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Goya-Jorge E, Gonza I, Douny C, Scippo ML, Delcenserie V. M-Batches to Simulate Luminal and Mucosal Human Gut Microbial Ecosystems: A Case Study of the Effects of Coffee and Green Tea. Microorganisms 2024; 12:236. [PMID: 38399640 PMCID: PMC10891782 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal simulations in vitro have only limited approaches to analyze the microbial communities inhabiting the mucosal compartment. Understanding and differentiating gut microbial ecosystems is crucial for a more comprehensive and accurate representation of the gut microbiome and its interactions with the host. Herein is suggested, in a short-term and static set-up (named "M-batches"), the analysis of mucosal and luminal populations of inhabitants of the human colon. After varying several parameters, such as the fermentation volume and the fecal inoculum (single or pool), only minor differences in microbial composition and metabolic production were identified. However, the pool created with feces from five donors and cultivated in a smaller volume (300 mL) seemed to provide a more stable luminal ecosystem. The study of commercially available coffee and green tea in the M-batches suggested some positive effects of these worldwide known beverages, including the increase in butyrate-producing bacteria and lactobacilli populations. We hope that this novel strategy can contribute to future advances in the study of intestinal ecosystems and host-microbe relationships and help elucidate roles of the microbiome in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Goya-Jorge
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, B43b, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Intestinal Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Irma Gonza
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, B43b, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Douny
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, B43b, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, B43b, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Véronique Delcenserie
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, B43b, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Singh RD, Avadhesh A, Sharma G, Dholariya S, Shah RB, Goyal B, Gupta SC. Potential of cytochrome P450, a family of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, in cancer therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 38:853-876. [PMID: 36242099 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Targeted cancer therapy with minimal off-target consequences has shown promise for some cancer types. Although cytochrome P450 (CYP) consists of 18 families, CYP1-4 families play key role in metabolizing xenobiotics and cancer drugs. This eventually affects the process of carcinogenesis, treatment outcome, and cancer drug resistance. Differential overexpression of CYPs in transformed cells, together with phenotypic alterations in tumors, presents a potential for therapeutic intervention. RECENT ADVANCES Recent advances in molecular tools and information technology have helped utilize CYPs as cancer targets. The precise expression in various tumors, X-ray crystal structures, improved understanding of the structure-activity relationship, and new approaches in the development of prodrugs have supported the ongoing efforts to develop CYPs-based drugs with a better therapeutic index. CRITICAL ISSUES Narrow therapeutic index, off-target effects, drug resistance, and tumor heterogeneity limit the benefits of CYP-based conventional cancer therapies. In this review, we address the CYP1-4 families as druggable targets in cancer. An emphasis is given to the CYP expression, function, and the possible mechanisms that drive expression and activity in normal and transformed tissues. The strategies that inhibit or activate CYPs for therapeutic benefits are also discussed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Efforts are needed to develop more selective tools that will help comprehend molecular and metabolic alterations in tumor tissues with biological end-points in relation to CYPs. This will eventually translate to developing more specific CYP inhibitors/inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini D Singh
- AIIMS Rajkot, 618032, Biochemistry, Rajkot, Gujarat, India;
| | - Avadhesh Avadhesh
- Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Biochemistry, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- AIIMS Rajkot, 618032, Physiology, Rajkot, Gujarat, India;
| | | | - Rima B Shah
- AIIMS Rajkot, 618032, Pharmacology, Rajkot, Gujarat, India;
| | - Bela Goyal
- AIIMS Rishikesh, 442339, Biochemistry, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Subash Chandra Gupta
- Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, 221005;
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Advances in the Utilization of Tea Polysaccharides: Preparation, Physicochemical Properties, and Health Benefits. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142775. [PMID: 35890551 PMCID: PMC9320580 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea polysaccharide (TPS) is the second most abundant ingredient in tea following tea polyphenols. As a complex polysaccharide, TPS has a complex chemical structure and a variety of bioactivities, such as anti-oxidation, hypoglycemia, hypolipidemic, immune regulation, and anti-tumor. Additionally, it shows excellent development and application prospects in food, cosmetics, and medical and health care products. However, numerous studies have shown that the bioactivity of TPS is closely related to its sources, processing methods, and extraction methods. Therefore, the authors of this paper reviewed the relevant recent research and conducted a comprehensive and systematic review of the extraction methods, physicochemical properties, and bioactivities of TPS to strengthen the understanding and exploration of the bioactivities of TPS. This review provides a reference for preparing and developing functional TPS products.
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Green tea polyphenols in cardiometabolic health: A critical appraisal on phytogenomics towards personalized green tea. PHARMANUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2022.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Leśków A, Tarnowska M, Rosińczuk J, Dobrzyński M, Kaliszewski K, Majda J, Żybura-Wszol̷a K, Sobolewska S, Diakowska D. Xanthohumol Effect on 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin-Treated Japanese Quails in Terms of Serum Lipids, Liver Enzymes, Estradiol, and Thyroid Hormones. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24445-24452. [PMID: 33015460 PMCID: PMC7528308 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins are compounds classified as persistent organic pollutants, from which 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most toxic to living organisms. TCDD is considered a carcinogen and has proinflammatory influence on animals and humans, promoting free radicals' formation, and binding with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) leads to expression of cytochrome p-450 genes that in turn predisposes to mutations. Natural flavonoids, in this case xanthohumol (XN), have been reported to attenuate TCDD toxicity through inhibition of the transformation of the AhR. Moreover, XN shows antioxidant properties. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and XN on lipid, liver enzyme, estradiol, and thyroid enzyme levels in the serum of Japanese quails. Adult, six-month-old, Japanese quails were divided into eight groups according to treatment procedures. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TCh), high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), triglycerides (TGs), estradiol, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine, and activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were measured. In comparison with the control group, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin significantly decreased concentrations of serum HDLs and thyroid hormones and significantly increased the serum TCh level. Levels of serum TGs, liver enzymes, and estradiol were not changed after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin treatment. Based on our data, XN treatment may also increase the levels of thyroid hormones. Moreover, the tested dioxin disrupts the liver function, especially changing lipids' metabolism. Therefore, more studies are needed for better understanding the mechanism of toxic influence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on key metabolic pathways and organs in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leśków
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 51618, Poland
| | - Mal̷gorzata Tarnowska
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 51618, Poland
| | - Joanna Rosińczuk
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 51618, Poland
| | - Maciej Dobrzyński
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50425, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kaliszewski
- Department of General, Gastroenterological and Endocrinological
Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50369, Poland
| | - Jacek Majda
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics,
4th Military Hospital, Wroclaw 50981, Poland
| | | | - Sylwia Sobolewska
- Department
of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 51630, Poland
| | - Dorota Diakowska
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 51618, Poland
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Aboulwafa MM, Youssef FS, Gad HA, Altyar AE, Al-Azizi MM, Ashour ML. A Comprehensive Insight on the Health Benefits and Phytoconstituents of Camellia sinensis and Recent Approaches for Its Quality Control. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E455. [PMID: 31590466 PMCID: PMC6826564 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea, Camellia sinensis, which belongs to the family Theaceae, is a shrub or evergreen tree up to 16 m in height. Green tea is very popular because of its marked health benefits comprising its anticancer, anti-oxidant, and antimicrobial activities, as well as its effectiveness in reducing body weight. Additionally, it was recognized by Chinese people as an effective traditional drink required for the prophylaxis against many health ailments. This is due to the complex chemical composition of green tea, which comprises different classes of chemical compounds, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and others. The beneficial health effects of green tea ultimately led to its great consumption and increase its liability to be adulterated by either low-quality or non-green tea products with concomitant decrease in activity. Thus, in this review, green tea was selected to highlight its health benefits and phytoconstituents, as well as recent approaches for its quality-control monitoring that guarantee its incorporation in many pharmaceutical industries. More research is needed to find out other more biological activities, active constituents, and other simple and cheap techniques for its quality assurance that ascertain the prevention of its adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram M Aboulwafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
| | - Fadia S Youssef
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
| | - Haidy A Gad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed E Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260 Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed M Al-Azizi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed L Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah-21442, Saudi Arabia.
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The AHR represses nucleotide excision repair and apoptosis and contributes to UV-induced skin carcinogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1823-1836. [PMID: 30013037 PMCID: PMC6180092 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces mutagenic DNA photoproducts, in particular cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), in epidermal keratinocytes (KC). To prevent skin carcinogenesis, these DNA photoproducts must be removed by nucleotide excision repair (NER) or apoptosis. Here we report that the UVB-sensitive transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) attenuates the clearance of UVB-induced CPDs in human HaCaT KC and skin from SKH-1 hairless mice. Subsequent RNA interference and inhibitor studies in KC revealed that AHR specifically suppresses global genome but not transcription-coupled NER. In further experiments, we found that the accelerated repair of CPDs in AHR-compromised KC depended on a modulation of the p27 tumor suppressor protein. Accordingly, p27 protein levels were increased in AHR-silenced KC and skin biopsies from AHR−/− mice, and critical for the improvement of NER. Besides increasing NER activity, AHR inhibition was accompanied by an enhanced occurrence of DNA double-strand breaks triggering KC apoptosis at later time points after irradiation. The UVB-activated AHR thus acts as a negative regulator of both early defense systems against carcinogenesis, NER and apoptosis, implying that it exhibits tumorigenic functions in UVB-exposed skin. In fact, AHR−/− mice developed 50% less UVB-induced cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in a chronic photocarcinogenesis study than their AHR+/+ littermates. Taken together, our data reveal that AHR influences DNA damage-dependent responses in UVB-irradiated KC and critically contributes to skin photocarcinogenesis in mice.
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Suh KS, Choi EM, Kim HS, Park SY, Chin SO, Rhee SY, Pak YK, Choe W, Ha J, Chon S. Xanthohumol ameliorates 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced cellular toxicity in cultured MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. J Appl Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Sik Suh
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-702 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Choi
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-702 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences; Cheongju University; Cheongju Chungbuk 360-764 Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-702 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Chin
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-702 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Youl Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-702 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim Pak
- Department of Physiology; Kyung Hee University, College of Medicine; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Wonchae Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Joohun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Chon
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-702 Republic of Korea
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9
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Mescher M, Haarmann-Stemmann T. Modulation of CYP1A1 metabolism: From adverse health effects to chemoprevention and therapeutic options. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 187:71-87. [PMID: 29458109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 gene encodes a monooxygenase that metabolizes multiple exogenous and endogenous substrates. CYP1A1 has become infamous for its oxidative metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, converting these chemicals into very potent human carcinogens. CYP1A1 expression is mainly controlled by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a transcription factor whose activation is induced by binding of persistent organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins. Accordingly, induction of CYP1A1 expression and activity serves as a biomarker of AHR activation and associated xenobiotic metabolism as well as toxicity in diverse animal species and humans. Determination of CYP1A1 activity is integrated into modern toxicological concepts and testing guidelines, emphasizing the tremendous importance of this enzyme for risk assessment and regulation of chemicals. Further, CYP1A1 serves as a molecular target for chemoprevention of chemical carcinogenesis, although present literature is controversial on whether its inhibition or induction exerts beneficial effects. Regarding therapeutic applications, first anti-cancer prodrugs are available, which require a metabolic activation by CYP1A1, and thus enable a specific elimination of CYP1A1-positive tumors. However, the application range of these drugs may be limited due to the frequently observed downregulation of CYP1A1 in various human cancers, probably leading to a reduced metabolism of endogenous AHR ligands and a sustained activation of AHR and associated tumor-promoting responses. We here summarize the current knowledge on CYP1A1 as a key player in the metabolism of exogenous and endogenous substrates and as a promising target molecule for prevention and treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Mescher
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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10
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Phan MAT, Paterson J, Bucknall M, Arcot J. Interactions between phytochemicals from fruits and vegetables: Effects on bioactivities and bioavailability. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1310-1329. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1254595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Thu Phan
- Food Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janet Paterson
- Food Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martin Bucknall
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jayashree Arcot
- Food Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Altay A, Bozoğlu F. Salvia fruticosa Modulates mRNA Expressions and Activity Levels of Xenobiotic Metabolizing CYP1A2, CYP2E1, NQO1, GPx, and GST Enzymes in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma HT-29 Cells. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:892-903. [PMID: 28718679 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1339817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have gained considerable interests because of their use in some industrial areas including nutrition, cosmetic, pharmacy, and medicine. Salvia fruticosa M. (Lamiaceae) is known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities. Phase I xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, CYP1A2 and CYP2E1, produce reactive metabolites which are eliminated by the action of phase II enzymes, NQO1, GPx, and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). In this study, in vitro modulatory effects of S. fruticosa and its major phenolic compound rosmarinic acid (RA) on CYP1A2, CYP2E1, NQO1, GPx, and GSTm1 mRNA expressions and enzyme activities of GPx and GSTs were investigated in HT-29 cells. An mRNA expression analysis revealed that CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 levels were decreased while those of NQO1, GPx, and GSTm1 increased after S. fruticosa and RA treatments. In parallel to gene expressions, enzyme activities of GPx and GSTs by S. fruticosa increased 1.68- and 1.48-fold, respectively. Moreover, RA increased GPx and GSTs activities 1.67- and 1.94-fold, respectively. The results of this preliminary study show that metabolism of xenobiotics may be altered due to changes in the expression and activity of the investigated enzymes by S. fruticosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Altay
- a Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey.,b Department of Food Engineering , Middle East Technical University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Faruk Bozoğlu
- b Department of Food Engineering , Middle East Technical University , Ankara , Turkey
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Wang J, Liu W, Chen Z, Chen H. Physicochemical characterization of the oolong tea polysaccharides with high molecular weight and their synergistic effects in combination with polyphenols on hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:160-170. [PMID: 28355590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to investigate the synergistic effects of polysaccharides with the molecular weight more than 80kDa (OTPS1) and polyphenols (OTP) isolated from oolong tea on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vitro and in vivo. The physicochemical properties of OTPS fractions were characterized. The synergistic effects of OTPS1 and OTP were evaluated based on the combination index (CI). Results showed that the highest uronic acid contents (32.96%) and viscosity (239.56mLg-1), multicavity structure of OTPS1 were contributed to the synergistic effects with OTP (52.17% content of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)). OTPS1 and OTP showed the strongest synergism ability on SMMC7721 cells (CI<0.2). Co-administrated with OTPS1 and OTP exhibited the synergistic effects on the tumor proliferation and growth with the CI values of 0.34 and 0.39, respectively. Antioxidative and immune levels of the mice were obviously increased after combination administration. These results suggested that OTPS1 in combination with OTP might be functional supplements for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Zhongqin Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.
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13
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Martín MA, Ramos S. Cocoa polyphenols in oxidative stress: Potential health implications. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Harada A, Sugihara K, Watanabe Y, Yamaji S, Kitamura S, Ohta S. [Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand Activity of Extracts from 62 Herbal Medicines and Effect on Cytochrome P450 Activity]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2016; 135:1185-96. [PMID: 26423875 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand activity of the extracts of 62 herbal medicines was examined using yeast reporter assay. Fifty-eight herbal extracts exhibited AhR ligand activity. The highest activity was observed with Ogon (Scutellariae Radix), followed by Oren (Coptidis Rhizoma), Kujin (Sophorae Radix) and Shoma (Cimicifiigae Rhizoma). When these extracts were treated with hesperinase, a hydrolase for sugar conjugates, the aglycones showed higher activity than the parent extracts. Among the constituents of Ogon extract, baicalein and wogonin showed AhR ligand activity, while the sugar conjugate of baicalein, baicalin, was inactive. Among the flavonoid components of these herbal medicines, flavone and chrysin exhibited high ligand activity for AhR. Ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (EROD) activity due to CYP1A1 in HepG2 cells was enhanced by the addition of baicalein. Baicalein also decreased the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced increase of EROD activity, but this effect was not statistically significant. When wogonin or baicalein was orally administered at the dose of 100 mg/kg to mice, EROD activity in liver was only slightly changed. Furthermore, when Ogon extract was co-administered with 3-methylcholanthrene, the EROD and methoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activities were not significantly changed. These results indicate that many herbal extracts have AhR ligand activity, and their inducing effect on CYP1A1/2 can be evaluated in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Harada
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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15
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Singh BN, Singh HB, Singh A, Naqvi AH, Singh BR. Dietary phytochemicals alter epigenetic events and signaling pathways for inhibition of metastasis cascade: phytoblockers of metastasis cascade. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:41-85. [PMID: 24390421 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a multistep process in which a cancer cell spreads from the site of the primary lesion, passes through the circulatory system, and establishes a secondary tumor at a new nonadjacent organ or part. Inhibition of cancer progression by dietary phytochemicals (DPs) offers significant promise for reducing the incidence and mortality of cancer. Consumption of DPs in the diet has been linked to a decrease in the rate of metastatic cancer in a number of preclinical animal models and human epidemiological studies. DPs have been reported to modulate the numerous biological events including epigenetic events (noncoding micro-RNAs, histone modification, and DNA methylation) and multiple signaling transduction pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Sonic hedgehog, COX-2, EGFR, MAPK-ERK, JAK-STAT, Akt/PI3K/mTOR, NF-κB, AP-1, etc.), which can play a key role in regulation of metastasis cascade. Extensive studies have also been performed to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying antimetastatic activity of DPs, with results indicating that these DPs have significant inhibitory activity at nearly every step of the metastatic cascade. DPs have anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis and by inhibiting cell growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Growing evidence has also shown that these natural agents potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy through the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the variety of molecular mechanisms by which DPs regulate metastatic cascade and highlight the potentials of these DPs as promising therapeutic inhibitors of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Singh
- Research and Development Division, Sowbhagya Biotech Private Limited, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, 500051, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Mancuso C. Key factors which concur to the correct therapeutic evaluation of herbal products in free radical-induced diseases. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:86. [PMID: 25954201 PMCID: PMC4406081 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years now the world's scientific literature has been perfused with articles on the therapeutic potential of natural products, the vast majority of which have herbal origins, as in the case of free radical-induced diseases. What is often overlooked is the effort of researchers who take into consideration the preclinical and clinical evaluation of these herbal products, in order to demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy and safety. The first critical issue to be addressed in the early stages of the preclinical studies is related to pharmacokinetics, which is sometimes not very favorable, of some of these products, which limits the bioavailability after oral intake. In this regard, it is worthy underlining how it is often unethical to propose the therapeutic efficacy of a compound on the basis of preclinical results obtained with far higher concentrations to those which, hopefully, could be achieved in organs and tissues of subjects taking these products by mouth. The most widely used approach to overcome the problem related to the low bioavailability involves the complexation of the active ingredients of herbal products with non-toxic carriers that facilitate the absorption and distribution. Even the induction or inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes by herbal products, and the consequent variations of plasma concentrations of co-administered drugs, are phenomena to be carefully evaluated as they can give rise to side-effects. This risk is even greater when considering that people lack the perception of the risk arising from an over use of herbal products that, by their very nature, are considered risk-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mancuso
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine Roma, Italy
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Fukuda I, Nishiumi S, Mukai R, Yoshida KI, Ashida H. Catechins in tea suppress the activity of cytochrome P450 1A1 through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation pathway in rat livers. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:300-7. [PMID: 25582180 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.992007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) develop various adverse effects through activation of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The suppressive effects of brewed green tea and black tea on 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced AhR activation and its downstream events were examined in the liver of rats. Ad-libitum drinking of green tea and black tea suppressed MC-induced AhR activation and elevation of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity in the liver, whereas the teas themselves did not induce them. Tea showed a suppressive fashion on the expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1). Tea suppressed the AhR activation induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) ex vivo. A part of catechins and theaflavins was present in plasma and liver as conjugated and intact forms. The results of this study suggested that active component(s) of tea are incorporated in the liver and suppress the activity of CYP1As through the AhR activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuko Fukuda
- Research Center for Food Safety and Security, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University , Hyogo , Japan and
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Yoshida K, Satsu H, Mikubo A, Ogiwara H, Yakabe T, Inakuma T, Shimizu M. 6-shogaol, a major compound in ginger, induces aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated transcriptional activity and gene expression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5492-9. [PMID: 24857157 DOI: 10.1021/jf405146j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotics are usually detoxified by drug-metabolizing enzymes and excreted from the body. The expression of many of drug-metabolizing enzymes is regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Some substances in vegetables have the potential to be AHR ligands. To search for vegetable components that exhibit AHR-mediated transcriptional activity, we assessed the activity of vegetable extracts and identified the active compounds using the previously established stable AHR-responsive HepG2 cell line. Among the hot water extracts of vegetables, the highest activity was found in ginger. The ethyl acetate fraction of the ginger hot water extract remarkably induced AHR-mediated transcriptional activity, and the major active compound was found to be 6-shogaol. Subsequently, the mRNA levels of AHR-targeting drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1A1, UGT1A1, and ABCG 2) and the protein level of CYP1A1 in HepG2 cells were shown to be increased by 6-shogaol. This is the first report that 6-shogaol can regulate the expression of detoxification enzymes by AHR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Yoshida
- Research & Development Division, Kagome Co., Ltd. , 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara 329-2762, Japan
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Badal S, Delgoda R. Role of the modulation of CYP1A1 expression and activity in chemoprevention. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:743-53. [PMID: 24532440 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Badal
- Natural Products Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the West Indies; Mona Kingston 7 Jamaica, West Indies
| | - R. Delgoda
- Natural Products Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the West Indies; Mona Kingston 7 Jamaica, West Indies
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Effect of white tea (Camellia sinensis (L.)) extract in the glycolytic profile of Sertoli cell. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:1383-91. [PMID: 24363139 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many health benefits have been attributed to tea (Camellia sinensis (L.)), and tea infusions are used as dietary agent and included in food supplements. Herein, we report the effect of a white tea (WTEA) extract in Sertoli cell (SC) metabolism. The SC is responsible for the nutritional support of the developing germ cells. METHODS An aqueous WTEA extract was prepared and analyzed by (1)H-NMR. Rat SCs were cultured with or without the WTEA extract. mRNA and protein levels of glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT3), phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and monocarboxylate transporter 4 were determined by qPCR and western blot. LDH activity was assessed and metabolite production/consumption determined by (1)H-NMR. RESULTS WTEA-exposed SCs presented decreased protein and mRNA levels of GLUT1 and decreased glucose uptake. However, intracellular LDH activity was increased and SC lactate production was stimulated by the presence of the WTEA extract. Interestingly, alanine production was also found to be stimulated in WTEA extract-exposed SCs. CONCLUSION WTEA extract altered the glycolytic profile of cultured SCs, stimulating lactate production. Since lactate is used as metabolic substrate and has an anti-apoptotic effect in the developing germ cells, the supplementation with WTEA extract may be advantageous to improve male reproductive health.
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Green tea diet decreases PCB 126-induced oxidative stress in mice by up-regulating antioxidant enzymes. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 25:126-35. [PMID: 24378064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Superfund chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls pose a serious human health risk due to their environmental persistence and link to multiple diseases. Selective bioactive food components such as flavonoids have been shown to ameliorate PCB toxicity, but primarily in an in vitro setting. Here, we show that mice fed a green tea-enriched diet and subsequently exposed to environmentally relevant doses of coplanar PCB exhibit decreased overall oxidative stress primarily due to the up-regulation of a battery of antioxidant enzymes. C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat diet supplemented with green tea extract (GTE) for 12 weeks and exposed to 5 μmol PCB 126/kg mouse weight (1.63 mg/kg-day) on weeks 10, 11 and 12 (total body burden: 4.9 mg/kg). F2-isoprostane and its metabolites, established markers of in vivo oxidative stress, measured in plasma via HPLC-MS/MS exhibited fivefold decreased levels in mice supplemented with GTE and subsequently exposed to PCB compared to animals on a control diet exposed to PCB. Livers were collected and harvested for both messenger RNA and protein analyses, and it was determined that many genes transcriptionally controlled by aryl hydrocarbon receptor and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 proteins were up-regulated in PCB-exposed mice fed the green tea-supplemented diet. An increased induction of genes such as SOD1, GSR, NQO1 and GST, key antioxidant enzymes, in these mice (green tea plus PCB) may explain the observed decrease in overall oxidative stress. A diet supplemented with green tea allows for an efficient antioxidant response in the presence of PCB 126, which supports the emerging paradigm that healthful nutrition may be able to bolster and buffer a physiological system against the toxicities of environmental pollutants.
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Martino L, Masini M, Novelli M, Giacopelli D, Beffy P, Masiello P, De Tata V. The aryl receptor inhibitor epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects INS-1E beta-cell line against acute dioxin toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1447-1455. [PMID: 24050715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the mechanism(s) underlying the acute toxicity of dioxin in pancreatic beta cells and to evaluate the protective effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant of the green tea's catechins and a powerful inhibitor of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Using the insulin-secreting INS-1E cell line we have explored the effect of 1h exposure to different concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), alone or in the presence of EGCG, on: (a) cell survival; (b) cellular ultrastructure; (c) intracellular calcium levels; (d) mitochondrial membrane potential; (e) glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and (f) activation of MAP kinases. Our results demonstrate that TCDD is highly toxic for INS-1E cells, suggesting that pancreatic beta cells should be considered a relevant and sensitive target for dioxin acute toxicity. EGCG significantly protects INS-1E cells against TCDD-induced toxicity in terms of both cell survival and preservation of cellular ultrastructure. The mechanism of this protective effect seems to be related to: (a) the ability of EGCG to preserve the mitochondrial function and thus to prevent the TCDD-induced inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and (b) the ability of EGCG to inhibit the TCDD-induced activation of selected kinases, such as e.g. ERK 1/2 and JNK. Our results clearly show that EGCG is able to protect pancreatic beta cells against dioxin acute toxicity and indicate the mitochondrion as the most likely target for this beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Martino
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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Layher JW, Poling JS, Ishihara M, Azadi P, Alvarez-Manilla G, Puett D. A Possible Effect of Concentrated Oolong Tea Causing Transient Ischemic Attack-Like Symptoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:2157-2172. [PMID: 24900951 PMCID: PMC4041283 DOI: 10.9734/bjmmr/2013/4703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims Tea (green, oolong, and black) is the second most widely consumed beverage worldwide, second only to water. Aside from a few reported adverse effects, tea, particularly green tea, appears to be beneficial for human health. In the case described herein, a male experienced several transient ischemic attack-like symptoms immediately following the consumption of a cup of high quality oolong tea. A thorough medical evaluation uncovered no evidence of such an attack and leads to the suggestion of a heretofore unreported response to oolong tea. Presentation of Case A 72-year old male with hypertension and atrial fibrillation, who takes valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide to control hypertension and warfarin to reduce the risk of thrombosis and thromboembolism, presented at the emergency room of a local hospital describing several transient ischemic attack-like symptoms immediately after consuming a cup of oolong tea. His symptoms included presyncope, disequilibrium, bilateral hand parathesias, mild dysphasia, and visual problems (but apparently not presbyopia or amaurosis fugax), all of which had disappeared in approximately two hours after drinking the tea. (Mild presyncope was previously noted by the patient when ingesting a strong green tea.) No unusual features emerged from his physical examination, and his blood work was unremarkable except for elevation of his partial thromboplastin time (39 sec) and prothrombin time (22.5 sec), giving an international reference of 2.0, all consistent with the effects of warfarin. A battery of tests by the emergency room physician, a cardiologist, and a neurologist, e.g. electrocardiogram, brain computerized tomography, 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram, brain magnetic resonance imaging, with and without 20 ml Gadolinium, and a magnetic resonance angiogram, confirmed the earlier diagnosis of atrial fibrillation but disclosed no additional malfunction in his heart. His brain showed no evidence of a prior hemorrhage, and his carotid arteries were clear. Methodology and Results Analysis of the oolong tea by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry identified the major catechins and two methylxanthines, caffeine and theophylline, as well as other constituents, but there was no evidence of any extraneous chemicals that could lead to the symptoms. Conclusion In view of the rapid onset of symptoms after the consumption of oolong tea, bilateral as opposed to unilateral parathesis, and the absence of any evidence of a hemorrhage or the presence of impurities in the tea, we suggest that the transient ischemic attack-like symptoms could possibly be attributable to one or more components of the oolong tea and was not an atypical magnetic resonance imaging-negative transient ischemic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Layher
- Oconee Heart and Vascular Center, St. Mary's Health Care System, Inc., Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Jon S Poling
- Athens Neurological Associates, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Division of Analytical Services, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Division of Analytical Services, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - David Puett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Mei X, Xu YJ, Pan HB, Tu YY. Synergism of Green Tea Polyphenols and Phenanthrene Promotes the Death of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Line SPC-A-1. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2013.767846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jain RB. Effect of smoking and caffeine consumption on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBB). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:515-532. [PMID: 23721586 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.785348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Effect of smoking and caffeine consumption (CC) on the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) has not been adequately studied. Data from 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 1013) to simultaneously evaluate the effect of smoking and CC on levels of serum 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47), 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99), 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-100), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-153), and their sum and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (PBB-153) were used. Regression models were fitted with logs of PBDE and PBB as dependent variables and age, age(2), gender, body mass index (BMI), race/ethnicity, smoking status, fish/shellfish consumption status during the last 30 d, and CC as independent variables. For lipid-adjusted models, age was negatively associated while age(2) was positively associated with almost all PBDE models. The reverse was the case for PBB-153. Body mass index was found to be negatively associated with PBDE-153 and PBB-153. Levels of all whole weight PBDE increased with levels of total lipid. Smoking was not markedly associated with concentrations of either PBDE or PBB. Males displayed significantly higher levels of PBDE-153 and ΣPBDE. For the whole weight PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 100 and PBB-153, non-Hispanic black (NHB) males showed significantly higher levels than NHB females.
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EGCG protects endothelial cells against PCB 126-induced inflammation through inhibition of AhR and induction of Nrf2-regulated genes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:181-8. [PMID: 22521609 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tea flavonoids such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) protect against vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis via their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. Persistent and widespread environmental pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), can induce oxidative stress and inflammation in vascular endothelial cells. Even though PCBs are no longer produced, they are still detected in human blood and tissues and thus considered a risk for vascular dysfunction. We hypothesized that EGCG can protect endothelial cells against PCB-induced cell damage via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. To test this hypothesis, primary vascular endothelial cells were pretreated with EGCG, followed by exposure to the coplanar PCB 126. Exposure to PCB 126 significantly increased cytochrome P450 1A1 (Cyp1A1) mRNA and protein expression and superoxide production, events which were significantly attenuated following pretreatment with EGCG. Similarly, EGCG also reduced DNA binding of NF-κB and downstream expression of inflammatory markers such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) after PCB exposure. Furthermore, EGCG decreased endogenous or base-line levels of Cyp1A1, MCP-1 and VCAM-1 in endothelial cells. Most of all, treatment of EGCG upregulated expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-controlled antioxidant genes, including glutathione S transferase (GST) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, silencing of Nrf2 increased Cyp1A1, MCP-1 and VCAM-1 and decreased GST and NQO1 expression, respectively. These data suggest that EGCG can inhibit AhR regulated genes and induce Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes, thus providing protection against PCB-induced inflammatory responses in endothelial cells.
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Chin AC, Baskin LB. Effect of Herbal Supplement–Drug Interactions on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385467-4.00019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Natsume Y, Satsu H, Hamada M, Kitamura K, Okamoto N, Shimizu M. In vitro System for Assessing Dioxin Absorption by Intestinal Epithelial Cells and for Preventing this Absorption by Food Substances. Cytotechnology 2011; 47:79-88. [PMID: 19003047 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-005-3753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A system for assessing intestinal dioxin absorption was established by applying a Caco-2 cell monolayer and stable dioxin-responsive cell line. The stable dioxin-responsive cell line was established by introducing a plasmid incorporating the human CYP1A1 promoter into human hepatic HepG2 genomic DNA upstream of the luciferase gene. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) was added to the apical side of differentiated human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers that had been cultured on a semipermeable membrane. The basal medium was taken after an appropriate incubation time and added to the dioxin-responsive cells, the TCDD content then being analyzed by a luciferase assay. The amount of TCDD in the basal medium increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner, the results being sufficiently sensitive and reproducible. The inhibition of TCDD permeability to the Caco-2 cell monolayer by such food substances as chlorophyll, insoluble corn fiber and tea dregs were observed by this in vitro assessment system. The system will therefore be useful to identify food substances having a preventive effect on the intestinal absorption of dioxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Natsume
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, 113-8657, Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan,
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Fimognari C, Lenzi M, Ferruzzi L, Turrini E, Scartezzini P, Poli F, Gotti R, Guerrini A, Carulli G, Ottaviano V, Cantelli-Forti G, Hrelia P. Mitochondrial pathway mediates the antileukemic effects of Hemidesmus indicus, a promising botanical drug. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21544. [PMID: 21738701 PMCID: PMC3125193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although cancers are characterized by the deregulation of multiple signalling pathways, most current anticancer therapies involve the modulation of a single target. Because of the enormous biological diversity of cancer, strategic combination of agents targeted against the most critical of those alterations is needed. Due to their complex nature, plant products interact with numerous targets and influence several biochemical and molecular cascades. The interest in further development of botanical drugs has been increasing steadily and the FDA recently approved the first new botanical prescription drug. The present study is designed to explore the potential antileukemic properties of Hemidesmus indicus with a view to contributing to further development of botanical drugs. Hemidesmus was submitted to an extensive in vitro preclinical evaluation. Methodology/Principal Findings A variety of cellular assays and flow cytometry, as well as a phytochemical screening, were performed on different leukemic cell lines. We have demonstrated that Hemidesmus modulated many components of intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell viability and proliferation and altered the protein expression, eventually leading to tumor cell death, mediated by a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. ADP, adenine nucleotide translocator and mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitors did not reverse Hemidesmus-induced mitochondrial depolarization. Hemidesmus induced a significant [Ca2+]i raise through the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Moreover, Hemidesmus significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of three commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs (methotrexate, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine). A clinically relevant observation is that its cytotoxic activity was also recorded in primary cells from acute myeloid leukemic patients. Conclusions/Significance These results indicate the molecular basis of the antileukemic effects of Hemidesmus and identify the mitochondrial pathways and [Ca2+]i as crucial actors in its anticancer activity. On these bases, we conclude that Hemidesmus can represent a valuable tool in the anticancer pharmacology, and should be considered for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Fimognari
- Department of Pharmacology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Bothe H, Gassmann K, Götz C, Fritsche E, Abel J, Haarmann-Stemmann T. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate does not affect the activity of enzymes involved in metabolic activation and cellular excretion of benzo[a]pyrene in human colon carcinoma cells. Toxicol Lett 2011; 203:258-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cao P, Vadhanam MV, Spencer WA, Cai J, Gupta RC. Sustained systemic delivery of green tea polyphenols by polymeric implants significantly diminishes benzo[a]pyrene-induced DNA adducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:877-86. [PMID: 21574630 DOI: 10.1021/tx2000625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The polyphenolics in green tea are believed to be the bioactive components. However, poor bioavailability following ingestion limits their efficacy in vivo. In this study, polyphenon E (poly E), a standardized green tea extract, was administered by sustained-release polycaprolactone implants (two, 2-cm implants; 20% drug load) grafted subcutaneously or via drinking water (0.8% w/v) to female S/D rats. Animals were treated with continuous low dose of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) via subcutaneous polymeric implants (2 cm; 10% load) and euthanized after 1 and 4 weeks. Analysis of lung DNA by (32)P-postlabeling resulted in a statistically significant reduction (50%; p = 0.023) of BP-induced DNA adducts in the implant group; however, only a modest (34%) but statistically insignificant reduction occurred in the drinking water group at 1 week. The implant delivery system also showed significant reduction (35%; p = 0.044) of the known BP diolepoxide-derived DNA adduct after 4 weeks. Notably, the total dose of poly E administered was >100-fold lower in the implant group than the drinking water group (15.7 versus 1,632 mg, respectively). Analysis of selected phase I, phase II, and nucleotide excision repair enzymes at both mRNA and protein levels showed no significant modulation by poly E, suggesting that the reduction in the BP-induced DNA adducts occurred presumably due to known scavenging of the antidiolepoxide of BP by the poly E catechins. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that sustained systemic delivery of poly E significantly reduced BP-induced DNA adducts in spite of its poor bioavailability following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
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Mei X, Wu YY, Mao X, Tu YY. Antagonism of phenanthrene cytotoxicity for human embryo lung fibroblast cell line HFL-I by green tea polyphenols. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:164-168. [PMID: 20932619 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been detected in some commercial teas around the world and pose a threat to tea consumers. However, green tea polyphenols (GTP) possess remarkable antioxidant and anticancer effects. In this study, the potential of GTP to block the toxicity of the model PAH phenanthrene was examined in human embryo lung fibroblast cell line HFL-I. Both GTP and phenanthrene treatment individually caused dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth. A full factorial design experiment demonstrated that the interaction of phenanthrene and GTP significantly reduced growth inhibition. Using the median effect method showed that phenanthrene and GTP were antagonistic when the inhibitory levels were less than about 50%. Apoptosis and cell cycle detection suggested that only phenanthrene affected cell cycle significantly and caused cell death; GTP lowered the mortality of HFL-I cells exposed to phenanthrene; However, GTP did not affect modulation of the cell cycle by phenanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mei
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth Development & Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xiao Mao
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - You-Ying Tu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Jain RB, Wang RY. Association of caffeine consumption and smoking status with the serum concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and furans in the general U.S. population: NHANES 2003-2004. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:1225-39. [PMID: 21797774 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.587105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Smoking appears to enhance the body's clearance of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by inducing CYP1A2 activity based on studies with a limited number of participants. This hypothesis was evaluated by using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Specifically, adult participants were identified and the sums of their serum lipid-adjusted concentrations of 12 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) congeners, 33 PCB (total), 26 non-dioxin-like PCB, and 6 mono-ortho (dioxin-like) PCB were determined. In addition to evaluating the association of smoking, the association of caffeine consumption and the interaction between them was evaluated. Data analysis included regression models that were fitted with age, gender, race/ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). R(2) varied from 34.8 to 66%. Smokers had significantly lower concentrations of total PCDD/PCDF than nonsmokers. New to this study, a siginificant interaction between caffeine consumption and smoking for total PCB was found. When caffeine was consumed less than once a day, smokers had higher concentrations of total PCB than nonsmokers. However, when caffeine was consumed at least once a day, smokers had lower concentrations than nonsmokers. A significant interaction between age and caffeine consumption frequency for each of the PCB groups was also observed. The differences in concentration between younger and older age groups were greater when caffeine was consumed at least once a day than when caffeine was consumed less frequently. Smoking and caffeine consumption need to be considered in the interpretation of human biomonitoring data because they appear to affect the serum concentrations of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
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Chan PC, Ramot Y, Malarkey DE, Blackshear P, Kissling GE, Travlos G, Nyska A. Fourteen-week toxicity study of green tea extract in rats and mice. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:1070-84. [PMID: 20884815 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310382437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of green tea extract (GTE) was evaluated in 14-week gavage studies in male and female F344/NTac rats and B6C3F1 mice at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg. In the rats, no treatment-related mortality was noted. In the mice, treatment-related mortality occurred in male and female mice in the 1,000 mg/kg dose groups. The cause of early deaths was likely related to liver necrosis. Treatment-related histopathological changes were seen in both species in the liver, nose, mesenteric lymph nodes, and thymus. In addition, in mice, changes were seen in the Peyer's patches, spleen, and mandibular lymph nodes. The no adverse effect level (NOAEL) for the liver in both species was 500 mg/kg. In the nose of rats, the NOAEL in males was 62.5 mg/kg, and in females no NOAEL was found. No NOAEL was found in the nose of female or male mice. The changes in the liver and nose were considered primary toxic effects of GTE, while the changes in other organs were considered to be secondary effects. The nose and liver are organs with high metabolic enzyme activity. The increased susceptibility of the nose and liver suggests a role for GTE metabolites in toxicity induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po C Chan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Shord SS, Shah K, Lukose A. Drug-botanical interactions: a review of the laboratory, animal, and human data for 8 common botanicals. Integr Cancer Ther 2010; 8:208-27. [PMID: 19815591 DOI: 10.1177/1534735409340900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Americans use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to prevent or alleviate common illnesses, and these medicines are commonly used by individuals with cancer.These medicines or botanicals share the same metabolic and transport proteins, including cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP), glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and P-glycoprotein (Pgp), with over-the-counter and prescription medicines increasing the likelihood of drug-botanical interactions.This review provides a brief description of the different proteins, such as CYPs, UGTs, and Pgp.The potential effects of drug-botanical interactions on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug or botanical and a summary of the more common models used to study drug metabolism are described.The remaining portion of this review summarizes the data extracted from several laboratory, animal, and clinical studies that describe the metabolism, transport, and potential interactions of 8 selected botanicals. The 8 botanicals include black cohosh, Echinacea, garlic, Gingko biloba, green tea, kava, milk thistle, and St John's wort; these botanicals are among some of the more common botanicals taken by individuals with cancer.These examples are included to demonstrate how to interpret the different studies and how to use these data to predict the likelihood of a clinically significant drug-botanical interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy S Shord
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Fukuda I, Kaneko A, Nishiumi S, Kawase M, Nishikiori R, Fujitake N, Ashida H. Structure–activity relationships of anthraquinones on the suppression of DNA-binding activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:296-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rodeiro I, Donato MT, Jimenez N, Garrido G, Molina-Torres J, Menendez R, Castell JV, Gómez-Lechón MJ. Inhibition of human P450 enzymes by natural extracts used in traditional medicine. Phytother Res 2009; 23:279-82. [PMID: 18844254 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Different medicinal plants are widely used in Cuba and Mexico to treat several disorders. This paper reports in vitro inhibitory effects on the P450 system of herbal products commonly used by people in Cuba and Mexico in traditional medicine for decades. Experiments were conducted in human liver microsomes. The catalytic activities of CYP1A1/2, 2D6, and 3A4 were measured using specific probe substrates. The Heliopsis longipes extract exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of the three enzymes, and similar effects were produced by affinin (an alkamide isolated from the H. longipes extract) and two catalytically reduced alkamides. Mangifera indica L. and Thalassia testudinum extracts, two natural polyphenol-rich extracts, diminished CYP1A1/2 and 3A4 activities, but not the CYP2D6 activity. These results suggest that these herbs inhibit the major human P450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism and could induce potential herbal-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idania Rodeiro
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Química Farmacéutica, 200 y 21, Atabey, Playa, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
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Amakura Y, Tsutsumi T, Sasaki K, Nakamura M, Yoshida T, Maitani T. Influence of food polyphenols on aryl hydrocarbon receptor-signaling pathway estimated by in vitro bioassay. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:3117-30. [PMID: 17869316 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the toxic and biological actions of many aromatic environmental pollutants such as dioxins. We investigated AhR activation by some vegetable constituents, including flavonoids, tannins, and related polyphenols, using an AhR-based in vitro bioassay for dioxins. Among the compounds tested, marked AhR activation was exhibited by isoflavones such as daidzein, resveratrol (a stilbene) structure, some flavanones such as naringenin, and flavones such as baicalein. On the other hand, some flavones such as apigenin, flavonols such as quercetin, and anthraquinones such as emodin, showed notable inhibitory effects on the in vitro activation of AhR induced by the dioxin [2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)]. In addition, AhR-mediated interactions between AhR and some plant extracts, including those from vegetables, fruits, herbs, and teas, were tested by using the AhR-based bioassay. Of the samples tested, some leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, and herbs that contain food polyphenolics showed AhR-based interactions at high concentrations. On the basis of these finding, we discuss the implications of polyphenols on the AhR-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Amakura
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
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Li YM, Chan HYE, Yao XQ, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Green tea catechins and broccoli reduce fat-induced mortality in Drosophila melanogaster. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:376-83. [PMID: 17707629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fat accelerates the ageing process and causes a greater mortality by accumulating lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) in Drosophila melanogaster. The present study found that the life span of D. melanogaster was shortened from 54 to 6 days in a dose-dependent manner when fat in diet increased from 0% to 25%. The results showed that supplementation of both green tea catechins (GTC) and broccoli extract (BE) reversed partially the fat-induced mortality. The maximum life span was 44 days for the control group fed with a 5% fat, whereas it increased to 50 and 59 days in the GTC- and BE-supplemented groups, respectively. The 50% survival time for the control flies fed with a 5% fat diet was 30 days. In contrast, it increased to 32 and 48 days when GTC and BE were supplemented in the diet. This was consistent with a significant reduction in total body LPO level in D. melanogaster maintained on the GTC- and BE-supplemented diet. Accordingly, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased significantly in the flies fed with a GTC or a BE diet compared with those fed with a control 5% fat diet. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the increase in enzymatic activities of catalase and SOD was accompanied by up-regulation of genes for catalase, copper-zinc containing SOD and manganese-containing SOD. It was concluded that GTC and BE reversed the fat-induced mortality in D. melanogaster, most likely but necessarily solely, by up-regulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk Man Li
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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40
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de Kok TM, van Breda SG, Manson MM. Mechanisms of combined action of different chemopreventive dietary compounds. Eur J Nutr 2008; 47 Suppl 2:51-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-2006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Srinivasan P, Suchalatha S, Babu PVA, Devi RS, Narayan S, Sabitha KE, Shyamala Devi CS. Chemopreventive and therapeutic modulation of green tea polyphenols on drug metabolizing enzymes in 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide induced oral cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 172:224-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Saracino MR, Lampe JW. Phytochemical regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: implications for cancer prevention. Nutr Cancer 2008; 59:121-41. [PMID: 18001207 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701458178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are Phase II biotransformation enzymes that metabolize endogenous and exogenous compounds, some of which have been associated with cancer risk. Many phytochemicals have been shown to induce UGTs in humans, rodents, and cell culture systems. Because UGTs maintain hormone balance and facilitate excretion of potentially carcinogenic compounds, regulation of their expression and activity may affect cancer risk. Phytochemicals regulate transcription factors such as the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), aryl hydrocarbon, and pregnane X receptors as well as proteins in several signal transduction cascades that converge on Nrf2 to stimulate UGT expression. This induction can be modified by several factors, including phytochemical dose and bioavailability and interindividual variation in enzyme expression. In this review, we summarize the knowledge of dietary modulation of UGTs, particularly by phytochemicals, and discuss the potential mechanisms by which phytochemicals regulate UGT transcription.
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Hung YC, Steven Huang G, Sava VM, Makan SY, Hong MY. Camellia sinensis tea melanin suppresses transformation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and prevents against dioxin-induced toxicity in mice. Int J Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rodeiro I, Donato MT, Jiménez N, Garrido G, Delgado R, Gómez-Lechón MJ. Effects of Mangifera indica L. aqueous extract (Vimang) on primary culture of rat hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2506-12. [PMID: 17651882 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vimang is an aqueous extract from stem bark of Mangifera indica L. (Mango) with pharmacological properties. It is a mixture of polyphenols (as main components), terpenoids, steroids, fatty acids and microelements. In the present work we studied the cytotoxic effects of Vimang on rat hepatocytes, possible interactions of the extract with drug-metabolizing enzymes and its effects on GSH levels and lipid peroxidation. No cytotoxic effects were observed after 24 h exposure to Vimang of up to 1000 microg/mL, while a moderate cytotoxicity was observed after 48 and 72 h of exposure at higher concentrations (500 and 1000 microg/mL). The effect of the extract (50-400 microg/mL) on several P450 isozymes was evaluated. Exposure of hepatocytes to Vimang at concentrations of up to 100 microg/mL produced a significant reduction (60%) in 7-methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase (MROD; CYP1A2) activity, an increase (50%) in 7-penthoxyresorufin-O-depentylase (PROD; CYP2B1) activity, while no significant effect was observed with other isozymes. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the modulation of the activity of the P450 system by an extract of Mangifera indica L. The antioxidant properties of Vimang were also evaluated in t-butyl-hydroperoxide-treated hepatocytes. A 36-h pre-treatment of cells with Vimang (25-200 microg/mL) strongly inhibited the decrease of GSH levels and lipid peroxidation induced by t-butyl-hydroperoxide dose- and time-dependently.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rodeiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Investigations, Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, P.O. Box 16042, Havana, Cuba
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Leung HY, Wang Y, Chan HY, Leung LK. Developing a high-throughput system for the screening of cytochrome P450 1A1 – Inhibitory polyphenols. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:996-1002. [PMID: 17560072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are established procarcinogens that can be found in our environment. The carcinogenicity of these compounds is initiated by their metabolic intermediates, and the extent of biotransformation determines the amount of reactive intermediates generated. CYP1A1 is a major enzyme that metabolizes PAH into carcinogenic moieties. Since previous studies have shown that increased CYP1A1 activity is associated with a higher cancer risk. Identifying CYP1A1-inhibitory compounds in diet or natural products are of genuine interest for chemoprevention studies. In this project, a stable cell line expressing human CYP1A1 was established for the screening of potential chemopreventive agents. Because of a lacking cellular transport mechanism in assays performed on recombinant protein, an 'in-cell' assay system might be a better estimate at the tissue level. Theaflavins were strong inhibitors of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity when assayed on recombinant human CYP1A1 protein. However, this inhibition was not observed in the CYP1A1-expressing cells. The 'in-cell' IC50 values determined for compounds such as genistein, quercetin, chalcone, etc. were comparable to the values determined in recombinant protein. This 'in-cell' assay has the additional advantages of short sample processing time, and the tedious procedures of protein expression and purification can be waived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau Yi Leung
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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46
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Fukuda I, Mukai R, Kawase M, Yoshida KI, Ashida H. Interaction between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its antagonists, flavonoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:822-7. [PMID: 17560542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids have been reported to be dietary antagonists of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). However, little is known about the molecular mechanism on their antagonistic effects. In this study, the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on ligand binding to the AhR and interaction between flavonoids and the AhR complex (AhRc) were investigated in each flavonoid subclass. Flavone, flavonol, and flavanone but not catechin inhibited the specific binding between the AhR and 3-methylcholanthrene dose-dependently, indicating that the former three subclasses possibly act as competitive antagonists of the AhR. However, catechin in addition to the former three subclasses directly interacted with the AhRc by surface plasmon resonance analysis. The dissociation constant values showed an inverse correlation with the suppressive effect on the DNA binding activity. These results suggest that flavone, flavonol, and flavanone act as competitive antagonists of the AhR, while catechin associates with the AhRc and indirectly exhibits its antagonistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuko Fukuda
- Research Center for Food Safety and Security, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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Chow HHS, Hakim IA, Vining DR, Crowell JA, Tome ME, Ranger-Moore J, Cordova CA, Mikhael DM, Briehl MM, Alberts DS. Modulation of human glutathione s-transferases by polyphenon e intervention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:1662-6. [PMID: 17684143 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Green tea consumption has been associated with decreased risk of certain types of cancers in humans. Induction of detoxification enzymes has been suggested as one of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the cancer-preventive effect of green tea. We conducted this clinical study to determine the effect of repeated green tea polyphenol administration on a major group of detoxification enzymes, glutathione S-transferases (GST). METHODS A total of 42 healthy volunteers underwent a 4-week washout period by refraining from tea or tea-related products. At the end of the washout period, a fasting blood sample was collected, and plasma and lymphocytes were isolated for assessment of GST activity and level. Following the baseline evaluation, study participants underwent 4 weeks of green tea polyphenol intervention in the form of a standardized Polyphenon E preparation at a dose that contains 800 mg epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) once a day. Polyphenon E was taken on an empty stomach to optimize the oral bioavailability of EGCG. Upon completion of the intervention, samples were collected for postintervention GST assessment. RESULTS Four weeks of Polyphenon E intervention enhanced the GST activity in blood lymphocytes from 30.7 +/- 12.2 to 35.1 +/- 14.3 nmol/min/mg protein, P = 0.058. Analysis based on baseline activity showed that a statistically significant increase (80%, P = 0.004) in GST activity was observed in individuals with baseline activity in the lowest tertile, whereas a statistically significant decrease (20%, P = 0.02) in GST activity was observed in the highest tertile. In addition, Polyphenon E intervention significantly increased the GST-pi level in blood lymphocytes from 2,252.9 +/- 734.2 to 2,634.4 +/- 1,138.3 ng/mg protein, P = 0.035. Analysis based on baseline level showed that this increase was only significant (P = 0.003) in individuals with baseline level in the lowest tertile, with a mean increase of 80%. Repeated Polyphenon E administration had minimal effects on lymphocyte GST-mu and plasma GST-alpha levels. There was a small but statistically significant decrease (8%, P = 0.003) in plasma GST-alpha levels in the highest tertile. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 4 weeks of Polyphenon E administration resulted in differential effects on GST activity and level based on baseline enzyme activity/level, with GST activity and GST-pi level increased significantly in individuals with low baseline enzyme activity/level. This suggests that green tea polyphenol intervention may enhance the detoxification of carcinogens in individuals with low baseline detoxification capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Sherry Chow
- Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Chang JT, Chang H, Chen PH, Lin SL, Lin P. Requirement of aryl hydrocarbon receptor overexpression for CYP1B1 up-regulation and cell growth in human lung adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:38-45. [PMID: 17200336 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 expression is up-regulated by activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) through binding of ligands such as cigarette smoke components. We examined the association between AhR, CYP1B1, and CYP1A1 expression in noninvasive bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (BAC) and lung adenocarcinomas and investigated the effects of AhR overexpression on cell physiology. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AhR, CYP1B1, and CYP1A1 expression was examined in 107 lung adenocarcinomas and 57 BAC by immunohistochemistry. AhR expression in lung adenocarcinoma H1355 cells was stably reduced by RNA interference (RNAi). AhR, CYP1B1, and CYP1A1 expression was examined using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Cell physiology was evaluated by measuring anchorage-independent growth and intracellular reactive oxygen species. RESULTS Expression of AhR and CYP1A1 was associated in smoking adenocarcinoma patients, whereas expression of AhR and CYP1B1 was associated regardless of smoking status. The level of CYP1B1, but not CYP1A1, was positively associated with AhR overexpression in BAC. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorobenzo-p-dioxin-induced CYP1A1/1B1 expression was reduced in AhR RNAi clones. In the absence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorobenzo-p-dioxin, CYP1B1 mRNA levels were reduced in AhR RNAi clones, whereas CYP1A1 mRNA levels were barely detectable. Furthermore, anchorage-independent growth and intracellular oxidative stress were significantly reduced in AhR RNAi cells. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of exogenous AhR ligands (such as cigarette smoke components), AhR overexpression up-regulated the expression of CYP1B1 in the early stage of lung adenocarcinoma. Elevated AhR expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells could increase intracellular oxidative stress and promote cell growth, implying that disrupting AhR expression might prevent the early development of lung adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Tsai Chang
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan, ROC
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Kim HR, Park BK, Oh YM, Lee YS, Lee DS, Kim HK, Kim JY, Shim TS, Lee SD. Green tea extract inhibits paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppression of oxidative stress and endothelin-l expression. Lung 2007; 184:287-95. [PMID: 17235729 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-005-2592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis involves two factors, direct injury by oxygen free radicals and indirect injury by inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been shown to act as a mediator of pulmonary fibrosis, and its formation increases during oxidative stress. We investigated whether green tea extract (GTE), which has antioxidant properties, inhibits paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis and whether ET-1 is involved in this process. Paraquat (0.3 mg/kg) was instilled into the right lungs of rats, following which the rats were either not further treated (Group P, n = 7), or they were administered 1% GTE mixed with feed (Group PG; n = 7) or the ET(A) receptor antagonist ZD2574 (10 mg/kg through gavage; Group PZ; n = 7) for two weeks. As control, we used rats instilled with saline (Group N; n = 6). Two weeks after paraquat instillation, we assayed the degree of pulmonary fibrosis by light microscopic morphometry and hydroxyproline content; lipid peroxidation as a marker of oxidative stresses by measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA); ET-1 by immunohistochemistry; and prepro-ET-1 mRNA expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Compared with Group N, significant pulmonary fibrosis was observed in Group P, accompanied by increases in MDA, ET-1, and prepro-ET-1 mRNA expression. Compared with Group P, Group PG showed significant decreases in pulmonary fibrosis, along with decreases in MDA, ET-1, and prepro-ET-1 mRNA expression. We also observed significant decreases in pulmonary fibrosis in Group PZ compared with Group P. These findings suggest that GTE inhibits paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppression of oxidative stress and ET-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Ryul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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50
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Kirkland J. Phytochemicals, Xenobiotic Metabolism, and Carcinogenesis. NUTRIENT-DRUG INTERACTIONS 2006. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420019131.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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