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Maru V, Ismail B M, Langaliya A, Karthikeyan B, Habiba S. Evaluation of cytotoxicity of 3.8 % SDF and BioAKT solutions on the viability of dental pulp stem cells. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2024; 14:86-91. [PMID: 38293570 PMCID: PMC10825334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nonsurgical endodontic therapies have evolved from classic endodontic therapies to regenerative endodontic treatments (RETs) in recent years. In context of the cytotoxic activity of the most commonly used endodontic irrigant, NaOCl, newer endodontic irrigating solutions should be tested for its effective use in RETs. The aim of this trial was to examine and assess the cytotoxic response of 3.8 % SDF and BioAKT irrigating solutions on the viability of DPSCs. Methods The viability of DPSCs cultivated in 5.25 % NaOCl, 3.8 % SDF & BioAKT at dilutions of 1:100,1:20 &1:10 were evaluated through MTT assay after 10 min, 60 min and 24 h incubation, detection of apoptosis and ALP activity after 7,14 & 21-days incubation. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Turkey HSD was performed to determine significant differences between the specimens tested. Results When compared to the control at all time periods, all test specimens at varied dilutions (1:100, 1:20, and 1:10) caused no cytotoxic effects. The maximum number of live cells and ALP activity was observed with DPSCs cultivated in BioAKT followed by 3.8 % SDF and 5.25 % NaOCl at all time intervals. Conclusion Different doses of 3.8 % SDF and BioAKT solution revealed encouraging outcomes when compared to 5.25 % NaOCl in terms of viability, proliferation and long-term ALP functioning potential when cultivated in DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viral Maru
- Dept. Pediatric & Preventive Dentistry, Government Dental College & Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Mohammed Ismail B
- Dept of Periodontology, Guardian College of Dental Sciences, Ambernath, India
| | - Akshayraj Langaliya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AMC Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Syeda Habiba
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rajasthan Dental College, Jaipur, India
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Tonprasong W, Inokoshi M, Tamura M, Hatano K, Minakuchi S. Impact of surface pre-reacted glass ionomer filler eluate on lipase gene expression in Candida albicans: An in vitro study. Dent Mater J 2023; 42:49-54. [PMID: 36123045 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although a surface pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) exerts a suppressive effect on Candida albicans (C. albicans) activity and growth, its influence on the expression of the lipase gene (LIP) family including LIP1-LIP10, an indicator of clinical infection, has not yet been investigated. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effect of S-PRG filler eluates on LIP expression in C. albicans using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Candida albicans was treated with an S-PRG filler diluted at ratios of 1:32 and 1:64 for 24 h at 37°C. The diluted S-PRG filler eluates (1:32) suppressed lipase activity in C. albicans by downregulating LIP5 (0.54±0.25 relative to that of the control) and LIP8 (0.35±0.074) expression after 24 h, which corresponded with decreased lipase activity. At a dilution factor of 1:64, there was no significant difference in LIP expression. Thus, the S-PRG filler eluate has potential to suppress fungal activity by downregulating LIP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watcharapong Tonprasong
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Naresuan University
| | - Masanao Inokoshi
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Muneaki Tamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Keita Hatano
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Shunsuke Minakuchi
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Wang X, Tewari N, Sato F, Tanimoto K, Thangavelu L, Makishima M, Bhawal UK. Biphasic Functions of Sodium Fluoride (NaF) in Soft and in Hard Periodontal Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020962. [PMID: 35055148 PMCID: PMC8780524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium fluoride (NaF) is widely used in clinical dentistry. However, the administration of high or low concentrations of NaF has various functions in different tissues. Understanding the mechanisms of the different effects of NaF will help to optimize its use in clinical applications. Studies of NaF and epithelial cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and periodontal cells have suggested the significant roles of fluoride treatment. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the biphasic functions of NaF that are related to both soft and hard periodontal tissues, multiple diseases, and clinical dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan;
| | - Nitesh Tewari
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Fuyuki Sato
- Shizuoka Cancer Center, Pathology Division, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan;
| | - Keiji Tanimoto
- Department of Translational Cancer Research, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan;
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India;
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (U.K.B.)
| | - Ujjal K. Bhawal
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (U.K.B.)
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4
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Lim M, Song M, Hong CU, Cho YB. The biocompatibility and mineralization potential of mineral trioxide aggregate containing calcium fluoride-An in vitro study. J Dent Sci 2021; 16:1080-1086. [PMID: 34484573 PMCID: PMC8403900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE MTA is used to induce hard tissue regeneration in various procedures. This study evaluated the biocompatibility and mineralization potential of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) containing calcium fluoride (CaF2). To verify if the change of components affected physical properties, the setting time, solubility, and surface roughness were measured. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) were treated with powder and set MTA containing CaF2 (0, 1, 5, and 10 wt %). The proliferation of HDPCs was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The mineralization potential of HDPCs was investigated with the relative gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type I (ColI), osteocalcin (OCN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For investigating the physical properties, setting time and solubility were tested. Surface profiles of material were analyzed by a non-contact surface profiler and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS MTA-5% CaF2 mixtures increased the proliferation and the mineralization-related gene expression of HDPCs to a greater degree than pure MTA. The addition of CaF2 to MTA delayed the setting, but the difference was only significant in the MTA-10% CaF2. Solubility and surface roughness was not altered. CONCLUSION The addition of more than 5% CaF2 can be considered to increase the regeneration potential of pulp cells without adverse effects on physical property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Lim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dankook University College of Dentistry Jukjeon Hospital, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Minju Song
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Chan-Ui Hong
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Yong-bum Cho
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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Ishigure H, Kawaki H, Shintani K, Ueno K, Mizuno-Kamiya M, Takayama E, Hotta M, Kondoh N, Nikaido T. Effects of multi-components released from S-PRG filler on the activities of human dental pulp-derived stem cells. Dent Mater J 2021; 40:1329-1337. [PMID: 34234045 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2020-390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that the sustained release of ions from dental restorative materials have acid buffering capacity, prevents tooth enamel demineralization, and inhibits bacterial adhesion. Herein, the release behavior and bioresponsiveness of ions released from surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) fillers were investigated in different types of media based on human dental pulp-derived stem cell (hDPSC) responses. The hDPSCs were cultured for 1-7 days in S-PRG eluates diluted with varying amounts of cell culture media. S-PRG released several types of ions, such as F-, Sr2+, Na+, Al3+, BO33-, and SiO32-. The balance of eluted ions differed depending on the dilution and solvent, which in turn affected the cytotoxicity, cell morphology, cell proliferation, and alkane phosphatase activity of hDPSCs, among other properties. The results suggest that tailored S-PRG filler eluates could be designed and prepared for application in dental practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ishigure
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Functional Science and Rehabilitation, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Harumi Kawaki
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Division of Oral Structure, Function, and Development, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Kohei Shintani
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Division of Oral Functional Science and Rehabilitation, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Kyohei Ueno
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Division of Oral Structure, Function, and Development, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Masako Mizuno-Kamiya
- Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Management and Information studies, Asahi University School of Business Administration
| | - Eiji Takayama
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Division of Oral Structure, Function, and Development, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | | | - Nobuo Kondoh
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Division of Oral Structure, Function, and Development, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Toru Nikaido
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Functional Science and Rehabilitation, Asahi University School of Dentistry
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Cobanoglu N, Alptekin T, Kitagawa H, Blatz MB, Imazato S, Ozer F. Evaluation of human pulp tissue response following direct pulp capping with a self-etching adhesive system containing MDPB. Dent Mater J 2021; 40:689-696. [PMID: 33563846 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2020-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the human pulp tissue response following direct pulp capping with Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB) self-etching adhesive containing an antibacterial monomer MDPB. The pulps of third molar teeth were exposed by the removal of carious tissue. In an experimental group, CPB was applied to the exposed pulp and dentin. In the control groups, Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) or calcium hydroxide-based cement (CH) was applied to the exposed pulp surfaces. All teeth were filled with resin composite, extracted after 90 days, and the pulp responses were histologically analyzed. No severe inflammation or soft tissue disorganization was observed in CPB and CH groups. CSE group exhibited a disorganized odontoblastic layer and severe inflammatory infiltration. No hard tissue formation was observed in CSE group, and CH formed more of a hard tissue formation than CPB. CPB induced an acceptable healing response when directly applied to exposed pulps with bacterial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Cobanoglu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Selcuk
| | - Tuncay Alptekin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Umitkoy Polyclinic, Baskent Hospital
| | - Haruaki Kitagawa
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Markus B Blatz
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Satoshi Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Fusun Ozer
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, University of Pennsylvania
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7
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Kashiwagi K, Inoue H, Komasa R, Hosoyama Y, Yamashita K, Morisaki A, Goda S. Optimal dilutions of S-PRG filler eluate for experiments on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Dent Mater J 2020; 40:136-142. [PMID: 32863376 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study attempted to identify the optimal dilution at which at which the effects of surface reaction-type pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler eluate on human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) may be safely examined in vitro. S-PRG filler is a material that releases six ions and exerts strong caries-suppressing effects. We prepared S-PRG filler eluate in which S-PRG filler and α-MEM were mixed as a medium for HGF. This eluate contains six ions that are released from S-PRG filler. All cells died in proliferation experiments on HGF using S-PRG filler eluate, which demonstrated that unless S-PRG filler eluate was diluted, the ion concentration was strongly cytotoxic. S-PRG filler eluate diluted by 1/100 or more with the addition of 2% or more of FBS was safe for use. We herein successfully established the optimal dilution of S-PRG filler eluate at which HGF may be safely examined in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Kashiwagi
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University
| | | | - Reiko Komasa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Osaka Dental University
| | | | | | | | - Seiji Goda
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Dental University
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8
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Nemoto A, Chosa N, Kyakumoto S, Yokota S, Kamo M, Noda M, Ishisaki A. Water-soluble factors eluated from surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler promote osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:3448-3454. [PMID: 29257332 PMCID: PMC5802126 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface pre-reacted glass‑ionomer (S‑PRG)-containing dental materials, including composite and coating resins have been used for the restoration and/or prevention of dental cavities. S‑PRG is known to have the ability to release aluminum, boron, fluorine, silicon, and strontium ions. Aluminum ions are known to be inhibitors whereas boron, fluorine, silicon, and strontium ions are known to be promoters of mineralization, via osteoblasts. However, it remains to be clarified how an aqueous eluate obtained from S‑PRG containing these ions affects the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are known to be present in dental pulp and bone marrow, to differentiate into osteogenic cell types. The present study demonstrated that 200‑ to 1,000‑fold‑diluted aqueous eluates obtained from S‑PRG significantly upregulated the mRNA expression level of the osteogenic differentiation marker alkaline phosphatase in human MSCs (hMSCs) without exhibiting the cytotoxic effect. In addition, the 500‑ to 1,000‑fold‑diluted aqueous eluates obtained from S‑PRG significantly and clearly promoted mineralization of the extracellular matrix of hMSCs. It was additionally demonstrated that hMSCs cultured on the cured resin composites containing S‑PRG fillers exhibited osteogenic differentiation in direct correlation with the weight percent of S‑PRG fillers. These results strongly suggested that aqueous eluates of S‑PRG fillers promoted hard tissue formation by hMSCs, implicating that resins containing S‑PRG may act as a useful biomaterial to cover accidental exposure of dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nemoto
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
- Division of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Chosa
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Seiko Kyakumoto
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Seiji Yokota
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kamo
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Mamoru Noda
- Division of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Ishisaki
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
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Pourreza E, Alshemary AZ, Yilmaz B, Rad RM, Tezcaner A, Evis Z. Strontium and fluorine co-doped biphasic calcium phosphate: characterization and
in vitro
cytocompatibility analysis. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa768c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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10
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Effects of pre-reacted glass-ionomer cement on the viability and odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells derived from deciduous teeth. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdj.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Ayadi I, Ayed FB. Mechanical optimization of the composite biomaterial based on the tricalcium phosphate, titania and magnesium fluoride. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 60:568-580. [PMID: 27058004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The microstructure, the densification and the mechanical properties of the tricalcium phosphate - titania - MgF2 composites were investigated. The effect of MgF2 addition on the performances of the tricalcium phosphate - 40wt% titania composites is discussed. The mechanical properties were investigated by Brazilian test, Vickers indentation and the ultrasound techniques. The mechanical properties of the tricalcium phosphate - 40wt% titania composites reached optimum performances after the sintering process at 1200°C for one hour with 4wt% MgF2. Thus, the highest values of the rupture strength, Vickers hardness, Young׳s and the shear modulus reached 27MPa, 360Hv, 51GPa and 20GPa, respectively. The increase of the mechanical properties of the composites is due to the presence of the liquid phase and the formation of a new compound. Thus, the microstructure of the composites reveals the presence of a new lamella form relative to the Mg2(PO4)F. Beyond 4wt% MgF2, the performances of the composites are hindered by the exaggerated grain growth and the formation of the bubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibticem Ayadi
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, National School of Engineering, Sfax University, Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Foued Ben Ayed
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, National School of Engineering, Sfax University, Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia.
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12
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Korwar A, Sharma S, Logani A, Shah N. Pulp response to high fluoride releasing glass ionomer, silver diamine fluoride, and calcium hydroxide used for indirect pulp treatment: An in-vivo comparative study. Contemp Clin Dent 2015; 6:288-92. [PMID: 26321822 PMCID: PMC4549974 DOI: 10.4103/0976-237x.161855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: The study aims at determining pulp response of two high fluoride releasing materials silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and Type VII glass ionomer cement (GIC) when used as indirect pulp treatment (IPT) materials. Materials and Methods: Deep Class V cavities were made on four first premolars indicated for extraction for orthodontic reasons. SDF, Type VII GIC, and calcium hydroxide base are given in three premolars, and one is kept control. Premolars were extracted 6 weeks after the procedure and subjected to histopathological examination to determine the pulp response. The results were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results: No inflammatory changes were observed in any of the groups. Significantly more number of specimens in SDF and Type VII GIC groups showed tertiary dentin deposition (TDD) when compared to control group. No significant difference was seen in TDD when intergroup comparison was made. Odontoblasts were seen as short cuboidal cells with dense basophilic nucleus in SDF and Type VII GIC group. Conclusion: The study demonstrated TDD inducing ability of SDF and Type VII GIC and also established the biocompatibility when used as IPT materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atish Korwar
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sidhartha Sharma
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Logani
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Naseem Shah
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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de Souza Costa CA, Hebling J, Scheffel DL, Soares DG, Basso FG, Ribeiro APD. Methods to evaluate and strategies to improve the biocompatibility of dental materials and operative techniques. Dent Mater 2014; 30:769-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Demnati I, Grossin D, Errassifi F, Combes C, Rey C, Le Bolay N. Synthesis of fluor-hydroxyapatite powder for plasma sprayed biomedical coatings: Characterization and improvement of the powder properties. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Structural, morphological and surface characteristics of two types of octacalcium phosphate-derived fluoride-containing apatitic calcium phosphates. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:4417-25. [PMID: 22868193 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) has been reported to stimulate bone regeneration during hydrolysis into hydroxyapatite (HA). The present study was designed to characterize structural, morphological and surface properties of fluoride-containing apatitic calcium phosphates (CaP) obtained through OCP hydrolysis or direct precipitation of OCP in the presence of 12-230ppm of fluoride (F). The products were characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as measurements of surface area, solubility, osteoblastic activities and bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption. XRD analysis re-confirmed that both preparations yielded more apatitic CaP with a higher concentration of F. However, the co-precipitated products (CF-CaP) maintained the properties of OCP, in particular the solubility, whereas the hydrolysis products (HF-CaP) had the characteristics of fluoridated apatite. The crystals of plate-like OCP were changed to the crystals of rod-like CF-CaP and small irregular HF-CaP with the advance of the hydrolysis. The SAED analysis detected both OCP and apatite crystals even in the most hydrolyzed CF-CaP. Mouse bone marrow stromal ST-2 cells grew better on CF-CaP compared with HF-CaP. BSA adsorption was inhibited on HF-CaP more than on CF-CaP. These results show that OCP produces physicochemically distinct apatitic fluoridated CaP during hydrolysis, regarding the structure, the crystal morphology and the protein adsorption, depending on the fluoride introduction route, which provides biologically interesting material.
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16
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Wen S, Li A, Cui L, Huang Q, Chen H, Guo X, Luo Y, Hao Q, Hou J, Ba Y. The relationship of PTH Bst BI polymorphism, calciotropic hormone levels, and dental fluorosis of children in China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 147:84-90. [PMID: 22219025 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the association of parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene Bst BI polymorphism, calciotropic hormone levels, and dental fluorosis of children. A case-control study was conducted in two counties (Kaifeng and Tongxu) in Henan Province, China in 2005-2006. Two hundred and twenty-five children were recruited and divided into three groups including dental fluorosis group (DFG), non-dental fluorosis group (NDFG) from high fluoride areas, and control group (CG). Urine fluoride content was determined using fluoride ion selective electrode; PTH Bst BI were genotyped using PCR-RFLP; osteocalcin (OC) and calcitonin (CT) levels in serum were detected using radioimmunoassay. Genotype distributions were BB 85.3% (58/68), Bb 14.7% (10/68) for DFG; BB 77.6% (52/67), Bb 22.4% (15/67) for NDFG; and BB 73.3% (66/90), Bb 27.7% (24/90) for CG. No significant difference of Bst BI genotypes was observed among three groups (P > 0.05). Serum OC and urine fluoride of children were both significantly higher in DFG and NDFG than in CG (P < 0.05, respectively), while a similar situation was not observed between DFG and NDFG in high fluoride areas (P > 0.05). Serum OC level of children with BB genotype was significantly higher compared to those with Bb genotype in high fluoride areas (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference of serum CT or calcium (Ca) was observed. In conclusion, there is no correlation between dental fluorosis and PTH Bst BI polymorphism. Serum OC might be a more sensitive biomarker for detecting early stages of dental fluorosis, and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibao Wen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Gandolfi MG, Taddei P, Siboni F, Modena E, Ginebra MP, Prati C. Fluoride-containing nanoporous calcium-silicate MTA cements for endodontics and oral surgery: early fluorapatite formation in a phosphate-containing solution. Int Endod J 2011; 44:938-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Riksen EA, Kalvik A, Brookes S, Hynne A, Snead ML, Lyngstadaas SP, Reseland JE. Fluoride reduces the expression of enamel proteins and cytokines in an ameloblast-derived cell line. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 56:324-30. [PMID: 21167474 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of two different fluoride concentrations on the expression of enamel proteins, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cytokines and interleukins by an ameloblast-derived cell line. METHODS Murine ameloblast-derived cells (LS-8), mouse odontogenic epithelia, were exposed to 1 or 5ppm sodium fluoride (NaF) (0.46 and 2.25ppm F, respectively) for 1, 3 and 7 days. The effect of NaF on the mRNA expression of enamel proteins was quantified; the secretion of cytokines, and interleukins, and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, into the cell culture medium was measured and compared to untreated controls. The effect on cell growth after 1- and 3-days in culture was measured using BrdU incorporation. RESULTS Fluoride at 2.25ppm reduced mRNA expression of the structural enamel matrix proteins amelogenin (amel), ameloblastin (ambn), enamelin (enam), and the enamel protease matrix metallopeptidase-20 (MMP-20). Similarly several vascularisation factors (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), monocyte chemoattractant proteins (MCP-1) and interferon inducible protein 10 (IP-10), was also reduced by 2.25ppm fluoride. ALP activity and proliferation were stimulated by 0.46ppm fluoride but inhibited by 2.25ppm fluoride. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that fluoride may impact on the expression of structural enamel proteins and the protease responsible for processing these proteins during the secretory stage of amelogenesis and go some way to explaining the mineralization defect that characterises fluorotic enamel.
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Gandolfi MG, Prati C. MTA and F-doped MTA cements used as sealers with warm gutta-percha. Long-term study of sealing ability. Int Endod J 2010; 43:889-901. [PMID: 20618878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the long-term sealing ability (up to 6 months) of two experimental calcium silicate MTA cements used as root canal sealers in association with warm gutta-percha. METHODOLOGY Calcium silicate (MTA) and calcium-fluoro-silicate powders were prepared. Sodium fluoride was included in FMTA (Fluoride-doped Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) as an expansive and retardant agent. Single-rooted teeth were instrumented with NiTi rotary instruments, filled with warm gutta-percha in association with one of the experimental sealers or with AH Plus as a control (n = 20 for each sealer) and stored at 37 °C. Sealing was assessed at 24, 48 h, 1, 2 weeks and 1, 3, 6 months by a fluid filtration method. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis (SEM/EDX) was used to study the dentine/sealer interface of roots stored for 6 months and the surface of cement disks stored for 24 h. RESULTS All sealers revealed a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) in fluid filtration after the first 2 weeks. No statistically significant differences were observed between FMTA and AH Plus at all analysis times. At short times (24, 48-h), no statistically significant differences were found between the experimental cements and AH Plus. At long-term evaluations (1, 3, 6 months), FMTA and AH Plus sealed significantly better (P < 0.05) than MTA. FMTA was associated with lower fluid filtration rates, and the seal was stable from 48 h to 6 months, thus proving the most effective material. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis of root sections filled with calcium silicate sealers revealed the formation of a blend layer of gutta-percha and cement consequent to the warm gutta-percha condensation technique. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis of 24-h-stored disks identified a Ca-rich coating on the outer surface consisting of globular particles (calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate), and a deeper internal Ca- and Si-rich region consisting of needle-like ettringite crystals and round formations of calcium silicate hydrate gel. CONCLUSION Fluoride-doped MTA demonstrated stable sealing during a period of up to 6 months and significantly better than conventional calcium silicate MTA cements and comparable to AH Plus. The study supports the suitability of calcium silicate MTA cements as sealers in association with warm gutta-percha for root filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Oral Pathology of Endodontic Clinical Section, Department of Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Sun ZP, Ercan B, Evis Z, Webster TJ. Microstructural, mechanical, and osteocompatibility properties of Mg2+/F−-doped nanophase hydroxyapatite. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:806-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Arakawa Y, Bhawal UK, Ikoma T, Kimoto K, Kuroha K, Kubota T, Hamada N, Kubota E, Arakawa H. Low concentration fluoride stimulates cell motility of epithelial cells in vitro. Biomed Res 2009; 30:271-7. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.30.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Gandolfi MG, Perut F, Ciapetti G, Mongiorgi R, Prati C. New Portland cement-based materials for endodontics mixed with articaine solution: a study of cellular response. J Endod 2008; 34:39-44. [PMID: 18155489 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The biocompatibility of innovative tetrasilicate cements proposed for root-end filling restorations was tested. White ProRoot-MTA and AH Plus were used as control. The new cements were mixed with a local anesthetic solution (4% articaine) to form a paste. Human osteoblast-like cells Saos-2 were challenged in short-term cultures (72 hours) with solid materials and with material extracts prepared in culture medium. Cell growth and viability, cellular attachment, and morphologic features were assessed to verify cell/material interactions. No acute toxicity was exerted by the experimental cements in the assay systems. On solid samples Saos-2 adhered and proliferated on all the experimental cements and on MTA. The ultrastructural findings revealed that Saos-2 were able to adhere and to spread. The maintenance of the osteoblastic phenotype on the innovative cements was confirmed by the alkaline phosphatase assay. All experimental cements prepared with articaine supported the growth of bone-like cells, showing suitable properties to be used as canal sealers and root-end filling materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Gandolfi
- Center of Biomineralogy, Crystallography and Biomaterials, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Zhang Y, Yan Q, Li W, DenBesten PK. Fluoride down-regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-20 in human fetal tooth ameloblast-lineage cells in vitro. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114 Suppl 1:105-10; discussion 127-9, 380. [PMID: 16674670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is associated with a decrease in the incidence of dental caries, but excessive fluoride intake during tooth enamel formation can result in enamel fluorosis. Fluorosed enamel has increased porosity, which has been related to a delay in the removal of amelogenin proteins as the enamel matures. This delay in protein removal suggests that fluoride may affect either the amount or the activity of enamel matrix proteinases. In this study, we investigated the role of fluoride in the synthesis and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP-20), the proteinase primarily responsible for the initial hydrolysis of amelogenin during the secretory stage of enamel formation. Cultured human fetus tooth organ ameloblast-lineage cells were exposed to 10 microM fluoride and analyzed for synthesis of MMP-20. Immunoblotting showed that 10 microM NaF down-regulated the synthesis of MMP-20 by 21% compared with control cells, but did not alter the amount of amelogenin or kalikrein-4 (KLK-4) synthesized by the cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that 10 microM NaF down-regulated MMP-20 mRNA expression to 28% of the levels found in the non-treated cells. These in vitro results suggest that fluoride can alter the expression of MMP-20 by ameloblasts, resulting in a disturbance of the balance between MMP-20 and its substrate that may contribute to the retention of amelogenins in the formation of fluorosed enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0422, USA
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Mesgouez C, Oboeuf M, Mauro N, Colon P, MacDougall M, Machtou P, Sautier JM, Berdal A. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characterization of immortalized odontoblast MO6-G3. Int Endod J 2006; 39:453-63. [PMID: 16674740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate an immortalized murine odontoblast cell line as a potential alternative for experimental studies on dentinogenesis. METHODOLOGY The MO6-G3 cell line was investigated morphologically over 3, 7, 11 and 42 days of culture, using histochemical localization of dentine sialoprotein (DSP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), type I collagen and actin filaments, histoenzymatic staining and biochemical investigation of AP and finally, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Scanning electron micrographs showed elongated cells. Accordingly, a polarized organization of odontoblasts was observed by transmission electron microscopy, identifying distinct subcellular compartments as described in vivo. The secretion apparatus, which includes cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus saccules and secretion vesicles and granules, was longitudinally organized in the supranuclear compartment ending distally in the secretory pole. A cellular process was observed. The investigation of the cytoskeleton network revealed that actin microfilaments were organized in parallel stress fibre oriented depending on the longitudinal axis of the cytoplasm. Immunofluorescent labelling showed a continuous expression of type I collagen, DSP and AP. A unipolar distribution characterized intracellular DSP immunoreactivity. Histoenzymology revealed AP active sites increasing from 3 to 11 days albeit with a moderate level of activity comparatively to the in vivo situation in dental cells. CONCLUSION This cell line MO6-G3 not only showed the criteria of odontoblast phenotype as previously reported but also the characteristic morphodifferentiation pattern of polarized odontoblasts at the cellular level but with an apparent random distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mesgouez
- Département d'Odontologie Conservatrice-Endodontie, UFR d'Odontologie, Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Paris, France.
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Kim HW, Lee EJ, Kim HE, Salih V, Knowles JC. Effect of fluoridation of hydroxyapatite in hydroxyapatite-polycaprolactone composites on osteoblast activity. Biomaterials 2005; 26:4395-404. [PMID: 15701368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine was administered to a system of hydroxyapatite (HA)/polycaprolactone (PCL) ceramic-polymer bioactive composites for applications as hard tissue regeneratives. The HA was fluoridated at different levels (5%, 25%, 50% and 75%) in order to produce the fluor-hydroxyapatite (FHA)/PCL composites. The osteoblastic cellular responses to the composites were examined in terms of the cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation as well as the expression of bone-associated genes. The amount of fluorine released from the composites was controlled by changing the degree of fluoridation, and the cellular responses were strongly influenced by the level of fluoridation. The MG63 cells on the FHA-PCL attached and proliferated at a similar level to those on HA-PCL. However, the fluoridation of HA increased significantly the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin (OC) production by the cells on the composites, which was measured by an enzymatic assay. Moreover, the gene expression level of ALP and OC in the cells was up regulated on the FHA-PCL, which was confirmed semi-quantitatively by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. These findings on the fluorine-administered biological composites (FHA-PCL) suggested that fluorine plays a significant role in stimulating the bone derived cellular activity, and the FHA-PCL composites have high potential for use as hard tissue regeneratives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Won Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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Yoon BH, Kim HW, Lee SH, Bae CJ, Koh YH, Kong YM, Kim HE. Stability and cellular responses to fluorapatite–collagen composites. Biomaterials 2005; 26:2957-63. [PMID: 15603790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorapatite (FA)-collagen composites were synthesized via a biomimetic coprecipitation method in order to improve the structural stability and cellular responses. Different amounts of ammonium fluoride (NH4F), acting as a fluorine source for FA, were added to the precipitation of the composites. The precipitated composites were freeze-dried and isostatically pressed in a dense body. The added fluorine was incorporated nearly fully into the apatite structure (fluoridation), and a near stoichiometric FA-collagen composite was obtained with complete fluoridation. The freeze-dried composites had a typical biomimetic network, consisting of collagen fibers and precipitates of nano-sized apatite crystals. The human osteoblast-like cells on the FA-collagen composites exhibited significantly higher proliferation and differentiation (according to alkaline phosphatase activity) than those on the hydroxyapatite-collagen composite. These enhanced osteoblastic cell responses were attributed to the fluorine release and the reduced dissolution rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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27
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Li Y, Decker S, Yuan ZA, Denbesten PK, Aragon MA, Jordan-Sciutto K, Abrams WR, Huh J, McDonald C, Chen E, MacDougall M, Gibson CW. Effects of sodium fluoride on the actin cytoskeleton of murine ameloblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:681-8. [PMID: 15958199 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is associated with a decrease in the incidence of dental caries, but excess fluoride can lead to enamel fluorosis, a defect that occurs during tooth enamel formation. In fibroblasts, the Arhgap gene encodes a RhoGAP, which regulates the small G protein designated RhoA. Fluoride treatment of fibroblasts inactivates RhoGAP, thereby activating RhoA, which leads to elevation of filamentous actin (F-actin). Since RhoA is a molecular switch, our hypothesis is that in ameloblasts, fluoride may alter the cytoskeleton through interference with the Rho signaling pathway. Our objective was to measure the effects of sodium fluoride on F-actin using tooth organ culture and confocal microscopy. The results indicated that cellular responses to fluoride include elevation of F-actin in ameloblasts. It was concluded from immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and confocal approaches that the components of the Rho pathway are present in ameloblasts, and that the response to fluoride involves the Rho/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104-6030, USA
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Gough JE, Christian P, Scotchford CA, Jones IA. Craniofacial osteoblast responses to polycaprolactone produced using a novel boron polymerisation technique and potassium fluoride post-treatment. Biomaterials 2003; 24:4905-12. [PMID: 14559003 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is no ideal material for craniofacial bone repair at present. The aim of this study was to test the biocompatibility of polycaprolactone (PCL) synthesised by a novel method allowing control of molecular weight and degradation rate, with regard to it being used as matrix for a biodegradable composite for craniofacial bone repair. Human primary craniofacial cells were used, isolated from paediatric skull after surgery. Cell responses were analysed using various assays and antibody staining. Cells attached and spread on the PCL in a similar manner to the Thermanox controls as shown by phalloidin staining of F-actin. Cells maintained the osteoblast phenotype as demonstrated by alkaline phosphatase assay and antibody staining throughout the time points studied, up to 28 days. Cells proliferated on the PCL as shown by a DNA assay. Collagen-1 staining showed extensive production of a collagen-1 containing extracellular matrix, which was also shown to be mineralised by alizarin red staining. Short-term (up to 48 h) attachment studies and long-term (up to 28 days) expression of markers of the osteoblast phenotype have been demonstrated on the PCL. This new method of synthesising PCL shows biocompatibility characteristics that give it potential to be used for craniofacial bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gough
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, E Floor, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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