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Bak SM, Back SM, Kim DY, Jung S, Jeung NY, Kim NY, Han KH, Kim YB, Lee BS, Park JH, Cho HJ, Lee HG, Ozden O, Kim SK, Park SH. Differential genotoxicity of Polygoni Multiflori in rat and human: insights from Ames test and S9 metabolic activation system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21433. [PMID: 39271730 PMCID: PMC11399298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ames test is used worldwide to initially screen the mutagenic potential of new chemicals. In the standard Ames test, S. typhimurium strains (TA100, TA98, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) are treated with substances with/without cytochrome P450s (CYPs)-induced rat S9 fractions for identifying mutagens and pro-mutagens. However, many substances show completely different toxicity patterns depending on whether the liver S9 fraction belongs to rats or humans. The natural product Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) can also show bacterial reverse mutation, followed by the rat or human liver S9 fraction. While PMR elicits reverse mutations in the TA1537 strain in rat liver S9 but not in human liver S9, this mechanism has not been verified yet. To explain this, the differences in metabolic enzymes compositions commonly observed between rats and humans have been implicated. This study aimed to explore the key factors that cause differences in the genotoxicity of PMR between rat and human liver S9 metabolic enzymes. The results of next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis showed that both rat and human metabolic enzymes caused similar mutations in TA1537. However, when the metabolic enzymes in each S9 fraction were analyzed using ion mobility tandem mass spectrometry (IM-MS), rat- and human-specific enzymes were identified among the cytochrome (CYP) family, especially aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-related CYPs. These findings suggest that CYP1A1 isoforms contribute to the mechanism of PMR in the Ames test. Therefore, an in vitro Ames test might be more reliable in predicting genotoxicity for both rodents and humans. This will also help overcome the limitations of laboratory animal-based toxicity evaluations, which provide unreliable results due to interspecies differences between humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Bak
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seng-Min Back
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 9 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Yeon Kim
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Jung
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Jeung
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan-Young Kim
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyun Han
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Park
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju-Si, 58245, South Korea
| | - Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ozkan Ozden
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kafkas University, 36100, Kars, Turkey
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 9 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Hoon Park
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
- Toxicology Mechanism Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
- Genetic Toxicology Research Group, Toxicology Mechanism Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR): A Novel Therapeutic Target for Pulmonary Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031516. [PMID: 35163440 PMCID: PMC8836075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a cytoplasmic transcription factor that is well-known for regulating xenobiotic metabolism. Studies in knockout and transgenic mice indicate that the AHR plays a vital role in the development of liver and regulation of reproductive, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and immune homeostasis. In this focused review on lung diseases associated with acute injury and alveolar development, we reviewed and summarized the current literature on the mechanistic role(s) and therapeutic potential of the AHR in acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Pre-clinical studies indicate that endogenous AHR activation is necessary to protect neonatal and adult lungs against hyperoxia- and cigarette smoke-induced injury. Our goal is to provide insight into the high translational potential of the AHR in the meaningful management of infants and adults with these lung disorders that lack curative therapies.
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Disner GR, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C. Where the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Meets the microRNAs: Literature Review of the Last 10 Years. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:725044. [PMID: 34746229 PMCID: PMC8566438 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.725044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an environmentally responsive ligand-activated transcription factor, identified in the ‘70s for its toxic responses to halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as dioxin. Recently, AhR has been recognized as engaged in multiple physiological processes in health and diseases, particularly in the immune system, inflammatory response, tumorigenesis, and cellular differentiation by epigenetic mechanisms involving miRNAs. However, there is still scarce information about AhR-dependent miRNA regulation and miRNA-mediated epigenetic control in pathologies and therapies. In this review, we explore the mutual regulation of AhR and miRNA over the last decade of studies since many miRNAs have dioxin response elements (DRE) in their 3’ UTR, as well as AhR might contain binding sites of miRNAs. TCDD is the most used ligand to investigate the impact of AhR activation, and the immune system is one of the most sensitive of its targets. An association between TCDD-activated AhR and epigenetic mechanisms like post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs, DNA methylation, or histone modification has already been confirmed. Besides, several studies have shown that AhR-induced miR-212/132 cluster suppresses cancers, attenuates autoimmune diseases, and has an anti-inflammatory role in different immune responses by regulating cytokine levels and immune cells. Together the ever-expanding new AhR roles and the miRNA therapeutics are a prominent segment among biopharmaceuticals. Additionally, AhR-activated miRNAs can serve as valuable biomarkers of diseases, notably cancer progression or suppression and chemical exposure. Once AhR-dependent gene expression may hinge on the ligand, cell type, and context singularity, the reviewed outcomes might help contextualize state of the art and support new trends and emerging opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonildo Rodrigo Disner
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICS/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICS/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICS/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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Different endurance exercises modulate NK cell cytotoxic and inhibiting receptors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3379-3387. [PMID: 34477931 PMCID: PMC8571223 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Induction of IDO depends on the activation of AhR forming the AhR/IDO axis. Activated AhR can transcribe various target genes including cytotoxic and inhibiting receptors of NK cells. We investigated whether AhR and IDO levels as well as activating (NKG2D) and inhibiting (KIR2DL1) NK cell receptors are influenced by acute exercise and different chronic endurance exercise programs. Methods 21 adult breast and prostate cancer patients of the TOP study (NCT02883699) were randomized to intervention programs of 12 weeks of (1) endurance standard training or (2) endurance polarized training after a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Serum was collected pre-CPET, immediately post-CPET, 1 h post-CPET and after 12 weeks post-intervention. Flow cytometry analysis was performed on autologous serum incubated NK-92 cells for: AhR, IDO, KIR2DL1 and NKG2D. Differences were investigated using analysis-of-variance for acute and analysis-of-covariance for chronic effects. Results Acute exercise: IDO levels changed over time with a significant increase from post-CPET to 1 h post-CPET (p = 0.03). KIR2DL1 levels significantly decreased over time (p < 0.01). NKG2D levels remained constant (p = 0.31). Chronic exercise: for both IDO and NKG2D a significant group × time interaction, a significant time effect and a significant difference after 12 weeks of intervention were observed (IDO: all p < 0.01, NKG2D: all p > 0.05). Conclusion Both acute and chronic endurance training may regulate NK cell function via the AhR/IDO axis. This is clinically relevant, as exercise emerges to be a key player in immune regulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-021-04735-z.
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Kawase A, Mukai H, Tateishi S, Kuroda S, Kazaoka A, Satoh R, Shimada H, Sugiura R, Iwaki M. Protein Kinase N Family Negatively Regulates Constitutive Androstane Receptor-Mediated Transcriptional Induction of Cytochrome P450 2b10 in the Livers of Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:53-63. [PMID: 34312179 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In receptor-type transcription factors-mediated cytochrome P450 (P450) induction, few studies have attempted to clarify the roles of protein kinase N (PKN) in the transcriptional regulation of P450s. This study aimed to examine the involvement of PKN in the transcriptional regulation of P450s by receptor-type transcription factors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and pregnane X receptor. The mRNA and protein levels and metabolic activity of P450s in the livers of wild-type (WT) and double-mutant (D) mice harboring both PKN1 kinase-negative knock-in and PKN3 knockout mutations [PKN1 T778A/T778A; PKN3 -/-] were determined after treatment with activators for receptor-type transcription factors. mRNA and protein levels and metabolic activity of CYP2B10 were significantly higher in D mice treated with the CAR activator phenobarbital (PB) but not with 1,4-bis((3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)oxy)benzene compared with WT mice. We examined the CAR-dependent pathway regulated by PKN after PB treatment because the extent of CYP2B10 induction in WT and D mice was notably different in response to treatment with different CAR activators. The mRNA levels of Cyp2b10 in primary hepatocytes from WT and D mice treated with PB alone or in combination with Src kinase inhibitor 1 (SKI-1) or U0126 (a mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor) were evaluated. Treatment of hepatocytes from D mice with the combination of PB with U0126 but not SKI-1 significantly increased the mRNA levels of Cyp2b10 compared with those from the corresponding WT mice. These findings suggest that PKN may have inhibitory effects on the Src-receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) pathway in the CAR-mediated induction of Cyp2b10 in mice livers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This is the first report of involvement of PKN in the transcriptional regulation of P450s. The elucidation of mechanisms responsible for induction of P450s could help optimize the pharmacotherapy and improve drug development. We examined whether the mRNA and protein levels and activities of P450s were altered in double-mutant mice harboring both PKN1 kinase-negative knock-in and PKN3 knockout mutations. PKN1/3 negatively regulates CAR-mediated induction of Cyp2b10 through phosphorylation of a signaling molecule in the Src-RACK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Hideyuki Mukai
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Shunsuke Tateishi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Shintaro Kuroda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Akira Kazaoka
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Ryosuke Satoh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Reiko Sugiura
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
| | - Masahiro Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (A.Kaw., S.T., S.K., A.Kaz., H.S., M.I.); Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan (H.M.); Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Sa., R.Su.); Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.); and Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan (R.Su., M.I.)
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de Araújo EF, Loures FV, Preite NW, Feriotti C, Galdino NA, Costa TA, Calich VLG. AhR Ligands Modulate the Differentiation of Innate Lymphoid Cells and T Helper Cell Subsets That Control the Severity of a Pulmonary Fungal Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630938. [PMID: 33936043 PMCID: PMC8085362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In agreement with other fungal infections, immunoprotection in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is mediated by Th1/Th17 cells whereas disease progression by prevalent Th2/Th9 immunity. Treg cells play a dual role, suppressing immunity but also controlling excessive tissue inflammation. Our recent studies have demonstrated that the enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) and the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) play an important role in the immunoregulation of PCM. To further evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of AhR in this fungal infection, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infected mice were treated with two different AhR agonists, L-Kynurenin (L-Kyn) or 6-formylindole [3,2-b] carbazole (FICZ), and one AhR specific antagonist (CH223191). The disease severity and immune response of treated and untreated mice were assessed 96 hours and 2 weeks after infection. Some similar effects on host response were shared by FICZ and L-Kyn, such as the reduced fungal loads, decreased numbers of CD11c+ lung myeloid cells expressing activation markers (IA, CD40, CD80, CD86), and early increased expression of IDO and AhR. In contrast, the AhR antagonist CH223191 induced increased fungal loads, increased number of pulmonary CD11c+ leukocytes expressing activation markers, and a reduction in AhR and IDO production. While FICZ treatment promoted large increases in ILC3, L-Kyn and CH223191 significantly reduced this cell population. Each of these AhR ligands induced a characteristic adaptive immunity. The large expansion of FICZ-induced myeloid, lymphoid, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) led to the increased expansion of all CD4+ T cell subpopulations (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, and Treg), but with a clear predominance of Th17 and Th22 subsets. On the other hand, L-Kyn, that preferentially activated plasmacytoid DCs, reduced Th1/Th22 development but caused a robust expansion of Treg cells. The AhR antagonist CH223191 induced a preferential expansion of myeloid DCs, reduced the number of Th1, Th22, and Treg cells, but increased Th17 differentiation. In conclusion, the present study showed that the pathogen loads and the immune response in pulmonary PCM can be modulated by AhR ligands. However, further studies are needed to define the possible use of these compounds as adjuvant therapy for this fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu F de Araújo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V Loures
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nycolas W Preite
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Feriotti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayane Al Galdino
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia A Costa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L G Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis in AhR deficient hosts is severe and associated with defective Treg and Th22 responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11312. [PMID: 32647342 PMCID: PMC7347857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. In infection models, it has been associated with host responses that promote or inhibit disease progression. In pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis, a primary fungal infection endemic in Latin America, immune protection is mediated by Th1/Th17 cells and disease severity with predominant Th2/Th9/Treg responses. Because of its important role at epithelial barriers, we evaluate the role of AhR in the outcome of a pulmonary model of paracoccidioidomycosis. AhR−/− mice show increased fungal burdens, enhanced tissue pathology and mortality. During the infection, AhR−/− mice have more pulmonary myeloid cells with activated phenotype and reduced numbers expressing indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1. AhR-deficient lungs have altered production of cytokines and reduced numbers of innate lymphoid cells (NK, ILC3 and NCR IL-22). The lungs of AhR−/− mice showed increased presence Th17 cells concomitant with reduced numbers of Th1, Th22 and Foxp3+ Treg cells. Furthermore, treatment of infected WT mice with an AhR-specific antagonist (CH223191) reproduced the main findings obtained in AhR−/− mice. Collectively our data demonstrate that in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis AhR controls fungal burden and excessive tissue inflammation and is a possible target for antifungal therapy.
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Maravilla-Galván R, Fierro R, González-Márquez H, Gómez-Arroyo S, Jiménez I, Betancourt M. Effects of Atrazine and Fenoxaprop-Ethyl on Capacitation and the Acrosomal Reaction in Boar Sperm. Int J Toxicol 2019; 28:24-32. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581809333138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine is a herbicide of the chloro-s-triazine family. It inhibits photosynthesis in plants and is an endocrine disruptor, but its effects on human health are controversial. Fenoxaprop-ethyl, an aryloxy phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicide, inhibits the biosynthesis of fatty acids and provokes depolarization of membranes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro effects of both herbicides on capacitation, spontaneous acrosome reaction (SAR) and progesterone-induced acrosome reaction (PIAR) in boar sperm. Sperm capacitation is done in TALP-HEPES media for 4 hours. Capacitation and SAR are evaluated immediately; PIAR, 30 minutes later. LC50 for fenoxaprop-ethyl is 60 mM and 40 mM for atrazine. Fenoxaprop-ethyl induces capacitation at 60 mM and SAR at all concentrations, also increases significantly PIAR. Atrazine decreased capacitation whereas increase significantly SAR and PIAR at all concentrations. It seems that fenoxaprop-ethyl and atrazine accelerate the capacitation and the acrosomal reaction, possibly via plasma membrane destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Maravilla-Galván
- From the Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana, México; Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México; Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad
Nacional Autónoma Metropolitana, México; and Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad
Autónoma Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México
| | - Reyna Fierro
- From the Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana, México; Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México; Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad
Nacional Autónoma Metropolitana, México; and Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad
Autónoma Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México
| | - Humberto González-Márquez
- From the Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana, México; Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México; Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad
Nacional Autónoma Metropolitana, México; and Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad
Autónoma Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México
| | - Sandra Gómez-Arroyo
- From the Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana, México; Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México; Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad
Nacional Autónoma Metropolitana, México; and Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad
Autónoma Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México
| | - Irma Jiménez
- From the Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana, México; Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México; Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad
Nacional Autónoma Metropolitana, México; and Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad
Autónoma Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México
| | - Miguel Betancourt
- From the Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana, México; Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México; Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad
Nacional Autónoma Metropolitana, México; and Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad
Autónoma Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México
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Mohammadi-Bardbori A, Omidi M, Arabnezhad MR. Impact of CH223191-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Its Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonistic and Antagonistic Activities. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:691-697. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Mohammadi-Bardbori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Omidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Arabnezhad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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10
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Ghosh J, Chowdhury AR, Srinivasan S, Chattopadhyay M, Bose M, Bhattacharya S, Raza H, Fuchs SY, Rustgi AK, Gonzalez FJ, Avadhani NG. Cigarette Smoke Toxins-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Pancreatitis Involves Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Mediated Cyp1 Gene Expression: Protective Effects of Resveratrol. Toxicol Sci 2018; 166:428-440. [PMID: 30165701 PMCID: PMC6260170 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that mitochondrial CYP1 enzymes participate in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other carcinogens leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, using Cyp1b1-/-, Cyp1a1/1a2-/-, and Cyp1a1/1a2/1b1-/- mice, we observed that cigarette and environmental toxins, namely benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), induce pancreatic mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and pancreatitis. Our results suggest that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation and resultant mitochondrial dysfunction are associated with pancreatic pathology. BaP treatment markedly inhibits pancreatic mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ADP-dependent OCR, and also maximal respiration, in wild-type mice but not in Cyp1a1/1a2-/- and Cyp1a1/1a2/1b1-/- mice. In addition, both BaP and TCDD treatment markedly affected mitochondrial complex IV activity, in addition to causing marked reduction in mitochondrial DNA content. Interestingly, the AhR antagonist resveratrol, attenuated BaP-induced mitochondrial respiratory defects in the pancreas, and reversed pancreatitis, both histologically and biochemically in wild-type mice. These results reveal a novel role for AhR- and AhR-regulated CYP1 enzymes in eliciting mitochondrial dysfunction and cigarette toxin-mediated pancreatic pathology. We propose that increased mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and oxidative stress are involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon associated pancreatitis. Resveratrol, a chemo preventive agent and AhR antagonist, and CH-223191, a potent and specific AhR inhibitor, confer protection against BaP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and pancreatic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Chemistry, Banwarilal Bhalotia College, Asansol, Ushagram, Asansol-713303, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindya Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Roche Molecular Systems, 1080, US-202, Branchburg, NJ 08876
| | - Mrittika Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Moumita Bose
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Haider Raza
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Serge Y Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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11
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Xue P, Fu J, Zhou Y. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:286. [PMID: 29487603 PMCID: PMC5816799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an important cytosolic, ligand-dependent transcription factor. Emerging evidence suggests the promoting role of the AhR in the initiation, promotion, progression, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. Studies on various tumor types and tumor cell lines have shown high AhR expression, suggesting that AhR is activated constitutively in tumors and facilitates their growth. Interestingly, immune evasion has been recognized as an emerging hallmark feature of cancer. A connection between the AhR and immune system has been recognized, which has been suggested as an immunosuppressive effector on different types of immune cells. Certain cancers can escape immune recognition via AhR signaling pathways. This review discusses the role of the AhR in tumor immunity and its potential mechanism of action in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xue
- Children's Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinrong Fu
- Children's Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- Children's Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
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12
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Raju H, Sundararajan R, Sharma R. The structure of BrlR reveals a potential pyocyanin binding site. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:256-262. [PMID: 29251765 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator BrlR from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a member of the MerR family of multidrug transport activators. Studies have shown that BrlR plays an important role in the drug tolerance of P. aeruginosa in biofilms. The tolerance to drugs can be enhanced by 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP). In the present study, we analyze the apo structure of BrlR and the direct binding between GyrI-like domain of BrlR and P. aeruginosa toxin pyocyanin. Furthermore, we show that pyocyanin can enhance the binding between BrlR and DNA in vitro. These findings suggest that BrlR can serve as the binding partner for both c-di-GMP and pyocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikiran Raju
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rukmini Sundararajan
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rohan Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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13
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Mori T, Sakai Y, Kayano M, Matsuda A, Oboki K, Matsumoto K, Harada A, Niida S, Watanabe K. MicroRNA transcriptome analysis on hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine Surg Relat Res 2017; 1:211-217. [PMID: 31440636 PMCID: PMC6698563 DOI: 10.22603/ssrr.1.2017-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Molecular pathways involved in ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy are still unclarified. The purpose of this study was to characterize LF hypertrophy by microRNA (miRNA) profiling according to the classification of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Methods Classification of patients with LSS into ligamentous and non-ligamentous cases was conducted by clinical observation and the morphometric parameter adopting the LF/spinal canal area ratio (LSAR) from measurements of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2 weighed images. LF from patients with ligamentous stenosis (n=10) were considered as the degenerative hypertrophied samples, and those from patients with non-ligamentous LSS (n=7) and lumbar disc herniation (LDH, n=3) were used as non-hypertrophied controls. Profiling of miRNA from all samples was conducted by Agilent microarray. Microarray data analysis was performed with GeneSpring GX, and pathway analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Results The mean LSAR in the ligamentous group was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.662±0.154 vs 0.301±0.068, p=0.0000171). Ten significantly differentially expressed miRNA were identified and taken as a signature of LF hypertrophy: nine miRNA showed down-regulated expression, and one showed up-regulated expression in the ligamentous LF. Among those, miR-423-5p (rs=-0.473, p<0.05), miR-4306 (rs=-0.628, p<0.01), miR-516b-5p (rs=-0.629, p<0.01), and miR-497-5p (rs=0.461, p<0.05) were correlated to the LSAR. Pathway analysis predicted aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling (p<0.01), Wnt/β-catenin signaling (p<0.01), and insulin receptor signaling (p<0.05) as canonical pathways associated with the miRNA signature. Conclusions Classification based on quantification of the MRI axial image is useful for studying hypertrophy of the LF. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be involved in LF hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Mori
- Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Mitsunori Kayano
- Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Aichi, Japan.,Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akio Matsuda
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development (NRICHD), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Oboki
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development (NRICHD), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development (NRICHD), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shumpei Niida
- Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken Watanabe
- Department of Bone and Joint Disease, NCGG, Aichi, Japan
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14
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Nakashima KI, Ogiwara T, Hirai T, Tanaka T, Murata H, Kaburagi K, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Hayashi H, Inoue M. Gerontoxanthone B from Maclura cochinchinensis var. gerontogea exhibits anti-inflammatory potential as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4253-4258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Colgan SP, Campbell EL, Kominsky DJ. Hypoxia and Mucosal Inflammation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 11:77-100. [PMID: 27193451 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sites of inflammation are defined by significant changes in metabolic activity. Recent studies have suggested that O2 metabolism and hypoxia play a prominent role in inflammation so-called "inflammatory hypoxia," which results from a combination of recruited inflammatory cells (e.g., neutrophils and monocytes), the local proliferation of multiple cell types, and the activation of multiple O2-consuming enzymes during inflammation. These shifts in energy supply and demand result in localized regions of hypoxia and have revealed the important function off the transcription factor HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) in the regulation of key target genes that promote inflammatory resolution. Analysis of these pathways has provided multiple opportunities for understanding basic mechanisms of inflammation and has defined new targets for intervention. Here, we review recent work addressing tissue hypoxia and metabolic control of inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; .,Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Eric L Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; .,Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Douglas J Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
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16
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Modulation of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adduct formation by CYP1 inducer and inhibitor. Genes Environ 2017; 39:14. [PMID: 28405246 PMCID: PMC5385587 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-017-0076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a well-studied pro-carcinogen that is metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) has been considered to play a central role in the activation step, which is essential for the formation of DNA adducts. This enzyme is strongly induced by many different chemical agents, including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which binds to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Therefore, AhR activators are suspected to have the potential to aggravate the toxicity of BaP through the induction of CYP1A1. Besides, CYP1A1 inhibitors, including its substrates, are estimated to have preventive effects against BaP toxicity. However, strangely, increased hepatic BaP–DNA adduct levels have been reported in Cyp1a1 knockout mice. Moreover, numerous reports describe that concomitant treatment of AhR activators reduced BaP–DNA adduct formation. In an experiment using several human cell lines, TCDD had diverse modulatory effects on BaP–DNA adducts, both enhancing and inhibiting their formation. In this review, we focus on the factors that could influence the BaP–DNA adduct formation. To interpret these complicated outcomes, we propose a hypothesis that CYP1A1 is a key enzyme for both generation and reduction of (±)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), the major carcinogenic intermediate of BaP. Conversely, CYP1B1 is thought to contribute only to the metabolic activation of BaP related to carcinogenesis.
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17
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Shrestha AK, Patel A, Menon RT, Jiang W, Wang L, Moorthy B, Shivanna B. Leflunomide induces NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 enzyme via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in neonatal mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:195-200. [PMID: 28192119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has been increasingly recognized to play a crucial role in normal physiological homeostasis. Additionally, disrupted AhR signaling leads to several pathological states in the lung and liver. AhR activation transcriptionally induces detoxifying enzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1). The toxicity profiles of the classical AhR ligands such as 3-methylcholanthrene and dioxins limit their use as a therapeutic agent in humans. Hence, there is a need to identify nontoxic AhR ligands to develop AhR as a clinically relevant druggable target. Recently, we demonstrated that leflunomide, a FDA approved drug, used to treat rheumatoid arthritis in humans, induces CYP1A enzymes in adult mice via the AhR. However, the mechanisms by which this drug induces NQO1 in vivo are unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that leflunomide will induce pulmonary and hepatic NQO1 enzyme in neonatal mice via AhR-dependent mechanism(s). Leflunomide elicited significant induction of pulmonary CYP1A1 and NQO1 expression in neonatal mice. Interestingly, the dose at which leflunomide increased NQO1 was significantly higher than that required to induce CYP1A1 enzyme. Likewise, it also enhanced hepatic CYP1A1, 1A2 and NQO1 expression in WT mice. In contrast, leflunomide failed to induce these enzymes in AhR-null mice. Our results indicate that leflunomide induces pulmonary and hepatic CYP1A and NQO1 enzymes via the AhR in neonatal mice. These findings have important implications to prevent and/or treat disorders such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia in human infants where AhR may play a crucial role in the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Kumar Shrestha
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ananddeep Patel
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Renuka T Menon
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weiwu Jiang
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Atranorin and lecanoric acid antagonize TCDD-induced xenobiotic response element-driven activity, but not xenobiotic response element-independent activity. J Nat Med 2016; 70:476-82. [PMID: 26979434 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic organisms that consist of fungi and photosynthetic symbionts (algae and/or cyanobacteria). Previous studies of their constituents suggested lichens produce many kinds of aromatic secondary metabolites, such as depsides, quinones, and dibenzofurans. In this study, we evaluated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonistic activity of 17 lichen substances and demonstrated that atranorin (1) and lecanoric acid (2), isolated from Parmotrema tinctorum Hale, showed an inhibitory effect on luciferase activity increased by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), using an XRE-driven pX4TK-Luc reporter gene assay. In addition, CYP1A1 mRNA and protein levels increased by TCDD were also suppressed by 1 and 2. Conversely, neither 1 nor 2 antagonized the suppressive effect of TCDD on interleukin (IL)-1β-induced acute-phase response (APR) gene expression. Thus, we concluded that 1 and 2 were selective AhR modulators that antagonize XRE-dependent activity, but not XRE-independent activity. However, 1 has different characteristics to 2 in that 1 alone showed a suppressive effect on IL-1β-induced APR gene expression in a similar fashion to TCDD.
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19
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Nguyen NT, Nakahama T, Nguyen CH, Tran TT, Le VS, Chu HH, Kishimoto T. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonism and its role in rheumatoid arthritis. J Exp Pharmacol 2015; 7:29-35. [PMID: 27186143 PMCID: PMC4863532 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s63549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune disease, affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide, its pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. Tobacco smoke, an environmental risk factor for RA, contains several ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), also known as dioxin receptor. Ahr plays critical roles in the immune system. We previously demonstrated that Ahr in helper T-cells contributes to development of collagen-induced arthritis, a mouse model of RA. Other studies have shown that cigarette smoke condensate and pure Ahr ligands exacerbate RA by altering bone metabolism and inducing proinflammatory responses in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Consistent with these findings, several Ahr antagonists such as α-naphthoflavone, resveratrol, and GNF351 reverse the effect of Ahr ligands in RA pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of Ahr function in the immune system and the potential clinical benefits of Ahr antagonism in treating RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Trung Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Taisuke Nakahama
- Laboratory of RNA Function, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chi Hung Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trang Thu Tran
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Son Le
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Ha Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Sofo V, Götte M, Laganà AS, Salmeri FM, Triolo O, Sturlese E, Retto G, Alfa M, Granese R, Abrão MS. Correlation between dioxin and endometriosis: an epigenetic route to unravel the pathogenesis of the disease. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 292:973-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Nagayoshi H, Kakimoto K, Takagi S, Konishi Y, Kajimura K, Matsuda T. Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers show potent activities as human aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:578-87. [PMID: 25383696 DOI: 10.1021/es503926w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) used in consumer products are raising concerns as new pollutants in the aquatic environment. We determined the agonistic activities of eight BUVSs and a chemically distinct UV absorber (4-methylbenzylidinecamphor) toward the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and thyroid hormone receptors alpha and beta. Although none of the BUVSs showed ligand activity against the thyroid hormone receptors, four of them (UV-P, UV-9, UV-326, and UV-090) showed significant AhR ligand activity. Their half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) were 130 nM for UV-P, 460 nM for UV-9, and 5.1 μM for UV-090 (a value for UV-326 could not be determined). Of the numerous AhR ligands, it is well-known that those considered nontoxic are quickly metabolized by enzymes such as CYP1A1, which destroys their ability to function as ligands. Accordingly, we established a new yeast assay for simultaneous monitoring of both the strength of AhR ligand activity and ligand degradation by CYP1A1. We found the AhR ligand activities of the above four BUVSs to be stable in the presence of CYP1A1; therefore, they have the potential to accumulate and exert potent physiological effects in humans, analogous to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins, which are known stable and toxic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nagayoshi
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
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Nguyen NT, Nakahama T, Le DH, Van Son L, Chu HH, Kishimoto T. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and kynurenine: recent advances in autoimmune disease research. Front Immunol 2014; 5:551. [PMID: 25400638 PMCID: PMC4212680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is thought to be a crucial factor in the regulation of immune responses. Many AHR-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms have been discovered, and this knowledge may enhance our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory syndromes such as collagen-induced arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and experimental colitis. Recent findings have elucidated the critical link between AHR and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the development of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells, which are key factors in a variety of human autoimmune diseases. Induction of IDO and IDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism, together with its downstream products such as kynurenine, is an important immunoregulatory mechanism underlying immunosuppression, tolerance, and immunity. Recent studies revealed that induction of IDO depends on AHR expression. This review summarizes the most current findings regarding the functions of AHR and IDO in immune cells as they relate to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases in response to various stimuli. We also discuss the potential link between AHR and IDO/tryptophan metabolites, and the involvement of several novel related factors (such as microRNA) in the development of autoimmune diseases. These novel factors represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Trung Nguyen
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita , Japan ; National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Taisuke Nakahama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita , Japan ; Department of RNA Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University , Suita , Japan
| | - Duc Hoang Le
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Le Van Son
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita , Japan
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23
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AhR sensing of bacterial pigments regulates antibacterial defence. Nature 2014; 512:387-92. [PMID: 25119038 DOI: 10.1038/nature13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a highly conserved ligand-dependent transcription factor that senses environmental toxins and endogenous ligands, thereby inducing detoxifying enzymes and modulating immune cell differentiation and responses. We hypothesized that AhR evolved to sense not only environmental pollutants but also microbial insults. We characterized bacterial pigmented virulence factors, namely the phenazines from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the naphthoquinone phthiocol from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as ligands of AhR. Upon ligand binding, AhR activation leads to virulence factor degradation and regulated cytokine and chemokine production. The relevance of AhR to host defence is underlined by heightened susceptibility of AhR-deficient mice to both P. aeruginosa and M. tuberculosis. Thus, we demonstrate that AhR senses distinct bacterial virulence factors and controls antibacterial responses, supporting a previously unidentified role for AhR as an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, and identify bacterial pigments as a new class of pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
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Wheeler JLH, Martin KC, Resseguie E, Lawrence BP. Differential consequences of two distinct AhR ligands on innate and adaptive immune responses to influenza A virus. Toxicol Sci 2014; 137:324-34. [PMID: 24194396 PMCID: PMC3908724 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune modulation by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has been primarily studied using 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Recent reports suggest another AhR ligand, 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), exhibits distinct immunomodulatory properties, but side-by-side comparisons of these 2 structurally distinct, high-affinity ligands are limited. In this study, the effects of in vivo AhR activation with TCDD and FICZ were directly compared in a mouse model of influenza virus infection using 3 key measures of the host response to infection: pulmonary neutrophilia, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels, and the virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell response. By this approach, the consequences of AhR activation on innate and adaptive immune responses to the same antigenic challenge were compared. A single dose of TCDD elicited AhR activation that is sustained for the duration of the host's response to infection and modulated all 3 responses to infection. In contrast, a single dose of FICZ induced transient AhR activation and had no effect on the immune response to infection. Micro-osmotic pumps and Cyp1a1-deficient mice were utilized to augment FICZ-mediated AhR activation in vivo, in order to assess the effect of transient versus prolonged AhR activation. Prolonged AhR activation with FICZ did not affect neutrophil recruitment or pulmonary iNOS levels. However, FICZ-mediated AhR activation diminished the CD8(+) T-cell response in Cyp1a1-deficient mice in a similar manner to TCDD. These results demonstrate that immunomodulatory differences in the action of these 2 ligands are likely due to not only the duration of AhR activation but also the cell types in which the receptor is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. H. Wheeler
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Kyle C. Martin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Emily Resseguie
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - B. Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
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Qiu J, Zhou L. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor promotes RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs and controls intestinal immunity and inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:657-70. [PMID: 23975386 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unlike adaptive immune cells that require antigen recognition and functional maturation during infection, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) usually respond to pathogens promptly and serve as the first line of defense in infectious diseases. RAR-related orphan receptor (RORγt)⁺ group 3 ILCs are one of the innate cell populations that have recently been intensively studied. During the fetal stage of development, RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs (e.g., lymphoid tissue inducer cells) are required for lymphoid organogenesis. In adult mice, RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs are abundantly present in the gut to exert immune defensive functions. Under certain circumstances, however, RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs can be pathogenic and contribute to intestinal inflammation. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), a ligand-dependent transcriptional factor, is widely expressed by various immune and non-immune cells. In the gut, the ligand for Ahr can be derived/generated from diet, microflora, and/or host cells. Ahr has been shown to regulate different cell populations in the immune system including RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs, T helper (Th)17/22 cells, γδT cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), Tr1 cells, and antigen presenting cells. In this review, we will focus on the development and function of RORγt⁺ group 3 ILCs, and discuss the role of Ahr in intestinal immunity and inflammation in mice and in humans. A better understanding of the function of Ahr in the gut is important for developing new therapeutic means to target Ahr in future treatment of infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 300 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Long M, Krüger T, Ghisari M, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Effects of selected phytoestrogens and their mixtures on the function of the thyroid hormone and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:1008-19. [PMID: 22966911 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.711419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens (PEs) are natural plant components, which can induce biologic responses in vertebrates by mimicking or blocking the actions of natural hormones or influencing the hormone production in the body. This study investigated the effect of different mixtures composed of food-relevant PEs on the thyroid hormone (TH) system assessing the proliferation of the 3,3',5-triiodi-L-thryonine (T3) dependent rat pituitary GH3 cells using the T-screen assay, and the effect on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transactivation using an AhR-luciferase reporter gene assay. Most tested PEs and their mixtures showed effect on both the TH and AhR system. Single isoflavonoid metabolites and their mixture and coumestrol induced GH3 cell growth and AhR transactivity dose-dependently. Isoflavonoid metabolites elicited an additive effect on the T3-dependent GH3 cell growth, and a synergistic effect on the AhR transactivity. In conclusion, nutrition-relevant PEs, alone and in mixture may possess endocrine-disrupting potential by interfering with TH and AhR functions, which need to be considered when assessing the effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Hojo Y, Shiraki A, Tsuchiya T, Shimamoto K, Ishii Y, Suzuki K, Shibutani M, Mitsumori K. Liver tumor promoting effect of etofenprox in rats and its possible mechanism of action. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 37:297-306. [PMID: 22467020 DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the liver tumor-promoting effects of etofenprox (ETF), a pyrethroid-like insecticide, 6 week-old male F344 rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN). After 2 weeks from the DEN treatment, 12 rats per group received a powdered diet containing 0, 0.25, 0.50, or 1.0% ETF for 8 weeks. At the time of 2nd week of ETF administration, all animals were subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PH). One rat per group except for the 0.25% ETF group died due to surgical operation of PH. The number and area of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci significantly increased in the livers of DEN-initiated rats given 0.50% and 1.0% ETF compared with the DEN-alone group. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of phase I enzymes Cyp2b1/2, phase II enzymes such as Akr7a3, Gsta5, Ugt1a6, Nqo1 significantly increased in the DEN+ETF groups. The immunohistochemistry showed the translocation of CAR from the cytoplasm to the nuclei of hepatocytes in the ETF-treated groups. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production increased in microsomes isolated from the livers of ETF-treated rats, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels and 8- hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content significantly increased in all of the ETF-treated groups and DEN+1.0% ETF group, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that ETF has a liver tumor-promoting activity in rats, and suggest that ETF activates the constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) and enhances microsomal ROS production, resulting in the upregulation of Nrf2 gene batteries; such an oxidative stress subsequently induces liver tumor-promoting effects by increased cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Hojo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Petroff BK, Valdez KE, Brown SB, Piasecka J, Albertini DF. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) alters early embryonic development in a rat IVF exposure model. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:286-92. [PMID: 21835239 PMCID: PMC3205263 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands, including 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), accelerate reproductive senescence and one proposed target is the early embryo. To discriminate between direct effects on the oocyte and early embryo and those mediated by complex ovarian interactions with TCDD, IVF was carried out in the presence of TCDD (10, 100 nM) and the aryl hydrocarbon antagonist CH-223191 (1 μM) combined factorially. TCDD-induced Cyp1a1 mRNA expression was absent in 2-cell embryos; however morulae exhibit dose-dependent Cyp1a1 expression. TCDD induced accumulation of sperm in the perivitelline space and displacement of blastomere nuclei. At 100 nM TCDD, aberrations in cytokinesis and nuclear positioning were observed 2-cell embryos and morula and these effects were reversed in the presence of CH-223191. Our data suggest that acute exposure to TCDD has direct effects on early development in the rat that permit discrimination of AHR-mediated and AHR-independent mechanisms through which environmental toxicants impair mammalian reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Petroff
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Abstract
Every organism is in contact with numerous small molecules (<1000 Da). Chemicals may cause or trigger adverse health effects, including diseases of the immune system. They may also be exploited as drugs. In this review, we look at the interaction between small molecules and the immune system. We discuss the hapten and pharmacological interaction concepts of chemical interaction to trigger T cells and how chemicals can participate in cellular signaling pathways. As a sensor of small molecules, the arylhydrocarbon receptor controls expression of many xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, including those in the immunological barrier organs; the skin and gut. The relevance of the arylhydrocarbon receptor in the dynamic interaction of the immune system with the chemical environment is therefore discussed.
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Shimamoto K, Dewa Y, Kemmochi S, Taniai E, Hayashi H, Imaoka M, Shibutani M, Mitsumori K. Relationship between CYP1A induction by indole-3-carbinol or flutamide and liver tumor-promoting potential in rats. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1159-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor negatively regulates dendritic cell immunogenicity via a kynurenine-dependent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:19961-6. [PMID: 21041655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014465107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although an immunoregulatory role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) has been demonstrated in T cells and macrophages, little is known about its function in dendritic cells (DC). Here, we show that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG stimulate Ahr expression in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). Furthermore, we found that Ahr is required to induce indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression, an immunosuppressive enzyme that catabolizes tryptophan into kynurenine (Kyn) and other metabolites in DC. In the presence of LPS or CpG, Ahr-deficient (Ahr(-/-)) mature BMDC induced immune responses characterized by reduced Kyn and IL-10 production compared with results observed with tolerogenic mature WT BMDC. In a coculture system with LPS- or CpG-stimulated BMDC and naive T cells, Ahr(-/-) BMDC inhibited naive T-cell differentiation into regulatory T (Treg) cells, which likely facilitated Th17 cell development and promoted naive T-cell proliferation. Addition of synthetic L-Kyn to the coculture system skewed the differentiation of naive T cells to Treg cells rather than Th17 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate a previously unknown negatively regulatory role for Ahr in DC-mediated immunogenesis in the presence of LPS or CpG, which, in turn, alters the Kyn-dependent generation of Treg cells and Th17 cells from naive T cells.
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Mukai R, Shirai Y, Saito N, Fukuda I, Nishiumi S, Yoshida KI, Ashida H. Suppression mechanisms of flavonoids on aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated signal transduction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 501:134-41. [PMID: 20450880 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates biological and toxicological effects by binding to its agonists such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Previously we demonstrated that flavonoids suppressed the TCDD-induced DNA-binding activity of the AhR in a structure-dependent manner. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which flavonoids suppressed the AhR-mediated signal transduction in mouse hepatoma Hepa-1c1c7 cells. Flavones and flavonols suppressed the TCDD-induced nuclear translocation of the AhR and dissociation of its partner proteins, heat shock protein 90 and X-associated protein 2, whereas flavanones and catechins did not. Flavonoids of all these four subclasses suppressed the phosphorylation of both AhR and Arnt and the formation of a heterodimer consisting of these proteins. Since certain flavonoids are known to inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), we confirmed the contribution of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) to the AhR-mediated signal transduction by using U0126, an inhibitor of MEK1/2. U0126 suppressed TCDD-induced phosphorylation of the AhR and Arnt followed by the DNA-binding activity of the AhR. Flavanones and catechins suppressed the TCDD-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. The inhibition of MEK/ERK phosphorylation is one of the mechanisms by which flavanones and catechins suppress the AhR-mediated signal transduction in Hepa-1c1c7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Mukai
- Department of Agrobioscience, School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Bruner-Tran KL, Ding T, Osteen KG. Dioxin and endometrial progesterone resistance. Semin Reprod Med 2010; 28:59-68. [PMID: 20104429 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1242995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of endometriosis likely requires multiple, interactive mechanisms involving both the endocrine and immune systems. Environmental toxicants, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), are of particular interest as potential contributory agents in the development of this disease because they can disrupt both systems. Nevertheless, defining the potential role that environmental exposure to TCDD plays in the development of endometriosis requires a better understanding of how this toxicant affects the biological processes that promote the disease. Although the disease mechanism(s) responsible for progesterone resistance in the endometrium of endometriosis patients remains speculative, our studies indicate that developmental exposure of mice to TCDD leads to a progesterone-resistant phenotype in adult animals that can persist for several generations. These studies and others underscore the importance of developing a greater understanding of the mechanisms of TCDD action that relate to reproductive disorders such as endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylon L Bruner-Tran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2519.
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Elbekai RH, Korashy HM, Wills K, Gharavi N, El-Kadi AOS. Benzo[a]Pyrene, 3-Methylcholanthrene and ß-Naphthoflavone Induce Oxidative Stress in Hepatoma Hepa 1c1c7 Cells by an AHR-dependent Pathway. Free Radic Res 2009; 38:1191-200. [PMID: 15621696 DOI: 10.1080/10715760400017319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been shown to cause oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo in various animal models but the mechanisms by which these compounds produce oxidative stress are unknown. In the current study we have investigated the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by its cognate ligands and the consequent effect on cyp1a1 activity, mRNA and protein expressions. For this purpose, Hepa 1c1c7 cells wild-type (WT) and C12 mutant cells, which are AHR-deficient, were incubated with increasing concentrations of the AHR-ligands, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P, 0.25-25 microM), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC, 0.1-10 microM) and beta-naphthoflavone (betaNF, 1-50 microM). The studied AHR-ligands dose-dependently increased lipid peroxidation in WT but not in C12 cells. However, only B[a]P and betaNF, at the highest concentrations tested, significantly increased H2O2 production in WT but not C12 cells. The increase in lipid peroxidation and H2O2 production by AHR-ligands were accompanied by a decrease in the cyp1a1 catalytic activity but not mRNA or protein expressions, which were significantly induced in a dose-dependent manner by all AHR-ligands, suggesting a post-translational mechanism is involved in the decrease of cyp1a1 activity. The AHR-ligand-mediated decrease in cyp1a1 activity was reversed by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Our results show that the AHR-ligands induce oxidative stress by an AHR-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem H Elbekai
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3118, Dentistry/Pharmacy Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N8, Canada
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Mukai R, Fukuda I, Nishiumi S, Natsume M, Osakabe N, Yoshida KI, Ashida H. Cacao polyphenol extract suppresses transformation of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor in C57BL/6 mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10399-10405. [PMID: 18928297 DOI: 10.1021/jf802453t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins enter the body through the diet and cause various toxicological effects through transformation of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Plant extracts and phytochemicals including flavonoids are reported to suppress this transformation. This paper investigates the suppression by a cacao polyphenol extract (CPE) of AhR transformation in vivo. The CPE was administered orally to C57BL/6 mice at 100 mg/kg of body weight, followed 1 h later by 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), an AhR agonist, injected intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg of body weight. CPE suppressed the MC-induced transformation to the control level by inhibiting the formation of a heterodimer between AhR and an aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator in the liver at 3 h postadministration. It also suppressed MC-induced cytochrome P4501A1 expression and NAD(P)H:quinone-oxidoreductase activity, whereas it increased glutathione S-transferase activity at 25 h. CPE constituents and their metabolites might contribute, at least in part, to the suppression of AhR transformation. The results indicate that the intake of CPE suppressed the toxicological effects of dioxins in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Mukai
- Department of Agrobioscienec, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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36
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Singh MN, Stringfellow HF, Taylor SE, Ashton KM, Ahmad M, Abdo KR, El-Agnaf OM, Martin-Hirsch PL, Martin FL. Elevated expression of CYP1A1 and -SYNUCLEIN in human ectopic (ovarian) endometriosis compared with eutopic endometrium. Mol Hum Reprod 2008; 14:655-63. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gan056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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37
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Anwar-Mohamed A, El-Kadi AOS. Down-regulation of the carcinogen-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 1a1 by vanadium. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1819-27. [PMID: 18541696 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.021154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium (V(5+)), a heavy metal contaminant with important toxicological consequences, has received considerable attention as an anticancer agent, although the mechanisms remain unknown. As a first step to investigate these mechanisms, we examined the effect of V(5+) (as ammonium metavanadate, NH(4)VO(3)) on the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-regulated gene: cytochrome P450 1a1 (Cyp1a1) at each step of the AhR signal transduction pathway, using Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Our results showed a significant reduction in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-mediated induction of Cyp1a1 mRNA, protein and activity levels after V(5+) treatments in a dose-dependent manner. Investigation of the effect of coexposure to V(5+) and TCDD at transcriptional levels revealed that V(5+) significantly inhibited TCDD-mediated induction of AhR-dependent luciferase reporter gene expression. Furthermore, despite not affecting the direct activation of the cytosolic AhR by TCDD and subsequently transforming it to a DNA-binding form, V(5+) inhibited the nuclear accumulation of liganded AhR and subsequent formation of the AhR/aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (Arnt)/xenobiotic responsive element (XRE) complex. Importantly, the V(5+)-mediated inhibition of AhR/Arnt/XRE complex formation coincided with a significant decrease in ecto-ATPase activity. Looking at the post-transcriptional and post-translational effects of V(5+) on existing Cyp1a1 mRNA and protein levels, we showed that V(5+) did not affect Cyp1a1 mRNA or protein stability, thus eliminating possible role of V(5+) in modifying Cyp1a1 gene expression through these mechanisms. This study provides the first evidence that V(5+) down-regulates the expression of Cyp1a1 at the transcriptional level through an ATP-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Anwar-Mohamed
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3126 Dentistry/Pharmacy Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Ohnishi T, Yoshida T, Igarashi A, Muroi M, Tanamoto KI. Effects of possible endocrine disruptors on MyD88-independent TLR4 signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 52:293-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Lee DH, Steffes MW, Jacobs DR. Can persistent organic pollutants explain the association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and type 2 diabetes? Diabetologia 2008; 51:402-7. [PMID: 18071669 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The results of several epidemiological studies of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) led us to hypothesise that associations of GGT within its normal range with type 2 diabetes may reflect detrimental effects of xenobiotics found in the environment, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Epidemiological observations showed that serum GGT activity within its normal range strongly predicted future type 2 diabetes; the predictability of diabetes from obesity was low with GGT at the low end of the normal range; and GGT showed a positive association with known markers of oxidative stress or inflammation. Experimental findings on cellular GGT suggest that serum GGT levels within the normal range may reflect oxidative stress related to the re-synthesis of intracellular glutathione; however, this interpretation is not completely satisfying because, in its role of regenerating intracellular glutathione, GGT activity should be antioxidative. Alternatively, serum GGT activity may reflect amounts of glutathione conjugates formed during the metabolism of xenobiotics. Accordingly, we postulate a two-part hypothesis: that the association of serum GGT with type 2 diabetes reflects exposure to POPs, as these substances, which have a very long half-life, may influence diabetes risk by residing in adipose tissue as endocrine disruptors; and that POPs or similar substances may interact with obesity to cause type 2 diabetes. Supporting this hypothesis, cross-sectional investigation of background exposure to POPs in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed relationships similar to those observed for GGT, including a powerful association with prevalent diabetes and no association between obesity and diabetes for very low POP concentrations. Our hypothesis can be tested in both prospective studies and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-H Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Promotion Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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41
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Alonso M, Casado S, Miranda C, Tarazona JV, Navas JM, Herradón B. Decabromobiphenyl (PBB-209) activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor while decachlorobiphenyl (PCB-209) is inactive: experimental evidence and computational rationalization of the different behavior of some halogenated biphenyls. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:643-58. [PMID: 18311929 DOI: 10.1021/tx700362u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In rat H4IIE cells permanently transfected with a luciferase gene under the control of AhR, incubation with PBB-209 led to a statistically significant increase of luminescence. In this system, PCB-209 only caused a small induction of luciferase activity. In a fish cell line, only PBB-209 was able to provoke an induction of ethoxyresorufin- O-deethylase activity. Ligand binding to the AhR was studied by means of a cell-free in vitro system in which the activation of AhR is very unlikely to occur without ligand binding. None of the biphenyls studied provoked any activation of AhR in this system. To rationalize the results and to get insight into the molecular mechanism of activation of AhR by PBB-209 as compared with PCB-209, a comprehensive computational study was carried out on these congeners as well as on PCB-126 and PCB-169, two potent AhR activators through ligand binding. The calculations include (i) conformational analysis and dipole moments of each conformer, (ii) aromaticity indices, (iii) molecular electrostatic potentials, (iv) quadrupole moments, (v) electronic and reactivity descriptors, and (vi) dissociation energies of C-Cl and C-Br bonds in model aromatic compounds. It was found that some molecular features of PBB-209, such as the electrostatic potential (EP) and EP-derived descriptors (Politzer's parameters), indicate that PBB-209 is more similar to PCB-126 and PCB-169 than to PCB-209, which share quite similar geometries based on the substitution pattern. The similarity between PBB-209, PCB-126, and PCB-169 seems to hint that these three compounds can share, at least partially, similar mechanisms of activation of AhR. It is unquestionable that PCB-126 and PCB-169 directly bind AhR and PBB-209 does not. We hypothesize that there are several simultaneous mechanisms for activation of AhR, and the most active compounds act for more than one mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Alonso
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Nguyen LP, Bradfield CA. The search for endogenous activators of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 21:102-16. [PMID: 18076143 DOI: 10.1021/tx7001965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary design of this perspective is to describe the major ligand classes of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). A grander objective is to provide models that may help define the physiological activator or "endogenous ligand" of the AHR. We present evidence supporting a developmental role for the AHR and propose mechanisms by which an endogenous ligand and consequent AHR activation might be important during normal physiology and development. From this vista, we survey the known xenobiotic, endogenous, dietary, and "unconventional" activators of the AHR, including, when possible, information about their induction potency, receptor binding affinity, and potential for exposure. In light of the essential function of the AHR in embryonic development, we discuss the candidacy of each of these compounds as physiologically important activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh P Nguyen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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43
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are attractive drug targets due to their role in regulation of a wide range of physiologic responses. In addition to providing therapeutic value, many pharmaceutical agents along with environmental chemicals are ligands for NRs and can cause adverse health effects that are directly related to activation of NRs. Identifying the molecular events that produce a toxic response may be confounded by the fact that there is a significant overlap in the biological processes that NRs regulate. Microarrays and other methods for gene expression profiling have served as useful, sensitive tools for discerning the mechanisms by which therapeutics and environmental chemicals invoke toxic effects. The capability to probe thousands of genes simultaneously has made genomics a prime technology for identifying drug targets, biomarkers of exposure/toxicity and key players in the mechanisms of disease. The complex intertwining networks regulated by NRs are hard to probe comprehensively without global approaches and genomics has become a key technology that facilitates our understanding of NR-dependent and -independent events. The future of drug discovery, design and optimization, and risk assessment of chemical toxicants that activate NRs will inevitably involve genomic profiling. This review will focus on genomics studies related to PPAR, CAR, PXR, RXR, LXR, FXR, and AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney G Woods
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA
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Nishiumi S, Yoshida KI, Ashida H. Curcumin suppresses the transformation of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor through its phosphorylation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 466:267-73. [PMID: 17880909 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce diverse biochemical responses through the transformation of a cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In mouse hepatoma Hepa-1c1c7 cells, curcumin, a yellow pigment of Curcuma longa, did not inhibit the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced translocation of the AhR into the nucleus, but rather accelerated it. In the nucleus, curcumin inhibited the TCDD-induced heterodimerization of the AhR with an AhR nuclear translocator (Arnt), an essential partner for the transformation, and also dose-dependently inhibited the TCDD-evoked phosphorylation of both the AhR and Arnt. Moreover, curcumin significantly inhibited the TCDD-induced activation of protein kinase C (PKC), which is involved in the transformation, decreased the TCDD-induced DNA-binding activity of the AhR/Arnt heterodimer, and downregulated CYP1A1 expression. In a cell-free system, curcumin inhibited the binding of 3-methylcholanthrene, an AhR agonist, to the receptor. These results indicate that curcumin is able to bind to the AhR as a ligand, but suppresses its transformation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AhR and Arnt, probably by PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Nishiumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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45
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Qu X, Metz RP, Porter WW, Cassone VM, Earnest DJ. Disruption of clock gene expression alters responses of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway in the mouse mammary gland. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:1349-58. [PMID: 17715397 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.039305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological effects of many environmental toxins are mediated by genes containing Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domains, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and AhR nuclear translocator. Because these transcription factors interact with other PAS genes that form the circadian clockworks in mammals, we determined whether targeted disruption of the clock genes, Per1 and/or Per2, alters toxin-induced expression of known biological markers in the AhR signaling pathway. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a prototypical Ahr agonist, had an inductive effect on mammary gland expression of cytochrome P450, subfamily I, polypeptide 1 (Cyp1A1) mRNA regardless of genotype. However, TCDD-mediated Cyp1A1 induction in the mammary glands of Per1(ldc) and Per1(ldc)/Per2(ldc) mice was significantly (17.9- and 5.9-fold) greater than that in wild-type (WT) animals. In addition, TCDD-induced Cyp1B1 expression in Per1(ldc) and Per1(ldc)/Per2(ldc) mammary glands was significantly increased relative to that in WT mice. Similar to in vivo observations, experiments using primary cultures of mammary gland tissue demonstrated that TCDD-induced Cyp1A1 and Cyp1B1 expression in Per1(ldc) and Per1(ldc)/Per2(ldc) mutant cells was significantly greater than that in WT cultures. AhR mRNA levels were distinctively elevated in cells derived from all mutant genotypes, but they were commonly decreased in WT and mutant cultures after TCDD treatment. In WT mice, an interesting corollary is that the inductive effects of TCDD on mammary gland expression of Cyp1A1 and Cyp1B1 vary over time and are significantly greater during the night. These findings suggest that clock genes, especially Per1, may be involved in TCDD activation of AhR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Qu
- Department of Biology and Center for Research on Biological Clocks, College Station, Texas, USA
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McMillan BJ, Bradfield CA. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is activated by modified low-density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:1412-7. [PMID: 17227852 PMCID: PMC1783125 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607296104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is required for normal vascular development. This biology led us to investigate the interplay between the AHR and vascular physiology by using an in vitro model of fluid shear stress. Using this system, we show that fluid flow induces a robust AHR-mediated increase in CYP1 expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that incubation with sheared bovine or human sera is sufficient for AHR activation, indicating that direct cellular exposure to shear stress is not required for this response. Fractionation of sera by size and density revealed the AHR-activating factor to be low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Purified LDL (0.1 mg/ml) from sheared sera induces a 6-fold increase in AHR-mediated signaling as compared with LDL purified from static sera. Similar results were obtained by exposing a purified fraction of LDL to fluid flow, suggesting that shear stress is capable of directly modifying LDL structure and/or function. In addition, we show that LDL can be converted to an AHR-activating species by conventional methods of lipoprotein modification, such as NaOCl oxidation. Finally, we demonstrate that an increased level of AHR-activating LDL is present in the sera of AHR null mice as compared with heterozygous littermates, suggesting a role for the Ahr locus in the physiological response to modified LDL in vivo. Overall, these data demonstrate a previously undescribed relationship between LDL modification and AHR biology and provide a potential explanation for the vascular abnormalities observed in AHR null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. McMillan
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1400 University Avenue, Room 213, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Christopher A. Bradfield
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1400 University Avenue, Room 213, Madison, WI 53706
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Holz JD, Sheu TJ, Drissi H, Matsuzawa M, Zuscik MJ, Puzas JE. Environmental agents affect skeletal growth and development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 81:41-50. [PMID: 17539012 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this treatise we will examine complexities in the development and function of cells of the musculoskeletal system. Specifically, the role of chondrocytes and their ontogeny and osteoblasts and their ontogeny will be discussed as they regulate cartilage and bone formation. This background information will provide the foundation for evaluating the effects of environmental toxicants on skeletal development. A number of agents such as heavy metals (i.e. lead) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e. pesticides and cigarette smoke) interact with cells of the skeletal system and adversely affect development. These agents have not been of major research interest, nevertheless, given changes in the environmental profile of the United States and other developed countries, it is important that we understand their effects in bone and cartilage. Research in this area will identify strategies that may be used to help prevent musculoskeletal diseases due to toxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Holz
- Department of Orthopaedics and the Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Sarioglu H, Brandner S, Jacobsen C, Meindl T, Schmidt A, Kellermann J, Lottspeich F, Andrae U. Quantitative analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced proteome alterations in 5L rat hepatoma cells using isotope-coded protein labels. Proteomics 2006; 6:2407-21. [PMID: 16548065 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to contribute to a better understanding of the hepatic toxicity of the ubiquitous environmental pollutant and hepatocarcinogen 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a comprehensive quantitative proteome analysis was performed on 5L rat hepatoma cells exposed to 1 nM TCDD for 8 h. Changes in the abundances of individual protein species in TCDD-treated cells as compared to untreated cells were analysed using the nongel-based isotope-coded protein label (ICPL) method [Schmidt, A., Kellermann, J., Lottspeich, F., Proteomics 2005, 5, 4-15]. 89 proteins were identified as up- or down-regulated by TCDD. For the majority of the altered proteins, an impact of TCDD on their abundance had not been known before. Due to the physicochemical properties or the translational regulation of a large number of the affected proteins, their alteration would have escaped detection by gel-based methods for proteome analysis and by standard mRNA expression profiling, respectively. The identified proteins with TCDD-altered abundance include several proteins implicated in cell cycle regulation, growth factor signalling and the control of apoptosis. The results thus provide new starting-points for the investigation of specific aspects of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of dioxin in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Sarioglu
- GSF - Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Institut für Toxikologie, Neuherberg, Germany
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49
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Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that has been intensively studied with respect to the toxicity of xenobiotics. However, its function in response to light has never been summarized. Here, we provide an overview of AhR activation by light with a focus on the role of tryptophan in light-induced AhR activation. We discuss the involvement of the AhR in different biological rhythms and speculate on the possible role of the AhR in UV-induced responses in skin. Furthermore, this review points out future research needs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Rannug
- Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, P.O. Box 210, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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50
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Igarashi A, Ohtsu S, Muroi M, Tanamoto KI. Effects of Possible Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Bacterial Component-Induced Activation of NF-.KAPPA.B. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:2120-2. [PMID: 17015962 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have a possibility to exacerbate infectious diseases because EDCs disturb the human immune system by interfering with endocrine balance. To assess the influence of EDCs on the innate immune function of macrophages, we investigated the effects of thirty-seven possible endocrine disruptors on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or bacterial lipopeptide (Pam3CSK4)-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). Alachlor, benomyl, bisphenol A, carbaryl, kelthane, kepone, octachlorostyrene, pentachlorophenol, nonyl phenol, p-octylphenol and ziram inhibited both LPS- and Pam3CSK4-induced activation of NF-kappaB. Simazine inhibited only LPS-induced activation. A strong inhibitory effect was observed with ziram and benomyl. On the other hand, diethylhexyl adipate and 4-nitrotoluene tended to enhance the activation induced by Pam3CSK4 and LPS, respectively. Aldicarb, amitrole, atrazine, benzophenone, butyl benzyl phthalate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, dibutyl phthalate, 2,4-dichlorophenol, dicyclohexyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dihexyl phthalate, di-n-pentyl phthalate, dipropyl phthalate, malathion, methomyl, methoxychlor, metribuzin, nitrofen, permethrin, trifluralin, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and vinclozolin had no significant effects at 100 microM. These results indicate that some agrochemicals have the potential to inhibit macrophage function and suggest that endocrine disruptors may influence the development of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Igarashi
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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