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Goldsmith M, Siegler J, Green S. Targeted effect of ischemic preconditioning on the gas exchange threshold in healthy males and females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05481-8. [PMID: 38642096 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) appears to improve exercise performance although there is uncertainty about the intensity dependence of this effect. The present study sought to clarify effects of IPC on physiological responses at and below peak oxygen uptake, including the gas exchange threshold (GET). Ten male and female participants completed five cycling ramp tests (10 W/min) to failure, with the final two tests preceded by either IPC (4 × 5 min 220 mmHg bilateral leg occlusions) or SHAM (20 mmHg), in a randomised crossover design. The rates of O2 uptake ( V ˙ O2), carbon dioxide output ( V ˙ CO2), and expired ventilation ( V ˙ E) were measured at rest and throughout exercise. Exercise data were fitted using several functions to identify GET, two ventilatory thresholds and peak V ˙ O2. IPC increased V ˙ O2 at GET by ~ 9% (IPC: 1.89 ± 0.51 L/min, SHAM: 1.73 ± 0.56 L/min; p = 0.055) and power output at GET by ~ 11% (IPC: 133 ± 36 W, SHAM: 120 ± 39 W; p = 0.022). In addition, peak power output increased by 2.4% following IPC (IPC: 217 ± 50 W, SHAM: 212 ± 51 W; p = 0.052), but there was no significant effect of IPC on peak V ˙ O2 (IPC: 2.87 ± 0.68 L/min, SHAM: 2.84 ± 0.73 L/min; p = 0.60) or the ventilatory thresholds. The present results suggest that IPC improves GET and peak power output but not peak V ˙ O2 during a maximal graded test.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goldsmith
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus Building 20, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Siegler
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - S Green
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus Building 20, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Litrico L, Aid R, Youkharibache A, Letourneur D, Cristofari S. Effect of ischemic preconditioning on skeletal tissue tolerance after warm venous ischemia. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2023; 68:315-325. [PMID: 36966096 DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Free muscular flaps are commonly used in plastic surgery. The main reason of failure is thrombosis induced by a phenomenon called ischemia reperfusion. Preconditioning showed an interest to prevent ischemia reperfusion injury in transplantation surgery. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of ischemic preconditioning on skeletal tissue tolerance after warm venous ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS We realized an experimental study with latissimus dorsi flaps of 12 pigs, divided in 6 groups in function of their time of preconditioning and duration of warm venous ischemia. A morphologic analysis was performed measuring cell's diameter and interstitial tissue area and notifying the presence or absence of neutrophils, necrosis or intravascular thrombosis. To detect inflammation, necrosis or hypoxia, immunohistochemistry was effectuated using the follow primary antibodies, AIF, HIF1 alpha, caspase 3, SOD 1 and PKC epsilon. TUNEL assay showed apoptosis cells, were realized. One way Anova test was performed to compare the quantitative evolution over time of histological parameters and rate of apoptosis. RESULTS Preconditioning of 40min or 1hour allowed to reduced ischemia reperfusion lesions: no cellular or interstitial oedema, reduction of neutrophils infiltrate and intravascular thrombus. TUNEL assay showed a higher rate of apoptosis nucleus for the control group E compared to preconditioning group C and D. Immunohistochemistry results were no relevant. CONCLUSION We showed a diminution of lesions of ischemia reperfusion for experimental groups with preconditioning: diminution of interstitial oedema, of cellular oedema, diminution of neutrophils infiltrated and level of apoptosis cells. Preconditioning of 40minutes were as efficient as one hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Litrico
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sorbonne University and INSERM 1148, LVTS, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - R Aid
- INSERM 1148, LVTS, Bichat Hospital, Paris City University, Paris, France.
| | - A Youkharibache
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sorbonne University and INSERM 1148, LVTS, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - D Letourneur
- INSERM 1148, LVTS, Bichat Hospital, Paris City University, Paris, France.
| | - S Cristofari
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sorbonne University and INSERM 1148, LVTS, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France.
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Marocolo M, Hohl R, Arriel RA, Mota GR. Ischemic preconditioning and exercise performance: are the psychophysiological responses underestimated? Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:683-693. [PMID: 36478078 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The findings of the ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on exercise performance are mixed regarding types of exercise, protocols and participants' training status. Additionally, studies comparing IPC with sham (i.e., low-pressure cuff) and/or control (i.e., no cuff) interventions are contentious. While studies comparing IPC versus a control group generally show an IPC significant effect on performance, sham interventions show the same performance improvement. Thus, the controversy over IPC ergogenic effect may be due to limited discussion on the psychophysiological mechanisms underlying cuff maneuvers. Psychophysiology is the study of the interrelationships between mind, body and behavior, and mental processes are the result of the architecture of the nervous system and voluntary exercise is a behavior controlled by the central command modulated by sensory inputs. Therefore, this narrative review aims to associate potential IPC-induced positive effects on performance with sensorimotor pathways (e.g., sham influencing bidirectional body-brain integration), hemodynamic and metabolic changes (i.e., blood flow occlusion reperfusion cycles). Overall, IPC and sham-induced mechanisms on exercise performance may be due to a bidirectional body-brain integration of muscle sensory feedback to the central command resulting in delayed time to exhaustion, alterations on perceptions and behavior. Additionally, hemodynamic responses and higher muscle oxygen extraction may justify the benefits of IPC on muscle contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rhaí André Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Mota
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Acute Recovery in Elite Judo Athletes: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Crossover Trial. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:180-186. [PMID: 36638812 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ischemic preconditioning (IPC) method has been shown to aid the recovery processes; however, no studies have been done to assess its acute recovery use in judo. This study aimed to examine IPC of lower limbs effects on recovery after a judo-specific performance in highly trained male judokas and its applicability during a competition day. METHODS A single-blind, placebo-randomized crossover study was carried out on a sample of 13 elite male judo athletes. They undertook measurements of body composition, judo-specific task (Special Judo Fitness Test), jump performance, handgrip strength, lactate, blood pressure, perceived exertion, and delayed-onset muscle soreness. IPC was applied on the legs and inflated 50 mm Hg above the systolic blood pressure for 5 minutes and repeated 3 times for each leg, with 5 minutes of reperfusion. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to determine changes between interventions and measurement times. Paired-sample t test and 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine the difference among measurement times. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS The IPC intervention resulted in (1) decreased heart rate at 30 and 60 minutes during recovery (P = .002; P = .001), (2) better countermovement jump performance at 60 minutes (P = .05), (3) lower perceived-muscle-soreness scores (P = .006), and (4) maintained handgrip strength compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that IPC applied to judo athletes following judo-specific exercise resulted in better cardiovascular and neuromuscular recovery and could be a useful tool to enhance recovery during judo competition breaks between preliminaries and final block.
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Peden DL, Mitchell EA, Bailey SJ, Ferguson RA. Ischaemic preconditioning blunts exercise-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, speeds oxygen uptake kinetics but does not alter severe-intensity exercise capacity. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1241-1254. [PMID: 36030522 PMCID: PMC9826326 DOI: 10.1113/ep090264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Ischaemic preconditioning is a novel pre-exercise priming strategy. We asked whether ischaemic preconditioning would alter mitochondrial respiratory function and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and improve severe-intensity exercise performance. What is the main finding and its importance? Ischaemic preconditioning expedited overall pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and appeared to prevent an increase in leak respiration, proportional to maximal electron transfer system and ADP-stimulated respiration, that was evoked by severe-intensity exercise in sham-control conditions. However, severe-intensity exercise performance was not improved. The results do not support ischaemic preconditioning as a pre-exercise strategy to improve exercise performance in recreationally active participants. ABSTRACT We examined the effect of ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) on severe-intensity exercise performance, pulmonary oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ ) kinetics, skeletal muscle oxygenation (muscle tissue O2 saturation index) and mitochondrial respiration. Eight men underwent contralateral IPC (4 × 5 min at 220 mmHg) or sham-control (SHAM; 20 mmHg) before performing a cycling time-to-exhaustion test (92% maximum aerobic power). Muscle (vastus lateralis) biopsies were obtained before IPC or SHAM and ∼1.5 min postexercise. The time to exhaustion did not differ between SHAM and IPC (249 ± 37 vs. 240 ± 32 s; P = 0.62). Pre- and postexercise ADP-stimulated (P) and maximal (E) mitochondrial respiration through protein complexes (C) I, II and IV did not differ (P > 0.05). Complex I leak respiration was greater postexercise compared with baseline in SHAM, but not in IPC, when normalized to wet mass (P = 0.01 vs. P = 0.19), mitochondrial content (citrate synthase activity, P = 0.003 vs. P = 0.16; CI+IIP, P = 0.03 vs. P = 0.23) and expressed relative to P (P = 0.006 vs. P = 0.30) and E (P = 0.004 vs. P = 0.26). The V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ mean response time was faster (51.3 ± 15.5 vs. 63.7 ± 14.5 s; P = 0.003), with a smaller slow component (270 ± 105 vs. 377 ± 188 ml min-1 ; P = 0.03), in IPC compared with SHAM. The muscle tissue O2 saturation index did not differ between trials (P > 0.05). Ischaemic preconditioning expedited V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ kinetics and appeared to prevent an increase in leak respiration through CI, when expressed proportional to E and P evoked by severe-intensity exercise, but did not improve exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. Peden
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Emma A. Mitchell
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Richard A. Ferguson
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
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Fostiak K, Bichowska M, Trybulski R, Trabka B, Krzysztofik M, Rolnick N, Filip-Stachnik A, Wilk M. Acute Effects of Ischemic Intra-Conditioning on 30 m Sprint Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12633. [PMID: 36231933 PMCID: PMC9566271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of ischemic intra-conditioning applied during rest intervals on 30 m sprint performance. Thirty-four trained male (n = 12) and female (n = 22) track and field and rugby athletes volunteered to participate in the study (age = 19.6 ± 4 years; training experience = 5.3 ± 1.9 years). In a randomized and counterbalanced order, participants performed six sets of 30 m sprints under three different testing conditions: without ischemic intra-conditioning, and with ischemic intra-conditioning at 60% or 80% arterial occlusion pressure applied bilaterally before the first trial of the sprint and during the rest periods between all sprint trials. During experimental sessions, subjects perform 6 × 30 m sprints with a 7 min rest interval between attempts. The cuffs were applied following a 1 min rest period and lasted for 5 min before being released at the 6th minute to allow for reperfusion (1 min + 5 min ischemic intra-conditioning + 1 min reperfusion). The two-way repeated measures ANOVA did not show statistically significant condition × set interaction for time of the sprint (p = 0.06; η2 = 0.05). There was also no main effect of ischemic intra-conditioning for any condition (p = 0.190; η2 = 0.05). This study indicates that ischemic intra-conditioning did not enhance the performance of 30 m sprints performed by athletes. However, ischemic intra-conditioning did not decrease performance either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Fostiak
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Bichowska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Provita Zory Medical Center, 44-240 Zory, Poland
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trabka
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 500 05 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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P2X7 Receptors in Astrocytes: A Switch for Ischemic Tolerance. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123655. [PMID: 35744780 PMCID: PMC9228417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sub-lethal ischemic episode (preconditioning [PC]) protects neurons against a subsequent lethal ischemic injury. This phenomenon is known as ischemic tolerance. PC itself does not cause brain damage, but affects glial responses, especially astrocytes, and transforms them into an ischemia-resistant phenotype. P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) in astrocytes play essential roles in PC. Although P2X7Rs trigger inflammatory and toxic responses, PC-induced P2X7Rs in astrocytes function as a switch to protect the brain against ischemia. In this review, we focus on P2X7Rs and summarize recent developments on how astrocytes control P2X7Rs and what molecular mechanisms they use to induce ischemic tolerance.
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Ceylan B, Franchini E. Ischemic preconditioning does not improve judo-specific performance but leads to better recovery in elite judo athletes. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chen Y, Yang J, Muradov O, Li X, Lee JKW, Qiu J. Effect of ischemic preconditioning on maximum accumulated oxygen deficit in 400-meter runners. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:789-796. [PMID: 35400298 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2064769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to examine the influence of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD). We conducted a three-arm and assessor-blinded randomized, controlled crossover study. Sixteen 400-meter running male athletes (19.9±1.3 years; 1.78±0.05 m; 67.9±5.5 kg) completed three supramaximal intensity tests separated with Control, Local (legs), and Remote (arms) IPC interventions. IPC was induced on the limbs on both sides (4×5 min alternating unilateral occlusion 220 mmHg and reperfusion; arms or thighs; right side first) before participants performed the supramaximal intensity test on a treadmill at 110% VO2max intensity to exhaustion. During each test, indices of respiratory gas exchange, blood lactate, and heart rate were determined. The MAOD was calculated as the difference between the theoretical VO2 demand and the actual VO2 during the supramaximal intensity test. Differences from three trials were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures. IPC increased MAOD (RIPC, 59±17 ml/kg/min, p=0.018; LIPC, 57±15 ml/kg/min, p=0.037; p<0.05) compared with Control (49±9 ml/kg/min). Time to exhaustion was enhanced after IPC (Control: 257.2±69.5 s, RIPC, 292.3±66.6 s, p= 0.048; LIPC, 291.6±79.2 s, p=0.042; p<0.05). In contrast, the enhancements of RIPC and LIPC trials were similar (p=1.000). Blood lactate concentrations were similar across the three intervention conditions (p>0.05). Acute IPC improved MAOD and supramaximal intensity exercise capacity in 400-meter running athletes. The increased MAOD indicated greater anaerobic capacity, which can be the potential mediator for improvement in exhaustion time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Chen
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Yang
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, People's Republic of China
| | - Orhan Muradov
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jason Kai Wei Lee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, People's Republic of China
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Ischemia during rest intervals between sets prevents decreases in fatigue during the explosive squat exercise: a randomized, crossover study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5922. [PMID: 35396528 PMCID: PMC8993849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the impact of ischemia, used only before particular sets of a lower limb resistance exercise on power output. Ten healthy resistance-trained males (age = 26 ± 6 years; body mass = 90 ± 9 kg; training experience = 9 ± 7 years) performed two experimental sessions (with ischemia; control without ischemia) following a randomized crossover design. During the ischemic condition, the cuffs were inflated to 60% of arterial occlusion pressure. The cuffs were applied before each set for 4.5 min and released 30 s before the start of the set as the reperfusion (4.5 min ischemia + 0.5 min reperfusion). In the control condition, ischemia was not applied. During the experimental sessions, the subjects performed the Keiser machine squat exercise protocol which consisted of 5 sets of two repetitions, at a load of 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 5 min rest intervals between sets. The repetitions were performed with maximal velocity. The two-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction effect for power output (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.26). There was also a statistically significant main effect of condition for power output (p = 0.02; η2 = 0.40). The post hoc analysis for interaction did not show significant differences between conditions in particular sets. The post hoc analysis for the main effect of the condition revealed that power output was significantly lower in the control group compared to the group where ischemic was used (p = 0.02). The t-test comparisons for particular sets showed a significant lower power output in set 3 (p = 0.03); set 4 (p < 0.01) and set 5 (p < 0.01) for the control condition when compared to the ischemic condition. The results indicate that ischemia applied before each set and released 30 s prior to the start of the squat exercise did not increase power output performance. However, we observed a significantly lower decline in power for the ischemic condition (4.5 min ischemia + 0.5 min reperfusion) in sets 3–5 compared to the control condition. Thus repeated ischemia with reperfusion used between sets can be an effective form of performance enhancement by preventing or at least diminishing fatigue during resistance exercise.
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Acute Effects of Tissue Flossing Coupled with Functional Movements on Knee Range of Motion, Static Balance, in Single-Leg Hop Distance, and Landing Stabilization Performance in Female College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031427. [PMID: 35162447 PMCID: PMC8835546 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Flexibility, specifically that in the amplitude of sagittal-plane range of motion (ROM), can improve jump landing patterns and reduce the potential for sports injury. The use of floss bands (FLOSS) reportedly increases joint range of motion (ROM) in the shoulder, ankle, and elbow joints. However, little research on the effectiveness of FLOSS on the knee joint has been conducted. This study investigated the effects of FLOSS on knee ROM, static balance, single-leg-hop distance, and landing stabilization performance in women. This study had a crossover design. Twenty active female college students without musculoskeletal disorders were randomly assigned to receive a FLOSS intervention or elastic bandage (ELA) control on their dominant knees. The participants underwent FLOSS and ELA activities on two occasions with 48 h of rest between both sets of activities. The outcomes were flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings, how long one could maintain a single-leg stance (with and without eyes closed), distance on a single-leg triple hop, and score on the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS); these outcomes were evaluated at preintervention and postintervention (immediately following band removal and 20 min later). After the FLOSS intervention, the participants’ hamstring flexibility improved significantly (immediately after: p = 0.001; 20 min later: p = 0.002), but their quadricep flexibility did not. In addition, FLOSS use did not result in worse single-leg stance timing, single-leg triple-hop distance, or landing stabilization performance relative to ELA use. Compared with the ELA control, the FLOSS intervention yielded significantly better LESS at 20 min postintervention (p = 0.032), suggesting that tissue flossing can improve landing stability. In conclusion, the application of FLOSS to the knee improves hamstring flexibility without impeding static balance, and improves single-leg hop distance and landing stabilization performance in women for up to 20 min. Our findings elucidate the effects of tissue flossing on the knee joint and may serve as a reference for physiotherapists or athletic professionals in athletic practice settings.
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Grau M, Seeger B, Mozigemba L, Roth R, Baumgartner L, Predel HG, Bloch W, Tomschi F. Effects of Recurring IPC vs. rIPC Maneuvers on Exercise Performance, Pulse Wave Velocity, and Red Blood Cell Deformability: Special Consideration of Reflow Varieties. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020163. [PMID: 35205030 PMCID: PMC8869204 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of (remote) ischemia preconditioning ((r)IPC), short episodes of blood occlusion and reperfusion, are well-characterized, but there is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of (r)IPC on exercise performance. Additionally, direct comparisons of IPC and rIPC but also differences between reflow modes, low reflow (LR) and high reflow (HR) in particular, are lacking, which were thus the aims of this study. Thirty healthy males conducted a performance test before and after five consecutive days with either IPC or rIPC maneuvers (n = 15 per group). This procedure was repeated after a two-week wash-out phase to test for both reflow conditions in random order. Results revealed improved exercise parameters in the IPC LR and to a lesser extent in the rIPC LR intervention. RBC deformability increased during both rIPC LR and IPC LR, respectively. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and blood pressures remained unaltered. In general, deformability and PWV positively correlated with performance parameters. In conclusion, occlusion of small areas seems insufficient to affect large remote muscle groups. The reflow condition might influence the effectiveness of the (r)IPC intervention, which might in part explain the inconsistent findings of previous investigations. Future studies should now focus on the underlying mechanisms to explain this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Grau
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Benedikt Seeger
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Lukas Mozigemba
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Roland Roth
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Luca Baumgartner
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Hans-Georg Predel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports and Performance Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Fabian Tomschi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Wuppertal, Moritzstraße 14, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
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Catalan Serra P, Soler X. Obstructive Sleep apnea and cardiovascular events in Elderly Patients. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:197-210. [PMID: 35041560 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent decades, life expectancy has increased considerably. The cardiovascular effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in the elderly lead to patient disability and high resource consumption. Intermittent nocturnal hypoxia leads to hemodynamic stress and adrenergic activation, which promotes cardiovascular disease. However, chronic intermittent hypoxia may protect elderly patients from cardiovascular events (CVE) due to biological adaptation. AREAS COVERED OSA patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular events. The severity of OSA increases cardiovascular risk, and this association also exists in the elderly. This article reviews the association between OSA, CPAP treatment, and CVE, particularly stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD), in the elderly. MEDLINE and the Cochrane Collaboration databases were searched from inception to July 2021. EXPERT COMMENTARY Although a positive association between OSA and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the elderly has been established, the role of sleep apnea in certain cardiovascular events remains controversial. Most authors agree that untreated OSA is a risk factor for stroke or worse stroke prognosis. However, the association between OSA and CHD is usually less pronounced than between OSA and stroke, especially in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Soler
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. University of California, San Diego, California
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Effects of a Single Session of Floss Band Intervention on Flexibility of Thigh, Knee Joint Proprioception, Muscle Force Output, and Dynamic Balance in Young Adults. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112412052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The floss band (FB) has been correlated with increases in the joint range of motion (ROM). However, the literature on FB effectiveness in knee joint ROM and athletic performance remains sparse. This study investigated the effects of FB on the flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings, knee joint proprioception, muscle force output, and dynamic balance in men. Thirty recreationally active men without musculoskeletal disorders were randomized to receive FB (Lime Green; Sanctband flossband) and elastic bandage (EB) intervention on the dominant knee joint. Participants received two interventions on two occasions with 2 days of rest between interventions. The primary outcome was the flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings; the secondary outcomes were knee proprioception (joint reposition angle error), knee muscle force output, and dynamic balance. Preintervention and postintervention (immediately following band removal and 20 min later) measurements were obtained. After FB intervention, hamstring flexibility (immediately: p < 0.001; 20 min later: p < 0.001) and quadriceps flexibility (immediately: p < 0.001; 20 min later: p < 0.001), quadriceps muscle force output (immediately: p = 0.007; 20 min later: p < 0.001), and dynamic balance (both immediately and 20 min later, p < 0.001) were significantly improved. Compared with EB intervention, FB intervention significantly improved knee extension ROM (immediately and 20 min later, both p < 0.001), knee flexion ROM (immediately, p = 0.01; 20 min later, p = 0.03), hamstrings muscle force output (20 min later, p = 0.022) and dynamic balance (immediately, p = 0.016; 20 min later, p = 0.004). Regarding proprioception, no significant difference among time points and conditions was observed. In conclusion, FB intervention can significantly improve the flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings, quadriceps muscle force output, and dynamic balance without impeding knee proprioception. Physiotherapists or athletic professionals may consider FB intervention as a potential tool as a warmup to enhance the flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings, quadriceps muscle force output, and dynamic balance in young adults.
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Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Peripheral Artery Disease and Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:4954070. [PMID: 34899949 PMCID: PMC8660193 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4954070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a serious public health issue, characterized by circulation disorder of the lower extreme that reduces the physical activity of the lower extremity muscle. The artery narrowed by atherosclerotic lesions initiates limb ischemia. In the progression of treatment, reperfusion injury is still inevitable. Ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by PAD is responsible for hypoxia and nutrient deficiency. PAD triggers hindlimb ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) cycles through various mechanisms, mainly including mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Alternatively, mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role. The I/R injury may cause cells' injury and even death. However, the mechanism of I/R injury and the way of cell damage or death are still unclear. We review the pathophysiology of I/R injury, which is majorly about mitochondrial dysfunction. Then, we focus on the cell damage and death during I/R injury. Further comprehension of the progress of I/R will help identify biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic targets to PAD. In addition, traditional Chinese medicine has played an important role in the treatment of I/R injury, and we will make a brief introduction.
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Impact of Movement Tempo Distribution on Bar Velocity During a Multi-Set Bench Press Exercise. J Hum Kinet 2021; 80:277-285. [PMID: 34868435 PMCID: PMC8607785 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of contrast tempo movement on bar velocity changes during a multi-set bench press exercise. In randomized and counter-balanced order, participants performed three sets of the bench press exercise at 60%1RM under two testing conditions: E-E where all repetitions were performed with explosive (X/0/X/0) movement tempo; and S-E where the first two repetitions were performed with a slow tempo (5/0/X/0) while the third repetition was performed with explosive movement tempo (slow, slow, explosive). Twelve healthy men volunteered for the study (age = 30 ± 5 years; body mass = 88 ± 10 kg; bench press 1RM = 145 ± 24 kg). The three-way repeated measures ANOVA (tempo × set × repetition) showed statistically significant multi-interaction effect for peak bar velocity (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.23), yet not for mean bar velocity (p = 0.09; η2 = 0.14). The post hoc results for multi-interaction revealed that peak bar velocity in the 3rd repetition was significantly higher for E-E compared to SE only during set 1 (p < 0.001). Therefore, the distribution of movement tempo had a significant impact on peak bar velocity, but not on mean bar velocity. The decrease in peak bar velocity in the 3rd repetition during the S-E condition was observed only in the first set, while such a tendency was not observed in the second and third set.
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de Souza HLR, Arriel RA, Hohl R, da Mota GR, Marocolo M. Is Ischemic Preconditioning Intervention Occlusion-Dependent to Enhance Resistance Exercise Performance? J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2706-2712. [PMID: 31343550 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT de Souza, HLR, Arriel, RA, Hohl, R, da Mota, GR, and Marocolo, M. Is ischemic preconditioning intervention occlusion-dependent to enhance resistance exercise performance? J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2706-2712, 2021-Ischemic preconditioning is a rising technique with potential to improve performance. Currently, its effects are still controversial, and a placebo effect seems to have a role. In this sense, this study evaluated the effect of high-pressure (HP) and low-pressure (LP) cuffing on resistance exercise performance during repeated 5-day intervention. Twenty healthy trained men (24.0 ± 4.4 years; 80.1 ± 12.2 kg; and 176.9 ± 6.6 cm) performed a 1 repetition maximum (1RM) test before interventions. Maximal isometric force test, number of repetitions (75% 1RM), total workload (sets × reps × load), fatigue index (FI) ([set 1 - set 3]/set 1 × 100), and perceived scales were assessed during knee extension preceded by HP (3 × 5-minute unilateral leg occlusion at 50 mm Hg above systolic blood pressure), LP (3 × 5-minute unilateral leg occlusion at 20 mm Hg), or control ([CON] 30-minute resting). The main effect of cuff intervention was significant for total workload (F(1,16) = 4.2, p = 0.03) after adjusting for baseline (analysis of covariance). Adjusted means (confidence interval) and effect sizes (ES) indicate that HP (1778 kg [1,613-1944]; ES: 0.29) and LP (1761 kg [1,590-1932]; ES: 0.34) significantly increased total workload compared with CON (1,452 kg [1,262-1,643]; ES: 0.17). Finally, isometric force and FI were similar for all conditions (HP, LP, and CON) with no difference from baseline performance. In conclusion, the short-term (5-day) intervention of HP and LP cuffing increases the total workload. This effect in muscle endurance performance is nondependent of blood flow occlusion, since LP is not able to obstruct arterial blood flow. A likely motivational effect cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiago L R de Souza
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; and
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sports, Department of Sports Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Rhaí A Arriel
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; and
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sports, Department of Sports Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; and
| | - Gustavo R da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sports, Department of Sports Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; and
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Valenzuela PL, Martín-Candilejo R, Sánchez-Martínez G, Bouzas Marins JC, de la Villa P, Sillero-Quintana M. Ischemic Preconditioning and Muscle Force Capabilities. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2187-2192. [PMID: 30908369 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Valenzuela, PL, Martín-Candilejo, R, Sánchez-Martínez, G, Bouzas Marins, JC, de la Villa, P, and Sillero-Quintana, M. Ischemic preconditioning and muscle force capabilities. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2187-2192, 2021-This study analyzed the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on muscle force capabilities. Sixteen male subjects participated in this randomized, crossover, sham-controlled study. They were assigned to either IPC (3 × 5 minutes at 220 mm Hg in both arms with 5-minute rests) or a sham intervention (SHAM) (occlusion pressure set at 10 mm Hg). Forty minutes later, their force capabilities on the bench press exercise were assessed (load-velocity relationship with light, moderate, and heavy loads [30, 50, and 70% body mass, respectively]; 1 repetition maximum [1RM]; and number of repetitions to failure in 3 sets with 60% RM). The skin temperature (Tsk) of the pectoral and biceps muscles was analyzed as a secondary endpoint by means of infrared thermography. A significant decrease in the Tsk of the pectoral and biceps muscles was observed after the intervention (p < 0.01) and before the warm-up (p < 0.05) in IPC, but not in SHAM. However, exercise resulted in a similar Tsk increase in the pectoral muscles in both conditions (p > 0.05). No significant differences (p > 0.05 for all) were observed between conditions in the mean velocity attained with light (1.11 ± 0.11 and 1.09 ± 0.14 m·s-1, respectively), moderate (0.83 ± 0.14 and 0.83 ± 0.16 m·s-1), nor heavy loads (0.56 ± 0.17 and 0.54 ± 0.16 m·s-1), in 1RM (75.0 ± 18.9 and 73.1 ± 15.0 kg for IPC and SHAM, respectively; p = 0.181), nor in the number of repetitions performed (52 ± 13 and 54 ± 16 repetitions, p = 0.492). In summary, IPC decreased Tsk locally (biceps) and remotely (pectoral). However, it did not alter muscle force capabilities nor the Tsk response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosalía Martín-Candilejo
- Sports Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF Madrid), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; and
| | | | - Joao Carlos Bouzas Marins
- Department of Physical Education, Human Performance Laboratory, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Manuel Sillero-Quintana
- Sports Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF Madrid), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; and
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Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been used to increase performance in sports. The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of IPC with different warm-up methods on the number of repetitions and total volume in resistance exercise (RE). Sixteen healthy men recreationally trained in RE participated in this study. After the anthropometric evaluation and familiarization, a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test and retest were performed in the bench press (BP) and in the leg press 45° (LP) exercise. After these tests, participants were randomly assigned to one of the five protocols: a) IPC; b) SHAM; c) a specific warm-up (SW); d) aerobic exercise (AE), and e) active stretching (AS) prior to performing 3 sets at 80% 1RM until concentric failure. The number of repetitions was higher following IPC compared to the SW following three sets both for the BP and LP. Similarly, the number of repetitions for IPC was higher in comparison to SHAM following three sets for the LP. The number of repetitions was higher following IPC compared to AE following 1st and 2nd sets for the LP and following the 2nd set for the BP. Finally, the number of repetitions was higher following IPC compared to AS following 1st and 2nd sets for the LP. The total volume was higher following IPC compared to SHAM, SW, AE, and AS for both the BP and LP. The IPC protocol increased the number of maximum repetitions and the total volume when compared to the other tested methods, thus indicating a better utilization during the pre-work warm-up. These results indicate positive associative responses to IPC with performance maintenance, which is of importance for both athletes and coaches.
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20
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Pereira HM, de Lima FF, Silva BM, Kohn AF. Sex differences in fatigability after ischemic preconditioning of non-exercising limbs. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:59. [PMID: 33109241 PMCID: PMC7590792 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is suggested to decrease fatigability in some individuals but not others. Sex differences in response to IPC may account for this variability and few studies systematically investigated the effects of IPC in men and women. The goal of this study was to determine if time to task failure, perception of pain, and neuromuscular mechanisms of fatigability were altered by IPC in men and women. Methods Ten women (29 ± 5 years old) and 10 men (28 ± 6 years old) performed isometric contractions with the plantar flexor muscles of the dominant leg at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction until task failure. We used a repeated measures design where each individual performed 3 randomized and counterbalanced test sessions: (A) IPC session, cuff inflation and deflation (5 min each repeated 3 times) performed before the exercise by inflating cuffs to the non-dominant leg and arm; (B) sham session, cuffs were inflated for a short period (1 min); and (C) control session, no cuffs were involved. Results Compared with control, IPC increased time to task failure in men (mean difference, 5 min; confidence interval (CI) of mean difference, 2.2; 7.8 min; P = 0.01) but not women (mean difference, − 0.6 min; CI of mean difference, − 3.5; 2.4 min; P = 0.51). In men, but not women, the IPC-induced increase in time to task failure was associated with lower response to pressure pain (r = − 0.79). IPC further exposed sex differences in arterial pressure during fatiguing contractions (session × sex: P < 0.05). Voluntary activation, estimated with the twitch interpolation technique, and presynaptic inhibition of leg Ia afferents were not altered after IPC for men and women. The tested variables were not altered with sham. Conclusions The ergogenic effect of IPC on time to task failure was observed only in men and it was associated with reductions in the perception of pain. This pilot data suggest the previously reported inter-individual variability in exercise-induced fatigability after IPC could be a consequence of the sex and individual response to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M Pereira
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, 1401 Asp Ave, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
| | - Felipe F de Lima
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory/EPUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André F Kohn
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory/EPUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Galis J, Cooper DJ. Application of a Floss Band at Differing Pressure Levels: Effects at the Ankle Joint. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2454-2460. [PMID: 33038093 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Galis, J and Cooper, DJ. Application of a floss band at differing pressure levels: Effects at the ankle joint. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The study aimed to examine the effects of different levels of pressure on ankle range of motion (ROM), strength, and power performance. A parallel-group design was used, and subjects were divided into 3 groups. After a warm-up and preintervention testing (ankle goniometry using a manual handheld goniometer and isokinetic dynamometry using a HUMAC NORM isokinetic dynamometer), subjects had underwrap (control) or a tissue flossing band, at 150 mm Hg (FLOSS150) or 200 mm Hg (FLOSS200) applied to one of their calves, followed by postintervention testing. Thirty university students participated and completed the testing in a university laboratory: dorsiflexion ROM (DFROM) and plantarflexion ROM (PFROM), peak torque, and power. A repeated-measures analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc showed no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) preintervention to postintervention between each group, except for DFROM in FLOSS150 (p < 0.05). Medium and small effect sizes preintervention to postintervention were associated with improvements of DFROM (0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39-0.83) and dorsiflexion power (0.29; 95% CI -0.13 to 0.72), respectively, in FLOSS150, while the effect size of PFROM preintervention to postintervention was -0.35 (95% CI -0.85 to 0.15) in FLOSS200. Tissue flossing of the ankle joint may be a useful intervention for increasing dorsiflexion ROM and power, which can be useful for injury prevention, enhancing performance and improving functional ability; however, the potentially harmful effects of the technique should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Galis
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
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Bloemberg D, Quadrilatero J. Autophagy displays divergent roles during intermittent amino acid starvation and toxic stress-induced senescence in cultured skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3099-3113. [PMID: 33022071 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Due to the ever-expanding functions attributed to autophagy, there is widespread interest in understanding its contribution to human physiology; however, its specific cellular role as a stress-response mechanism is still poorly defined. To investigate autophagy's role in this regard, we repeatedly subjected cultured mouse myoblasts to two stresses with diverse impacts on autophagic flux: amino acid and serum withdrawal (Hank's balanced salt solution [HBSS]), which robustly induces autophagy, or low-level toxic stress (staurosporine, STS). We found that intermittent STS (int-STS) administration caused cell cycle arrest, development of enlarged and misshapen cells/nuclei, increased senescence-associated heterochromatic foci and senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, and prevented myogenic differentiation. These features were not observed in cells intermittently incubated in HBSS (int-HB). While int-STS cells displayed less DNA damage (phosphorylated H2A histone family, member X content) and caspase activity when administered cisplatin, int-HB cells were protected from STS-induced cell death. Interestingly, STS-induced senescence was attenuated in autophagy related 7-deficient cells. Therefore, while repeated nutrient withdrawal did not cause senescence, autophagy was required for senescence caused by toxic stress. These results illustrate the context-dependent effects of different stressors, potentially highlighting autophagy as a distinguishing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin Bloemberg
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Demiröz A, Derebaşınlıoğlu H, Ercan A, Arslan H, Aydın Ö, Ekmekçi H, Balcı Ekmekçi Ö, Aydın Y. Comparison of Ischemic Preconditioning and Systemic Piracetam for Prevention of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Musculocutaneous Flaps. J Reconstr Microsurg 2020; 37:322-335. [PMID: 32971545 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury plays an important role in flap failure. Ischemic preconditioning technique is the only proven method for preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury, but it is not used widely in daily practice because of difficulties such as prolonging the operation time, need for surgical experience, and increasing the risk of complications. This study has been performed with the assumption that piracetam may be a simple and inexpensive alternative to the preconditioning technique due to its antioxidant, antiaggregant, rheological, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, cytoprotective, and immune modulating effects. METHODS Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups and latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flaps were raised. No extra procedure was applied, and no treatment was given to the control group. Four hours of ischemia was created by clamping the thoracodorsal pedicle in the second group. The animals in the third group were treated with 10 minutes of ischemia and reperfusion periods as a preconditioning procedure before the 4 hours of ischemia. Animals in the fourth group received systemic piracetam 30 minutes before and 6 days after reperfusion. Nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase levels in serum and tissue, acute inflammatory cell response, and vascular proliferation in tissue were examined at the postoperative 24th hour and 10th day. RESULTS Myeloperoxidase activity in both preconditioning and piracetam groups, was significantly lower than the ischemia-reperfusion group. Acute inflammatory cell response was similarly decreased in both preconditioning and piracetam groups compared with ischemia-reperfusion group. Tissue measurements of nitric oxide were also significantly higher in both preconditioning and piracetam groups than in the ischemia-reperfusion group. However, vascular proliferation increased in the preconditioning group, while it did not show any significant change in the piracetam group. CONCLUSION This study shows that systemic piracetam treatment provides protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in musculocutaneous flaps and can offer a simple and inexpensive alternative to the preconditioning technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anıl Demiröz
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Handan Derebaşınlıoğlu
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Alp Ercan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Memorial Atasehir Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Arslan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Övgü Aydın
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Ekmekçi
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Balcı Ekmekçi
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Aydın
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Arriel RA, Meireles A, Hohl R, Marocolo M. Ischemic preconditioning improves performance and accelerates the heart rate recovery. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1209-1215. [PMID: 32550713 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have assessed the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on exercise performance and physiological variables, such as lactate and muscle deoxygenation. In this study, we verified the IPC effects on performance and heart rate during and immediately after a maximal incremental cycling test (ICT). METHODS Eighteen recreationally trained cyclists (28±4 years) were allocated to one of three groups: IPC, SHAM and Control. After the first visit to familiarization, cyclists attended the laboratory on two separate occasions to perform an ICT: in the 1<sup>st</sup> visit they performed the reference test (baseline), and in 2<sup>nd</sup> the test ischemic preconditioning (2 cycles of 5-min occlusion [at 50 mm Hg above systolic arterial pressure]/ 5-min reperfusion), SHAM (identical to ischemic preconditioning, but at 20 mm Hg) or control (no occlusion) interventions (post intervention). During the ICT, heart rate, power output and perceived exertion were measured and the heart rate was monitored throughout the recovery. RESULTS Only ischemic preconditioning group improved performance time by 4.9±4.0% and decreased heart rate at submaximal point during ICT, of 170±8 to 166±8 bpm (P<0.05). Also, IPC promoted faster heart rate recovery, mainly on first minute (from 151±9 to 145±8 bpm; P<0.05), compared to baseline. No differences for other parameters were found. CONCLUSIONS Two cycles of five minutes of ischemia were relevant to produce positive effects on performance and alter the heart rate during and soon after ICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaí A Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Anderson Meireles
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil -
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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Disease: From Physiological Response to Injury Factor. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5732956. [PMID: 32509147 PMCID: PMC7244977 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5732956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemical species containing oxygen, controlled by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems. In the heart, ROS play an important role in cell homeostasis, by modulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and excitation-contraction coupling. Oxidative stress occurs when ROS production exceeds the buffering capacity of the antioxidant defense systems, leading to cellular and molecular abnormalities, ultimately resulting in cardiac dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the physiological sources of ROS in the heart, the mechanisms of oxidative stress-related myocardial injury, and the implications of experimental studies and clinical trials with antioxidant therapies in cardiovascular diseases.
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da Silva Novaes J, da Silva Telles LG, Monteiro ER, da Silva Araujo G, Vingren JL, Silva Panza P, Reis VM, Laterza MC, Vianna JM. Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Resistance Training Session Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 35:2993-2998. [PMID: 32224716 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
da Silva Novaes, J, da Silva Telles, LG, Monteiro, ER, da Silva Araujo, G, Vingren, JL, Silva Panza, P, Reis, VM, Laterza, MC, and Vianna, JM. Ischemic preconditioning improves resistance training session performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in a resistance exercise (RE) training session on the number of repetitions performed, total volume, and rating of perceived exertion in recreationally trained and normotensive men. Sixteen recreationally trained and normotensive men completed 3 RE sessions in a counterbalanced and randomized order: (a) IPC protocol using 220 mm Hg followed by RE (IPC), (b) IPC cuff control protocol with 20 mm Hg followed by RE (CUFF), and (c) no IPC (control) followed by RE (CON). RE was performed with 3 sets of each exercise (bench press, leg press, lateral pulldown, hack machine squat, shoulder press, and Smith back squat) until concentric muscular failure, at 80% of one repetition maximum, with 90 seconds of rest between sets and 2 minutes of rest between exercises. Ischemic preconditioning and CUFF consisted of 4 cycles of 5 minutes of occlusion/low pressure alternating with 5 minutes of no occlusion (0 mm Hg) using a pneumatic tourniquet applied around the subaxillary region of the upper arm. For each condition, the number of repetitions completed, total volume of work performed, and rating of perceived exertion were determined. No significant difference was found for rating of perceived exertion between any experimental protocol. Ischemic preconditioning significantly (p < 0.05) increased the number of repetitions across exercises. Consequently, total volume performed (sum of total number of repetitions x load for each exercise) was significantly higher in IPC (46,170 kg) compared with CON (34,069 kg) and CUFF (36,590 kg) across all exercises. This work may have important implications for athletic populations because it demonstrates increase in muscle performance outcomes during a single RE session. Therefore, performing IPC before RE could be an important exercise prescription recommendation to increase maximum repetition performance and total volume of work performed and thus potentially increase desired training adaptations (i.e., strength and hypertrophy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson da Silva Novaes
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,College of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme da Silva Telles
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Estacio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Estêvão Rios Monteiro
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Physical Therapy, Augusto Motta University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gleisson da Silva Araujo
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,University Center of Barra Mansa, Barra Mansa, Brazil
| | - Jakob L Vingren
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Patrícia Silva Panza
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mateus Camaroti Laterza
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Macedo Vianna
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Huang BH, Wang TY, Lu KH, Chang CY, Chan KH. Effects of ischemic preconditioning on local hemodynamics and isokinetic muscular function. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-194184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Huei Huang
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Public Health, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ting-Yao Wang
- General Education Centre, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hao Lu
- Sports Science and Research Department, National Sports Training Centre, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hui Chan
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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28
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Cheung CP, Slysz JT, Burr JF. Ischemic Preconditioning: Improved Cycling Performance Despite Nocebo Expectation. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:354-360. [PMID: 31188700 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) through purposeful circulatory occlusion may enhance exercise performance. The value of IPC for improving performance is controversial owing to challenges with employing effective placebo controls. This study examines the efficacy of IPC versus a deceptive sham protocol for improving performance to determine whether benefits of IPC are attributable to true physiological effects. It was hypothesized that IPC would favorably alter performance more than a sham treatment and that physiological responses to exercise would be affected only after IPC treatment. METHODS In a randomized order, 16 participants performed incremental exercise to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer in control conditions and after sham and IPC treatments. Participants rated their belief as to the efficacy of each treatment compared with control. RESULTS Time to exhaustion was greatest after IPC (control = 1331 [270] s, IPC = 1429 [300] s, sham = 1343 [255] s, P = .02), despite negative performance expectations after IPC and positive expectation after sham. Maximal aerobic power remained unchanged after both SHAM and IPC (control = 42.0 [5.2], IPC = 41.7 [5.5], sham = 41.6 [5.5] mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .7), as did submaximal lactate concentration (control = 8.9 [2.6], sham = 8.0 [1.9], IPC = 7.7 [2.1] mmol, P = .1) and oxygen uptake (control = 37.8 [4.8], sham = 37.5 [5.3], IPC = 37.5 [5.5] mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .6). CONCLUSIONS IPC before cycling exercise provides an ergogenic benefit that is not attributable to a placebo effect from positive expectation and that was not explained by traditionally suggested mechanisms.
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29
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Surkar SM, Bland MD, Mattlage AE, Chen L, Gidday JM, Lee JM, Hershey T, Lang CE. Effects of remote limb ischemic conditioning on muscle strength in healthy young adults: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227263. [PMID: 32017777 PMCID: PMC6999897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote limb ischemic conditioning (RLIC) is a clinically feasible method in which brief, sub-lethal bouts of ischemia protects remote organs or tissues from subsequent ischemic injury. A single session of RLIC can improve exercise performance and increase muscle activation. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to assess the effects of a brief, two-week protocol of repeated RLIC combined with strength training on strength gain and neural adaptation in healthy young adults. Participants age 18–40 years were randomized to receive either RLIC plus strength training (n = 15) or sham conditioning plus strength training (n = 15). Participants received RLIC or sham conditioning over 8 visits using a blood pressure cuff on the dominant arm with 5 cycles of 5 minutes each alternating inflation and deflation. Visits 3–8 paired conditioning with wrist extensors strength training on the non-dominant (non-conditioned) arm using standard guidelines. Changes in one repetition maximum (1 RM) and electromyography (EMG) amplitude were compared between groups. Both groups were trained at a similar workload. While both groups gained strength over time (P = 0.001), the RLIC group had greater strength gains (9.38 ± 1.01 lbs) than the sham group (6.3 ± 1.08 lbs, P = 0.035). There was not a significant group x time interaction in EMG amplitude (P = 0.231). The RLIC group had larger percent changes in 1 RM (43.8% vs. 26.1%, P = 0.003) and EMG amplitudes (31.0% vs. 8.6%, P = 0.023) compared to sham conditioning. RLIC holds promise for enhancing muscle strength in healthy young and older adults, as well as clinical populations that could benefit from strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati M Surkar
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Marghuretta D Bland
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Anna E Mattlage
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Ling Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M Gidday
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Catherine E Lang
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.,Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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30
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Mashaqi S, Gozal D. The impact of obstructive sleep apnea and PAP therapy on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality based on age and gender - a literature review. Respir Investig 2019; 58:7-20. [PMID: 31631059 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder which negatively impacts different body systems, especially the cardiovascular system. The correlation between sleep related breathing disorders and cardiovascular diseases has been well studied. However, the impact of OSA on cardiovascular related mortality and the role of positive airway pressure therapy in decreasing mortality is unclear. We reviewed studies investigating the impact of OSA on all-cause and cardiovascular related mortality in both genders, and in different age groups. METHODS A literature search (PubMed) using two phrases "obstructive sleep apnea and co-morbidities in males and females" and "obstructive sleep apnea and co-morbidities by age" yielded a total of 214 articles. Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS The studies reviewed showed conflicting results. Some showed that OSA increases all cause and cardiovascular related mortality predominantly in the middle-aged group (40-65) followed by a plateau or a reduction in mortality. Other studies showed a positive linear correlation between OSA and mortality up to the age of 80. The same controversy was noted for gender; some studies did not observe an increase in mortality in females with OSA, while others observed a trend for an increase in mortality in females. CONCLUSION There is a debate in the literature regarding the impact of OSA on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in both genders and in different age groups. However, the variation in results might be related to different study designs and significant epidemiological prevalence of OSA in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Mashaqi
- Department of Sleep Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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Paull EJ, Van Guilder GP. Remote ischemic preconditioning increases accumulated oxygen deficit in middle-distance runners. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1193-1203. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00585.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mediators underlying the putative benefits of remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on dynamic whole body exercise performance have not been widely investigated. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that remote IPC improves supramaximal exercise performance in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I middle-distance runners by increasing accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD), an indicator of glycolytic capacity. A randomized sham-controlled crossover study was employed. Ten NCAA Division I middle-distance athletes [age: 21 ± 1 yr; maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max): 65 ± 7 ml·kg−1·min−1] completed three supramaximal running trials (baseline, after mock IPC, and with remote IPC) at 110% V̇o2max to exhaustion. Remote IPC was induced in the right arm with 4 × 5 min cycles of brachial artery ischemia with 5 min of reperfusion. Supramaximal AOD (ml/kg) was calculated as the difference between the theoretical oxygen demand required for the supramaximal running bout (linear regression extrapolated from ~12 × 5 min submaximal running stages) and the actual oxygen demand for these bouts. Remote IPC [122 ± 38 s, 95% confidence interval (CI): 94–150] increased ( P < 0.001) time to exhaustion 22% compared with baseline (99 ± 23 s, 95% CI: 82–116, P = 0.014) and sham (101 ± 30 s, 95% CI: 80–123, P = 0.001). In the presence of IPC, AOD was 47 ± 36 ml/kg (95% CI: 20.8–73.9), a 29% increase compared with baseline (36 ± 28 ml/kg, 95% CI: 16.3–56.9, P = 0.008) and sham (38 ± 32 ml/kg, 95% CI: 16.2–63.0, P = 0.024). Remote IPC considerably improved supramaximal exercise performance in NCAA Division I middle-distance athletes. Greater glycolytic capacity, as estimated by increased AOD, is a potential mediator for these performance improvements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our novel findings indicate that ischemic preconditioning enhanced glycolytic exercise capacity, enabling National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) middle-distance track athletes to run ~22 s longer before exhaustion compared with baseline and mock ischemic preconditioning. The increase in “all-out” performance appears to be due to increased accumulated oxygen deficit, an index of better supramaximal capacity. Of note, enhanced exercise performance was demonstrated in a specific group of in-competition NCAA elite athletes that has already undergone substantial training of the glycolytic energy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Paull
- Vascular Protection Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Gary P. Van Guilder
- Vascular Protection Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
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Lopes TR, Sabino-Carvalho JL, Ferreira THN, Succi JE, Silva AC, Silva BM. Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on the Recovery of Cardiac Autonomic Control From Repeated Sprint Exercise. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1465. [PMID: 30416451 PMCID: PMC6212507 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated sprint exercise (RSE) acutely impairs post-exercise heart rate (HR) recovery (HRR) and time-domain heart rate variability (i. e., RMSSD), likely in part, due to lactic acidosis-induced reduction of cardiac vagal reactivation. In contrast, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) mediates cardiac vagal activation and augments energy metabolism efficiency during prolonged ischemia followed by reperfusion. Therefore, we investigated whether IPC could improve recovery of cardiac autonomic control from RSE partially via improved energy metabolism responses to RSE. Fifteen men team-sport practitioners (mean ± SD: 25 ± 5 years) were randomly exposed to IPC in the legs (3 × 5 min at 220 mmHg) or control (CT; 3 × 5 min at 20 mmHg) 48 h, 24 h, and 35 min before performing 3 sets of 6 shuttle running sprints (15 + 15 m with 180° change of direction and 20 s of active recovery). Sets 1 and 2 were followed by 180 s and set 3 by 360 s of inactive recovery. Short-term HRR was analyzed after all sets via linear regression of HR decay within the first 30 s of recovery (T30) and delta from peak HR to 60 s of recovery (HRR60s). Long-term HRR was analyzed throughout recovery from set 3 via first-order exponential regression of HR decay. Moreover, RMSSD was calculated using 30-s data segments throughout recovery from set 3. Energy metabolism responses were inferred via peak pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak), peak carbon dioxide output (V˙O2peak), peak respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak), first-order exponential regression of V˙O2 decay within 360 s of recovery and blood lactate concentration ([Lac-]). IPC did not change T30, but increased HRR60s after all sets (condition main effect: P = 0.03; partial eta square (η2p) = 0.27, i.e., large effect size). IPC did not change long-term HRR and RMSSD throughout recovery, nor did IPC change any energy metabolism parameter. In conclusion, IPC accelerated to some extent the short-term recovery, but did not change the long-term recovery of cardiac autonomic control from RSE, and such accelerator effect was not accompanied by any IPC effect on surrogates of energy metabolism responses to RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago R Lopes
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, Brazil.,São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeann L Sabino-Carvalho
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago H N Ferreira
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E Succi
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio C Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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33
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Effects of ischemic preconditioning on economy, VO2 kinetics and cycling performance in endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2541-2549. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3979-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Impact of ischaemia-reperfusion cycles during ischaemic preconditioning on 2000-m rowing ergometer performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1599-1607. [PMID: 29796856 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although ischaemic preconditioning (IPC), induced by cycles of transient limb ischaemia and reperfusion, seems to improve exercise performance, the optimal duration of ischaemia-reperfusion cycles is not established. The present study investigated the effect of ischaemia-reperfusion duration within each IPC cycle on performance in a 2000-m rowing ergometer test. METHODS After incremental and familiarization tests, 16 trained rowers (mean ± SD: age, 24 ± 11 years; weight, 74.1 ± 5.9 kg; [Formula: see text] peak, 67.2 ± 7.4 mL·kg-1·min-1) were randomly submitted to a 2000-m rowing test preceded by intermittent bilateral cuff inflation of the lower limbs with three cycles of ischaemia-reperfusion, lasting 5 min (IPC-5) or 10 min (IPC-10) at 220 or 20 mmHg (control). Power output, [Formula: see text], heart rate, blood lactate concentration, pH, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and near-infrared spectroscopy-derived measurements of the vastus lateralis muscle were continuously recorded. RESULTS No differences among treatments were found in the 2000-m test (control: 424 ± 17; IPC-5: 425 ± 16; IPC-10: 424 ± 17 s; P = 0.772). IPC-10 reduced the tissue saturation index and oxy-haemoglobin concentration during exercise compared with control. The power output during the last 100-m segment was significantly lower with IPC-10. The IPC treatments increased the heart rate over the first 500 m and decreased the pH after exercise. No alterations were observed in [Formula: see text], blood lactate, or RPE among the trials. CONCLUSION In conclusion, IPC does not improve the 2000-m rowing ergometer performance of trained athletes regardless of the length of ischaemia-reperfusion cycles.
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Jeffries O, Waldron M, Pattison JR, Patterson SD. Enhanced Local Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Capacity and Microvascular Blood Flow Following 7-Day Ischemic Preconditioning in Healthy Humans. Front Physiol 2018; 9:463. [PMID: 29867526 PMCID: PMC5954802 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), which involves intermittent periods of ischemia followed by reperfusion, is an effective clinical intervention that reduces the risk of myocardial injury and confers ischemic tolerance to skeletal muscle. Repeated bouts of IPC have been shown to stimulate long-term changes vascular function, however, it is unclear what metabolic adaptations may occur locally in the muscle. Therefore, we investigated 7 days of bilateral lower limb IPC (4 × 5 min) above limb occlusion pressure (220 mmHg; n = 10), or sham (20 mmHg; n = 10), on local muscle oxidative capacity and microvascular blood flow. Oxidative capacity was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during repeated short duration arterial occlusions (300 mmHg). Microvascular blood flow was assessed during the recovery from submaximal isometric plantar flexion exercises at 40 and 60% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Following the intervention period, beyond the late phase of protection (72 h), muscle oxidative recovery kinetics were speeded by 13% (rate constant pre 2.89 ± 0.47 min-1 vs. post 3.32 ± 0.69 min-1; P < 0.05) and resting muscle oxygen consumption (m O2) was reduced by 16.4% (pre 0.39 ± 0.16%.s-1 vs. post 0.33 ± 0.14%.s-1; P < 0.05). During exercise, changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) from rest to steady state were reduced at 40 and 60% MVC (16 and 12%, respectively, P < 0.05) despite similar measures of total hemoglobin (tHb). At the cessation of exercise, the time constant for recovery in oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) was accelerated at 40 and 60% MVC (by 33 and 43%, respectively) suggesting enhanced reoxygenation in the muscle. No changes were reported for systemic measures of resting heart rate or blood pressure. In conclusion, repeated bouts of IPC over 7 consecutive days increased skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and microvascular muscle blood flow. These findings are consistent with enhanced mitochondrial and vascular function following repeated IPC and may be of clinical or sporting interest to enhance or offset reductions in muscle oxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Jeffries
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biomedical Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Waldron
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Pattison
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
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Griffin PJ, Hughes L, Gissane C, Patterson SD. Effects of local versus remote ischemic preconditioning on repeated sprint running performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:187-194. [PMID: 29722251 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the effect of local and remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on repeated sprint exercise. METHODS Twelve males (age 22±2 years; stature 1.79±0.07 m; body mass 77.8±8.4 kg; mean±SD) completed four trials consisting of remote (arm) and local (leg) IPC and SHAM interventions prior to repeated sprint exercise (3x[6x15+15-m] shuttle sprints), in a double-blind, randomized, crossover designed study. These tests were immediately preceded by IPC (4x5-minute intervals at 220 mmHg bilateral occlusion) or SHAM treatment (4x5-minute intervals at 20 mmHg bilateral occlusion). Sprint performance and percentage decrement score alongside measurement of Tissue Saturation Index, blood lactate and RPE were measured throughout the intervention. RESULTS During the IPC/SHAM intervention there was a large decrease in TSI for IPC-arm in comparison to IPC-leg (P<0.05), however IPC-legs resulted in greater soreness compared with the other three conditions (P<0.05). There was no main effects or interaction effects for sprint performance. There was a significant effect of condition (P=0.047, r=0.56) on percentage decrement score across all 18 sprints with IPC demonstrating less fatigue than SHAM. There were no other effects of IPC during the sprint trials for any other physiological measure. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion local IPC resulted in more pain/soreness during the IPC/SHAM intervention but both remote and local IPC reduced the fatigue associated with repeated sprint exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Griffin
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Luke Hughes
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Conor Gissane
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, Twickenham, London, UK -
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Tenkorang MA, Snyder B, Cunningham RL. Sex-related differences in oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Steroids 2018; 133:21-27. [PMID: 29274405 PMCID: PMC5864532 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of neurodegenerative diseases spanning various fields of research. Reactive oxygen species can be beneficial or harmful, depending on their concentration. High levels of reactive oxygen species can lead to oxidative stress, which is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants. Increased oxidative stress can result in cell loss. Interestingly, sex differences have been observed in oxidative stress generation, which may underlie sex differences observed in neurodegenerative disorders. An enhanced knowledge of the role of sex hormones on oxidative stress signaling and cell loss can yield valuable information, leading to sex-based mechanistic approaches to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavis A Tenkorang
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Brina Snyder
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States.
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Incognito AV, Doherty CJ, Lee JB, Burns MJ, Millar PJ. Ischemic preconditioning does not alter muscle sympathetic responses to static handgrip and metaboreflex activation in young healthy men. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/14/e13342. [PMID: 28720715 PMCID: PMC5532483 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been hypothesized to elicit ergogenic effects by reducing feedback from metabolically sensitive group III/IV muscle afferents during exercise. If so, reflex efferent neural outflow should be attenuated. We investigated the effects of IPC on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during static handgrip (SHG) and used post‐exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO) to isolate for the muscle metaboreflex. Thirty‐seven healthy men (age: 24 ± 5 years [mean ± SD]) were randomized to receive sham (n = 16) or IPC (n = 21) interventions. Blood pressure, heart rate, and MSNA (microneurography; sham n = 11 and IPC n = 18) were collected at rest and during 2 min of SHG (30% maximal voluntary contraction) and 3 min of PECO before (PRE) and after (POST) sham or IPC treatment (3 × 5 min 20 mmHg or 200 mmHg unilateral upper arm cuff inflation). Resting mean arterial pressure was higher following sham (79 ± 7 vs. 83 ± 6 mmHg, P < 0.01) but not IPC (81 ± 6 vs. 82 ± 6 mmHg, P > 0.05), while resting MSNA burst frequency was unchanged (P > 0.05) with sham (18 ± 7 vs. 19 ± 9 bursts/min) or IPC (17 ± 7 vs. 19 ± 7 bursts/min). Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total vascular conductance responses during SHG and PECO were comparable PRE and POST following sham and IPC (All P > 0.05). Similarly, MSNA burst frequency, burst incidence, and total MSNA responses during SHG and PECO were comparable PRE and POST with sham and IPC (All P > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that IPC does not reduce hemodynamic responses or central sympathetic outflow directed toward the skeletal muscle during activation of the muscle metaboreflex using static exercise or subsequent PECO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V Incognito
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connor J Doherty
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan B Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Guelph-Humber, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew J Burns
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J Millar
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada .,Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Is There an Optimal Ischemic-Preconditioning Dose to Improve Cycling Performance? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:274-282. [PMID: 28657799 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) may enhance endurance performance. No previous study has directly compared distinct IPC protocols for optimal benefit. PURPOSE To determine whether a specific IPC protocol (ie, number of cycles, amount of muscle tissue, and local vs remote occlusion) elicits greater performance outcomes. METHODS Twelve cyclists performed 5 different IPC protocols 30 min before a blinded 375-kJ cycling time trial (TT) in a laboratory. Responses to traditional IPC (4 × 5-min legs) were compared with those to 8 × 5-min legs and sham (dose cycles), 4 × 5-min unilateral legs (dose tissue), and 4 × 5-min arms (remote). Rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate were recorded at each 25% TT completion. Power (W), heart rate (beats/min), and oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) (mL · kg-1 · min-1) were measured continuously throughout TTs. Magnitude-based-inference statistics were employed to compare variable differences to the minimal practically important difference. RESULTS Traditional IPC was associated with a 17-s (0, 34) faster TT time than sham. Applying more dose cycles (8 × 5 min) had no impact on performance. Traditional IPC was associated with likely trivial higher blood lactate and possibly beneficial lower [Formula: see text] responses vs sham. Unilateral IPC was associated with 18-s (-11, 48) slower performance than bilateral (dose tissue). TT times after remote and local IPC were not different (0 [-16, 16] s). CONCLUSION The traditional 4 × 5-min (local or remote) IPC stimulus resulted in the fastest TT time compared with sham; there was no benefit of applying a greater number of cycles or employing unilateral IPC.
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Alotaibi M. Brief hypoxic cycles improve uterine contractile function after prolonged hypoxia in term-pregnant but not in nonpregnant rats in vitro. Theriogenology 2018; 113:73-77. [PMID: 29475127 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
During labour, the uterus itself is vulnerable to hypoxia/ischemia that can occur with each strong contraction and this may ultimately cause dysfunctional labour in some women. Periods of Intermittent re-oxygenations are beneficial to tissues subjected to hypoxia to wash out metabolic by-products that have been accumulated during hypoxic stresses which may affect the tissue viability. We proposed that short intermittent hypoxic episodes may protect the uterus from subsequent sustained long hypoxia. To investigate this, two sets of experiments were performed on term-pregnant and nonpregnant rat uterine tissues. In one set of experiment the uterus was subjected to sustained long hypoxia for 40 min and then allowed to recover in 100% O2. In the other set of experiment the uterus was subjected to 3 cycles of 2 min hypoxia each separated by 20 min reoxygenation and followed by a sustained long hypoxia for 40 min and then allowed to recover. We found that challenging the uterine tissues with intermittent short hypoxic episodes improved the uterine contractility significantly after the sustained long hypoxia in term-pregnant but not in non-pregnant tissues. These results suggest that a mechanism of uterine tolerance (preconditioning) is confined to uterine tissues very close to labour and it is a protective phenomenon to improve the uterine activity despite the long-lasting paradoxical metabolic challenges that occur during the repeated strong labour contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alotaibi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
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Koizumi S, Hirayama Y, Morizawa YM. New roles of reactive astrocytes in the brain; an organizer of cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2018; 119:107-114. [PMID: 29360494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The brain consists of neurons and much higher number of glial cells. They communicate each other, by which they control brain functions. The brain is highly vulnerable to several insults such as ischemia, but has a self-protective and self-repairing mechanisms against these. Ischemic tolerance or preconditioning is an endogenous neuroprotective phenomenon, where a mild non-lethal ischemic episode can induce resistance to a subsequent severe ischemic injury in the brain. Because of its neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia or stroke, ischemic tolerance has been widely studied. However, almost all studies have been performed from the viewpoint of neurons. Glial cells are structurally in close association with synapses. Recent studies have uncovered the active roles of astrocytes in modulating synaptic connectivity, such as synapse formation, elimination and maturation, during development or pathology. However, glia-mediated ischemic tolerance and/or neuronal repairing have received only limited attention. We and others have demonstrated that glial cells, especially astrocytes, play a pivotal role in regulation of induction of ischemic tolerance as well as repairing/remodeling of neuronal networks by phagocytosis. Here, we review our current understanding of (1) glial-mediated ischemic tolerance and (2) glia-mediated repairing/remodeling of the penumbra neuronal networks, and highlight their mechanisms as well as their potential benefits, problems, and therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yosuke M Morizawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Zhao W, Li S, Ren C, Meng R, Ji X. Chronic Remote Ischemic Conditioning May Mimic Regular Exercise:Perspective from Clinical Studies. Aging Dis 2018; 9:165-171. [PMID: 29392091 PMCID: PMC5772854 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), particularly long-term repeated RIC, has been applied in clinical trials with the expectation that it could play its protective roles for protracted periods. In sports medicine, chronic RIC has also been demonstrated to improve exercise performance, akin to improvements seen with regular exercise training. Therefore, chronic RIC may mimic regular exercise, and they may have similar underlying mechanisms. In this study, we explored the common underlying mechanisms of chronic RIC and physical exercise in protecting multiple organs and benefiting various populations, the advantages of chronic RIC, and the challenges for its popularization. Intriguingly, several underlying mechanisms of RIC and exercise have been shown to overlap. These include the production of many autacoids, enhanced ability for antioxidant activity, modulating immune and inflammatory responses. Therefore, it appears that chronic RIC, just like regular exercise, has beneficial effects in unhealthy, sub-healthy and healthy individuals. Compared with regular exercise, chronic RIC has several advantages, which may provide novel insights into the area of exercise and health. Chronic RIC may enrich the modes of exercise, and benefit individuals with severe diseases. Also, the disabled, and sub-healthy individuals are likely to benefit from chronic RIC either as an alternative to exercise or an adjunct to pharmacological or non-pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhao
- ¹Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijie Li
- 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,3Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,3Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Meng
- ¹Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
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Zhou T, Prather ER, Garrison DE, Zuo L. Interplay between ROS and Antioxidants during Ischemia-Reperfusion Injuries in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020417. [PMID: 29385043 PMCID: PMC5855639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion (IR), present in myocardial infarction or extremity injuries, is a major clinical issue and leads to substantial tissue damage. Molecular mechanisms underlying IR injury in striated muscles involve the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS accumulation results in cellular oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and initiation of cell death by activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Elevated ROS levels can also decrease myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity, thereby compromising muscle contractile function. Low levels of ROS can act as signaling molecules involved in the protective pathways of ischemic preconditioning (IPC). By scavenging ROS, antioxidant therapies aim to prevent IR injuries with positive treatment outcomes. Novel therapies such as postconditioning and pharmacological interventions that target IPC pathways hold great potential in attenuating IR injuries. Factors such as aging and diabetes could have a significant impact on the severity of IR injuries. The current paper aims to provide a comprehensive review on the multifaceted roles of ROS in IR injuries, with a focus on cardiac and skeletal muscle, as well as recent advancement in ROS-related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyang Zhou
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Evan R Prather
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Davis E Garrison
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Zinner C, Born DP, Sperlich B. Ischemic Preconditioning Does Not Alter Performance in Multidirectional High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1029. [PMID: 29311963 PMCID: PMC5732929 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Research dealing with ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has primarily focused on variables associated to endurance performance with little research about the acute responses of IPC on repeated multidirectional running sprint performance. Here we aimed to investigate the effects of IPC of the arms and the legs on repeated running sprint performance with changes-of-direction (COD) movements. Methods: Thirteen moderately-to-well-trained team-sport athletes (7 males; 6 females; age: 24 ± 2 years, size: 175 ± 8 cm, body mass: 67.9 ± 8.1 kg) performed 16 × 30 m all-out sprints (15 s rest) with multidirectional COD movements on a Speedcourt with IPC (3 × 5 min) of the legs (IPCleg; 240 mm Hg) or of the arms (remote IPC: IPCremote; 180–190 mm Hg) 45 min before the sprints and a control trial (CON; 20 mm Hg). Results: The mean (±SD) time for the 16 × 30 m multidirectional COD sprints was similar between IPCleg (Mean t: 16.0 ± 1.8 s), IPCremote (16.2 ± 1.7 s), and CON (16.0 ± 1.6 s; p = 0.50). No statistical differences in oxygen uptake (mean difference: 0%), heart rate (1.1%) nor muscle oxygen saturation of the vastus lateralis (4.7%) and biceps brachii (7.8%) between the three conditions were evident (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: IPC (3 × 5 min) of the legs (220 mm Hg) or arms (180–190 mm Hg; remote IPC) applied 45 min before 16 × 30 m repeated multidirectional running sprint exercise does not improve sprint performance, oxygen uptake, heart rate nor muscle oxygen saturation of the vastus lateralis muscle when compared to a control trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zinner
- Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Sport, University of Applied Sciences for Police and Administration of Hesse, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Dennis-Peter Born
- Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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45
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Astrocytes and ischemic tolerance. Neurosci Res 2017; 126:53-59. [PMID: 29225139 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A mild non-lethal ischemic episode can induce resistance to a subsequent severe ischemic injury in the brain. This phenomenon is termed ischemic tolerance or ischemic preconditioning, and is an endogenous mechanism that can provide robust neuroprotection. Because of its neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia or stroke, ischemic tolerance has been widely studied. However, almost all studies have been performed from the viewpoint of neurons. Accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells have various roles in regulation of brain function, including modulation of synaptic transmission, neuronal excitation, and neuronal structure. In addition, astrocytes are closely related to homeostasis, stability of brain function, and protection of neurons. However, glial cells have received only limited attention with regard to ischemic tolerance. Cross-ischemic preconditioning is a phenomenon whereby non-ischemic preconditioning such as mechanical, thermal, and chemical treatment can induce ischemic tolerance. Of these, chemical treatments that affect the immune system can strongly induce ischemic tolerance, suggesting that glial cells may have important roles in this process. Indeed, we and others have demonstrated that glial cells, especially astrocytes, play a pivotal role in the induction of ischemic tolerance. This glial-mediated ischemic tolerance provides a robust and long-lasting neuroprotection against ischemic injury. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying glial-mediated ischemic tolerance, as well as its potential benefits, problems, and therapeutic application.
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46
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Marocolo IC, da Mota GR, Londe AM, Patterson SD, Barbosa Neto O, Marocolo M. Acute ischemic preconditioning does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4118. [PMID: 29204325 PMCID: PMC5712465 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the acute effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on a high-intensity intermittent exercise performance and physiological indicators in amateur soccer players. Thirteen players (21.5 ± 2 yrs) attended three trials separated by 3–5 days in a counterbalanced randomized cross-over design: IPC (4 × 5-min occlusion 220 mmHg/reperfusion 0 mmHg) in each thigh; SHAM (similar to the IPC protocol but “occlusion” at 20 mmHg) and control (seated during the same time of IPC). After 6-min of each trial (IPC, SHAM or control), the players performed the YoYo Intermittent Endurance Test level 2 (YoYoIE2). The distance covered in the YoYoIE2 (IPC 867 ± 205 m; SHAM 873 ± 212 m; control 921 ± 206 m) was not different among trials (p = 0.10), furthermore, lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion did not differ (P > 0.05) among protocols. There were also no significant differences in either mean heart rate (HR) or peak HR (p > 0.05) for both IPC and SHAM compared to control. Therefore, we conclude that acute IPC does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in amateur soccer players and that rate of perceived exertion, heart rate and lactate do not differ between the intervention IPC, SHAM and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Coelho Marocolo
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - André Monteiro Londe
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Octávio Barbosa Neto
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Driller M, Mackay K, Mills B, Tavares F. Tissue flossing on ankle range of motion, jump and sprint performance: A follow-up study. Phys Ther Sport 2017; 28:29-33. [PMID: 28950149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2017.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous results from our laboratory suggest that band flossing results in increased ankle range of motion (ROM) and jump performance 5-min following application. However, the time-course of such benefits is yet to be examined. DESIGN Parallel group design. SETTING University laboratory. PARTICIPANTS 69 recreational athletes (32 male/37 female). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants performed a weight-bearing lunge test (WBLT), a counter-movement jump (CMJ) and a 15 m sprint test (SPRINT) pre and up to 45-min post application of a floss band to both ankles (FLOSS) or without flossing of the ankle joints (CON). RESULTS There was a significant intervention × time interaction in favour of FLOSS when compared to CON for the WBLT (p < 0.05). These results were associated with trivial to small effect sizes at all time points. Small, but non-significant (p > 0.05) benefits were seen for FLOSS when compared to CON for CMJ force (mean ± 90%CI: 89 ± 101 N) and 15 m SPRINT times (-0.06 ± 0.04 s) at 45-min post. CONCLUSION There is a trend towards a benefit for the use of floss bands applied to the ankle joint to improve ROM, jump and sprint performance in recreational athletes for up to 45-min following their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Driller
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | - Kelsi Mackay
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Blair Mills
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; Chiefs Super Rugby, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Francisco Tavares
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; Chiefs Super Rugby, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Delay C, Paradis S, Charles AL, Thaveau F, Chenesseau B, Zoll J, Chakfe N, Geny B, Lejay A. [Skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion and ischemic conditioning pathophysiology-clinical applications for the vascular surgeon]. JOURNAL DE MEDECINE VASCULAIRE 2017; 42:29-38. [PMID: 27989659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmv.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion, which is characterized by deficient oxygen supply and subsequent restoration of blood flow, can cause irreversible damage to tissue. The vascular surgeon is daily faced with ischemia-reperfusion situations. Indeed, arterial clamping induces ischemia, followed by reperfusion when declamping. Mechanisms underlying ischemia-reperfusion injury are complex and multifactorial. Increases in cellular calcium and reactive oxygen species, initiated during ischemia and then amplified upon reperfusion are thought to be the main mediators of reperfusion injury. Mitochondrial dysfunction also plays an important role. Extensive research has focused on increasing skeletal muscle tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury, especially through the use of ischemic conditioning strategies. The purpose of this review is to focus on the cellular responses associated with ischemia-reperfusion, as well as to discuss the effects of ischemic conditioning strategies. This would help the vascular surgeon in daily practice, in order to try to improve surgical outcome in the setting of ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Delay
- Service de chirurgie vasculaire et transplantation rénale, nouvel hôpital civil, 1, place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - S Paradis
- Unité EA 3072 « Mitochondries, stress oxydant et protection musculaire », université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - A L Charles
- Unité EA 3072 « Mitochondries, stress oxydant et protection musculaire », université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - F Thaveau
- Service de chirurgie vasculaire et transplantation rénale, nouvel hôpital civil, 1, place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - B Chenesseau
- Service de chirurgie vasculaire et transplantation rénale, nouvel hôpital civil, 1, place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - J Zoll
- Unité EA 3072 « Mitochondries, stress oxydant et protection musculaire », université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - N Chakfe
- Service de chirurgie vasculaire et transplantation rénale, nouvel hôpital civil, 1, place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg, France; Unité EA 3072 « Mitochondries, stress oxydant et protection musculaire », université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - B Geny
- Unité EA 3072 « Mitochondries, stress oxydant et protection musculaire », université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - A Lejay
- Service de chirurgie vasculaire et transplantation rénale, nouvel hôpital civil, 1, place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg, France; Unité EA 3072 « Mitochondries, stress oxydant et protection musculaire », université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Paradis-Deschênes P, Joanisse DR, Billaut F. Sex-Specific Impact of Ischemic Preconditioning on Tissue Oxygenation and Maximal Concentric Force. Front Physiol 2017; 7:674. [PMID: 28105020 PMCID: PMC5215068 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior peripheral hypoxia induced via remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can improve physical performance in male athletes through improved O2 delivery and utilization. Since females may have an innate protective mechanism against ischemia-reperfusion injury, and since muscle metabolism during contraction differs between sexes, it is relevant to examine the impact of sex in response to IPC to determine whether it is also ergogenic in females. In a randomized, crossover, single-blind study, we investigated muscle performance, hemodynamic and O2 uptake in strength-trained males (n = 9) and females (n = 8) performing five sets of 5 maximum voluntary knee extensions on an isokinetic dynamometer, preceded by either IPC (3 × 5-min ischemia/5-min reperfusion cycles at 200 mmHg) or SHAM (20 mmHg). Changes in deoxy-hemoglobin (Δ[HHb], expressed in percentage of arterial occlusion and considered an index of O2 extraction), and total hemoglobin (Δ[THb]) concentrations of the vastus lateralis muscle were continuously monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. The metabolic efficiency of the contractions was calculated as the average force/Δ[HHb]avg ratio. Cohen's effect sizes (ES) ± 90% confidence limits were used to estimate IPC-induced changes and sex differences. IPC increased total muscular force in males only (13.0%, ES 0.64, 0.37;0.90), and this change was greater than in females (10.4% difference, ES 0.40, 0.10;0.70). Percent force decrement was only attenuated in females (-19.8%, ES -0.38, -0.77;0.01), which was clearly different than males (sex difference: ES 0.45, -0.16;1.07). IPC also induced different changes between sexes for average muscle O2 uptake in set 2 (males: 6.4% vs. females: -16.7%, ES 0.21, -0.18;0.60), set 3 (males: 7.0% vs. females: -44.4%, ES 0.56, -0.17;1.29), set 4 (males: 9.1% vs. females: -40.2%, ES 0.51, -0.10;1.13), and set 5 (males: 10.2% vs. females: -40.4%, ES 0.52, -0.04;1.09). However, metabolic efficiency was not meaningfully different between conditions and sexes. IPC increased muscle blood volume (↑[THb]) at rest and during recovery between sets, to the same extent in both sexes. Despite a similar IPC-induced initial increase in O2 delivery in both sexes, males displayed greater peripheral O2 extraction and greater strength enhancement. This ergogenic effect appears to be mediated in part via an up regulated oxidative function in males. We conclude that strength-trained males might benefit more from IPC than their female counterparts during repeated, maximal efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Paradis-Deschênes
- Département de kinésiologie, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada; Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - Denis R Joanisse
- Département de kinésiologie, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada; Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - François Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada; Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébec, QC, Canada; Institut National du Sport du QuébecMontréal, QC, Canada
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Horiuchi M. Ischemic preconditioning: Potential impact on exercise performance and underlying mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.6.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Horiuchi
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mount Fuji Research Institute
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