1
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Naredo-Gonzalez G, Upreti R, Jansen MA, Semple S, Sutcliffe OB, Marshall I, Walker BR, Andrew R. Non-invasive in vivo assessment of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity by 19F-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16268. [PMID: 36175417 PMCID: PMC9523021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) amplifies tissue glucocorticoid levels and is a pharmaceutical target in diabetes and cognitive decline. Clinical translation of inhibitors is hampered by lack of in vivo pharmacodynamic biomarkers. Our goal was to monitor substrates and products of 11β-HSD1 non-invasively in liver via 19Fluorine magnetic resonance spectroscopy (19F-MRS). Interconversion of mono/poly-fluorinated substrate/product pairs was studied in Wistar rats (male, n = 6) and healthy men (n = 3) using 7T and 3T MRI scanners, respectively. Here we show that the in vitro limit of detection, as absolute fluorine content, was 0.625 μmole in blood. Mono-fluorinated steroids, dexamethasone and 11-dehydrodexamethasone, were detected in phantoms but not in vivo in human liver following oral dosing. A non-steroidal polyfluorinated tracer, 2-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanone and its metabolic product were detected in vivo in rat liver after oral administration of the keto-substrate, reading out reductase activity. Administration of a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor in vivo in rats altered total liver 19F-MRS signal. We conclude that there is insufficient sensitivity to measure mono-fluorinated tracers in vivo in man with current dosage regimens and clinical scanners. However, since reductase activity was observed in rats using poly-fluorinated tracers, this concept could be pursued for translation to man with further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Naredo-Gonzalez
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Rita Upreti
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Maurits A Jansen
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.,Edinburgh Imaging, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Scott Semple
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.,Edinburgh Imaging, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Oliver B Sutcliffe
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Ian Marshall
- Edinburgh Imaging, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.,Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ruth Andrew
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
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2
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Ashmore JH, Luo S, Watson CJW, Lazarus P. Carbonyl reduction of NNK by recombinant human lung enzymes: identification of HSD17β12 as the reductase important in (R)-NNAL formation in human lung. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:1079-1088. [PMID: 29788210 PMCID: PMC6067128 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is the most abundant and carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamine in tobacco and tobacco smoke. The major metabolic pathway for NNK is carbonyl reduction to form the (R) and (S) enantiomers of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) which, like NNK, is a potent lung carcinogen. The goal of this study was to characterize NNAL enantiomer formation in human lung and identify the enzymes responsible for this activity. While (S)-NNAL was the major enantiomer of NNAL formed in incubations with NNK in lung cytosolic fractions, (R)-NNAL comprised ~60 and ~95% of the total NNAL formed in lung whole cell lysates and microsomes, respectively. In studies examining the role of individual recombinant cytosolic reductase enzymes in lung NNAL enantiomer formation, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, AKR1C4 and CBR1 all exhibited (S)-NNAL-formation activity. To identify the microsomal enzymes responsible for (R)-NNAL formation, 28 microsomal reductase enzymes were screened for expression by real-time PCR in normal human lung. HSD17β6, HSD17β12, KDSR, NSDHL, RDH10, RDH11 and SDR16C5 were all expressed at levels ≥HSD11β1, the only previously reported microsomal reductase enzyme with NNK-reducing activity, with HSD17β12 the most highly expressed. Of these lung-expressing enzymes, only HSD17β12 exhibited activity against NNK, forming primarily (>95%) (R)-NNAL, a pattern consistent with that observed in lung microsomes. siRNA knock-down of HSD17β12 resulted in significant decreases in (R)-NNAL-formation activity in HEK293 cells. These data suggest that both cytosolic and microsomal enzymes are active against NNK and that HSD17β12 is the major active microsomal reductase that contributes to (R)-NNAL formation in human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Ashmore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Shaman Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Christy J W Watson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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3
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Carlson ES, Upadhyaya P, Villalta PW, Ma B, Hecht SS. Analysis and Identification of 2'-Deoxyadenosine-Derived Adducts in Lung and Liver DNA of F-344 Rats Treated with the Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and Enantiomers of its Metabolite 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:358-370. [PMID: 29651838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are carcinogenic in animal models and are believed to play an important role in human lung carcinogenesis for cigarette smokers. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of these tobacco-specific nitrosamines produces reactive species that alkylate DNA in the form of pyridyloxobutyl (POB)- or pyridylhydroxybutyl (PHB)-DNA adducts. Understanding the formation mechanism and overall levels of these adducts can potentially enhance cancer prevention methods through the identification of particularly susceptible smokers. Previous studies have identified and measured a panel of POB- and PHB-DNA base adducts of dGuo, dCyd, and Thd; however, dAdo adducts have yet to be determined. In this study, we complete this DNA adduct panel by identifying and quantifying levels of NNK- and NNAL-derived dAdo adducts in vitro and in vivo. To accomplish this, we synthesized standards for expected dAdo-derived DNA adducts and used isotope-dilution LC-ESI+-MS/MS to identify POB adducts formed in vitro from the reaction of 4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNKOAc) with calf thymus DNA. Adduct levels were then quantified in lung and liver DNA of rats chronically treated with NNK or NNAL for 50 weeks using similar LC-MS detection methods. The in vitro studies identified N6-POB-dAdo and N1-POB-dIno as products of the reaction of NNKOAc with DNA, which supports our proposed mechanism of formation. Though both N6-dAdo and N1-dIno adducts were found in vitro, only N6-dAdo adducts were found in vivo, implying possible intervention by DNA repair mechanisms. Analogous to previous studies, levels of N6-POB-dAdo and N6-PHB-dAdo varied both with tissue and treatment type. Despite the adduct levels being relatively modest compared to most other POB- and PHB-DNA adducts, they may play a biological role and could be used in future studies as NNK- and NNAL-specific DNA damage biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Carlson
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE , 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , University of Minnesota Medical School , 321 Church Street SE , 6-120 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE , 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Peter W Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE , 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE , 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE , 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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4
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Shi SM, Di L. The role of carbonyl reductase 1 in drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:859-870. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1356820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Di
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
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5
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Balbo S, Johnson CS, Kovi RC, James-Yi SA, O'Sullivan MG, Wang M, Le CT, Khariwala SS, Upadhyaya P, Hecht SS. Carcinogenicity and DNA adduct formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and enantiomers of its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in F-344 rats. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2798-806. [PMID: 25269804 PMCID: PMC4247520 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is metabolized to enantiomers of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), found in the urine of virtually all people exposed to tobacco products. We assessed the carcinogenicity in male F-344 rats of (R)-NNAL (5 ppm in drinking water), (S)-NNAL (5 ppm), NNK (5 ppm) and racemic NNAL (10 ppm) and analyzed DNA adduct formation in lung and pancreas of these rats after 10, 30, 50 and 70 weeks of treatment. All test compounds induced a high incidence of lung tumors, both adenomas and carcinomas. NNK and racemic NNAL were most potent; (R)-NNAL and (S)-NNAL had equivalent activity. Metastasis was observed from primary pulmonary carcinomas to the pancreas, particularly in the racemic NNAL group. DNA adducts analyzed were O (2)-[4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxobut-1-yl]thymidine (O (2)-POB-dThd), 7-[4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxobut-1-yl]guanine(7-POB-Gua),O (6)-[4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxobut-1-yl]deoxyguanosine(O (6)-POB-dGuo),the 4-(3-pyridyl)-4-hydroxybut-1-yl(PHB)adductsO (2)-PHB-dThd and 7-PHB-Gua, O (6)-methylguanine (O (6)-Me-Gua) and 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (HPB)-releasing adducts. Adduct levels significantly decreased with time in the lungs of rats treated with NNK. Pulmonary POB-DNA adducts and O (6)-Me-Gua were similar in rats treated with NNK and (S)-NNAL; both were significantly greater than in the (R)-NNAL rats. In contrast, pulmonary PHB-DNA adduct levels were greatest in the rats treated with (R)-NNAL. Total pulmonary DNA adduct levels were similar in (S)-NNAL and (R)-NNAL rats. Similar trends were observed for DNA adducts in the pancreas, but adduct levels were significantly lower than in the lung. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the potent pulmonary carcinogenicity of both enantiomers of NNAL in rats and provide important new information regarding DNA damage by these compounds in lung and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Charles S Johnson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ramesh C Kovi
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sandra A James-Yi
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Mingyao Wang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chap T Le
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samir S Khariwala
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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6
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Modesto JL, Hull A, Angstadt AY, Berg A, Gallagher CJ, Lazarus P, Muscat JE. NNK reduction pathway gene polymorphisms and risk of lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54 Suppl 1:E94-E102. [PMID: 24976539 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK is a potent carcinogen found in tobacco smoke and implicated in the development of lung cancer. The major route of NNK metabolism is carbonyl reduction by AKR1C1, AKR1C2, CBR1, and 11β-HSD1 to form NNAL. This study investigated the potential role of variants in this pathway on lung cancer risk by examining 53 tag-SNPs representing the common variations in AKR1C1, AKR1C2, CBR1, and HSD11B1 in 456 lung cancer cases and 807 controls. One SNP in CBR1 (rs2835267) was significantly associated with overall risk of lung cancer, but did not pass multiple testing adjustment (OR: 0.76 95% CI: 0.58-0.99, P = 0.048, FDR P = 0.20). After stratification and multiple testing correction, three SNPs showed significance. One SNP (rs2835267) in CBR1 showed a significant decreased risk for smokers with a high pack-years (OR: 0.3595% CI: 0.17-0.69, P = 0.018) and in SCC (OR: 0.4895% CI: 0.29-0.76, P = 0.018). Another SNP located in CBR1 (rs3787728) also showed a significant decreased risk in SCC (OR: 0.4695% CI: 0.26-0.80, P = 0.024) and small cell carcinoma (only in current smokers) (OR: 0.06895% CI: 0.01-0.42, P = 0.028). The HSD11B1 SNP (rs4844880) showed a significant increased risk for adenocarcinoma within former smokers (OR: 3.9495% CI: 1.68-9.22, P = 0.011). Haplotype analysis found significance with six haplotypes and lung cancer risk. These findings indicate that select variants in genes in the carbonyl reduction pathway of NNK may alter the risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Modesto
- Molecular Epidemiology and Cancer Control Program, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Departments of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Anna Hull
- Department of Biology, Lincoln University, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Y Angstadt
- Molecular Epidemiology and Cancer Control Program, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Departments of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Arthur Berg
- Departments of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Carla J Gallagher
- Molecular Epidemiology and Cancer Control Program, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Departments of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Departments of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, Washington
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Molecular Epidemiology and Cancer Control Program, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Departments of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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7
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Hardy RS, Raza K, Cooper MS. Glucocorticoid metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1318:18-26. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan S. Hardy
- Rheumatology Research Group; University of Birmingham; Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Karim Raza
- Rheumatology Research Group; University of Birmingham; Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Cooper
- ANZAC Research Institute; Concord Repatriation General Hospital; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
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8
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Hartmanová T, Tambor V, Lenčo J, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Maser E, Wsól V. S-Nitrosoglutathione covalently modifies cysteine residues of human carbonyl reductase 1 and affects its activity. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 202:136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Zhou HY, Hu GX, Lian QQ, Morris D, Ge RS. The metabolism of steroids, toxins and drugs by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Toxicology 2012; 292:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Richter E, Engl J, Friesenegger S, Tricker AR. Biotransformation of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in Lung Tissue from Mouse, Rat, Hamster, and Man. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1008-17. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800461d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Richter
- Walther Straub Institute, Department of Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336 Munich, Germany, and PMI Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Engl
- Walther Straub Institute, Department of Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336 Munich, Germany, and PMI Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Friesenegger
- Walther Straub Institute, Department of Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336 Munich, Germany, and PMI Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anthony R. Tricker
- Walther Straub Institute, Department of Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336 Munich, Germany, and PMI Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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11
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Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. Modulation of glucocorticoid action and the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21:607-19. [PMID: 18054738 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The global epidemic of obesity and type-2 diabetes has heightened the need to understand the mechanisms that contribute to its pathogenesis and also to design and trial novel treatments. Patients with glucocorticoid (GC) excess--'Cushing's syndrome'--are phenotypically similar to patients with simple obesity. As such, much research has focused on the manipulation of local GC action as a therapeutic strategy. The majority of the classical actions of GCs are mediated via activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) converts inactive cortisone to cortisol and therefore amplifies local GC action. There is now a wealth of data from rodent and clinical studies implicating this conversion in the pathogenesis of obesity, type-2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors (selective in that they block the activity of 11beta-HSD1 and not 11beta-HSD2 which inactivates cortisone to cortisol in mineralocorticoid target tissues) are currently in development although not yet available for use in clinical studies. Rodent studies utilizing these compounds have shown dramatic improvements in insulin sensitivity as well as improvements in lipid profiles and atherogenesis. A further experimental approach has been to design drugs that antagonize GR activation, and again these compounds appear to improve insulin sensitivity and lower glucose production rates. The key test for both of these research strategies is whether they will translate into clinical studies, and results from these trials are now eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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12
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Lakhman SS, Chen X, Gonzalez-Covarrubias V, Schuetz EG, Blanco JG. Functional Characterization of the Promoter of Human Carbonyl Reductase 1 (CBR1). Role ofXREElements in Mediating the Induction ofCBR1by Ligands of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:734-43. [PMID: 17569794 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.035550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) metabolizes a variety of substrates, including the anticancer doxorubicin and the antipsychotic haloperidol. The transcriptional regulation of CBR1 has been largely unexplored. Therefore, we first investigated the promoter activities of progressive gene-reporter constructs encompassing up to 2.4 kilobases upstream of the translation start site of CBR1. Next, we investigated whether CBR1 mRNA levels were altered in cells incubated with prototypical receptor activators (e.g., dexamethasone and rifampicin). CBR1 mRNA levels were significantly induced (5-fold) by the ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) beta-naphthoflavone. DNA sequence analysis revealed two xenobiotic response elements ((-122)XRE and (-5783)XRE) with potential regulatory functions. CBR1 promoter constructs lacking the (-122)XRE showed diminished (9-fold) promoter activity in AHR-proficient cells incubated with beta-naphthoflavone. Fusion of (-5783)XRE to the (-2485)CBR1 reporter construct enhanced its promoter activity after incubations with beta-naphthoflavone by 5-fold. Furthermore, we tested whether the potent AHR ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced Cbr1 expression in Ahr(+/-) and Ahr(-/-) mice. TCDD induced hepatic Cbr1 mRNA (TCDD, 2-fold) and Cbr1 protein levels (TCDD, 2-fold) in Ahr(+/-) mice compared with vehicle-injected controls. In contrast, no significant Cbr1 mRNA and Cbr1 protein induction was detected in livers from Ahr(-/-) mice treated with TCDD. These studies provide the first insights on the functional characteristics of the human CBR1 gene promoter. Our data indicate that the AHR pathway contributes to the transcriptional regulation of CBR1.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Aldehyde Reductase
- Aldo-Keto Reductases
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Ligands
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/deficiency
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Response Elements
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder S Lakhman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-1200, USA
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13
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Lonergan KM, Chari R, Deleeuw RJ, Shadeo A, Chi B, Tsao MS, Jones S, Marra M, Ling V, Ng R, Macaulay C, Lam S, Lam WL. Identification of novel lung genes in bronchial epithelium by serial analysis of gene expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 35:651-61. [PMID: 16809635 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0056oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A description of the transcriptome of human bronchial epithelium should provide a basis for studying lung diseases, including cancer. We have deduced global gene expression profiles of bronchial epithelium and lung parenchyma, based on a vast dataset of nearly two million sequence tags from 21 serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) libraries from individuals with a history of smoking. Our analysis suggests that the transcriptome of the bronchial epithelium is distinct from that of lung parenchyma and other tissue types. Moreover, our analysis has identified novel bronchial-enriched genes such as MS4A8B, and has demonstrated the use of SAGE for the discovery of novel transcript variants. Significantly, gene expression associated with ciliogenesis is evident in bronchial epithelium, and includes the expression of transcripts specifying axonemal proteins DNAI2, SPAG6, ASP, and FOXJ1 transcription factor. Moreover, expression of potential regulators of ciliogenesis such as MDAC1, NYD-SP29, ARMC3, and ARMC4 were also identified. This study represents a comprehensive delineation of the bronchial and parenchyma transcriptomes, identifying more than 20,000 known and hypothetical genes expressed in the human lung, and constitutes one of the largest human SAGE studies reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Lonergan
- Cancer Genetics and Developmental Biology, Department of Cancer Imaging, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Thieringer R, Hermanowski-Vosatka A. Inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 as a novel treatment for the metabolic syndrome: do glucocorticoids play a role? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2006; 3:911-24. [PMID: 16181035 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.3.5.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) is a cluster of risk factors and a common cause of cardiovascular disease in humans. Although the underlying mechanism for metabolic syndrome is still poorly understood, recent clinical data and studies with transgenic animals implicate elevated intracellular glucocorticoid tone in the etiology of metabolic syndrome. Development of selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD)-1 and their use in rodent animal disease models encompassing several aspects of metabolic syndrome indicate the possibility of therapeutic intervention. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the role of 11beta-HSD1 in metabolic disorders and other disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Thieringer
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Bruley C, Lyons V, Worsley AGF, Wilde MD, Darlington GD, Morton NM, Seckl JR, Chapman KE. A novel promoter for the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 gene is active in lung and is C/EBPalpha independent. Endocrinology 2006; 147:2879-85. [PMID: 16543369 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) increases intracellular glucocorticoid action by converting inactive to active glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) within cells. It is highly expressed in glucocorticoid target tissues including liver and lung, and at modest levels in adipose tissue and brain. A selective increase in adipose 11beta-HSD1 expression occurs in obese humans and rodents and is likely to be of pathogenic importance in the metabolic syndrome. Here we have used 5' rapid amplificaiton of cDNA ends (RACE) to identify a novel promoter, P1, of the gene encoding 11beta-HSD1. P1 is located 23 kb 5' to the previously described promoter, P2. Both promoters are active in liver, lung, adipose tissue, and brain. However, P1 (encoding exon 1A) predominates in lung and P2 (encoding exon 1B) predominates in liver, adipose tissue, and brain. Adipose tissue of obese leptin-deficient C57BL/6J-Lepob mice showed higher expression only of the P2-associated exon 1B-containing 11beta-HSD1 mRNA variant. In contrast to P2, which is CAAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)-alpha inducible in transiently transfected cells, the P1 promoter was unaffected by C/EBPalpha in transfected cells. Consistent with these findings, mice lacking C/EBPalpha had normal 11beta-HSD1 mRNA levels in lung but showed a dramatic reduction in levels of 11beta-HSD1 mRNA in liver and brown adipose tissue. These results therefore demonstrate tissue-specific differential regulation of 11beta-HSD1 mRNA through alternate promoter usage and suggest that increased adipose 11beta-HSD1 expression in obesity is due to a selective increase in activity of the C/EBPalpha-regulated P2 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bruley
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Institute for Medical Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. Mechanisms of Disease: selective inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 as a novel treatment for the metabolic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 1:92-9. [PMID: 16929377 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of the obesity and metabolic syndrome epidemic has heightened the need for the development of new and effective treatments. Although circulating cortisol concentrations are not elevated in obesity or in the metabolic syndrome, decreasing the tissue-specific generation of cortisol through inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) has been postulated as a therapeutic strategy. Observations in cohorts of obese patients, in comparison with those with type 2 diabetes, have suggested that the ability to decrease tissue-specific cortisol production might represent a protective mechanism to improve insulin sensitivity and prevent diabetes. In rodents, pharmacologic exploitation of this mechanism, through the development of inhibitors selective for 11beta-HSD1 (in preference to the type 2 isoform), dramatically improves insulin sensitivity. Here we review the published data and the rationale for treatment in humans, as well as discussing potential problems and adverse effects of future selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, UK
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Tomlinson JW, Walker EA, Bujalska IJ, Draper N, Lavery GG, Cooper MS, Hewison M, Stewart PM. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: a tissue-specific regulator of glucocorticoid response. Endocr Rev 2004; 25:831-66. [PMID: 15466942 DOI: 10.1210/er.2003-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 732] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) interconverts inactive cortisone and active cortisol. Although bidirectional, in vivo it is believed to function as a reductase generating active glucocorticoid at a prereceptor level, enhancing glucocorticoid receptor activation. In this review, we discuss both the genetic and enzymatic characterization of 11beta-HSD1, as well as describing its role in physiology and pathology in a tissue-specific manner. The molecular basis of cortisone reductase deficiency, the putative "11beta-HSD1 knockout state" in humans, has been defined and is caused by intronic mutations in HSD11B1 that decrease gene transcription together with mutations in hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an endoluminal enzyme that provides reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate as cofactor to 11beta-HSD1 to permit reductase activity. We speculate that hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and therefore reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate supply may be crucial in determining the directionality of 11beta-HSD1 activity. Therapeutic inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity in patients with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, as well as in glaucoma and osteoporosis, remains an exciting prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
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Das A, Desai D, Pittman B, Amin S, El-Bayoumy K. Comparison of the Chemopreventive Efficacies of 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate and Selenium-Enriched Yeast on 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone Induced Lung Tumorigenesis in A/J Mouse. Nutr Cancer 2003; 46:179-85. [PMID: 14690794 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc4602_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies, clinical intervention trials (including the trial with selenium-enriched yeast by Clark et al. JAMA 276, 1957, 1996) and assays in laboratory animals provide evidence for a protective role of selenium against the development of several cancers, including lung cancer. We have demonstrated that selenium in the form of 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate (p-XSC) is a promising chemopreventive agent in the A/J mouse lung tumor model induced with the carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK); under identical conditions, selenomethionine (SM), a component of selenium-enriched yeast, had no effect. The lack of an effect of SM suggests that other forms of selenium, or selenium-enriched yeast as a whole, are essential for lung cancer prevention; moreover, various species may respond differently to a given form of selenium. Therefore, in this study, we compared the chemopreventive efficacies of p-XSC with selenium-enriched yeast. Groups of 5-wk-old mice were fed either control diet or experimental diet containing p-XSC (5 or 10 ppm as selenium, equivalent to 20% and 40% maximum tolerated dose [MTD], respectively) or selenium-enriched yeast (5 or 10 ppm). Beginning at Wk 7, each mouse received NNK (3 mmol) in 0.1 ml cottonseed oil by intragastric intubation, once weekly for 8 wk. Twenty-six weeks after the first NNK administration, mice were killed and tumors in lung and forestomach were counted. p-XSC at 5 and 10 ppm doses significantly reduced lung tumor induction by NNK from 10.4 -/+ 6.0 (multiplicity) to 2.7 -/+ 1.5 (P < 0.001) and 1.8 -/+ 2.0 (P < 0.0001) respectively, whereas selenium-enriched yeast had no effect. p-XSC at 10 ppm also significantly reduced the incidence level from 96% to 68% (P < 0.01). The amounts of selenium that reach the target organ (lung) after dietary administration of p-XSC (326 -/+ 69 ng Se/g lung tissue) were significantly higher than that from selenium-enriched yeast (34 -/+ 8.5 ng Se/g lung tissue). However, the levels of selenium in plasma from selenium-enriched yeast (620 -/+ 54 ng Se/g plasma) were twofold higher than those from p-XSC (355 -/+ 85 ng Se/g plasma). In biochemical studies, p-XSC was shown to significantly inhibit formation of O6-methylguanine (O6-MG) and 7-methylguanine (7-MG) in the lungs and livers of mice treated with NNK. The lack of effect of selenium-enriched yeast on these lesions agrees with the results of the bioassay. Collectively, the results of this study clearly indicate that as a chemopreventive agent, p-XSC is superior to selenium-enriched yeast under the conditions of the present protocol. The inhibition of DNA methylation and the significantly higher retention of selenium from p-XSC as compared with selenium-enriched yeast in the target organ may in part account for the inhibition of lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunangshu Das
- Institute for Cancer Prevention (formerly American Health Foundation), 1 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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