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Tran NH, Mosa FES, Barakat K, El-Kadi AOS, Whittal R, Siraki AG. Comparing the oxidative functions of neutrophil myeloperoxidase and cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 392:110942. [PMID: 38458309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Drug metabolism is an essential process that chemically alters xenobiotic substrates to activate or terminate drug activity. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a neutrophil-derived haem-containing enzyme that is involved in killing invading pathogens, although consequentially, this same oxidative activity can produce metabolites that damage host tissue and play a role in various human pathologies. Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a superfamily of haem-containing enzymes that are significantly involved in the metabolism of drugs by functioning as monooxygenases and can be induced or inhibited, resulting in significant drug-drug interactions that lead to unanticipated adverse drug reactions. In this review, the functions of drug metabolism of MPO and CYPs are explored, along with their involvement and association for common enzymatic pathways by certain xenobiotics. MPO and CYPs metabolize numerous xenobiotics, although few reported studies have made a direct comparison between both enzymes. Additionally, we employed molecular docking to compare the active site and haem prosthetic group of MPO and CYPs, supporting their similar catalytic activities. Furthermore, we performed LCMS analysis and observed a shared hydroxylated mefenamic acid metabolite produced in both enzymatic systems. A proper understanding of the enzymology and mechanisms of action of MPO and CYPs is of significant importance when enhancing the beneficial functions of drugs in health and diminishing their damaging effects on diseases. Therefore, awareness of drugs and xenobiotic substrates involved in MPO and CYPs metabolism pathways will add to the knowledge base to foresee and prevent potential drug interactions and adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newton H Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Farag E S Mosa
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ayman O S El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Randy Whittal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arno G Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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2
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Dmytriv TR, Lushchak VI. Potential Biosafety of Mxenes: Stability, Biodegradability, Toxicity and Biocompatibility. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300338. [PMID: 38389182 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
MXenes are two-dimensional nanomaterials with unique properties that are widely used in various fields of research, mostly in the field of energy. Fewer publications are devoted to MXene application in biomedicine and the question is: are MXenes safe for use in biological systems? The sharp edges of MXenes provide the structure of "nanoknives" which cause damage in direct physical contact with cells. This is effectively used for antibacterial research. However, on the other hand, most studies in cultured cells and rodents report that they do not cause obvious signs of cytotoxicity and are fully biocompatible. The aim of our review was to consider whether MXenes can really be considered non-toxic and biocompatible. Often the last two concepts are confused. We first reviewed aspects such as the stability and biodegradation of MXenes, and then analyzed the mechanisms of toxicity and their consequences for bacteria, cultured cells, and rodents, with subsequent conclusions regarding their biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana R Dmytriv
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
- Research and Development University, Shota Rustaveli Str., 76018, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
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3
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Liang X, Pacuła-Miszewska AJ, Vartak R, Prajapati M, Zheng H, Zhao C, Mao G, Patel K, Fedosova NU, Ścianowski J, Billack B. N-3-Methylbutyl-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one Exerts Antifungal Activity In Vitro and in a Mouse Model of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2480-2496. [PMID: 38534773 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we evaluated the antifungal activities of two novel ebselen analogs, N-allyl-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (N-allyl-bs) and N-3-methylbutylbenzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (N-3mb-bs). Colorimetric and turbidity assays were performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these compounds in S1 (fluconazole-sensitive) and S2 (fluconazole-resistant) strains of C. albicans. N-3mb-bs was more active than the N-allyl-bs compound. It is noteworthy that the concentration of N-3mb-bs observed to inhibit fungal growth by 50% (18.2 µM) was similar to the concentration observed to inhibit the activity of the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase (Pma1p) by 50% (19.6 µM). We next implemented a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) using the S1 strain and examined the mouse and yeast proteins present in the vaginal lavage fluid using proteomics. The yeast proteins detected were predominately glycolytic enzymes or virulence factors associated with C. albicans while the mouse proteins present in the lavage fluid included eosinophil peroxidase, desmocollin-1, and gasdermin-A. We then utilized the N-3mb-bs compound (12.5 mg/kg) in the mouse VVC model and observed that it significantly reduced the vaginal fungal burden, histopathological changes in vagina tissue, and expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO). All in all, the present work has identified a potentially promising drug candidate for VVC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyi Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | | | - Richa Vartak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Milankumar Prajapati
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Caifeng Zhao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ganming Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Ketankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | | | - Jacek Ścianowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Blase Billack
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
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Mohamed SA, Mahmoud HE, Embaby AM, Haroun M, Sabra SA. Lactoferrin/pectin nanocomplex encapsulating ciprofloxacin and naringin as a lung targeting antibacterial nanoplatform with oxidative stress alleviating effect. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129842. [PMID: 38309386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium with adaptive metabolic abilities. It can cause hospital-acquired infections with significant mortality rates, particularly in people with already existing medical conditions. Its ability to develop resistance to common antibiotics makes managing this type of infections very challenging. Furthermore, oxidative stress is a common consequence of bacterial infection and antibiotic therapy, due to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during their mode of action. In this study we aimed to alleviate oxidative stress and enhance the antibacterial efficacy of ciprofloxacin (CPR) antibiotic by its co-encapsulation with naringin (NAR) within a polyelectrolyte complex (PEX). The PEX comprised of polycationic lactoferrin (LF) and polyanionic pectin (PEC). CPR/NAR-loaded PEX exhibited spherical shape with particle size of 237 ± 3.5 nm, negatively charged zeta potential (-23 ± 2.2 mV) and EE% of 61.2 ± 4.9 for CPR and 76.2 ± 3.4 % for NAR. The LF/PEC complex showed prolonged sequential release profile of CPR to limit bacterial expansion, followed by slow liberation of NAR, which mitigates excess ROS produced by CPR's mechanism of action without affecting its efficacy. Interestingly, this PEX demonstrated good hemocompatibility with no significant in vivo toxicity regarding hepatic and renal functions. In addition, infected mice administrated this nanoplatform intravenously exhibited significant CFU reduction in the lungs and kidneys, along with reduced immunoreactivity against myeloperoxidase. Moreover, this PEX was found to reduce the lungs´ oxidative stress via increasing both glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels while lowering malondialdehyde (MDA). In conclusion, CPR/NAR-loaded PEX can offer a promising targeted lung delivery strategy while enhancing the therapeutic outcomes of CPR with reduced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa A Mohamed
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Hoda E Mahmoud
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Amira M Embaby
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Medhat Haroun
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Sally A Sabra
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt.
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Zafar S, Luo Y, Zhang L, Li CH, Khan A, Khan MI, Shah K, Seo EK, Wang F, Khan S. Daidzein attenuated paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain via the down-regulation of TRPV1/P2Y and up-regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Inflammopharmacology 2023:10.1007/s10787-023-01225-w. [PMID: 37145202 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is an anti-microtubule agent, used for the treatment of various types of cancers; however, it produces painful neuropathy which limits its use. Many neuroprotective agents have been introduced to mitigate PTX-induced neuropathic pain (PINP), but they pose many adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological characteristics of soy isoflavone, and daidzein (DZ) in attenuating PINP. At the beginning of the investigation, the effect of DZ was confirmed through behavioral analysis, as it reduced pain hypersensitivity. Moreover, changes in the histological parameters were reversed by DZ administration along with vascular permeability. PTX administration upregulated transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels and purinergic receptors (P2Y), contributing to hyperalgesia; but administration of DZ downregulated the TRPV1 and P2Y, thus reducing hyperalgesia. DZ increased nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), playing a pivotal role in the activation of the antioxidant pathway. DZ also decreased neuronal apoptosis by decreasing caspase-3 and Bcl2-associated X-protein (Bax), while simultaneously, increasing Bcl-2. PTX administration produced severe DNA damage, which was mitigated by DZ. Similarly, DZ administration resulted in inhibition of neuroinflammation by increasing antioxidant enzymes and reducing oxidative stress markers. PTX caused increased in production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as the cytokines production, while DZ inhibited the pro-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicodynamic study of DZ was also conducted. In summary, DZ demonstrated significant neuroprotective activity against PTX induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Zafar
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Hu Li
- Division of Radiation Physics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- DHQ Teaching Hospital Timergara, Lower Dir, Timergara, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrar Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kifayatullah Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Eun Kyoung Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Salman Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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6
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Bal SS, Leishangthem GD, Sethi RS, Singh A. P-coumaric acid ameliorates fipronil induced liver injury in mice through attenuation of structural changes, oxidative stress and inflammation. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 180:104997. [PMID: 34955181 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil is a broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide and has been used effectively in the agriculture. Due to its widespread use and bioaccumulation in the environment, it possesses significant threat to human and animals. P-coumaric acid is a natural dietary polyphenolic compound that has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory property. The present study was aim to investigate the ameliorative effect of p-coumaric acid on fipronil induced liver injury. The mice were divided into five groups (SHAM, FPN, FPN/PCA/50, FPN/PCA/100 and PCA/100) and challenged with fipronil @ 25 mg/kg bw (half of LD50). Haematological, liver function biomarkers (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT), biochemical parameters (MPO, oxidative, nitrosative stress and anti-oxidant enzyme activity), levels of serum and liver inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10), histopathology were monitored. Fipronil administration caused a significant increase in liver enzymes with concomitant significant increase in inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10) and myeloperoxidase activity. A significant increase in oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide) as well as down regulation of anti-oxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) along with histopathological changes such as microsteatosis, hypertrophy of the hepatocytes and necrosis were observed on fipronil administration. Administration of p-coumaric acid against fipronil caused decreased serum liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, myeloperoxidase activity and oxidative stress along with improvement in anti-oxidant enzyme levels and structural changes induced by fipronil. Thus p-coumaric acid ameliorates the FPN induced liver injury in mice through attenuation of structural changes, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Sarita Bal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Geeta Devi Leishangthem
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Ram Saran Sethi
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjit Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Valadez-Cosmes P, Raftopoulou S, Mihalic ZN, Marsche G, Kargl J. Myeloperoxidase: Growing importance in cancer pathogenesis and potential drug target. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 236:108052. [PMID: 34890688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is a heme-peroxidase which makes up approximately 5% of the total dry cell weight of neutrophils where it is predominantly found in the primary (azurophilic) granules. Other cell types, such as monocytes and certain macrophage subpopulations also contain myeloperoxidase, but to a much lesser extent. Initially, the function of myeloperoxidase had been mainly associated with its ability as a catalyzer of reactive oxidants that help to clear pathogens. However, over the past years non-canonical functions of myeloperoxidase have been described both in health and disease. Attention has been specially focused on inflammatory diseases, in which an exacerbate infiltration of leukocytes can favor a poorly-controlled production and release of myeloperoxidase and its oxidants. There is compelling evidence that myeloperoxidase derived oxidants contribute to tissue damage and the development and propagation of acute and chronic vascular inflammation. Recently, neutrophils have attracted much attention within the large diversity of innate immune cells that are part of the tumor microenvironment. In particular, neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase may play an important role in cancer development and progression. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the roles of myeloperoxidase in the development and progression of cancer. We propose future research approaches and explore prospects of inhibiting myeloperoxidase as a strategy to fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Valadez-Cosmes
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sofia Raftopoulou
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Zala Nikita Mihalic
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Kargl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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8
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, Haas U, Pinoé-Schmidt M, Abdallah AT, Weiskirchen R. Chronic mineral oil administration increases hepatic inflammation in wild type mice compared to lipocalin 2 null mice. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1528-1539. [PMID: 34518636 PMCID: PMC8590977 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), an acute-phase protein produced during acute liver injury, plays an important role in the innate immune response against bacterial infection via iron scavenging. LCN2 further influences neutrophil development and physiology leading to increased inflammatory responses. We investigated the roles of LCN2 in chronic inflammation and fibrosis, using repeated carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mineral-oil injection. Surprisingly, mice treated with the mineral oil vehicle alone showed liver inflammation, evidenced by neutrophil and monocyte-macrophage infiltration. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of isolated liver leukocytes showed significantly high CD45+ leukocyte concentrations in CCl4 mice, but no difference of Ly6G+ neutrophils between mineral oil and CCl4 application. Liver CD11b+ F4/80+ cells counted higher in CCl4 mice, but the proportions of Gr1high, an indicator of inflammation, were significantly higher in mineral oil groups. Liver myeloperoxidase (MPO), expressed in neutrophils and monocytes, showed higher levels in wild type mice compared to Lcn2-/- in both mineral-oil and CCl4 treated groups. Hepatic and serum LCN2 levels were remarkably higher in the mineral oil-injected wild type group compared to the CCl4. Wild type animals receiving mineral oil showed significantly higher inflammatory cytokine- and chemokine mRNA levels compared to Lcn2-/- mice, with no differences in the CCl4 treated groups. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) confirmed significant downregulation of gene sets involved in myeloid cell activation and immune responses in Lcn2 null mice receiving chronic mineral oil versus wild-type. We observed significant upregulation of gene sets and proteins involved in cell cycle DNA replication, with downregulation of collagen-containing extracellular matrix genes in Lcn2-/- mice receiving CCl4, compared to the wild type. Consequently, the wild type mice developed slightly more liver fibrosis compared to Lcn2-/- mice, evidenced by higher levels of collagen type I in the CCl4 groups and no liver fibrosis in mineral oil-treated mice. Our findings indicate that serum and hepatic LCN2 levels correlate with hepatic inflammation rather than fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ute Haas
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Manuela Pinoé-Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ali T Abdallah
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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Ustabas Kahraman F, Çakir FB, Buhur Pirimoglu M, Torun E, Ergen HA, Doğan Demir A. Association of Myeloperoxidase Gene Polymorphism With Iron Deficiency Anemia in Turkish Children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2021; 43:e941-e945. [PMID: 33661166 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the gene polymorphisms of the myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme and to determine whether MPO gene polymorphisms influence the response to iron therapy in pediatric patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). In this case-control study, 50 Turkish children with IDA and 50 healthy controls were enrolled. Three MPO gene alleles were selected for genotyping in the study: GG, AG, and AA. The relationships of alleles with IDA were analyzed and compared in patients and controls. Pretreatment and posttreatment laboratory parameters and gene polymorphisms were compared in the patient group. There was a significant difference between patients with IDA and controls regarding genotype frequencies of the AA, GG, and AG alleles (P=0.005). However, the AG allele was found to be associated with variations in hemoglobin, red blood cell, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volumes, and mean corpuscular Hb concentrations levels. The frequency of AA, GG, and AG alleles of the MPO gene was potentially associated with changes in iron metabolism and the AG allele led to variations in various hemogram parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatma Betül Çakir
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine
| | | | | | - Hayriye Arzu Ergen
- Department of Moleculer Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul
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10
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Rattay B, Benndorf RA. Drug-Induced Idiosyncratic Agranulocytosis - Infrequent but Dangerous. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:727717. [PMID: 34483939 PMCID: PMC8414253 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.727717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced agranulocytosis is a life-threatening side effect that usually manifests as a severe form of neutropenia associated with fever or signs of sepsis. It can occur as a problem in the context of therapy with a wide variety of drug classes. Numerous drugs are capable of triggering the rare idiosyncratic form of agranulocytosis, which, unlike agranulocytosis induced by cytotoxic drugs in cancer chemotherapy, is characterised by “bizzare” type B or hypersensitivity reactions, poor predictability and a mainly low incidence. The idiosyncratic reactions are thought to be initiated by chemically reactive drugs or reactive metabolites that react with proteins and may subsequently elicit an immune response, particularly directed against neutrophils and their precursors. Cells or organs that exhibit specific metabolic and biotransformation activity are therefore frequently affected. In this review, we provide an update on the understanding of drug-induced idiosyncratic agranulocytosis. Using important triggering drugs as examples, we will summarise and discuss the chemical, the biotransformation-related, the mechanistic and the therapeutic basis of this clinically relevant and undesirable side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Rattay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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11
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Siraki AG. The many roles of myeloperoxidase: From inflammation and immunity to biomarkers, drug metabolism and drug discovery. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102109. [PMID: 34455146 PMCID: PMC8403760 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a practical guide to myeloperoxidase (MPO) and presents to the reader the diversity of its presence in biology. The review provides a historical background, from peroxidase activity to the discovery of MPO, to its role in disease and drug development. MPO is discussed in terms of its necessity, as specific individuals lack MPO expression. An underlying theme presented throughout brings up the question of the benefit and burden of MPO activity. Enzyme structure is discussed, including accurate masses and glycosylation sites. The catalytic cycle of MPO and its corresponding pathways are presented, with a discussion of the importance of the redox couples of the different states of MPO. Cell lines expressing MPO are discussed and practically summarized for the reader, and locations of MPO (primary and secondary) are provided. Useful methods of MPO detection are discussed, and how these can be used for studying disease processes are implied through the presentation of MPO as a biomarker. The presence of MPO in neutrophil extracellular traps is presented, and the activators of the former are provided. Lastly, the transition from drug metabolism to a target for drug development is where the review concludes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno G Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Brahma MK, Gilglioni EH, Zhou L, Trépo E, Chen P, Gurzov EN. Oxidative stress in obesity-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: sources, signaling and therapeutic challenges. Oncogene 2021; 40:5155-5167. [PMID: 34290399 PMCID: PMC9277657 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity affects more than 650 million individuals worldwide and is a well-established risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Oxidative stress can be considered as a bona fide tumor promoter, contributing to the initiation and progression of liver cancer. Indeed, one of the key events involved in HCC progression is excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from the fatty acid influx and chronic inflammation. This review provides insights into the different intracellular sources of obesity-induced ROS and molecular mechanisms responsible for hepatic tumorigenesis. In addition, we highlight recent findings pointing to the role of the dysregulated activity of BCL-2 proteins and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in the generation of hepatic oxidative stress and ROS-mediated dysfunctional signaling, respectively. Finally, we discuss the potential and challenges of novel nanotechnology strategies to prevent ROS formation in obesity-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoja K Brahma
- Signal Transduction and Metabolism Laboratory, Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie Expérimental et Endotools, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eduardo H Gilglioni
- Signal Transduction and Metabolism Laboratory, Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie Expérimental et Endotools, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lang Zhou
- Materials Research and Education Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States
| | - Eric Trépo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, C.U.B. Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Gastroenterology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Materials Research and Education Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States
| | - Esteban N Gurzov
- Signal Transduction and Metabolism Laboratory, Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie Expérimental et Endotools, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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13
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Cheshchevik VT, Krylova NG, Сheshchevik NG, Lapshina EA, Semenkova GN, Zavodnik IB. Role of mitochondrial calcium in hypochlorite induced oxidative damage of cells. Biochimie 2021; 184:104-115. [PMID: 33607241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorite (HOCl) is one of the most important mediators of inflammatory processes. Recent evidence demonstrates that changes in intracellular calcium pool play a significant role in the damaging effects of hypochlorite and other oxidants. Mitochondria are shown to be one of the intracellular targets of hypochlorite. But little is known about the mitochondrial calcium pool changes in HOCl-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Using isolated rat liver mitochondria, we showed the oxidative damage of mitochondria (GSH oxidation and mixed protein-glutathione formation without membrane lipid peroxidation) and alterations in the mitochondrial functional parameters (decrease of respiratory activity and efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, NADH and FADH coenzyme levels, and membrane potential) under hypochlorite action (50-300 μM). Simultaneously, the mitochondrial calcium release and swelling were demonstrated. In the presence of EGTA, the damaging effects of HOCl were less pronounced, reflecting direct involvement of mitochondrial Ca2+ in mechanisms of oxidant-induced injury. Furthermore, exposure of HeLa cells to hypochlorite resulted in a considerable increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentrations and a decrease in mitochondrial ones. Applying specific inhibitors of calcium transfer systems, we demonstrated that mitochondria play a key role in the redistribution of cytoplasmic Ca2+ ions under hypochlorite action and act as mediators of calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali T Cheshchevik
- Department of Biotechnology, Polessky State University, ulitsa Dnieprovskoy Flotilii, 23, 225710, Pinsk, Belarus.
| | - Nina G Krylova
- Department of Biophysics, Belarusian State University, Prospekt Nezavisimosti 4, 220030, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Nina G Сheshchevik
- Department of Biotechnology, Polessky State University, ulitsa Dnieprovskoy Flotilii, 23, 225710, Pinsk, Belarus
| | - Elena A Lapshina
- Department of Biochemistry, Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno, Bulvar Leninskogo Komsomola 50, 230030, Grodno, Belarus
| | - Galina N Semenkova
- Department of Biophysics, Belarusian State University, Prospekt Nezavisimosti 4, 220030, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Ilya B Zavodnik
- Department of Biochemistry, Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno, Bulvar Leninskogo Komsomola 50, 230030, Grodno, Belarus
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Ulfig A, Leichert LI. The effects of neutrophil-generated hypochlorous acid and other hypohalous acids on host and pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:385-414. [PMID: 32661559 PMCID: PMC7873122 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are predominant immune cells that protect the human body against infections by deploying sophisticated antimicrobial strategies including phagocytosis of bacteria and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which neutrophils kill exogenous pathogens before we focus on one particular weapon in their arsenal: the generation of the oxidizing hypohalous acids HOCl, HOBr and HOSCN during the so-called oxidative burst by the enzyme myeloperoxidase. We look at the effects of these hypohalous acids on biological systems in general and proteins in particular and turn our attention to bacterial strategies to survive HOCl stress. HOCl is a strong inducer of protein aggregation, which bacteria can counteract by chaperone-like holdases that bind unfolding proteins without the need for energy in the form of ATP. These chaperones are activated by HOCl through thiol oxidation (Hsp33) or N-chlorination of basic amino acid side-chains (RidA and CnoX) and contribute to bacterial survival during HOCl stress. However, neutrophil-generated hypohalous acids also affect the host system. Recent studies have shown that plasma proteins act not only as sinks for HOCl, but get actively transformed into modulators of the cellular immune response through N-chlorination. N-chlorinated serum albumin can prevent aggregation of proteins, stimulate immune cells, and act as a pro-survival factor for immune cells in the presence of cytotoxic antigens. Finally, we take a look at the emerging role of HOCl as a potential signaling molecule, particularly its role in neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Ulfig
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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15
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Bıçakçı E, Demirtaş CÖ, Çelikel Ç, Haklar G, Duman DG. Myeloperoxidase and calprotectin; Any role as non-invasive markers for the prediction of ınflammation and fibrosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis? TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2020; 31:681-687. [PMID: 33169705 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2020.19403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Specific serum markers reflecting hepatic inflammation and fibrosis are required to tailor the treatment strategies in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We aimed to investigate the roles of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and calprotectin in predicting the hepatic inflammation status and disease severity in NASH. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 48 patients with biopsy-proven NASH and 25 healthy volunteers with normal weight were prospectively enrolled. Serum MPO and calprotectin levels were compared between the NASH and control groups. Hepatic MPO and calprotectin expressions were compared in terms of histologic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores (NAS) (low NAS [≤4] vs. high NAS [>5]) and fibrosis stage (insignificant [F0-1]/significant [F2-4]). RESULTS Serum MPO and calprotectin levels were not significantly different between the NASH and control groups. In the subgroup analysis, hepatic MPO expression was significantly increased in patients with NASH with significant fibrosis than in those with insignificant fibrosis (F2-4: 7.04±3.61 vs. F0-1: 4.83±2.42, p=0.01). We found no difference between the groups with low and high NAS with regard to serum MPO and calprotectin levels and hepatic MPO and calprotectin expressions. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that hepatic MPO expression can reflect advanced fibrosis in NASH. However, when serum MPO and calprotectin levels were evaluated as potential serum markers, both did not associate with hepatic inflammation status and fibrosis stage in NASH. Therefore, our study results preclude their use as serum markers for hepatic inflammation in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Bıçakçı
- Department of Gastroenterology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Özer Demirtaş
- Department of Gastroenterology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Çelikel
- Department of Pathology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Goncagül Haklar
- Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Güney Duman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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16
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Koop AC, Thiele ND, Steins D, Michaëlsson E, Wehmeyer M, Scheja L, Steglich B, Huber S, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Lohse AW, Heeren J, Kluwe J. Therapeutic Targeting of Myeloperoxidase Attenuates NASH in Mice. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:1441-1458. [PMID: 33024915 PMCID: PMC7527691 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity has been associated with the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular and liver disease. Here, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of MPO inhibition on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and NASH-induced fibrosis, the main determinant of outcomes. MPO plasma levels were elevated in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) compared with healthy controls. In a second cohort, hepatic MPO messenger RNA expression correlated with higher body mass index and hemoglobin A1c, both being risk factors for NAFLD. We could establish by immunohistochemistry that MPO-positive cells were recruited to the liver in various mouse models of fibrogenic liver injury, including bile duct ligation, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment, spontaneous liver fibrogenesis in multidrug resistance 2 knockout (MDR2 KO) mice, and NASH-inducing diet. Comparison of MPO-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates exposed to a high-caloric diet revealed that MPO deficiency protects against NASH-related liver injury and fibrosis. In line with this, hepatic gene expression analysis demonstrated a MPO-dependent activation of pathways relevant for wound healing, inflammation, and cell death in NASH. MPO deficiency did not affect NAFLD-independent liver injury and fibrosis in MDR2 KO or CCl4-treated mice. Finally, we treated wild-type mice exposed to NASH-inducing diet with an oral MPO inhibitor. Pharmacological MPO inhibition not only reduced markers of MPO-mediated liver damage, serum alanine aminotransferase levels, and hepatic steatosis, but also significantly decreased NASH-induced liver fibrosis. MPO inhibitor treatment, but not MPO deficiency, significantly altered gut microbiota including a significant expansion of Akkermansia muciniphila. Conclusions: MPO specifically promotes NASH-induced liver fibrosis. Pharmacological MPO inhibition attenuates NASH progression and NASH-induced liver fibrosis in mice and is associated with beneficial changes of intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Christina Koop
- 1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Nina Doreen Thiele
- 1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - David Steins
- 1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Erik Michaëlsson
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Malte Wehmeyer
- 1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Babett Steglich
- 1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,Department of General, Internal and Thoracic Surgery University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- 1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | | | - Ansgar W Lohse
- 1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Jörg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Johannes Kluwe
- 1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
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17
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Ullah H, Khan A, Baig MW, Ullah N, Ahmed N, Tipu MK, Ali H, Khan S. Poncirin attenuates CCL4-induced liver injury through inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:115. [PMID: 32307011 PMCID: PMC7168870 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the present study, the poncirin which is flavonoid-7-o-glycosides (isolated from the Poncirus trifoliata) in nature was evaluated against the Carbon tetra chloride (CCL4)-induced liver injury. The poncirin have been reported for various anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity etc. Based on the previous studies it was anticipated that the poncirin will ameliorate CCL4-induced liver injury. Methods The CCL4-induced acute and chronic liver injury model (albino BALB/c mice) was used. Following the induction of the liver injury various parameters such as food and water intake, body weight and weight to dry ratio changes were assessed. Furthermore, various hematological, biochemical parameters and histological studies such as hemotoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining were performed. The poncirin treatment was also evaluated against the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) using enzyme link immunosorbant assay (ELISA). The Swiss Target prediction software was used to investigate interaction of the poncirin on the various hepatic enzymes. Results The poncirin treatment markedly improved the behavioral parameters such as food and water intake. The liver weight variation was attenuated and total body was improved markedly. The hematological and biochemical parameters were significantly improved compared to the CCL4 treated groups. The anti-oxidants were induced, while oxidative stress markers were reduced promisingly. The H and E staining showed that poncirin treatment significantly improved the histology of liver compared to the CCL4 treated group. Furthermore, the poncirin treatment also evidently decreased the inflammatory mediators. Conclusions The poncirin treatment showed marked improvement in behavioral, biochemical and histological parameters following CCL4-induced liver injury. Additionally, the poncirin treatment also markedly improved the antioxidant enzymes, attenuated the oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadayat Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ashrafullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waleed Baig
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naseem Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid Tipu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hussain Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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18
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Hoekstra M, Van Eck M. Probucol-induced hypocholesterolemia is not associated with exacerbated foam cell formation in ABCG1 knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 2020; 296:91-92. [PMID: 32033777 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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19
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Suh LYK, Babu D, Tonoyan L, Reiz B, Whittal R, Tabatabaei-Dakhili SA, Morgan AG, Velázquez-Martínez CA, Siraki AG. Myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidation of edaravone produces an apparent non-toxic free radical metabolite and modulates hydrogen peroxide-mediated cytotoxicity in HL-60 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:422-432. [PMID: 31445206 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Edaravone is considered to be a potent antioxidant drug known to scavenge free radical species and prevent free radical-induced lipid peroxidation. In this study, we investigated the effect of edaravone on the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, an enzyme responsible for the production of an array of neutrophil-derived oxidants that can cause cellular damage. The addition of edaravone to the reaction of MPO and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) significantly enhanced the reduction of MPO Compound II back to native MPO. Interestingly, the MPO-mediated production of toxic hypochlorous acid exhibited a concentration-dependent biphasic effect, with the apparent optimal edaravone concentration at 10 μM. Oxidation of edaravone by MPO was examined by various analytical methods. An MPO-catalyzed product(s) of edaravone was identified at 350 nm by kinetic analysis of UV-Vis spectroscopy. Several MPO-catalyzed metabolites of edaravone were proposed from the LC-MS analyses, including oxidized dimers from edaravone radicals. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping detected a carbon-centred radical metabolite of edaravone. NMR studies revealed that there are two exchangeable hydrogens, one of which is on the α-carbon, justifying the carbon-centred edaravone radical produced from MPO. Despite the formation of an edaravone carbon-radical metabolite, it did not appear to effectively oxidize GSH (in comparison with phenoxyl radicals). Viability (ATP) and cytotoxicity (LDH release) assays showed a concentration-dependent effect of edaravone on HL-60 cells treated with either a bolus concentration of 30 μM H2O2 or a flux of H2O2 generated by 5 mM glucose and 10 mU/mL glucose oxidase. The H2O2-induced toxicity was ameliorated at high edaravone concentrations (100-200 μM). In contrast, low concentrations of edaravone (1-10 μM) exacerbated the H2O2-induced toxicity. However, the effect of edaravone at low concentration (0-10 μM) appeared more prominent with the LDH assay only. The cellular findings correlated with the biochemical studies with respect to hypochlorous acid formation. These findings provide interesting perspectives regarding the duality of edaravone as an antioxidant drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Y K Suh
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Dinesh Babu
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Lusine Tonoyan
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Béla Reiz
- Department of Chemistry, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Randy Whittal
- Department of Chemistry, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - S Amirhossein Tabatabaei-Dakhili
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Andrew G Morgan
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Carlos A Velázquez-Martínez
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Arno G Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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20
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Nepal MR, Kang MJ, Kim GH, Cha DH, Nam DH, Jeong TC. Identification of pre- and pro-haptens with a β-galactosidase-expressing E. coli culture system for skin sensitization. Toxicol Lett 2019; 305:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Garcia J, Costa VM, Bovolini A, Duarte JA, Rodrigues DF, de Lourdes Bastos M, Carvalho F. An effective antidotal combination of polymyxin B and methylprednisolone for α-amanitin intoxication. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1449-1463. [PMID: 30891624 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Amanita phalloides is one of the most toxic mushrooms worldwide, and it is involved in the majority of human fatal cases of mushroom poisoning. α-Amanitin, the most deleterious toxin of A. phalloides to humans, inhibits RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), causing hepatic and renal failure. Previously, we have shown that polymyxin B (polB) reverts α-amanitin inhibition of RNAPII, although it was not able to guarantee the full survival of α-amanitin-intoxicated mice or prevent α-amanitin pro-inflammatory effects. α-Amanitin is also a substrate of the organic-anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) and Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporter polypeptide (NTCP) transporters. Therefore, in the present work, we used a combination of polB [(2.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.)] with the anti-inflammatory and NTCP inhibitor drug, methylprednisolone (MP) (10 mg/kg i.p.), as an attempt to fully revert α-amanitin-induced toxicity (0.33 mg/kg i.p.) in CD-1 mice. Results showed that the administration of the polB + MP combination, 4 h after α-amanitin, led to the full survival of the intoxicated animals, with a significant attenuation of α-amanitin-induced renal and hepatic necrosis. Also, the combination polB + MP led to a decrease of aminotransferase plasma levels, of the renal myeloperoxidase activity and of renal inflammatory cell infiltrate promoted by α-amanitin, although not preventing any of the hepatic pro-inflammatory effect of the toxin. The obtained results indicate that this combination may represent an important and valuable therapeutic approach to be used against α-amanitin intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Garcia
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Rua José Viterbo Ferreira no 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Rua José Viterbo Ferreira no 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Daniela Ferreira Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Rua José Viterbo Ferreira no 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Rua José Viterbo Ferreira no 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Rua José Viterbo Ferreira no 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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22
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Ndrepepa G. Myeloperoxidase - A bridge linking inflammation and oxidative stress with cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:36-51. [PMID: 30797769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the superfamily of heme peroxidases that is mainly expressed in neutrophils and monocytes. MPO-derived reactive species play a key role in neutrophil antimicrobial activity and human defense against various pathogens primarily by participating in phagocytosis. Elevated MPO levels in circulation are associated with inflammation and increased oxidative stress. Multiple lines of evidence suggest an association between MPO and cardiovascular disease (CVD) including coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arterial hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-related injury, stroke, cardiac arrhythmia and venous thrombosis. Elevated MPO levels are associated with a poor prognosis including increased risk for overall and CVD-related mortality. Elevated MPO may signify an increased risk for CVD for at least 2 reasons. First, low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative stress coexist with many metabolic abnormalities and comorbidities and consequently an elevated MPO level may represent an increased cardiometabolic risk in general. Second, MPO produces a large number of highly reactive species which can attack, destroy or modify the function of every known cellular component. The most common MPO actions relevant to CVD are generation of dysfunctional lipoproteins with an increased atherogenicity potential, reduced NO availability, endothelial dysfunction, impaired vasoreactivity and atherosclerotic plaque instability. These actions strongly suggest that MPO is directly involved in the pathophysiology of CVD. In this regard MPO may be seen as a mediator or an instrument through which inflammation promotes CVD at molecular and cellular level. Clinical value of MPO therapeutic inhibition remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Department of Adult Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany.
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23
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Carion TW, Kracht D, Strand E, David E, McWhirter C, Ebrahim AS, Berger EA. VIP modulates the ALX/FPR2 receptor axis toward inflammation resolution in a mouse model of bacterial keratitis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 140:18-25. [PMID: 30529189 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been shown to regulate corneal inflammation. Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a transmembrane protein belonging to the GPCR family. Ligands include pro-resolving lipids, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and resolvin D1 (RvD1). The current study focuses on the effect of VIP regarding the FPR2 receptor axis in improving disease outcome in a mouse model of bacterial keratitis. Infection was induced in C57BL/6 (B6) mice using P. aeruginosa (PA) ATCC 19660. Mice received topical treatment (VIP or PBS) 3× daily after infection. Mean clinical scores, bacterial plate counts, Griess and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assays indicate that topical VIP effectively abrogates the disease response. Findings also reveal that VIP influences FPR2 pathway activation independent of archetypal VIP receptors. Exploring the immunoresolving role of FPR2, its ligand RvD1 and related enzymes (5-LOX, 12/15-LOX), our results suggest a mechanism by which VIP treatment influences the disease response in bacterial keratitis, which could offer a therapeutic point of intervention for enhancing this pro-resolving circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Carion
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - David Kracht
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Eliisa Strand
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Edwin David
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Cody McWhirter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Abdul Shukkur Ebrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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Khalil A, Medfai H, Poelvoorde P, Kazan MF, Delporte C, Van Antwerpen P, El-Makhour Y, Biston P, Delrée P, Badran B, Vanhamme L, Boudjeltia KZ. Myeloperoxidase promotes tube formation, triggers ERK1/2 and Akt pathways and is expressed endogenously in endothelial cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 654:55-69. [PMID: 30016634 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is a member of the mammalian peroxidase family, mainly expressed in the myeloblastic cell lineage. It is considered a major bactericidal agent as it is released in the phagosome where it catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species. It is also released in the extracellular spaces including blood where it is absorbed on (lipo)proteins and endothelial cell surface, interfering with endothelial function. We performed RNA sequencing on MPO-treated endothelial cells, analyzed their transcriptome and validated the profile of gene expression by individual qRT-PCR. Some of the induced genes could be grouped in several functional networks, including tubulogenesis, angiogenesis, and blood vessel morphogenesis and development as well as signal transduction pathways associated to these mechanisms. MPO treatment mimicked the effects of VEGF on several signal transduction pathways, such as Akt, ERK or FAK involved in angiogenesis. Accordingly MPO, independently of its enzymatic activity, stimulated tube formation by endothelial cells. RNA interference also pointed at a role of endogenous MPO in tubulogenesis and endothelium wound repair in vitro. These data suggest that MPO, whether from endogenous or exogenous sources, could play a role in angiogenesis and vascular repair in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Khalil
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium; Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Hadath-Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hayfa Medfai
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Philippe Poelvoorde
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Fayyad Kazan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Cedric Delporte
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yolla El-Makhour
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Hadath-Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Patrick Biston
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Paul Delrée
- IPG, Avenue Georges Lemaître 25, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Hadath-Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium.
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
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25
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Lucas ML, Carraro CC, Belló-Klein A, Kalil AN, Aerts NR, Carvalho FB, Fernandes MC, Zettler CG. Oxidative Stress in Aortas of Patients with Advanced Occlusive and Aneurysmal Diseases. Ann Vasc Surg 2018; 52:216-224. [PMID: 29758327 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortoiliac occlusive disease (AOD) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are very important cardiovascular diseases that present different aspects of pathophysiology; however, oxidative stress and inflammatory response seem be relevant in both of them. Our objective was to evaluate oxidative damage and degree of inflammatory infiltrate in aortas of patients surgically treated for AOD and AAA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression as well as nitrite levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were evaluated in aortas of patients with AOD (n = 16) or AAA (n = 14), while the control group was formed by cadaveric organ donors (n = 10). We also analyzed the degree of inflammatory infiltrate in these aortas. RESULTS There was an increase in ROS levels and NADPH oxidase activity in patients with AOD and AAA when compared with the control group, and the AOD group demonstrated higher ROS production and NADPH oxidase activity and also nitrite levels when compared with the AAA group (P < 0.001). On the other hand, an increase of SOD activity in the AOD group and CAT activity in the AAA group was observed. Inflammatory infiltrate and MPO expression were higher in the AOD group when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress is relevant in both AOD and AAA, though AOD presented higher ROS levels and NADPH activity. Increased activities of antioxidant enzymes may be a compensatory phenomenon which occurs in aortas of patients with AOD and AAA. Perhaps, a relationship between oxidative stress and degree of inflammatory infiltrate may exist in the pathophysiology of AOD and AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio L Lucas
- Post-Graduating Course of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Vascular Surgery, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Cristina C Carraro
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antônio N Kalil
- Post-Graduating Course of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Newton R Aerts
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiano B Carvalho
- Post-Graduating Course of Pathology, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marilda C Fernandes
- Post-Graduating Course of Pathology, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Claudio G Zettler
- Post-Graduating Course of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduating Course of Pathology, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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26
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Vanhamme L, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Van Antwerpen P, Delporte C. The other myeloperoxidase: Emerging functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 649:1-14. [PMID: 29614255 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the mammalian peroxidase family. It is mainly expressed in neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. As a catalyzer of reactive oxidative species and radical species formation, it contributes to neutrophil bactericidal activity. Nevertheless MPO invalidation does not seem to have major health consequences in affected individuals. This suggests that MPO might have alternative functions supporting its conservation during evolution. We will review the available data supporting these non-canonical functions in terms of tissue specific expression, function and enzymatic activity. Thus, we discuss its cell type specific expression. We review in between others its roles in angiogenesis, endothelial (dys-) function, immune reaction, and inflammation. We summarize its pathological actions in clinical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium.
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, RD3, and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, RD3, and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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27
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Chi H, Wen LL, Sui ZH, Sun QL, Sun L. Cytochemical identification of turbot myeloperoxidase-positive granulocytes by potassium iodide and oxidized pyronine Y staining. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:751-755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Tang L, Wu Y, Tian M, Sjöström CD, Johansson U, Peng XR, Smith DM, Huang Y. Dapagliflozin slows the progression of the renal and liver fibrosis associated with type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E563-E576. [PMID: 28811292 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00086.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of antidiabetic oral agents indicating promising effects on cardiovascular and renal end points. However, the renoprotective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are not fully understood. Also, metabolic effects of SGLT2 inhibition on other organ systems, such as effects on hepatic steatosis, are not fully understood. This study sought to address these questions by treating 18-wk-old uninephrectomized db/db mice with the selective SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. Untreated db/db mice developed progressive albuminuria, glomerular mesangial matrix expansion, and fatty liver associated with increased renal expression of TGFβ1, PAI-1, type IV collagen and fibronectin, and liver deposition of fibronectin, type I and III collagen, and laminin. Treatment with dapagliflozin (1 mg·kg-1·day-1) via gel diet from 18 to 22 wk of age not only reduced blood glucose (371.14 ± 55.02 mg/dl in treated db/db vs. 573.53 ± 21.73 mg/dl in untreated db/db, P < 0.05) and Hb A1c levels (9.47 ± 0.79% in treated db/db vs. 12.1 ± 0.73% in untreated db/db, P < 0.05) but also ameliorated the increases in albuminuria and markers of glomerulosclerosis and liver injury seen in untreated db/db mice. Furthermore, both renal expressions of NF-kB p65, MCP-1, Nox4, Nox2, and p47phox and urine TBARS levels and liver productions of myeloperoxidase and reactive oxygen species, the markers of tissue inflammation and oxidative stress, were increased in untreated db/db mice, which were reduced by dapagliflozin administration. These results demonstrate that dapagliflozin not only improves hyperglycemia but also slows the progression of diabetes-associated glomerulosclerosis and liver fibrosis by improving hyperglycemia-induced tissue inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Center of Kidney Transplantation, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mi Tian
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - C David Sjöström
- Global Medicine Development Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Johansson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - David M Smith
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yufeng Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah;
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Abstract
Phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, engulf microbes into phagosomes and launch chemical attacks to kill and degrade them. Such a critical innate immune function necessitates ion participation. Chloride, the most abundant anion in the human body, is an indispensable constituent of the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2 O2 -halide system that produces the potent microbicide hypochlorous acid (HOCl). It also serves as a balancing ion to set membrane potentials, optimize cytosolic and phagosomal pH, and regulate phagosomal enzymatic activities. Deficient supply of this anion to or defective attainment of this anion by phagocytes is linked to innate immune defects. However, how phagocytes acquire chloride from their residing environment especially when they are deployed to epithelium-lined lumens, and how chloride is intracellularly transported to phagosomes remain largely unknown. This review article will provide an overview of chloride protein carriers, potential mechanisms for phagocytic chloride preservation and acquisition, intracellular chloride supply to phagosomes for oxidant production, and methods to measure chloride levels in phagocytes and their phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshun Wang
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Genetics and Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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30
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Application of Immunohistochemistry in Toxicologic Pathology of the Hematolymphoid System. IMMUNOPATHOLOGY IN TOXICOLOGY AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47377-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Abstract
Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The extent of tissue injury relates directly to the extent of blood flow reduction and to the length of the ischemic period, which influence the levels to which cellular ATP and intracellular pH are reduced. By impairing ATPase-dependent ion transport, ischemia causes intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels to increase (calcium overload). Cell volume regulatory mechanisms are also disrupted by the lack of ATP, which can induce lysis of organelle and plasma membranes. Reperfusion, although required to salvage oxygen-starved tissues, produces paradoxical tissue responses that fuel the production of reactive oxygen species (oxygen paradox), sequestration of proinflammatory immunocytes in ischemic tissues, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and development of postischemic capillary no-reflow, which amplify tissue injury. These pathologic events culminate in opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores as a common end-effector of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cell lysis and death. Emerging concepts include the influence of the intestinal microbiome, fetal programming, epigenetic changes, and microparticles in the pathogenesis of I/R. The overall goal of this review is to describe these and other mechanisms that contribute to I/R injury. Because so many different deleterious events participate in I/R, it is clear that therapeutic approaches will be effective only when multiple pathologic processes are targeted. In addition, the translational significance of I/R research will be enhanced by much wider use of animal models that incorporate the complicating effects of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:113-170, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P. Baines
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ronald J. Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Inflammation-induced CD69 + Kupffer cell feedback inhibits T cell proliferation via membrane-bound TGF-β1. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:1259-1269. [PMID: 27933593 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells, tissue-resident macrophage lineage cell, are enriched in vertebrate liver. The mouse F4/80+ Kupffer cells have been subclassified into two subpopulations according to their phenotype and function: CD68+ subpopulation with potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phagocytic capacities, and CD11b+ subpopulation with a potent capacity to produce T helper 1 cytokines. In addition, CD11b+ Kupffer cells/macrophages may be migrated from the bone marrow or spleen, especially in inflammatory conditions of the liver. For analyzing diverse Kupffer cell subsets, we infected mice with Listeria monocytogenes and analyzed the phenotype variations of hepatic Kupffer cells. During L. monocytogenes infection, hepatic CD69+ Kupffer cells were significantly induced and expanded, and CD69+ Kupffer cells expressed higher level of CD11b, and particularly high level of membrane-bound TGF-β1 (mTGF-β1) but lower level of F4/80. We also found that clodronate liposome administration did not eliminate hepatic CD69+ Kupffer cell subset. We consider the hepatic CD69+ Kupffer cell population corresponds to CD11b+ Kupffer cells, the bone marrow-derived population. Hepatic CD69+ Kupffer cells suppressed Ag-nonspecific and OVA-specific CD4 T cell proliferation through mTGF-β1 both in vitro and in vivo, meanwhile, they did not interfere with activation of CD4 T cells. Thus, we have identified a new subset of inflammation-induced CD69+ Kupffer cells which can feedback inhibit CD4 T cell response via cell surface TGF-β1 at the late stage of immune response against infection. CD69+ Kupffer cells may contribute to protect host from pathological injure by preventing overactivation of immune response.
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33
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Ray RS, Katyal A. Myeloperoxidase: Bridging the gap in neurodegeneration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:611-620. [PMID: 27343997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative conditions present a group of complex disease pathologies mostly due to unknown aetiology resulting in neuronal death and permanent neurological disability. Any undesirable stress to the brain, disrupts homeostatic balance, through a remarkable convergence of pathophysiological changes and immune dysregulation. The crosstalk between inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms results in the release of neurotoxic mediators apparently spearheaded by myeloperoxidase derived from activated microglia, astrocytes, neurons as well as peripheral inflammatory cells. These isolated entities combinedly have the potential to flare up and contribute significantly to neuropathology and disease progression. Recent, clinicopathological evidence support the association of myeloperoxidase and its cytotoxic product, hypochlorous acid in a plethora of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Multiple sclerosis, Stroke, Epilepsy etc. But the biochemical and mechanistic insights into myeloperoxidase mediated neuroinflammation and neuronal death is still an uncharted territory. The current review outlines the emerging recognition of myeloperoxidase in neurodegeneration, which may offer novel therapeutic and diagnostic targets for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ray
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi 110 007, India.
| | - Anju Katyal
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi 110 007, India.
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34
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Neutrophil-Mediated Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity: The Role of Myeloperoxidase. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2349817. [PMID: 26904693 PMCID: PMC4745373 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2349817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are no longer seen as leukocytes with a sole function of being the essential first responders in the removal of pathogens at sites of infection. Being armed with numerous pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, these phagocytes can also contribute to the development of various autoimmune diseases and can positively or negatively regulate the generation of adaptive immune responses. In this review, we will discuss how myeloperoxidase, the most abundant neutrophil granule protein, plays a key role in the various functions of neutrophils in innate and adaptive immunity.
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35
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Strauss O, Dunbar PR, Bartlett A, Phillips A. The immunophenotype of antigen presenting cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in normal human liver--a systematic review. J Hepatol 2015; 62:458-68. [PMID: 25315649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), comprised of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, is essential in tissue homeostasis and in determining the balance of the immune response through its role in antigen presentation. It has been identified as a therapeutic target in infectious disease, cancer, autoimmune disease and transplant rejection. Here, we review the current understanding of the immunophenotype and function of the MPS in normal human liver. Using well-defined selection criteria, a search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases identified 76 appropriate studies. The majority (n=67) described Kupffer cells (KCs), although the definition of KC differs between sources, and little data were available regarding their function. Only 10 papers looked at liver dendritic cells (DCs), and largely confirmed the presence of the major dendritic cell subsets identified in human blood. Monocytes were thoroughly characterized in four studies that utilized flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy and highlighted their prominent role in liver homeostasis and displayed subtle differences from circulating monocytes. There was some limited evidence that liver DCs are tolerogenic but neither liver dendritic cell subsets nor macrophages have been thoroughly characterized, using either multi-colour flow cytometry or multi-parameter fluorescence microscopy. The lobular distribution of different subsets of liver MPS cells was also poorly described, and the ability to distinguish between passenger leukocytes and tissue resident cells remains limited. It was apparent that further research, using modern immunological techniques, is now required to accurately characterize the cells of the MPS in human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Strauss
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Anthony Phillips
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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36
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Ogese MO, Jenkins RE, Maggs JL, Meng X, Whitaker P, Peckham D, Faulkner L, Park BK, Naisbitt DJ. Characterization of Peroxidases Expressed in Human Antigen Presenting Cells and Analysis of the Covalent Binding of Nitroso Sulfamethoxazole to Myeloperoxidase. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:144-54. [PMID: 25531135 DOI: 10.1021/tx500458k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity remains a major concern, as it causes high morbidity and mortality. Understanding the mechanistic basis of drug hypersensitivity is complicated by the multiple risk factors implicated. This study utilized sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a model drug to (1) relate SMX metabolism in antigen presenting cells (APCs) to the activation of T-cells and (2) characterize covalent adducts of SMX and myeloperoxidase, which might represent antigenic determinants for T-cells. The SMX metabolite nitroso-SMX (SMX-NO) was found to bind irreversibly to APCs. Time- and concentration-dependent drug-protein adducts were also detected when APCs were cultured with SMX. Metabolic activation of SMX was significantly reduced by the oxygenase/peroxidase inhibitor methimazole. Similarly, SMX-NO-specific T-cells were activated by APCs pulsed with SMX, and the response was inhibited by pretreatment with methimazole or glutaraldehyde, which blocks antigen processing. Western blotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and mass spectrometry analyses suggested the presence of low concentrations of myeloperoxidase in APCs. RT-PCR revealed mRNA expression for flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO1-5), thyroid peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase, but the corresponding proteins were not detected. Mass spectrometric characterization of SMX-NO-modified myeloperoxidase revealed the formation of N-hydroxysulfinamide adducts on Cys309 and Cys398. These data show that SMX's metabolism in APCs generates antigenic determinants for T-cells. Peptides derived from SMX-NO-modified myeloperoxidase may represent one form of functional antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monday O Ogese
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind E Jenkins
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - James L Maggs
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Whitaker
- Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Unit, St James's University Hospital , Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Peckham
- Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Unit, St James's University Hospital , Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Faulkner
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
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Johnston A, Uetrecht J. Current understanding of the mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 11:243-57. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.985649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Cole J, Aberdein J, Jubrail J, Dockrell DH. The role of macrophages in the innate immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus: mechanisms and contrasts. Adv Microb Physiol 2014; 65:125-202. [PMID: 25476766 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of innate immune responses against bacteria. The Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus express a range of virulence factors, which challenge macrophages' immune competence. We review how macrophages respond to this challenge. Macrophages employ a range of strategies to phagocytose and kill each pathogen. When the macrophages capacity to clear bacteria is overwhelmed macrophages play important roles in orchestrating the inflammatory response through pattern recognition receptor-mediated responses. Macrophages also ensure the inflammatory response is tightly constrained, to avoid tissue damage, and play an important role in downregulating the inflammatory response once initial bacterial replication is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joby Cole
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jody Aberdein
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jamil Jubrail
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David H Dockrell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Boltjes A, van Montfoort N, Biesta PJ, Op den Brouw ML, Kwekkeboom J, van der Laan LJW, Janssen HLA, Boonstra A, Woltman AM. Kupffer cells interact with hepatitis B surface antigen in vivo and in vitro, leading to proinflammatory cytokine production and natural killer cell function. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1268-78. [PMID: 25362194 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on their localization, Kupffer cells (KCs) likely interact with hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, the role of KCs in inducing immunity toward HBV is poorly understood. Therefore, the interaction of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and KCs, and possible functional consequences, were assessed. METHODS KCs in liver tissue from patients with chronic HBV were analyzed for presence of HBsAg and their phenotype, and compared with KCs in control liver tissue. Liver graft perfusate-derived KCs and in vitro-generated monocyte-derived macrophages were investigated for functional interaction with patient-derived HBsAg. RESULTS Intrahepatic KCs were HBsAg positive and more activated than those from control livers. KCs internalized HBsAg in vitro, which did not change their phenotype, but strongly induced proinflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, monocyte-derived macrophages also interacted with HBsAg, leading to activation and cytokine production. Furthermore, HBsAg-exposed macrophages and KC activated natural killer (NK) cells, resulting in increased CD69 expression and interferon-γ production. CONCLUSIONS KCs directly interact with HBsAg in vivo and in vitro. HBsAg-induced cytokine production by KCs and monocyte-derived macrophages and subsequent NK cell activation may be an early event in viral containment and may support induction of HBV-specific immunity upon HBV infection, but may also contribute to liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Boltjes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paula J Biesta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjoleine L Op den Brouw
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Division of Gastroenterology, Liver Clinic University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - André Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Woltman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Flutamide-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in an in vitro rat hepatocyte system. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:398285. [PMID: 25371773 PMCID: PMC4211152 DOI: 10.1155/2014/398285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flutamide (FLU) is a competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor which has been reported to induce severe liver injury in some patients. Several experimental models suggested that an episode of inflammation during drug treatment predisposes animals to tissue injury. The molecular cytotoxic mechanisms of FLU in isolated rat hepatocytes using an in vitro oxidative stress inflammation system were investigated in this study. When a nontoxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generating system (glucose/glucose oxidase) with peroxidase or iron(II) [Fe(II)] (to partly simulate in vivo inflammation) was added to the hepatocytes prior to the addition of FLU, increases in FLU-induced cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were observed that were decreased by 6-N-propyl-2-thiouracil or deferoxamine, respectively. N-Acetylcysteine decreased FLU-induced cytotoxicity in this system. Potent antioxidants, for example, Trolox ((±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), and DPPD (N,N′-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine) also significantly decreased FLU-induced cytotoxicity and LPO and increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the H2O2 generating system with peroxidase. TEMPOL (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl), a known reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and superoxide dismutase mimetic, also significantly decreased toxicity caused by FLU in this system. These results raise the possibility that the presence or absence of inflammation may be another susceptibility factor for drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Lasram MM, Dhouib IB, Bouzid K, Lamine AJ, Annabi A, Belhadjhmida N, Ahmed MB, Fazaa SE, Abdelmoula J, Gharbi N. Association of inflammatory response and oxidative injury in the pathogenesis of liver steatosis and insulin resistance following subchronic exposure to malathion in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:542-53. [PMID: 25180440 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and risk of type 2 diabetes are the most important complications following exposure to organophosphorous (OPs) pesticides. Regarding the importance of liver on metabolic pathways regulation, in particular blood glucose homeostasis, we focused on liver inflammation and oxidative damages in a subchronic model of toxicity by malathion. Adult male Wistar rats of body weight 200-250g were used for the study. Malathion (200mg/kg b.w./day) was administered to rats by oral intubation for 28 days. Glycemic and insulin resistance indices, markers of liver injury, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed. Malathion-treated rats showed increased glycemia, insulinemia and glycated hemoglobin level, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β indices, plasma activities of hepatocellular enzymes, lipid peroxidation index, CD3(+)/CD4(+) and CD3(+)/CD4(+) and pro-inflammatory cytokines when decreased antioxidant status in liver was noted. Most of our study indicates that malathion promotes insulin resistance, inflammation and Hepatosteatosis in subchronic model of exposure. On the basis of biochemical and molecular findings, it is concluded that insulin resistance induced by malathion occurs through oxidative stress and related pro-inflammatory markers in a way to result in a reduced function of insulin in liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Montassar Lasram
- Laboratory of Aggression Physiology and Endocrine Metabolic Studies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Ines Bini Dhouib
- Laboratory of Aggression Physiology and Endocrine Metabolic Studies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kahna Bouzid
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aicha Jrad Lamine
- Laboratory of Aggression Physiology and Endocrine Metabolic Studies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alya Annabi
- Laboratory of Aggression Physiology and Endocrine Metabolic Studies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Belhadjhmida
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Malika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saloua El Fazaa
- Laboratory of Aggression Physiology and Endocrine Metabolic Studies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Jaouida Abdelmoula
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najoua Gharbi
- Laboratory of Aggression Physiology and Endocrine Metabolic Studies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Boltjes A, Movita D, Boonstra A, Woltman AM. The role of Kupffer cells in hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections. J Hepatol 2014; 61:660-71. [PMID: 24798624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Globally, over 500 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). These chronic infections cause liver inflammation, and may result in fibrosis/cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Albeit that HBV and HCV differ in various aspects, clearance, persistence, and immunopathology of either infection depends on the interplay between the innate and adaptive responses in the liver. Kupffer cells, the liver-resident macrophages, are abundantly present in the sinusoids of the liver. These cells have been shown to be crucial players to maintain homeostasis, but also contribute to pathology. However, it is important to note that especially during pathology, Kupffer cells are difficult to distinguish from infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and other myeloid cells. In this review we discuss our current understanding of Kupffer cells, and assess their role in the regulation of anti-viral immunity and disease pathogenesis during HBV and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Boltjes
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dowty Movita
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André Boonstra
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Woltman
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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A high-protein diet is anti-steatotic and has no pro-inflammatory side effects in dyslipidaemic APOE2 knock-in mice. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1251-65. [PMID: 25160499 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
High-protein (HP) diets are effective anti-steatotic treatment options for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but whether these diets also decrease steatosis in hyperlipidaemic conditions is not known. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a HP diet on hepatic steatosis and inflammation in hyperlipidaemic mice. Hyperlipidaemic male and female APOE2 knock-in (APOE2ki) mice were fed a semi-synthetic low-protein (LP) or HP diet in combination with a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet for 3 weeks. The HP diets reduced hepatic fat and cholesterol concentrations to 40-55 % of those induced by the corresponding LP diets and attenuated hepatic inflammation mildly. The VLDL-associated plasma cholesterol concentrations decreased to 60-80 %, but those of TAG increased 3-4-fold. APOE2-mediated restriction of fat import into the liver did not modify the effects of a HP diet previously observed in wild-type mice. Female APOE2ki mice exhibited a higher expression of lipogenic, cholesterol-synthesising, inflammatory and cell-stress genes than wild-type female or male APOE2ki mice, but a similar response to HP diets. Low Apob expression and unchanged plasma APOB100 concentrations suggest that HP diets increase the plasma concentrations of TAG by slowing their clearance. The decrease in plasma leptin and hepatic fat and glycogen concentrations and the increase in fatty acid-oxidising gene and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 protein expression suggest a HP diet-mediated increase in mitochondrial metabolism. In conclusion, a HP diet reduces hepatic lipid content in dyslipidaemic mice and lowers the activation status of inflammatory cells in the liver.
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Rayner BS, Love DT, Hawkins CL. Comparative reactivity of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants with mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:240-255. [PMID: 24632382 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is an important heme enzyme released by activated leukocytes that catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with halide and pseudo-halide ions to form various hypohalous acids. Hypohalous acids are chemical oxidants that have potent antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties and, as such, play key roles in the human immune system. However, increasing evidence supports an alternative role for myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants in the development of disease. Excessive production of hypohalous acids, particularly during chronic inflammation, leads to the initiation and accumulation of cellular damage that has been implicated in many human pathologies including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, lung disease, arthritis, inflammatory cancers, and kidney disease. This has sparked a significant interest in developing a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in myeloperoxidase-derived oxidant-induced mammalian cell damage. This article reviews recent developments in our understanding of the cellular reactivity of hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, and hypothiocyanous acid, the major oxidants produced by myeloperoxidase under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Rayner
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dominic T Love
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of N-acetylcysteine against malathion-induced liver damages and immunotoxicity in rats. Life Sci 2014; 107:50-8. [PMID: 24810974 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides is becoming a common and increasingly alarming world-wide phenomenon. The present study is designed to investigate the preventive effect of N-acetylcysteine on malathion-induced hepatic injury and inflammation in rats. MAIN METHODS Adult male Wistar rats of body weight 200-230 g were used for the study. Malathion (200mg/kg b.w./day) was administered to rats by oral intubation and N-acetylcysteine (2g/l) in drinking water for 28 days. Rats were sacrificed on the 28th day, 2h after the last administration. Markers of liver injury (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate desyhdogenase), inflammation (leukocyte counts, myeloperoxidase, immunophenotyping of CD4(+) and CD8(+), interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and interferon-γ expression) and oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione and antioxidant status) were assessed. KEY FINDINGS Malathion induced an increase in activities of hepatocellular enzymes in plasma, lipid peroxidation index, CD3(+)/CD4(+) and CD3(+)/CD4(+) percent and pro-inflammatory cytokines, when decreased antioxidant status in liver was noted. When malathion-treated rats were compared to NAC supplemented rats, leukocytosis, T cell count and IL-1β, IL-6, INF-γ expression were reduced. Furthermore, NAC restored liver enzyme activities and oxidative stress markers. SIGNIFICANCE Malathion induces hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress and liver inflammation. N-acetylcysteine showed therapeutic effects against malathion toxicity.
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Kong XY, Nesset CK, Damme M, Løberg EM, Lübke T, Mæhlen J, Andersson KB, Lorenzo PI, Roos N, Thoresen GH, Rustan AC, Kase ET, Eskild W. Loss of lysosomal membrane protein NCU-G1 in mice results in spontaneous liver fibrosis with accumulation of lipofuscin and iron in Kupffer cells. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:351-62. [PMID: 24487409 PMCID: PMC3944495 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human kidney predominant protein, NCU-G1, is a highly conserved protein with an unknown biological function. Initially described as a nuclear protein, it was later shown to be a bona fide lysosomal integral membrane protein. To gain insight into the physiological function of NCU-G1, mice with no detectable expression of this gene were created using a gene-trap strategy, and Ncu-g1gt/gt mice were successfully characterized. Lysosomal disorders are mainly caused by lack of or malfunctioning of proteins in the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. The clinical symptoms vary, but often include liver dysfunction. Persistent liver damage activates fibrogenesis and, if unremedied, eventually leads to liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and death. We demonstrate that the disruption of Ncu-g1 results in spontaneous liver fibrosis in mice as the predominant phenotype. Evidence for an increased rate of hepatic cell death, oxidative stress and active fibrogenesis were detected in Ncu-g1gt/gt liver. In addition to collagen deposition, microscopic examination of liver sections revealed accumulation of autofluorescent lipofuscin and iron in Ncu-g1gt/gt Kupffer cells. Because only a few transgenic mouse models have been identified with chronic liver injury and spontaneous liver fibrosis development, we propose that the Ncu-g1gt/gt mouse could be a valuable new tool in the development of novel treatments for the attenuation of fibrosis due to chronic liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Y Kong
- Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Banji OJ, Banji D, Soumya N, Chilipi KK, Kalpana C, Kranthi Kumar C, Annamalai A. Combination of carvacrol with methotrexate suppresses Complete Freund's Adjuvant induced synovial inflammation with reduced hepatotoxicity in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 723:91-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gratas-Delamarche A, Derbré F, Vincent S, Cillard J. Physical inactivity, insulin resistance, and the oxidative-inflammatory loop. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:93-108. [PMID: 24060092 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.847528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data indicate that physical inactivity, a main factor of global energetic imbalance, is involved in the worldwide epidemic of obesity and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance. Although the complex pathogenesis of insulin resistance is not fully understood, literature data accumulated during the past decades clearly indicate that the activation of the oxidative-inflammatory loop plays a major role. By activating the oxidative-inflammatory loop in insulin-sensitive tissues, fat gain and adipose tissue dysfunction likely contribute to induce insulin resistance during chronic and prolonged physical inactivity. However, in the past years, evidence has emerged showing that early insulin resistance also occurs after very short-term exposure to physical inactivity (1-7 days) without any fat gain or energetic imbalance. The possible role of liver disturbances or endothelial dysfunction is suggested, but further studies are necessary to really conclude. Inactive skeletal muscle probably constitutes the primary triggering tissue for the development of early insulin resistance. In the present review, we discuss on the current knowledge about the effect of physical inactivity on whole-body and peripheral insulin sensitivity, and how local inflammation and oxidative stress arising with physical inactivity could potentially induce insulin resistance. We assume that early muscle insulin resistance allows the excess nutrients to shift in the storage tissues to withstand starvation through energy storage. We also consider when chronic and prolonged, physical inactivity over an extended period of time is an underestimated contributor to pathological insulin resistance and hence indirectly to numerous chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gratas-Delamarche
- University Rennes 2 - ENS Cachan - Antenne de Bretagne, Laboratory "Movement, Sport and Health Sciences" (M2S) , Rennes , France
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Moustafa AHA, Ali EMM, Moselhey SS, Tousson E, El-Said KS. Effect of coriander on thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 30:621-9. [PMID: 23042592 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712462470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thioacetamide (TAA) is a potent hepatotoxin that causes centrilobulal necrosis and nephrotoxic damage following acute administration. Prolonged exposure to TAA can result in bile duct proliferation and liver cirrhosis histologically similar to that caused due to viral hepatitis infection. Coriander in food increases the antioxidant content, acting as a natural antioxidant and inhibiting undesirable oxidation processes. The present study investigated the antioxidant activity of Coriandrum sativum on TAA-induced hepatotoxicity in the male rats. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity were evaluated in the coriander leaves and seeds. Forty-eight adult male rats were divided into four groups. Group I (control), group II (TAA injected rats), group III (TAA injected rats fed coriander leaves) and group IV (TAA injected rats fed coriander seeds). The results revealed that serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were significantly increased in the groups II, III and IV as compared to the normal control. Oxidative stress in the group II was manifested by a significant rise in nitric oxide (NO), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels and myloperoxidase (MPO) activities in the liver tissues as compared with the control group. Rats fed with coriander leaves and seeds showed a decrease in the serum ALT, AST and ALP activities and in the liver NO and TBARS levels as compared to the group II. Histopathological study revealed that coriander feeding attenuated TAA-induced hepatotoxicity in the rats. In conclusion, coriander leaves attenuate hepatotoxicity induced by TAA more than that of seeds due to the higher content of phenolic compounds and antioxidants in the leaves of coriander. Liver of rats intoxicated with TAA exhibited advanced CIRRHOSIS: in the form of macronodular and micronodular structure surrounded by fibrous tissue. Treatment with coriander leaves and seeds helps in improving the adverse effect of TAA-induced hepatotoxicity; also the histological study confirms this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Said S Moselhey
- Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab Tousson
- Department of Zoology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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