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Assay of NAT Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2576:213-224. [PMID: 36152189 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In animal tissues, N-acyltransferase (NAT) catalyzes the first reaction in the biosynthetic pathway of bioactive N-acylethanolamines, in which an acyl chain is transferred from the sn-1 position of the donor phospholipid, such as phosphatidylcholine, to the amino group of phosphatidylethanolamine, resulting in the formation of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine. NAT has long been known to be stimulated by Ca2+ and hence referred to as Ca2+-dependent NAT. Later, this enzyme was identified as cPLA2ε (also referred to as PLA2G4E). On the other hand, members of the phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLAAT) family (also known as HRAS-like suppressor family) show Ca2+-independent NAT activity. In this chapter, we describe (1) partial purification of Ca2+-dependent NAT from rat brain, (2) purification of recombinant cPLA2ε and PLAAT-2, and (3) NAT assay using radiolabeled substrate.
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2
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Liu W, Zhang WD, Li T, Zhou Z, Luo M, Chen X, Cai Y, Zhu ZJ. Four-Dimensional Untargeted Profiling of N-Acylethanolamine Lipids in the Mouse Brain Using Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12472-12480. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-dong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tongzhou Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingdu Luo
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuping Cai
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Aging Studies, 100 Hai Ke Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
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Rahman SMK, Hussain Z, Morito K, Takahashi N, Sikder MM, Tanaka T, Ohta KI, Ueno M, Takahashi H, Yamamoto T, Murakami M, Uyama T, Ueda N. Formation of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines by cytosolic phospholipase A 2ε in an ex vivo murine model of brain ischemia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159222. [PMID: 35988872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N-Acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs), a minor class of membrane glycerophospholipids, accumulate along with their bioactive metabolites, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) during ischemia. NAPEs can be formed through N-acylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by cytosolic phospholipase A2ε (cPLA2ε, also known as PLA2G4E) or members of the phospholipase A and acyltransferase (PLAAT) family. However, the enzyme responsible for the NAPE production in brain ischemia has not yet been clarified. Here, we investigated a possible role of cPLA2ε using cPLA2ε-deficient (Pla2g4e-/-) mice. As analyzed with brain homogenates of wild-type mice, the age dependency of Ca2+-dependent NAPE-forming activity showed a bell-shape pattern being the highest at the first week of postnatal life, and the activity was completely abolished in Pla2g4e-/- mice. However, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed that the NAPE levels of normal brain were similar between wild-type and Pla2g4e-/- mice. In contrast, post-mortal accumulations of NAPEs and most species of NAEs were only observed in decapitated brains of wild-type mice. These results suggested that cPLA2ε is responsible for Ca2+-dependent formation of NAPEs in the brain as well as the accumulation of NAPEs and NAEs during ischemia, while other enzyme(s) appeared to be involved in the maintenance of basal NAPE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Khaledur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Zahir Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan; Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katsuya Morito
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoko Takahashi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ohta
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroo Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan.
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Repurposing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonists in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101025. [PMID: 34681249 PMCID: PMC8538250 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Common pathophysiological mechanisms have emerged for different neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. In particular, mechanisms of oxidative stress, immuno-inflammation, and altered metabolic pathways converge and cause neuronal and non-neuronal maladaptative phenomena, which underlie multifaceted brain disorders. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors modulating, among others, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective genes in diverse tissues. Both endogenous and synthetic PPAR agonists are approved treatments for metabolic and systemic disorders, such as diabetes, fatty liver disease, and dyslipidemia(s), showing high tolerability and safety profiles. Considering that some PPAR-acting drugs permeate through the blood-brain barrier, the possibility to extend their scope from the periphery to central nervous system has gained interest in recent years. Here, we review preclinical and clinical evidence that PPARs possibly exert a neuroprotective role, thereby providing a rationale for repurposing PPAR-targeting drugs to counteract several diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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Tsuboi K, Tai T, Yamashita R, Ali H, Watanabe T, Uyama T, Okamoto Y, Kitakaze K, Takenouchi Y, Go S, Rahman IAS, Houchi H, Tanaka T, Okamoto Y, Tokumura A, Matsuda J, Ueda N. Involvement of acid ceramidase in the degradation of bioactive N-acylethanolamines. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158972. [PMID: 34033896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) include palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide, and anandamide, which exert anti-inflammatory, anorexic, and cannabimimetic actions, respectively. The degradation of NAEs has been attributed to two hydrolases, fatty acid amide hydrolase and NAE acid amidase (NAAA). Acid ceramidase (AC) is a lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyzes ceramide (N-acylsphingosine), which resembles NAAA in structure and function. In the present study, we examined the role of AC in the degradation of NAEs. First, we demonstrated that purified recombinant human AC can hydrolyze various NAEs with lauroylethanolamide (C12:0-NAE) as the most reactive NAE substrate. We then used HEK293 cells metabolically labeled with [14C]ethanolamine, and revealed that overexpressed AC lowered the levels of 14C-labeled NAE. As analyzed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, AC overexpression decreased the amounts of different NAE species. Furthermore, suppression of endogenous AC in LNCaP prostate cells by siRNA increased the levels of various NAEs. Lastly, tissue homogenates from mice genetically lacking saposin D, a presumable activator protein of AC, showed much lower hydrolyzing activity for NAE as well as ceramide than the homogenates from wild-type mice. These results demonstrate the ability of AC to hydrolyze NAEs and suggest its physiological role as a third NAE hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Tai
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kagawa University Hospital, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Yamashita
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hanif Ali
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yoko Okamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kitakaze
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takenouchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Iffat Ara Sonia Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Houchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Kagawa University Hospital, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Yasuo Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Tokumura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Armeli F, Bonucci A, Maggi E, Pinto A, Businaro R. Mediterranean Diet and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Neglected Role of Nutrition in the Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060790. [PMID: 34073983 PMCID: PMC8225112 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are a widespread cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, characterized by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal depletion. The broad-spectrum neuroprotective activity of the Mediterranean diet is widely documented, but it is not yet known whether its nutritional and caloric balance can induce a modulation of the endocannabinoid system. In recent decades, many studies have shown how endocannabinoid tone enhancement may be a promising new therapeutic strategy to counteract the main hallmarks of neurodegeneration. From a phylogenetic point of view, the human co-evolution between the endocannabinoid system and dietary habits could play a key role in the pro-homeostatic activity of the Mediterranean lifestyle: this adaptive balance among our ancestors has been compromised by the modern Western diet, resulting in a “clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome”. This review aims to evaluate the evidence accumulated in the literature on the neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of the Mediterranean diet related to the modulation of the endocannabinoid system, suggesting new prospects for research and clinical interventions against neurodegenerative diseases in light of a nutraceutical paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Armeli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessio Bonucci
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Maggi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessandro Pinto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Sagheddu C, Torres LH, Marcourakis T, Pistis M. Endocannabinoid-Like Lipid Neuromodulators in the Regulation of Dopamine Signaling: Relevance for Drug Addiction. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 12:588660. [PMID: 33424577 PMCID: PMC7786397 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.588660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of lipid neuromodulators has been rapidly growing, as the use of different -omics techniques led to the discovery of a large number of naturally occurring N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and N-acyl amino acids belonging to the complex lipid signaling system termed endocannabinoidome. These molecules exert a variety of biological activities in the central nervous system, as they modulate physiological processes in neurons and glial cells and are involved in the pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Their effects on dopamine cells have attracted attention, as dysfunctions of dopamine systems characterize a range of psychiatric disorders, i.e., schizophrenia and substance use disorders (SUD). While canonical endocannabinoids are known to regulate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs impinging on dopamine cells and modulate several dopamine-mediated behaviors, such as reward and addiction, the effects of other lipid neuromodulators are far less clear. Here, we review the emerging role of endocannabinoid-like neuromodulators in dopamine signaling, with a focus on non-cannabinoid N-acylethanolamines and their receptors. Mounting evidence suggests that these neuromodulators contribute to modulate synaptic transmission in dopamine regions and might represent a target for novel medications in alcohol and nicotine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sagheddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Larissa Helena Torres
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Section of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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8
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Palese F, Pontis S, Realini N, Piomelli D. NAPE-specific phospholipase D regulates LRRK2 association with neuronal membranes. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2020; 90:217-238. [PMID: 33706934 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) are glycerophospholipid precursors for bioactive lipid amides and potential regulators of membrane function. They are hydrolyzed by NAPE-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) and have been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Here, we used siRNA-mediated silencing of NAPE-PLD in human SH-SY5Y cells and NAPE-PLD-/- mice to determine whether NAPEs influence the membrane association of LRRK2, a multifunctional protein kinase that is frequently mutated in persons with sporadic Parkinson's disease. NAPE-PLD deletion caused a significant accumulation of non-metabolized NAPEs, which was accompanied by a shift of LRRK2 from membrane to cytosol and a reduction in total LRRK2 content. Conversely, exposure of intact SH-SY5Y cells to bacterial PLD lowered NAPE levels and enhanced LRRK2 association with membranes. The results suggest that NAPE-PLD activity may contribute to the control of LRRK2 localization by regulating membrane NAPE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Palese
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Silvia Pontis
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Natalia Realini
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
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Silva CGD, Barretto LSDS, Lo Turco EG, Santos ADL, Lessio C, Martins Júnior HA, Almeida FGD. Lipidomics of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104964. [PMID: 32882223 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), such as adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs), are potential sources for cell-based therapeutic strategies. However, there is little knowledge about the lipid composition of these stem cells and the mechanisms of their differentiation. Lipids have important biological and physiological functions that are critical for understanding the regulation and control of stem cell fate. This study sought to analyze the lipidome of rabbit ADSCs and MDSCs and their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. The MSCs were isolated and were characterized by flow cytometry. Lipids were extracted from both MSCs and differentiated cells, and the lipids were subsequently analyzed with a hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The results showed a total of 1687 lipid species. MSCs exhibited different lipid profiles as well as changes in lipid composition after differentiation. Furthermore, the expression levels of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) 54:7+NH4 (-FA 17:0(NH4)) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) 42:6+Na were higher in the adipogenic lineages in of both MSC types, and NAPE 58:2+NH4 (-FA 17:0 (NH4)) and NAPE 56:2+NH4 (-FA 17:0 (NH4)) had higher levels in the osteogenic lineages, suggesting lipid similarities in cells differentiated from different stem cell sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Gonzaga da Silva
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Embaú 231- Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-060, Brazil
| | - Letícia Siqueira de Sá Barretto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Embaú 231- Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-060, Brazil.
| | - Edson Guimarães Lo Turco
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Embaú 231- Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-060, Brazil
| | - Alex de Lima Santos
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Embaú 231- Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-060, Brazil
| | - Camila Lessio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Embaú 231- Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-060, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Gonçalves de Almeida
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Embaú 231- Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-060, Brazil
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Xu X, Shi YN, Wang RY, Ding CY, Zhou X, Zhang YF, Sun ZL, Sun ZQ, Sun QH. Metabolomic analysis of biochemical changes in the tissue and urine of proteoglycan-induced spondylitis in mice after treatment with moxibustion. Integr Med Res 2020; 10:100428. [PMID: 32953451 PMCID: PMC7486606 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Moxibustion is widely used in East Asian countries to manage the symptom of rheumatic diseases. The aim of this study was to identify potential metabolic profiles of moxibustion on relieving ankylosing spondylitis (AS) mice through UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS metabolomic study. Methods Thirty-two female Balb/c mice were randomized into healthy control (HC), AS model, moxibustion at acupuncture points (MA) in AS model, and moxibustion at non-acupuncture points (MNA) AS model groups. Moxibustion was administered daily at GV4, bilateral BL23 and bilateral ST36 acupuncture points for four weeks in the MA group. The overall health status, the thickness of hind paws and the tissue concentrations of IL-1β, PGE2, IL-6 and TNF-α were assessed. The UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS was used to explore the perturbations of endogenous metabolites in tissue and urine of AS model mice intervened by moxibustion. Results Compared with the AS group, the overall health status was significantly improved after 4-week moxibustion intervention (p < 0.05). The results also showed that MA significantly reduced the levels of paw thickness and decreased the levels of four cytokines in the tissue (p < 0.01). Thirty-seven endogenous metabolites identified by the OPLS-DA were considered to be contributing to therapeutic effects of moxibustion. Moreover, metabolic pathway analysis further revealed that the identified metabolites were mainly involved in TCA cycle, Lipid metabolism, Amino Acid metabolism, Intestinal flora metabolism and Purine metabolism. Conclusions UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS based metabolomics approach, as a novel and powerful tool, can help us to gain the insights into potential mechanisms of action of moxibustion for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ya-Nan Shi
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rong-Yun Wang
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cai-Yan Ding
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Fei Zhang
- School of Nursing, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Sun
- School of Nursing, Nanjing university of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Qin Sun
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiu-Hua Sun
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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11
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Zufferey F, Donzé N, Rahban R, Senn A, Stettler E, Rudaz S, Nef S, Rossier MF. Semen endocannabinoids are correlated to sperm quality in a cohort of 200 young Swiss men. Andrology 2020; 8:1126-1135. [PMID: 32167658 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A role for endocannabinoids in the male and female reproductive systems has been highlighted during the recent decades. Some of these compounds bind the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, which is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system but also present in the reproductive system, while others act as 'entourage compounds' modulators. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed at evaluating the relationship between sperm quality and endocannabinoid profiles in a cohort of 200 young Swiss men and whether the presence of specific xenobiotics could influence these profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semen analysis was performed according to WHO guidelines. Endocannabinoid profiles in blood and semen, as well as bisphenol A and S in urine, were determined by LC-MSMS methods. The presence of selected drugs was tested in urine by immunological screening, and urinary tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) metabolites were quantified by GC-MS. RESULTS Anandamide concentrations in seminal fluid and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) concentrations in blood serum appeared inversely correlated with sperm motility, while semen palmytoylethanolamide (PEA) was positively linked to sperm concentration. Moreover, OEA and PEA in seminal fluid were associated with better sperm morphology. Interestingly, the concentrations of the same endocannabinoids measured in both blood and semen were not correlated, and the presence of THC metabolites in some individuals was linked to lower concentrations of endocannabinoids. CONCLUSIONS In the context of the general decline of the sperm count observed within the male population, endocannabinoids in semen constitute a class of promising biochemical markers that open new perspectives as a complement for the usual evaluation of semen quality or for the toxicological screening of individuals' exposure to putative endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Zufferey
- Service of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, Central Institute of Hospitals, Hospital of Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Donzé
- Service of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, Central Institute of Hospitals, Hospital of Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Rita Rahban
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Senn
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Stettler
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel F Rossier
- Service of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, Central Institute of Hospitals, Hospital of Valais, Sion, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Cazzola R, Rondanelli M. N-Oleoyl-Phosphatidyl-Ethanolamine and Epigallo Catechin-3-Gallate Mitigate Oxidative Stress in Overweight and Class I Obese People on a Low-Calorie Diet. J Med Food 2020; 23:319-325. [PMID: 31928490 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are considered key factors linking obesity with its associated complications. Epigallo catechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and oleoylethanolamide, together with its phospholipid precursor N-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NOPE), are nutritional compounds that might improve the oxidative stress status of obese people. Unfortunately, the bioavailability of these compounds is low; however, the coadministration of NOPE with EGCG has been shown to ameliorate both the plasma availability of EGCG and the intestinal levels of NOPE in rats. This double-blind placebo-controlled study investigated the effects of 2 months' supplementation with EGCG complexed with NOPE, combined with moderate energy restriction, on plasma oxidative status of overweight and class I obese subjects. A total of 138 subjects (body mass index: 25-35 kg/m2) were recruited and randomized into two groups: the first (n = 67) received caps of placebo and the second (n = 71) caps of an oily dispersion of EGCG complexed with NOPE for 2 months. Subjects' supplementation was combined with moderate energy restriction (-800 kcal/day). Plasma oxidative status was determined by measuring the levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen metabolites, and by calculating the lag time and the slope of Cu-induced lipid peroxidation kinetics. In total 116 subjects (27 M/89 F) completed the supplementation period, 49 in the placebo group and 67 in the treated group. Treatment induced a similar significant weight reduction in the two groups. Moreover, we found the mean changes of Ox-LDL significantly lower and the mean changes of antioxidant capacity (lag time) significantly higher in NOPE-EGCG group than in placebo group (treatment effect mean difference: -3.15 UL, P < .044 and +5.37 min, P < .0347, respectively). EGCG plasma levels were detectable only after 2 months of NOPE-EGCG diet. The NOPE-EGCG integration to a low-energy diet seems, therefore, useful for ameliorating oxidative stress-related markers, which are concomitant causes of obesity-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cazzola
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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13
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Potential hepatoxicity risk of the shell of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall in rats based on 1H-NMR metabonomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 176:112800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Binte Mustafiz SS, Uyama T, Hussain Z, Kawai K, Tsuboi K, Araki N, Ueda N. The role of intracellular anionic phospholipids in the production of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines by cytosolic phospholipase A2ɛ. J Biochem 2019; 165:343-352. [PMID: 30517655 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) represent a class of glycerophospholipids and serve as the precursors of bioactive N-acylethanolamines, including arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide), palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide. NAPEs are produced in mammals by N-acyltransferases, the enzymes which transfer an acyl chain of glycerophospholipids to the amino group of phosphatidylethanolamine. Recently, the ɛ isoform of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2ɛ, also called PLA2G4E) was identified as Ca2+-dependent N-acyltransferase. We showed that the activity is remarkably stimulated by phosphatidylserine (PS) in vitro. In the present study, we investigated whether or not endogenous PS regulates the function of cPLA2ɛ in living cells. When PS synthesis was suppressed by the knockdown of PS synthases in cPLA2ɛ-expressing cells, the cPLA2ɛ level and its N-acyltransferase activity were significantly reduced. Mutagenesis studies revealed that all of C2, lipase and polybasic domains of cPLA2ɛ were required for its proper localization as well as the enzyme activity. Liposome-based assays showed that several anionic glycerophospholipids, including PS, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, enhance the Ca2+-dependent binding of purified cPLA2ɛ to liposome membrane and stimulate its N-acyltransferase activity. Altogether, these results suggested that endogenous PS and other anionic phospholipids affect the localization and enzyme activity of cPLA2ɛ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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15
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Sonti S, Tolia M, Duclos RI, Loring RH, Gatley SJ. Metabolic studies of synaptamide in an immortalized dopaminergic cell line. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 141:25-33. [PMID: 30763677 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synaptamide, the N-acylethanolamine of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is structurally similar to the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine, anandamide. It is an endogenous ligand at the orphan G-protein coupled receptor 110 (GPR110; ADGRF1), and induces neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis in hippocampal and cortical neurons, as well as neuronal differentiation in neural stem cells. PURPOSE Our goal was to characterize the metabolic fate (synthesis and metabolism) of synaptamide in a dopaminergic cell line using immortalized fetal mesencephalic cells (N27 cells). Both undifferentiated and differentiating N27 cells were used in this study in an effort to understand synaptamide synthesis and metabolism in developing and adult cells. METHODS Radiotracer uptake and hydrolysis assays were conducted in N27 cells incubated with [1-14C]DHA or with one of two radioisotopomers of synaptamide: [α,β-14C2]synaptamide and [1-14C-DHA]synaptamide. RESULTS Neither differentiated nor undifferentiated N27 cells synthesized synaptamide from radioactive DHA, but both rapidly incorporated radioactivity from exogenous synaptamide into membrane phospholipids, regardless of which isotopomer was used. Pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) reduced formation of labeled phospholipids in undifferentiated but not differentiated cells. CONCLUSIONS In undifferentiated cells, synaptamide uptake and metabolism is driven by its enzymatic hydrolysis (fatty acid amide hydrolase; FAAH), but in differentiating cells, the process seems to be FAAH independent. We conclude that differentiated and undifferentiated N27 cells utilize synaptamide via different mechanisms. This observation could be extrapolated to how different mechanisms may be in place for synaptamide uptake and metabolism in developing and adult dopaminergic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Mansi Tolia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Richard I Duclos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Ralph H Loring
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Samuel J Gatley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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16
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Stone NL, Millar SA, Herrod PJJ, Barrett DA, Ortori CA, Mellon VA, O'Sullivan SE. An Analysis of Endocannabinoid Concentrations and Mood Following Singing and Exercise in Healthy Volunteers. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:269. [PMID: 30534062 PMCID: PMC6275239 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The euphoric feeling described after running is, at least in part, due to increased circulating endocannabinoids (eCBs). eCBs are lipid signaling molecules involved in reward, appetite, mood, memory and neuroprotection. The aim of this study was to investigate whether activities other than running can increase circulating eCBs. Nine healthy female volunteers (mean 61 years) were recruited from a local choir. Circulating eCBs, haemodynamics, mood and hunger ratings were measured before and immediately after 30 min of dance, reading, singing or cycling in a fasted state. Singing increased plasma levels of anandamide (AEA) by 42% (P < 0.05), palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) by 53% (P < 0.01) and oleoylethanolamine (OEA) by 34% (P < 0.05) and improved positive mood and emotions (P < 0.01), without affecting hunger scores. Dancing did not affect eCB levels or hunger ratings, but decreased negative mood and emotions (P < 0.01). Cycling increased OEA levels by 26% (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease how hungry volunteers felt, without affecting mood. Reading increased OEA levels by 28% (P < 0.01) and increased the desire to eat. Plasma AEA levels were positively correlated with how full participants felt (P < 0.05). Plasma OEA levels were positively correlated with positive mood and emotions (P < 0.01). All three ethanolamines were positively correlated with heart rate (HR; P < 0.0001). These data suggest that activities other than running can increase plasma eCBs associated with changes in mood or appetite. Increases in eCBs may underlie the rewarding and pleasurable effects of singing and exercise and ultimately some of the long-term beneficial effects on mental health, cognition and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Stone
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie A Millar
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J J Herrod
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David A Barrett
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine A Ortori
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie A Mellon
- BBC Studios "Trust Me I'm a Doctor", BBC Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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17
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Portavella M, Rodriguez-Espinosa N, Galeano P, Blanco E, Romero JI, Holubiec MI, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Fernández-Espejo E. Oleoylethanolamide and Palmitoylethanolamide Protect Cultured Cortical Neurons Against Hypoxia. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2018; 3:171-178. [PMID: 30255158 PMCID: PMC6148719 DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy is defined as a neurological syndrome where the newborn suffers from acute ischemia and hypoxia during the perinatal period. New therapies are needed. The acylethanolamides, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), possess neuroprotective properties, and they could be effective against perinatal HI. These lipid mediators act through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors subtype α (PPARα), or transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV), such as TRPV subtype 1 and 4. Materials and Methods: The objectives of this study were to discern: (1) the neuroprotective role of OEA and PEA in parietotemporal cortical neurons of newborn rats and mice subjected to hypoxia, and (2) the role of the receptors, PPARα, TRPV1, and TRPV4, in neuroprotective effects. Cell culture of cortical neurons and the lactate dehydrogenase assay was carried out. The role of receptors was discerned by using selective antagonist and agonist ligands, as well as knockout (KO) PPARα mice. Results: The findings indicate that OEA and PEA exert neuroprotective effects on cultured cortical neurons subjected to a hypoxic episode. These protective effects are not mediated by the receptors, PPARα, TRPV1, or TRPV4, because neither PPARα KO mice nor receptor ligands significantly modify OEA and PEA-induced effects. Blocking TRPV4 with RN1734 is neuroprotective per se, and cotreatment with OEA and PEA is able to enhance neuroprotective effects of the acylethanolamides. Since stimulating TRPV4 was devoid of effects on OEA and PEA-induced protective effects, effects of RN1734 cotreatment seem to be a consequence of additive actions. Conclusion: The lipid mediators, OEA and PEA, exert neuroprotective effects on cultured cortical neurons subjected to hypoxia. Coadministration of OEA or PEA, and the TRPV4 antagonist RN1734 is able to enhance neuroprotective effects. These in vitro results could be of utility for developing new therapeutic tools against perinatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Portavella
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Nieves Rodriguez-Espinosa
- Neurophysiology and Molecular Neurology Lab, Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Galeano
- Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- University of Lleida, Medical Research Institute, Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Juan I Romero
- Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana I Holubiec
- Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Emilio Fernández-Espejo
- Neurophysiology and Molecular Neurology Lab, Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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18
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Payahoo L, Khajebishak Y, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Ostadrahimi A. Oleoylethanolamide Supplementation Reduces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Obese People: A Clinical Trial. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:479-487. [PMID: 30276145 PMCID: PMC6156479 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Obesity as a serious public health problem worldwide, results in the incidence of many chronic diseases. Obesity has been recognized as a chronic low-grade inflammation disorder. Altered endocannabinoid system tone is also involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of oleoylethanolamide supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress in obese people. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out on 60 healthy obese people in 2016 in Tabriz, Iran. Eligible subjects were randomly divided into intervention (received daily, two 125 mg OEA capsules) and control groups (the same amounts of starch) and treated for 8 weeks. Blood samples (5 ml) were taken in fasting state at the baseline and at the end of the study. The concentrations of MDA and TAS were measured using a spectrophotometer. A high sensitive-C reactive protein level was measured by Immunoturbidimetry assay using the commercial kit. IL-6 and TNF-α levels were assayed by the ELISA method. The differences between groups were assessed by ANCOVA and statistical significance was determined at p<0.05. Results: Analysis was done on 56 participants who continued intervention until the end of the study. A significant decrease in the IL-6 and TNF-α serum concentrations was observed in the intervention group (p<0.001). Changes in other variables were undetectable (p>0.05). Conclusion: The use of OEA as a complementary pharmacotherapy agent could be effective in improving inflammation and oxidative stress in obese people. Future studies are needed to confirm the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Payahoo
- Talented Student Center, Student Research Committee, Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaser Khajebishak
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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19
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Hussain Z, Uyama T, Kawai K, Binte Mustafiz SS, Tsuboi K, Araki N, Ueda N. Phosphatidylserine-stimulated production of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines by Ca 2+-dependent N-acyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:493-502. [PMID: 29447909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) is known to be a precursor for various bioactive N-acylethanolamines including the endocannabinoid anandamide. NAPE is produced in mammals through the transfer of an acyl chain from certain glycerophospholipids to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) by Ca2+-dependent or -independent N-acyltransferases. The ε isoform of mouse cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2ε) was recently identified as a Ca2+-dependent N-acyltransferase (Ca-NAT). In the present study, we first showed that two isoforms of human cPLA2ε function as Ca-NAT. We next purified both mouse recombinant cPLA2ε and its two human orthologues to examine their catalytic properties. The enzyme absolutely required Ca2+ for its activity and the activity was enhanced by phosphatidylserine (PS). PS enhanced the activity 25-fold in the presence of 1 mM CaCl2 and lowered the EC50 value of Ca2+ >8-fold. Using a PS probe, we showed that cPLA2ε largely co-localizes with PS in plasma membrane and organelles involved in the endocytic pathway, further supporting the interaction of cPLA2ε with PS in living cells. Finally, we found that the Ca2+-ionophore ionomycin increased [14C]NAPE levels >10-fold in [14C]ethanolamine-labeled cPLA2ε-expressing cells while phospholipase A/acyltransferase-1, acting as a Ca2+-independent N-acyltransferase, was insensitive to ionomycin for full activity. In conclusion, PS potently stimulated the Ca2+-dependent activity and human cPLA2ε isoforms also functioned as Ca-NAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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20
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Inoue M, Tsuboi K, Okamoto Y, Hidaka M, Uyama T, Tsutsumi T, Tanaka T, Ueda N, Tokumura A. Peripheral tissue levels and molecular species compositions of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine and its metabolites in mice lacking N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D. J Biochem 2017; 162:449-458. [PMID: 28992041 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), a class of lipid mediators, are produced from N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) by several pathways, including the direct release by NAPE-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) or the multistep pathway via sn-glycero-3-phospho-N-acylethanolamine (Gp-NAE). Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we compared peripheral tissue levels of NAPE, Gp-NAE and NAE in NAPE-PLD-deficient (NAPE-PLD-/-) and wild type (WT) mice. NAPE-PLD was suggested to play a major role in the NAPE degradation in heart, kidney, and liver, but not in jejunum, because the NAPE levels except jejunum were significantly higher in NAPE-PLD-/- mice than in WT mice. The deletion of NAPE-PLD failed to alter the NAE levels of these tissues, suggesting its limited role in the NAE production. The enzyme assays with tissue homogenates confirmed the presence of NAPE-PLD-independent pathways in these peripheral tissues. Gp-NAE species having an acyl moiety with 22 carbons and 6 double bonds was enriched in these peripheral tissues. As for sn-2 acyl species of NAPE, 18:2-acyl-containing NAPE species were predominant over 18:1-containing species in heart, liver, and jejunum. Our results show that both molecular species composition of NAPE, NAE and Gp-NAE and their dependencies on Napepld are different among the peripheral tissues, suggesting that each tissue has distinct metabolic pathways and these NAE-containing lipids play tissue-specific roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yoko Okamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hidaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tsutsumi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshinomachi, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Akira Tokumura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
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Liput DJ, Pauly JR, Stinchcomb AL, Nixon K. Binge Alcohol Exposure Transiently Changes the Endocannabinoid System: A Potential Target to Prevent Alcohol-Induced Neurodegeneration. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7120158. [PMID: 29186065 PMCID: PMC5742761 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7120158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption leads to neurodegeneration, which contributes to cognitive decline that is associated with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in the development of AUDs, but little is known about how the neurotoxic effects of alcohol impact the endocannabinoid system. Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of neurotoxic, binge-like alcohol exposure on components of the endocannabinoid system and related N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), and then evaluated the efficacy of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition on attenuating alcohol-induced neurodegeneration. Male rats were administered alcohol according to a binge model, which resulted in a transient decrease in [³H]-CP-55,940 binding in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus following two days, but not four days, of treatment. Furthermore, binge alcohol treatment did not change the tissue content of the three NAEs quantified, including the endocannabinoid and anandamide. In a separate study, the FAAH inhibitor, URB597 was administered to rats during alcohol treatment and neuroprotection was assessed by FluoroJade B (FJB) staining. The administration of URB597 during binge treatment did not significantly reduce FJB+ cells in the entorhinal cortex or hippocampus, however, a follow up "target engagement" study found that NAE augmentation by URB597 was impaired in alcohol intoxicated rats. Thus, potential alcohol induced alterations in URB597 pharmacodynamics may have contributed to the lack of neuroprotection by FAAH inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Liput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - James R Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Audra L Stinchcomb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Kimberly Nixon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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22
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Mammalian enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamines. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1546-1561. [PMID: 28843504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are ethanolamides of long-chain fatty acids, including palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide and anandamide. In animal tissues, NAEs are biosynthesized from membrane phospholipids. The classical "transacylation-phosphodiesterase" pathway proceeds via N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), which involves the actions of two enzymes, NAPE-generating Ca2+-dependent N-acyltransferase (Ca-NAT) and NAPE-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). Recent identification of Ca-NAT as Ɛ isoform of cytosolic phospholipase A2 enabled the further molecular biological approaches toward this enzyme. In addition, Ca2+-independent NAPE formation was shown to occur by N-acyltransferase activity of a group of proteins named phospholipase A/acyltransferases (PLAAT)-1-5. The analysis of NAPE-PLD-deficient mice confirmed that NAEs can be produced through multi-step pathways bypassing NAPE-PLD. The NAPE-PLD-independent pathways involved three members of the glycerophosphodiesterase (GDE) family (GDE1, GDE4 and GDE7) as well as α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein (ABHD)4. In this review article, we will focus on recent progress made and latest insights in the enzymes involved in NAE synthesis and their further characterization.
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Siracusa R, Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Esposito E, Petrosino S, Cuzzocrea S. Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of Co-UltraPEALut in a Mouse Model of Vascular Dementia. Front Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28634464 PMCID: PMC5460147 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD), the second most common cause of cognitive impairment in the population, is a disease that results from reduction in regional cerebral blood flow and involves oxidative stress and inflammation. Co-ultramicronized PEALut (co-ultra PEALut) is a new compound with beneficial effects, which include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Recently, co-ultraPEALut has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects in models of Parkinson’s disease, cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease. However, its effects on VaD remain unknown. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to highlight the potential neuroprotective actions of co-ultraPEALut containing N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) and the antioxidant flavonoid luteolin (Lut) (10:1 by mass) in a mouse model of VaD induced by bilateral carotid arteries occlusion. At 24 h after VaD induction, mice were orally treated with 1 mg/kg co-ultraPEALut daily for 15 days. On the 15th day, brain tissues were processed for histological, immunohistochemical, Western blot, and immunofluorescent analysis. Our results clearly demonstrate that co-ultraPEALut improved learning, memory ability, locomotor activity, and the reciprocal social interaction. In addition, the mice subjected to VaD and treated with the co-ultraPEALut showed a reorganization of CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus and restored the number of hippocampal neurons as evidenced by NeuN expression, a specific marker of neurons. Furthermore following carotid arteries ligation, mice treated with co-ultraPEALut showed a modification of proinflammatory, proapoptotic proteins and of oxidative stress as evidenced by the expression of IκB-α, NF-κB p65, Bax, Bcl-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2. In order, co-ultraPEALut treatment restored VaD-induced loss of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophins 3 (NT-3) expression in mice. These results confirmed that the neuroprotective effects of co-ultraPEALut were associated with its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Epitech Group S.p.A., Saccolongo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, CA, United States
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Qiu Y, Ren J, Ke H, Zhang Y, Gao Q, Yang L, Lu C, Li Y. Design and synthesis of uracil urea derivatives as potent and selective fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is one of the key enzymes involved in the biological degradation of endocannabinoids, especially anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Medical College
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Ren
- Medical College
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials
- Haixi Institutes
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P. R. China
- College of Ocean and Earth Science
| | - Yang Zhang
- Medical College
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Qi Gao
- Medical College
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Longhe Yang
- Engineering Research Centre of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization
- Third Institute of Oceanography
- State Oceanic Administration
- Xiamen 361102
- P. R. China
| | - Canzhong Lu
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials
- Haixi Institutes
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Medical College
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials
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Mass spectrometry imaging of biomarker lipids for phagocytosis and signalling during focal cerebral ischaemia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39571. [PMID: 28004822 PMCID: PMC5177920 DOI: 10.1038/srep39571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cerebral ischaemia has an initial phase of inflammation and tissue injury followed by a later phase of resolution and repair. Mass spectrometry imaging (desorption electrospray ionization and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization) was applied on brain sections from mice 2 h, 24 h, 5d, 7d, and 20d after permanent focal cerebral ischaemia. Within 24 h, N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylcholine, and ceramide accumulated, while sphingomyelin disappeared. At the later resolution stages, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP(22:6/22:6)), 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol, ceramide-phosphate, sphingosine-1-phosphate, lysophosphatidylserine, and cholesteryl ester appeared. At day 5 to 7, dihydroxy derivates of docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid, some of which may be pro-resolving mediators, e.g. resolvins, were found in the injured area, and BMP(22:6/22:6) co-localized with the macrophage biomarker CD11b, and probably with cholesteryl ester. Mass spectrometry imaging can visualize spatiotemporal changes in the lipidome during the progression and resolution of focal cerebral inflammation and suggests that BMP(22:6/22:6) and N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines can be used as biomarkers for phagocytizing macrophages/microglia cells and dead neurones, respectively.
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A quantitative study on splice variants of N-acylethanolamine acid amidase in human prostate cancer cells and other cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1951-1958. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rahman IAS, Tsuboi K, Hussain Z, Yamashita R, Okamoto Y, Uyama T, Yamazaki N, Tanaka T, Tokumura A, Ueda N. Calcium-dependent generation of N-acylethanolamines and lysophosphatidic acids by glycerophosphodiesterase GDE7. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1881-1892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Triebl A, Weissengruber S, Trötzmüller M, Lankmayr E, Köfeler H. Quantitative analysis of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine molecular species in rat brain using solid-phase extraction combined with reversed-phase chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2474-80. [PMID: 27144983 PMCID: PMC4949747 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the sensitive and selective identification and quantification of N‐acylphosphatidylethanolamine molecular species was developed. Samples were prepared using a combination of liquid–liquid and solid‐phase extraction, and intact N‐acylphosphatidylethanolamine species were determined by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to positive electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. As a result of their biological functions as precursors for N‐acylethanolamines and as signaling molecules, tissue concentrations of N‐acylphosphatidylethanolamines are very low, and their analysis is additionally hindered by the vast excess of other sample components. Our sample preparation methods are able to selectively separate the analytes of interest from any expected biological interferences. Finally, the highest selectivity is achieved by coupling chromatographic separation and two N‐acyl chain specific selected reaction monitoring scans per analyte, enabling identification of both the N‐acyl chain and the phosphatidylethanolamine moiety. The validated method is suitable for the reliable quantification of N‐acylphosphatidylethanolamine species from rat brain with a lower limit of quantification of 10 pmol/g and a linear range up to 2300 pmol/g. In total, 41 N‐acylphosphatidylethanolamine molecular species with six different N‐acyl chains, amounting to a total concentration of 3 nmol/g, were quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Triebl
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Weissengruber
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Trötzmüller
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Lankmayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Wang G, Li Z, Li H, Li L, Li J, Yu C. Metabolic Profile Changes of CCl₄-Liver Fibrosis and Inhibitory Effects of Jiaqi Ganxian Granule. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060698. [PMID: 27248993 PMCID: PMC6273034 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Jiaqi Ganxian Granule (JGG) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine, which has been long used in clinical practice for treating liver fibrosis. However, the mechanism underlying its anti-hepatic fibrosis is still not clear. In this study, an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS)-based metabolomics strategy was used to profile the metabolic characteristic of serum obtained from a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with JGG treatment. Through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), it was shown that metabolic perturbations induced by CCl4 were inhibited after treatment of JGG, for 17 different metabolites related to CCl4. Among these compounds, the change tendency of eight potential drug targets was restored after the intervention with JGG. The current study indicates that JGG has a significant anti-fibrosis effect on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats, which might be by regulating the dysfunction of sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, N-acylethanolamine biosynthesis, fat digestion and absorption, while glycerophospholipid metabolism played vital roles in the inhibitory effects of JGG on hepatic fibrosis according to Metabolic Pathway Analysis (MetPA). Our findings indicated that the metabolomics approach may provide a useful tool for exploring potential biomarkers involved in hepatic fibrosis and elucidate the mechanisms underlying the action of therapies used in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zehao Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hao Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Lidan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jian Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Changyuan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Abstract
The lipid landscapes of cellular membranes are complex and dynamic, are tissue dependent, and can change with the age and the development of a variety of diseases. Researchers are now gaining new appreciation for the regulation of ion channel proteins by the membrane lipids in which they are embedded. Thus, as membrane lipids change, for example, during the development of disease, it is likely that the ionic currents that conduct through the ion channels embedded in these membranes will also be altered. This chapter provides an overview of the complex regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels by fatty acids, sterols, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cannabinoids. The impact of lipid regulation on channel gating kinetics, voltage-dependence, trafficking, toxin binding, and structure are explored for Nav channels that have been examined in heterologous expression systems, native tissue, and reconstituted into artificial membranes. Putative mechanisms for Nav regulation by lipids are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D'Avanzo
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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31
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Iannotti FA, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S. Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related mediators: Targets, metabolism and role in neurological disorders. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:107-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
In animal tissues, N-acyltransferase (NAT) catalyzes the first reaction in the biosynthetic pathway of bioactive N-acylethanolamines, in which an acyl chain is transferred from the sn-1 position of the donor phospholipid, such as phosphatidylcholine, to the amino group of phosphatidylethanolamine, resulting in the formation of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine. NAT has long been known to be stimulated by Ca(2+), and hence it has been referred to as Ca(2+)-dependent NAT. On the other hand, members of the phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLA/AT) family (also known as HRAS-like suppressor family) show Ca(2+)-independent NAT activity. In this chapter, we describe (1) partial purification of Ca(2+)-dependent NAT from rat brain, (2) purification of recombinant PLA/AT-2, and (3) NAT assay using radiolabeled substrate.
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Cordaro M, Impellizzeri D, Paterniti I, Bruschetta G, Siracusa R, De Stefano D, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Neuroprotective Effects of Co-UltraPEALut on Secondary Inflammatory Process and Autophagy Involved in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:132-46. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela De Stefano
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Hillard CJ. The Endocannabinoid Signaling System in the CNS: A Primer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 125:1-47. [PMID: 26638763 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the mechanisms for the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling through CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system. The processes involved in the synthesis and degradation of the two most well-studied endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol and N-arachidonylethanolamine are outlined along with information regarding the regulation of the proteins involved. Signaling mechanisms and pharmacology of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor are outlined, as is the paradigm of endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor regulation of neurotransmitter release. The reader is encouraged to appreciate the importance of the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor signaling system in the regulation of synaptic activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia J Hillard
- Neuroscience Research Center, and Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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35
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Cannabinoid Ligands and Alcohol Addiction: A Promising Therapeutic Tool or a Humbug? Neurotox Res 2015; 29:173-96. [PMID: 26353844 PMCID: PMC4701763 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The vast therapeutic potential of cannabinoids of both synthetic and plant-derived origins currently makes these compounds the focus of a growing interest. Although cannabinoids are still illicit drugs, their possible clinical usefulness, including treatment of acute or neuropathic pain, have been suggested by several studies. In addition, some observations indicate that cannabinoid receptor antagonists may be useful for the treatment of alcohol dependence and addiction, which is a major health concern worldwide. While the synergism between alcohol and cannabinoid agonists (in various forms) creates undesirable side effects when the two are consumed together, the administration of CB1 antagonists leads to a significant reduction in alcohol consumption. Furthermore, cannabinoid antagonists also mitigate alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Herein, we present an overview of studies focusing on the effects of cannabinoid ligands (agonists and antagonists) during acute or chronic consumption of ethanol.
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Vollhardt D. Phases and phase transition in insoluble and adsorbed monolayers of amide amphiphiles: Specific characteristics of the condensed phases. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 222:728-42. [PMID: 25129816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For understanding the role of amide containing amphiphiles in inherently complex biological processes, monolayers at the air-water interface are used as simple biomimetic model systems. The specific characteristics of the condensed phases and phase transition in insoluble and adsorbed monolayers of amide amphiphiles are surveyed to highlight the effect of the chemical structure of the amide amphiphiles on the interfacial interactions in model monolayers. The mesoscopic topography and/or two-dimensional lattice structures of selected amino acid amphiphiles, amphiphilic N-alkylaldonamide, amide amphiphiles with specific tailored headgroups, such as amide amphiphiles based on derivatized ethanolamine, e.g. acylethanolamines (NAEs) and N-,O-diacylethanolamines (DAEs) are presented. Special attention is devoted the dominance of N,O-diacylated ethanolamine in mixed amphiphilic acid amide monolayers. The evidence that a first order phase transition can occur in adsorption layers and that condensed phase domains of mesoscopic scale can be formed in adsorption layers was first obtained on the basis of the experimental characteristics of a tailored amide amphiphile. New thermodynamic and kinetic concepts for the theoretical description of the characteristics of amide amphiphile's monolayers were developed. In particular, the equation of state for Langmuir monolayers generalized for the case that one, two or more phase transitions occur, and the new theory for phase transition in adsorbed monolayers are experimentally confirmed at first by amide amphiphile monolayers. Despite the significant progress made towards the understanding the model systems, these model studies are still limited to transfer the gained knowledge to biological systems where the fundamental physical principles are operative in the same way. The study of biomimetic systems, as described in this review, is only a first step in this direction.
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Romano A, Tempesta B, Provensi G, Passani MB, Gaetani S. Central mechanisms mediating the hypophagic effects of oleoylethanolamide and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines: different lipid signals? Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:137. [PMID: 26167152 PMCID: PMC4481858 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of “obesity epidemic” and the poor efficacy of many anti-obesity therapies in the long-term highlight the need to develop novel efficacious therapy. This necessity stimulates a large research effort to find novel mechanisms controlling feeding and energy balance. Among these mechanisms a great deal of attention has been attracted by a family of phospholipid-derived signaling molecules that play an important role in the regulation of food-intake. They include N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs). NAPEs have been considered for a long time simply as phospholipid precursors of the lipid mediator NAEs, but increasing body of evidence suggest a role in many physiological processes including the regulation of feeding behavior. Several observations demonstrated that among NAEs, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) acts as a satiety signal, which is generated in the intestine, upon the ingestion of fat, and signals to the central nervous system. At this level different neuronal pathways, including oxytocinergic, noradrenergic, and histaminergic neurons, seem to mediate its hypophagic action. Similarly to NAEs, NAPE (with particular reference to the N16:0 species) levels were shown to be regulated by the fed state and this finding was initially interpreted as fluctuations of NAE precursors. However, the observation that exogenously administered NAPEs are able to inhibit food intake, not only in normal rats and mice but also in mice lacking the enzyme that converts NAPEs into NAEs, supported the hypothesis of a role of NAPE in the regulation of feeding behavior. Indirect observations suggest that the hypophagic action of NAPEs might involve central mechanisms, although the molecular target remains unknown. The present paper reviews the role that OEA and NAPEs play in the mechanisms that control food intake, further supporting this group of phospholipids as optimal candidate for the development of novel anti-obesity treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome , Rome,Italy
| | - Bianca Tempesta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome , Rome,Italy
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Discovery and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence , Florence, Italy
| | - Maria B Passani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Discovery and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence , Florence, Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome , Rome,Italy
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38
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Tsuboi K, Okamoto Y, Rahman IAS, Uyama T, Inoue T, Tokumura A, Ueda N. Glycerophosphodiesterase GDE4 as a novel lysophospholipase D: a possible involvement in bioactive N-acylethanolamine biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:537-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Al Kury LT, Voitychuk OI, Yang KHS, Thayyullathil FT, Doroshenko P, Ramez AM, Shuba YM, Galadari S, Howarth FC, Oz M. Effects of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide on voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels in rat ventricular myocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3485-98. [PMID: 24758718 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The endocannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide; AEA) exerts negative inotropic and antiarrhythmic effects in ventricular myocytes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Whole-cell patch-clamp technique and radioligand-binding methods were used to analyse the effects of anandamide in rat ventricular myocytes. KEY RESULTS In the presence of 1-10 μM AEA, suppression of both Na(+) and L-type Ca(2+) channels was observed. Inhibition of Na(+) channels was voltage and Pertussis toxin (PTX) - independent. Radioligand-binding studies indicated that specific binding of [(3) H] batrachotoxin (BTX) to ventricular muscle membranes was also inhibited significantly by 10 μM metAEA, a non-metabolized AEA analogue, with a marked decrease in Bmax values but no change in Kd . Further studies on L-type Ca(2+) channels indicated that AEA potently inhibited these channels (IC50 0.1 μM) in a voltage- and PTX-independent manner. AEA inhibited maximal amplitudes without affecting the kinetics of Ba(2+) currents. MetAEA also inhibited Na(+) and L-type Ca(2+) currents. Radioligand studies indicated that specific binding of [(3) H]isradipine, was inhibited significantly by metAEA. (10 μM), changing Bmax but not Kd . CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Results indicate that AEA inhibited the function of voltage-dependent Na(+) and L-type Ca(2+) channels in rat ventricular myocytes, independent of CB1 and CB2 receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina T Al Kury
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE
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40
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Stefaniu C, Zaffalon PL, Carmine A, Verolet Q, Fernandez S, Wesolowski TA, Brezesinski G, Zumbuehl A. Rigid urea and self-healing thiourea ethanolamine monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:1296-1302. [PMID: 25594235 DOI: 10.1021/la5039987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of long-tail alkyl ethanolamine analogs containing amide-, urea-, and thiourea moieties was synthesized and the behavior of the corresponding monolayers was assessed on the Langmuir-Pockels trough combined with grazing incidence X-ray diffraction experiments and complemented by computer simulations. All compounds form stable monolayers at the soft air/water interface. The phase behavior is dominated by strong intermolecular headgroup hydrogen bond networks. While the amide analog forms well-defined monolayer structures, the stronger hydrogen bonds in the urea analogs lead to the formation of small three-dimensional crystallites already during spreading due to concentration fluctuations. The hydrogen bonds in the thiourea case form a two-dimensional network, which ruptures temporarily during compression and is recovered in a self-healing process, while in the urea clusters the hydrogen bonds form a more planar framework with gliding planes keeping the structure intact during compression. Because the thiourea analogs are able to self-heal after rupture, such compounds could have interesting properties as tight, ordered, and self-healing monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Stefaniu
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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41
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Kleberg K, Hassing HA, Hansen HS. Classical endocannabinoid-like compounds and their regulation by nutrients. Biofactors 2014; 40:363-72. [PMID: 24677570 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid-like compounds are structurally related to the true endocannabinoids but do not contain highly unsaturated fatty acids, and they do not bind the cannabinoid receptors. The classical endocannabinoid-like compounds include N-acylethanolamines and 2-monoacylglycerols, and their structural resemblance to the endocannabinoids makes them players in the endocannabinoid system, where they can interfere with the actions of the true endocannabinoids, because they in several cases engage the same synthesizing and degrading enzymes. In addition they have pharmacological actions of their own, which are particularly interesting in a nutritional and metabolic context. Exogenously supplied oleoylethanolamide, palmitoylethanolamide, and linoleoylethanolamide have anorexic effects, and the endogenous formation of these N-acylethanolamines in the small intestine may serve an important role in regulating food intake, through signaling via PPARα and the vagus nerve to the brain appetite center. A chronic high-fat diet will decrease intestinal levels of these anorectic N-acylethanolamines and this may contribute to the hyperphagic effect of high-fat diet; 2-monoacylglycerols mediate endocrine responses in the small intestine; probably trough activation of GPR119 on enteroendocrine cells, and diet-derived 2-monoacylglycerols, for example, 2-oleoylglycerol and 2-palmitoylglycerol might be important for intestinal fat sensing. Whether these 2-monoacylglycerols have signaling functions in other tissues is unclear at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kleberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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42
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Palmitoylethanolamide in CNS health and disease. Pharmacol Res 2014; 86:32-41. [PMID: 24844438 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The existence of acylethanolamides (AEs) in the mammalian brain has been known for decades. Among AEs, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) and conspicuously produced by neurons and glial cells. Antihyperalgesic and neuroprotective properties of PEA have been mainly related to the reduction of neuronal firing and to control of inflammation. Growing evidence suggest that PEA may be neuroprotective during CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Advances in the understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of PEA have potentiated its interest as useful biological tool for disease management. Several rapid non-genomic and delayed genomic mechanisms of action have been identified for PEA as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α dependent. First, an early molecular control, through Ca(+2)-activated intermediate- and/or big-conductance K(+) channels opening, drives to rapid neuronal hyperpolarization. This is reinforced by the increase of the inward Cl(-) currents due to the modulation of the gamma aminobutyric acid A receptor and by the desensitization of the transient receptor potential channel type V1. Moreover, the gene transcription-mediated mechanism sustains the long-term anti-inflammatory effects, by reducing pro-inflammatory enzyme expression and increasing neurosteroid synthesis. Overall, the integration of these different modes of action allows PEA to exert an immediate and prolonged efficacious control in neuron signaling either on inflammatory process or neuronal excitability, maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the effect of PEA on metabolism, behavior, inflammation and pain perception, related to the control of central functions and the emerging evidence demonstrating its therapeutic efficacy in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Rahman IAS, Tsuboi K, Uyama T, Ueda N. New players in the fatty acyl ethanolamide metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2014; 86:1-10. [PMID: 24747663 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acyl ethanolamides represent a class of endogenous bioactive lipid molecules and are generally referred to as N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). NAEs include palmitoylethanolamide (anti-inflammatory and analgesic substance), oleoylethanolamide (anorexic substance), and anandamide (endocannabinoid). The endogenous levels of NAEs are mainly regulated by enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis and degradation. In mammalian tissues, the major biosynthetic pathway starts from glycerophospholipids and is composed of two enzyme reactions. The first step is N-acylation of ethanolamine phospholipids catalyzed by Ca(2+)-dependent N-acyltransferase and the second step is the release of NAEs from N-acylated ethanolamine phospholipids by N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE)-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). As for the degradation of NAEs, fatty acid amide hydrolase plays the central role. However, recent studies strongly suggest the involvement of other enzymes in the NAE metabolism. These enzymes include members of the HRAS-like suppressor family (also called phospholipase A/acyltransferase family), which were originally discovered as tumor suppressors but can function as Ca(2+)-independent NAPE-forming N-acyltransferases; multiple enzymes involved in the NAPE-PLD-independent multi-step pathways to generate NAE from NAPE, which came to light by the analysis of NAPE-PLD-deficient mice; and a lysosomal NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase as a second NAE hydrolase. These newly recognized enzymes may become the targets for the development of new therapeutic drugs. Here, we focus on recent enzymological findings in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat Ara Sonia Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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Al Kury LT, Yang KHS, Thayyullathil FT, Rajesh M, Ali RM, Shuba YM, Howarth FC, Galadari S, Oz M. Effects of endogenous cannabinoid anandamide on cardiac Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger. Cell Calcium 2014; 55:231-7. [PMID: 24674601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide; AEA) has been shown to cause negative inotropic and antiarrhythmic effects in ventricular myocytes. In this study, using whole-cell patch clamp technique, we have investigated the effects of AEA on cardiac Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX1)-mediated currents. AEA suppressed NCX1 with an IC50 value of 4.7 μM. Both inward and outward components of exchanger currents were suppressed by AEA equally. AEA inhibition was mimicked by the metabolically stable analogue, methanandamide (metAEA, 10 μM) while it was not influenced by inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase with 1 μM URB597 incubation. The effect of AEA, was not altered in the presence of cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 antagonists AM251 (1 μM) and AM630 (1 μM), respectively. In addition, inhibition by AEA remained unchanged after pertussis toxin (PTX, 2 μg/ml) treatment or following the inclusion of GDP-β-S (1 mM) in pipette solution. Currents mediated by NCX1 expressed in HEK-293 cells were also inhibited by 10 μM AEA a partially reversible manner. Confocal microscopy images indicated that the intensity of YFP-NCX1 expression on cell surface was not altered by AEA. Collectively, the results indicate that AEA directly inhibits the function of NCX1 in rat ventricular myocytes and in HEK-293 cells expressing NCX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina T Al Kury
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Keun-Hang Susan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Engineering, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Faisal T Thayyullathil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohanraj Rajesh
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ramez M Ali
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yaroslav M Shuba
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 24, Ukraine
| | - Frank Christopher Howarth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sehamuddin Galadari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Murat Oz
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Bystrowska B, Smaga I, Tyszka-Czochara M, Filip M. Troubleshooting in LC-MS/MS method for determining endocannabinoid and endocannabinoid-like molecules in rat brain structures applied to assessing the brain endocannabinoid/endovanilloid system significance. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:315-22. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.898356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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46
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Abramo F, Campora L, Albanese F, della Valle MF, Cristino L, Petrosino S, Di Marzo V, Miragliotta V. Increased levels of palmitoylethanolamide and other bioactive lipid mediators and enhanced local mast cell proliferation in canine atopic dermatitis. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:21. [PMID: 24423192 PMCID: PMC3923739 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the precise pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) is unknown, an immune dysregulation that causes Th2-predominant inflammation and an intrinsic defect in skin barrier function are currently the two major hypotheses, according to the so-called outside-inside-outside model. Mast cells (MCs) are involved in AD both by releasing Th2 polarizing cytokines and generating pruritus symptoms through release of histamine and tryptase. A link between MCs and skin barrier defects was recently uncovered, with histamine being found to profoundly contribute to the skin barrier defects.Palmitoylethanolamide and related lipid mediators are endogenous bioactive compounds, considered to play a protective homeostatic role in many tissues: evidence collected so far shows that the anti-inflammatory effect of palmitoylethanolamide depends on the down-modulation of MC degranulation.Based on this background, the purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to determine if the endogenous levels of palmitoylethanolamide and other bioactive lipid mediators are changed in the skin of AD dogs compared to healthy animals; (b) to examine if MC number is increased in the skin of AD dogs and, if so, whether it depends on MC in-situ proliferation. RESULTS The amount of lipid extract expressed as percent of biopsy tissue weight was significantly reduced in AD skin while the levels of all analyzed bioactive lipid mediators were significantly elevated, with palmitoylethanolamide showing the highest increase.In dogs with AD, the number of MCs was significantly increased in both the subepidermal and the perifollicular compartments and their granule content was significantly decreased in the latter. Also, in situ proliferation of MCs was documented. CONCLUSIONS The levels of palmitoylethanolamide and other bioactive lipid mediators were shown to increase in AD skin compared to healthy samples, leading to the hypothesis that they may be part of the body's innate mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis when faced with AD-related inflammation. In particular, the increase may be considered a temptative response to down-regulating the observed elevation in the number, functionality and proliferative state of MCs in the skin of AD dogs. Further studies are warranted to confirm the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Miragliotta
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, 56124, Italy.
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Al Kury LT, Voitychuk OI, Ali RM, Galadari S, Yang KHS, Howarth FC, Shuba YM, Oz M. Effects of endogenous cannabinoid anandamide on excitation-contraction coupling in rat ventricular myocytes. Cell Calcium 2014; 55:104-18. [PMID: 24472666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A role for anandamide (N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide; AEA), a major endocannabinoid, in the cardiovascular system in various pathological conditions has been reported in earlier reports. In the present study, the effects of AEA on contractility, Ca2+ signaling, and action potential (AP) characteristics were investigated in rat ventricular myocytes. Video edge detection was used to measure myocyte shortening. Intracellular Ca2+ was measured in cells loaded with the fluorescent indicator fura-2 AM. AEA (1 μM) caused a significant decrease in the amplitudes of electrically evoked myocyte shortening and Ca2+ transients. However, the amplitudes of caffeine-evoked Ca2+ transients and the rate of recovery of electrically evoked Ca2+ transients following caffeine application were not altered. Biochemical studies in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles from rat ventricles indicated that AEA affected Ca2+ -uptake and Ca2+ -ATPase activity in a biphasic manner. [3H]-ryanodine binding and passive Ca2+ release from SR vesicles were not altered by 10 μM AEA. Whole-cell patch-clamp technique was employed to investigate the effect of AEA on the characteristics of APs. AEA (1 μM) significantly decreased the duration of AP. The effect of AEA on myocyte shortening and AP characteristics was not altered in the presence of pertussis toxin (PTX, 2 μg/ml for 4 h), AM251 and SR141716 (cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonists; 0.3 μM) or AM630 and SR 144528 (cannabinoid type 2 receptor antagonists; 0.3 μM). The results suggest that AEA depresses ventricular myocyte contractility by decreasing the action potential duration (APD) in a manner independent of CB1 and CB2 receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology
- Caffeine/pharmacology
- Calcium/analysis
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Endocannabinoids/pharmacology
- Fura-2/chemistry
- Heart Ventricles/cytology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Myocardial Contraction/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Pertussis Toxin/toxicity
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Transport Vesicles/drug effects
- Transport Vesicles/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina T Al Kury
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oleg I Voitychuk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv-24, Ukraine
| | - Ramiz M Ali
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sehamuddin Galadari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Keun-Hang Susan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Engineering, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Frank Christopher Howarth
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yaroslav M Shuba
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv-24, Ukraine
| | - Murat Oz
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Uyama T, Inoue M, Okamoto Y, Shinohara N, Tai T, Tsuboi K, Inoue T, Tokumura A, Ueda N. Involvement of phospholipase A/acyltransferase-1 in N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine generation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1690-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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49
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Reddy ST, Tarafdar PK, Kamlekar RK, Swamy MJ. Structure and Thermotropic Phase Behavior of a Homologous Series of Bioactive N-Acyldopamines. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:8747-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402750m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Musti J. Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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50
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Balgoma D, Checa A, Sar DG, Snowden S, Wheelock CE. Quantitative metabolic profiling of lipid mediators. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1359-77. [PMID: 23828856 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are heterogeneous biological molecules that possess multiple physiological roles including cell structure, homeostasis, and restoration of tissue functionality during and after inflammation. Lipid metabolism constitutes a network of pathways that are related at multiple biosynthetic hubs. Disregulation of lipid metabolism can lead to pathophysiological effects and multiple lipid mediators have been described to be involved in physiological processes, (e.g. inflammation). Accordingly, a thorough description of these pathways may shed light on putative relations in multiple complex diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, obesity, and cancer. Due to the structural complexity of lipids and the low abundance of many lipid mediators, mass spectrometry is the most commonly employed method for analysis. However, multiple challenges remain in the efforts to analyze every lipid subfamily. In this review, the biological role of sphingolipids, glycerolipids, oxylipins (e.g. eicosanoids), endocannabinoids, and N-acylethanolamines in relation to health and disease and the state-of-the-art analyses are summarized. The characterization and understanding of these pathways will increase our ability to examine for interrelations among lipid pathways and improve the knowledge of biological mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Balgoma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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