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DeOliveira-Mello L, Vicente I, Gonzalez-Nunez V, Santos-Ledo A, Velasco A, Arévalo R, Lara JM, Mack AF. Doublecortin in the Fish Visual System, a Specific Protein of Maturing Neurons. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020248. [PMID: 35205114 PMCID: PMC8869232 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Doublecortin (DCX) is an essential protein in the development of the central nervous system and in lamination of the mammalian cortex. It is known that the expression of DCX is restricted to newborn neurons. The visual system of teleost fish has been postulated as an ideal model since it continuously grows throughout the animal’s life. Here, we report a comparative expression analysis of DCX between two teleost fish species as well as a bioinformatic analysis with other animal groups. Our results demonstrate that DCX is very useful for identifying new neurons in the visual systems of Astatotilapia burtoni, but is absent in Danio rerio. Abstract Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule associated protein, essential for correct central nervous system development and lamination in the mammalian cortex. It has been demonstrated to be expressed in developing—but not in mature—neurons. The teleost visual system is an ideal model to study mechanisms of adult neurogenesis due to its continuous life-long growth. Here, we report immunohistochemical, in silico, and western blot analysis to detect the DCX protein in the visual system of teleost fish. We clearly determined the expression of DCX in newly generated cells in the retina of the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni, but not in the cyprinid fish Danio rerio. Here, we show that DCX is not associated with migrating cells but could be related to axonal growth. This work brings to light the high conservation of DCX sequences between different evolutionary groups, which make it an ideal marker for maturing neurons in various species. The results from different techniques corroborate the absence of DCX expression in zebrafish. In A. burtoni, DCX is very useful for identifying new neurons in the transition zone of the retina. In addition, this marker can be applied to follow axons from maturing neurons through the neural fiber layer, optic nerve head, and optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura DeOliveira-Mello
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.G.-N.); (A.S.-L.); (A.V.); (R.A.); (J.M.L.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Isabel Vicente
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Veronica Gonzalez-Nunez
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.G.-N.); (A.S.-L.); (A.V.); (R.A.); (J.M.L.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Adrian Santos-Ledo
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.G.-N.); (A.S.-L.); (A.V.); (R.A.); (J.M.L.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Almudena Velasco
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.G.-N.); (A.S.-L.); (A.V.); (R.A.); (J.M.L.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosario Arévalo
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.G.-N.); (A.S.-L.); (A.V.); (R.A.); (J.M.L.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan M. Lara
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.G.-N.); (A.S.-L.); (A.V.); (R.A.); (J.M.L.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Andreas F. Mack
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
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DeOliveira-Mello L, Mack AF, Lara JM, Arévalo R. Cultures of glial cells from optic nerve of two adult teleost fish: Astatotilapia burtoni and Danio rerio. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 353:109096. [PMID: 33581217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro studies are very useful to increase the knowledge of different cell types and could be the key to understand cell metabolism and function. Fish optic nerves (ON) can recover visual functions by reestablishing its structure and reconnecting the axons of ganglion cells. This is because fish show spontaneous regeneration of the central nervous system which does not occur in mammals. In addition, several studies have indicated that glial cells of ON have different properties in comparison to the glial cells from brain or retina. Consequently, providing an in vitro tool will be highly beneficial to increase the knowledge of these cells. NEW METHOD We developed a cell culture protocol to isolate glial cells from ON of two teleost fish species, Danio rerio and Astatotilapia burtoni. RESULTS The optimized protocol allowed us to obtain ON cells and brain-derived cells from adult teleost fish. These cells were characterized as glial cells and their proprieties in vitro were analyzed.Comparison with Existing Method(s): Although it is striking that ON glial cells show peculiarities, their study in vitro has been limited by the only published protocol going back to the 1990s. Our protocol makes glial cells of different fish species available for experiments and studies to increase the understanding of these glial cell types. CONCLUSIONS This validated and effective in vitro tool increases the possibilities on studies of glial cells from fish ON which implies a reduction in animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura DeOliveira-Mello
- Dept. Cell Biology and Pathology, IBSAL-Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León University of Salamanca Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Andreas F Mack
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juan M Lara
- Dept. Cell Biology and Pathology, IBSAL-Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León University of Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosario Arévalo
- Dept. Cell Biology and Pathology, IBSAL-Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León University of Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
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DeOliveira-Mello L, Lara JM, Arevalo R, Velasco A, Mack AF. Sox2 expression in the visual system of two teleost species. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lahne M, Piekos SM, O'Neill J, Ackerman KM, Hyde DR. Photo-regulation of rod precursor cell proliferation. Exp Eye Res 2018; 178:148-159. [PMID: 30267656 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Teleosts are unique in their ability to undergo persistent neurogenesis and to regenerate damaged and lost retinal neurons in adults. This contrasts with the human retina, which is incapable of replacing lost retinal neurons causing vision loss/blindness in the affected individuals. Two cell populations within the adult teleost retina generate new retinal neurons throughout life. Stem cells within the ciliary marginal zone give rise to all retinal cell types except for rod photoreceptors, which are produced by the resident Müller glia that are located within the inner nuclear layer of the entire retina. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the generation of photoreceptors in the adult teleost retina may ultimately aid developing strategies to overcome vision loss in diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. Here, we investigated whether photic deprivation alters the proliferative capacity of rod precursor cells, which are generated from Müller glia. In dark-adapted retinas, rod precursor cell proliferation increased, while the number of proliferating Müller glia and their derived olig2:EGFP-positive neuronal progenitor cells was not significantly changed. Cell death of rod photoreceptors was excluded as the inducer of rod precursor cell proliferation, as the number of TUNEL-positive cells and l-plastin-positive microglia in both the outer (ONL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) remained at a similar level throughout the dark-adaptation timecourse. Rod precursor cell proliferation in response to dark-adaptation was characterized by an increased number of EdU-positive cells, i.e. cells that were undergoing DNA replication. These proliferating rod precursor cells in dark-adapted zebrafish differentiated into rod photoreceptors at a comparable percentage and in a similar time frame as those maintained under standard light conditions suggesting that the cell cycle did not stall in dark-adapted retinas. Inhibition of IGF1-receptor signaling reduced the dark-adaptation-mediated proliferation response; however, caloric restriction which has been suggested to be integrated by the IGF1/growth hormone signaling axis did not influence rod precursor cell proliferation in dark-adapted retinas, as similar numbers were observed in starved and normal fed zebrafish. In summary, photic deprivation induces cell cycle entry of rod precursor cells via IGF1-receptor signaling independent of Müller glia proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lahne
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and The Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Samantha M Piekos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and The Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - John O'Neill
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and The Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kristin M Ackerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and The Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and The Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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Petit L, Ma S, Cheng SY, Gao G, Punzo C. Rod Outer Segment Development Influences AAV-Mediated Photoreceptor Transduction After Subretinal Injection. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 28:464-481. [PMID: 28510482 PMCID: PMC5488363 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vectors based on the adeno-associated virus (AAV) are currently the preferred tools for delivering genes to photoreceptors (PR) in small and large animals. AAVs have been applied successfully in various models of PR dystrophies. However, unknown barriers still limit AAV's efficient application in several forms of severe PR degenerations due to insufficient transgene expression and/or treated cells at the time of injection. Optimizations of PR gene therapy strategies will likely benefit from the identification of the cellular factors that influence PR transduction. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that the AAV transduction profile of PRs differs significantly between neonatal and adult mouse retinas after subretinal injection. This phenomenon may provide clues to identify host factors that influence the efficiency of AAV-mediated PR transduction. This study demonstrates that rod outer segments are critical modulators of efficient AAV-mediated rod transduction. During retinal development, rod transduction correlated temporally and spatially with the differentiation order of PRs when vectors were introduced subretinally but not when introduced intravitreally. All subretinally injected vectors had an initial preference to transduce cones in the absence of formed rod outer segments and then displayed a preference for rods as the cells matured, independently of the expression cassette or AAV serotype. Consistent with this observation, altered development of rod outer segments was associated with a strong reduction of rod transduction and an increase in the percentage of transduced cones by 2- to 2.8-fold. A similar increase of cone transduction was observed in the adult retinal degeneration 1 (rd1) retina compared to wild-type mice. These results suggest that the loss of rod outer segments in diseased retinas could markedly affect gene transfer efficiency of AAV vectors by limiting the ability of AAVs to infect dying rods efficiently. This information could be exploited for the development of more efficient AAV-based PR gene delivery procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lolita Petit
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Shan Ma
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Shun-Yun Cheng
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Guangping Gao
- 3 Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Claudio Punzo
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
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Sun C, Galicia C, Stenkamp DL. Transcripts within rod photoreceptors of the Zebrafish retina. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:127. [PMID: 29422031 PMCID: PMC5806438 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to identify transcripts of retinal rod photoreceptors of the zebrafish. The zebrafish is an important animal model for vision science due to rapid and tractable development, persistent neurogenesis of rods throughout the lifespan, and capacity for functional retinal regeneration. Results Zebrafish rods, and non-rod retinal cells of the xops:eGFP transgenic line, were separated by cell dissociation and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), followed by RNA-seq. At a false discovery rate of < 0.01, 597 transcripts were upregulated (“enriched”) in rods vs. other retinal cells, and 1032 were downregulated (“depleted”). Thirteen thousand three hundred twenty four total transcripts were detected in rods, including many not previously known to be expressed by rods. Forty five transcripts were validated by qPCR in FACS-sorted rods vs. other retinal cells. Transcripts enriched in rods from adult retinas were also enriched in rods from larval and juvenile retinas, and were also enriched in rods sorted from retinas subjected to a neurotoxic lesion and allowed to regenerate. Many transcripts enriched in rods were upregulated in retinas of wildtype retinas vs. those of a zebrafish model for rod degeneration. Conclusions We report the generation and validation of an RNA-seq dataset describing the rod transcriptome of the zebrafish, which is now available as a resource for further studies of rod photoreceptor biology and comparative transcriptomics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4499-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA
| | - Carlos Galicia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA
| | - Deborah L Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA.
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The rod photoreceptor lineage of teleost fish. Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 30:395-404. [PMID: 21742053 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The retinas of postembryonic teleost fish continue to grow for the lifetime of the fish. New retinal cells are added continuously at the retinal margin, by stem cells residing at the circumferential germinal zone. Some of these retinal cells differentiate as Müller glia with cell bodies that reside within the inner nuclear layer. These glia retain some stem cell properties in that they carry out asymmetric cell divisions and continuously generate a population of transit-amplifying cells--the rod photoreceptor lineage--that are committed to rod photoreceptor neurogenesis. These rod progenitors progress through a stereotyped sequence of changes in gene expression as they continue to divide and migrate to the outer nuclear layer. Now referred to as rod precursors, they undergo terminal mitoses and then differentiate as rods, which are inserted into the existing array of rod and cone photoreceptors. The rod lineage displays developmental plasticity, as rod precursors can respond to the loss of rods through increased proliferation, resulting in rod replacement. The stem cells of the rod lineage, Müller glia, respond to acute damage of other retinal cell types by increasing their rate of proliferation. In addition, the Müller glia in an acutely damaged retina dedifferentiate and become multipotent, generating new, functional neurons. This review focuses on the cells of the rod lineage and includes discussions of experiments over the last 30 years that led to their identification and characterization, and the discovery of the stem cells residing at the apex of the lineage. The plasticity of cells of the rod lineage, their relationships to cone progenitors, and the applications of this information for developing future treatments for human retinal disorders will also be discussed.
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Ferreiro-Galve S, Candal E, Carrera I, Anadón R, Rodríguez-Moldes I. Early development of GABAergic cells of the retina in sharks: an immunohistochemical study with GABA and GAD antibodies. J Chem Neuroanat 2008; 36:6-16. [PMID: 18524536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the ontogeny and organization of GABAergic cells in the retina of two elasmobranches, the lesser-spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) and the brown shyshark (Haploblepharus fuscus) by using immunohistochemistry for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Both antibodies revealed the same pattern of immunoreactivity and both species showed similar organization of GABAergic cells. GABAergic cells were first detected in neural retina of embryos at stage 26, which showed a neuroepithelial appearance without any layering. In stages 27-29 the retina showed similar organization but the number of neuroblastic GABAergic cells increased. When layering became apparent in the central retina (stage-30 embryos), GABAergic cells mainly appeared organized in the outer and inner retina, and GABAergic processes and fibres were seen in the primordial inner plexiform layer (IPL), optic fibre layer and optic nerve stalk. In stage-32 embryos, layering was completed in the central retina, where immunoreactivity appeared in perikarya of the horizontal cell layer, inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer, and in numerous processes coursing in the IPL, optic fibre layer and optic nerve. From stage 32 to hatching (stage 34), the layered retina extends from centre-to-periphery, recapitulating that observed in the central retina at earlier stages. In adults, GABA/GAD immunoreactivity disappears from the horizontal cell layer except in the marginal retina. Our results indicate that the source of GABA in the shark retina can be explained by its synthesis by GAD. Such synthesis precedes layering and synaptogenesis, thus supporting a developmental role for GABA in addition to act as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Morphogenesis in the retina of a slow-developing teleost: emergence of the GABAergic system in relation to cell proliferation and differentiation. Brain Res 2007; 1194:21-7. [PMID: 18178176 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in cell proliferation and differentiation during development. In the present study, immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the development of the GABAergic system in the retina of the trout and its relation to markers of differentiation [calretinin (CR), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)]. The expression of Pax6, an eye-patterning protein involved in the proliferation and emergence of specific retinal cell types, was also studied. Retinal layering was observed to begin centrally in prehatching embryos, as the first GABAergic cells appeared in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner part of the inner nuclear layer (INL). At hatching, GABAergic cells were also observed in the horizontal cell layer (HCL). In alevins, GABAergic cells and processes spread laterally following retinal growth although they did not invade neuroblastic retinal regions. CR- and Pax6-immunoreactive (ir) cells were first seen in the GCL and the inner part of the INL, whereas sparse TH-ir cells appeared in the INL. In juveniles, GABAergic cells were observed in the GCL, inner part of the INL and HCL, whereas CR-ir cells spread to the outer part of the INL and HCL. A subset of CR-ir in the GCL and of Pax6-ir cells in the GCL and INL showed colocalization with GABAergic markers. This study provides further comparative knowledge about the development of GABAergic system of the retina in teleosts and shows differences and similarities with that reported in fast-developing species such as zebrafish, in which retinal expression of GABA was transient in some populations.
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Omura Y. The distribution of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-immunoreactive cells in the pineal organ of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:225-34. [DOI: 10.1679/aohc.70.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Omura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University
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Mack AF. Evidence for a columnar organization of cones, Müller cells, and neurons in the retina of a cichlid fish. Neuroscience 2006; 144:1004-14. [PMID: 17156929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the retina of many lower vertebrates, the arrangement of cells, in particular of cone photoreceptors, is highly regular. The data presented in this report show that in the retina of a cichlid fish (Astatotilapia burtoni) the regular arrangement is not restricted to cone photoreceptors and their synaptic terminals but can be found in elements of the inner retina as well. A variety of immunocytochemical and other markers was used in combination with confocal microscopy on whole-mount preparations and tangential sections. Nearest neighbor analysis was performed and density recovery profiles as auto- and cross-correlograms were generated. Cells displaying a regular arrangement of their synaptic processes in matching radial register to each other were identified for each major retinal neuronal cell type except ganglion cells (i.e. photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, and amacrine cells). The precise location of some of the corresponding cell bodies was not as regular but still non-random, however there was no spatial cross-correlation between cell bodies of different types. The radial processes of Müller glial cells displayed a distribution correlating to the arrangement of photoreceptors and neurons. Thus, for one Müller glial cell I found two PKC-positive cone bipolar cells, a spatially corresponding grid of parvalbumin-positive amacrine cell processes, one H1 horizontal cell, and two pairs of double cones. There was no evidence among ganglion cells matching this pattern, possibly due to the lack of suitable markers. Although many other cell types do not follow this matching regular mosaic arrangement, a basic columnar building block can be postulated for the retina at least in cichlid fish. This suggests a functional radial unit from photoreceptors to the inner plexiform layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Mack
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Osterbergstr. 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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Allison WT, Dann SG, Veldhoen KM, Hawryshyn CW. Degeneration and regeneration of ultraviolet cone photoreceptors during development in rainbow trout. J Comp Neurol 2006; 499:702-15. [PMID: 17048226 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-sensitive (UVS) cones disappear from the retina of salmonid fishes during a metamorphosis that prepares them for deeper/marine waters. UVS cones subsequently reappear in the retina near sexual maturation and the return migration to natal streams. Cellular mechanisms of this UVS cone ontogeny were investigated using electroretinograms, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry against opsins during and after thyroid hormone (TH) treatments of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Increasing TH levels led to UVS cone degeneration. Labeling demonstrated that UVS cone degeneration occurs via programmed cell death and caspase inhibitors can inhibit this death. After the cessation of TH treatment, UVS cones regenerated in the retina. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was applied after the termination of TH treatment and was detected in the nuclei of cells expressing UVS opsin. BrdU was found in UVS cones but not other cone types. The most parsimonious explanation for the data is that UVS cones degenerated and UVS cones were regenerated from intrinsic retinal progenitor cells. Regenerating UVS cones were functionally integrated such that they were able to elicit electrical responses from second-order neurons. This is the first report of cones regenerating during natural development. Both the death and regeneration of cones in retinae represent novel mechanisms for tuning visual systems to new visual tasks or environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ted Allison
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
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Yurco P, Cameron DA. Responses of Müller glia to retinal injury in adult zebrafish. Vision Res 2004; 45:991-1002. [PMID: 15695184 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 10/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to identify the cellular events that enable neuronal regeneration in the vertebrate retina, the identity and characteristics of mitotic and apoptotic cells were examined in lesioned retinas of adult zebrafish. Following lesion a complex spatiotemporal pattern of mitosis was observed, including a delayed entry of Müller glia into the cell cycle. Characteristics of these proliferative Müller glia indicated they might serve as a stem/precursor cell of regenerated retina. The results suggested a model of retinal regeneration in which lesions are filled, in part, by a localized en place cytogenesis within intact retina surrounding the lesion site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Yurco
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Henderson RG, Fernald RD. Timing and location of rhodopsin expression in newly born rod photoreceptors in the adult teleost retina. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 151:193-7. [PMID: 15246705 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Labeling of newly divided retinal cells with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and a rhodopsin mRNA probe revealed that rhodopsin is first expressed by new rod photoreceptors 2 days after cell birth in an adult cichlid fish. Most new cells that expressed rhodopsin had nuclei located in the vitreal half of the outer nuclear layer (ONL), lending further support to the hypothesis that movement from scleral to vitreal ONL is associated with rod differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel G Henderson
- Neuroscience Program, Stanford University, Jordan Hall, Building 420, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Fadool
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4340, USA.
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