHODS The study included 121 HCC patients treated surgically from 1996 to 2005. We performed immunohistological examination for HAI-1 in resected HCC specimens by use of anti-human HAI-1 monoclonal antibody. Clinicopathological features, including postoperative overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates, were compared between the immunoreaction positive and negative groups. RESULTS The immunoreaction positive group included 38 patients (31%), and the negative group included 83 patients (69%). OS and DFS rates were significantly higher in the HAI-1 negative group than in the positive group. HAI-1 positivity related to multiplicity, vascular invasion, and characteristics of advanced tumor stage. In multivariate analysis, expression of HAI-1 was a significant independent prognostic tumor factor. CONCLUSIONS Expression of HAI-1 in HCC cells is associated with poor prognosis for HCC patients. HAI-1 may be important in HCC progression and may be a new prognostic factor for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Funagayama
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Regulation of Organ Function, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
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Yasuda K, Nagakawa O, Akashi T, Fujiuchi Y, Koizumi K, Komiya A, Saiki I, Fuse H. Serum active hepatocyte growth factor (AHGF) in benign prostatic disease and prostate cancer. Prostate 2009; 69:346-51. [PMID: 19021204 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is secreted as an inactive single-chain precursor called pro-HGF. Pro-HGF is converted to an active two-chain form by HGF activator and matriptase. We attempted to clarify whether serum levels of active HGF (AHGF) could be used as a marker of prostate cancer. METHODS Serum levels of AHGF and total HGF (THGF; pro-HGF + AHGF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 38 patients with benign prostatic disease and 160 patients with prostate cancer. RESULTS Serum levels of AHGF in patients with untreated prostate cancer (0.37 +/- 0.12 ng/ml) were significantly higher than those in patients with benign prostatic disease (0.28 +/- 0.08 ng/ml) (P = 0.0001). Serum AHGF levels were increased in patients with stage D or D3 compared with stage B. In addition, there were significant differences in serum AHGF levels between patients with well-differentiated and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the mean serum AHGF/THGF ratio in patients with stage D3 prostate cancer was significantly higher than that in patients with stage B. CONCLUSIONS AHGF may be a potential tumor marker for prostate cancer. Further studies in large groups of patients are needed to define the clinical value of AHGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yasuda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Japan.
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Miyata S, Fukushima T, Kohama K, Tanaka H, Takeshima H, Kataoka H. Roles of Kunitz domains in the anti-invasive effect of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 in human glioblastoma cells. Hum Cell 2008; 20:100-6. [PMID: 17949349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-0774.2007.00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) is a membrane-bound serine proteinase inhibitor having two extracellular Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor domains (KD) namely KD-1 and KD-2. It efficiently inhibits hepatocyte growth factor activator, matriptase, hepsin, prostasin and trypsin. We have previously reported that the expression of HAI-1 suppresses the in vitro invasive capability of human glioblastoma cells. In this study we examined the role of each KD in the anti-invasive effect of HAI-1. Engineered over-expression of the mature membrane-form HAI-1 suppressed in vitro fibrin gel invasion of two human glioblastoma cell lines, U251 and YKG-1. The migratory activity on type IV collagen was also suppressed by the HAI-1 expression. These effects were not affected by the deletion of intracytoplasmic domain of HAI-1. A truncated secreted form of HAI-1 also suppressed in vitro invasion of the cells, indicating that the extracellular portion of HAI-1 was responsible for the anti-invasive effect. To determine the roles of each KD in the anti-invasive effect of HAI-1 in vitro, we constructed expression plasmids for HAI-1 with or without mutation at the P1 position of the reactive site of each KD. The results revealed that the proteinase inhibitor activity of N-terminal KD (KD-1) is responsible for the anti-invasion effect of HAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Miyata
- Section of Neursurgery, Department of Neuroscience and Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Facullty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Suzuki K, Nakamura K, Kato K, Hamada H, Tsukamoto T. Exploration of target molecules for prostate cancer gene therapy. Prostate 2007; 67:1163-73. [PMID: 17516570 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focusing on Adv-FZ33, a modified adenovirus in which a synthetic 33-amino-acid immunoglobulin G-binding domain was inserted into the adenoviral fiber protein, we tried to identify suitable target molecules for prostate cancer-specific gene therapy. METHODS Hybridomas were established from mice immunized with prostate cancer cell lines. The hybridomas were screened using Adv-FZ33 to create monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that induced high gene transfer efficiency for PC-3 cells. Furthermore, we identified target antigens of the mAbs by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, and investigated the expression of target molecules by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Using Adv-FZ33, we established four different mouse mAbs that increased transduction efficiency for PC-3. The target antigens identified were Ep-CAM, CD155, HAI-1, and Na,K-ATPase beta1. These antigens were expressed in several cancer cell lines, including prostate cancer. Human prostatic myofibroblast cells lacked expression of Ep-CAM and HAI-1. CONCLUSIONS We established anti-Ep-CAM mAb and anti- HAI-1 mAbs. Gene transduction via Ep-CAM and HAI-1 may be a novel strategy for treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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De Marzo AM, Platz EA, Sutcliffe S, Xu J, Grönberg H, Drake CG, Nakai Y, Isaacs WB, Nelson WG. Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:256-69. [PMID: 17384581 PMCID: PMC3552388 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1128] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
About 20% of all human cancers are caused by chronic infection or chronic inflammatory states. Recently, a new hypothesis has been proposed for prostate carcinogenesis. It proposes that exposure to environmental factors such as infectious agents and dietary carcinogens, and hormonal imbalances lead to injury of the prostate and to the development of chronic inflammation and regenerative 'risk factor' lesions, referred to as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA). By developing new experimental animal models coupled with classical epidemiological studies, genetic epidemiological studies and molecular pathological approaches, we should be able to determine whether prostate cancer is driven by inflammation, and if so, to develop new strategies to prevent the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo M De Marzo
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Bethel CR, Faith D, Li X, Guan B, Hicks JL, Lan F, Jenkins RB, Bieberich CJ, De Marzo AM. Decreased NKX3.1 protein expression in focal prostatic atrophy, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and adenocarcinoma: association with gleason score and chromosome 8p deletion. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10683-90. [PMID: 17108105 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NKX3.1 is a homeobox gene located at chromosome 8p21.2, and one copy is frequently deleted in prostate carcinoma. Prior studies of NKX3.1 mRNA and protein in human prostate cancer and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) have been conflicting, and expression in focal prostate atrophy lesions has not been investigated. Immunohistochemical staining for NKX3.1 on human tissue microarrays was decreased in most focal atrophy and PIN lesions. In carcinoma, staining was inversely correlated with Gleason grade. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that no cases of atrophy had loss or gain of 8p, 8 centromere, or 8q24 (C-MYC) and only 12% of high-grade PIN lesions harbored loss of 8p. By contrast, NKX3.1 staining in carcinoma was correlated with 8p loss and allelic loss was inversely related to Gleason pattern. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR for NKX3.1 mRNA using microdissected atrophy revealed a concordance with protein in five of seven cases. In carcinoma, mRNA levels were decreased in 6 of 12 cases but mRNA levels correlated with protein levels in only 4 of 12 cases, indicating translational or post-translational control. In summary, NKX3.1 protein is reduced in focal atrophy and PIN but is not related to 8p allelic loss in these lesions. Therefore, whereas genetic disruption of NKX3.1 in mice leads to PIN, nongenetic mechanisms reduce NKX3.1 protein levels early in human prostate carcinogenesis, which may facilitate both proliferation and DNA damage in atrophic and PIN cells. Monoallelic deletions on chromosome 8p are associated with more advanced invasive and aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlise R Bethel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Knudsen BS, Miranti CK. The impact of cell adhesion changes on proliferation and survival during prostate cancer development and progression. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99:345-61. [PMID: 16676354 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the normal prostate epithelium, androgen receptor (AR) negative basal epithelial cells adhere to the substratum, while AR expressing secretory cells lose substratum adhesion. In contrast, prostate cancer cells both express AR and adhere to a tumor basement membrane. In this review, we describe the differential expression of integrins, growth factor receptors (GFRs), and AR in normal and cancerous epithelium. In addition, we discuss how signals from integrins, GFRs, and AR are integrated to regulate the proliferation and survival of normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells. While cell adhesion is likely of great importance when considering therapeutic approaches for treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, no data on integrin expression are available from tissues of prostate cancer metastasis. However, several drug targets that are upregulated after androgen ablative therapy regulate cell adhesion and thus novel targeted therapies indirectly interfere with cell adhesion mechanisms in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice S Knudsen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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