1
|
Kršek A, Batičić L, Ćurko-Cofek B, Batinac T, Laškarin G, Miletić-Gršković S, Sotošek V. Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Endothelial Glycocalyx Dysfunction during Heart Surgery. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3794-3809. [PMID: 38785504 PMCID: PMC11119104 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (EGC) is a layer of proteoglycans (associated with glycosaminoglycans) and glycoproteins, which adsorbs plasma proteins on the luminal surface of endothelial cells. Its main function is to participate in separating the circulating blood from the inner layers of the vessels and the surrounding tissues. Physiologically, the EGC stimulates mechanotransduction, the endothelial charge, thrombocyte adhesion, leukocyte tissue recruitment, and molecule extravasation. Hence, severe impairment of the EGC has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including sepsis, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disorders, hypernatremia, hypervolemia, atherosclerosis, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Moreover, alterations in EGC have been associated with altered responses to therapeutic interventions in conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. Investigation into the function of the glycocalyx has expanded knowledge about vascular disorders and indicated the need to consider new approaches in the treatment of severe endothelial dysfunction. This review aims to present the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases and to elucidate the impact of heart surgery on EGC dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antea Kršek
- Faculty of Rijeka, University of Medicine, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Lara Batičić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (B.Ć.-C.); (G.L.)
| | - Tanja Batinac
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences I, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (T.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Gordana Laškarin
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (B.Ć.-C.); (G.L.)
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism “Thalassotherapia-Opatija”, M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia;
| | - Silvija Miletić-Gršković
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism “Thalassotherapia-Opatija”, M. Tita 188, 51410 Opatija, Croatia;
| | - Vlatka Sotošek
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences I, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (T.B.); (V.S.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lim XR, Harraz OF. Mechanosensing by Vascular Endothelium. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:71-97. [PMID: 37863105 PMCID: PMC10922104 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-030946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces influence different cell types in our bodies. Among the earliest forces experienced in mammals is blood movement in the vascular system. Blood flow starts at the embryonic stage and ceases when the heart stops. Blood flow exposes endothelial cells (ECs) that line all blood vessels to hemodynamic forces. ECs detect these mechanical forces (mechanosensing) through mechanosensors, thus triggering physiological responses such as changes in vascular diameter. In this review, we focus on endothelial mechanosensing and on how different ion channels, receptors, and membrane structures detect forces and mediate intricate mechanotransduction responses. We further highlight that these responses often reflect collaborative efforts involving several mechanosensors and mechanotransducers. We close with a consideration of current knowledge regarding the dysregulation of endothelial mechanosensing during disease. Because hemodynamic disruptions are hallmarks of cardiovascular disease, studying endothelial mechanosensing holds great promise for advancing our understanding of vascular physiology and pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Rui Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine and Vermont Center for Cardiovascular and Brain Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA;
| | - Osama F Harraz
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine and Vermont Center for Cardiovascular and Brain Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Katoh K. Effects of Mechanical Stress on Endothelial Cells In Situ and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16518. [PMID: 38003708 PMCID: PMC10671803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells lining blood vessels are essential for maintaining vascular homeostasis and mediate several pathological and physiological processes. Mechanical stresses generated by blood flow and other biomechanical factors significantly affect endothelial cell activity. Here, we review how mechanical stresses, both in situ and in vitro, affect endothelial cells. We review the basic principles underlying the cellular response to mechanical stresses. We also consider the implications of these findings for understanding the mechanisms of mechanotransducer and mechano-signal transduction systems by cytoskeletal components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba 305-8521, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tryfonos A, Rasoul D, Sadler D, Shelley J, Mills J, Green DJ, Dawson EA, Cocks M. Elevated shear rate-induced by exercise increases eNOS ser 1177 but not PECAM-1 Tyr 713 phosphorylation in human conduit artery endothelial cells. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:561-570. [PMID: 35195045 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2046175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although evidence demonstrates the fundamental role of shear stress in vascular health, predominantly through the release of nitric oxide (NO), the mechanisms by which endothelial cells (EC)s sense and transduce shear are poorly understood. In cultured ECs tyrosine phosphorylation of PECAM-1 has been shown to activate eNOS in response to shear stress. However, in the human skeletal muscle microcirculation PECAM-1 was not activated in response to exercise or passive leg movement. Given this contradiction, this study aimed to assess the effect of exercise on conduit artery PECAM-1 and eNOS activation in humans. Eleven males were randomised to two groups; 30 minutes of handgrip exercise (n = 6), or a time-control group (n = 5). Protein content of eNOS and PECAM-1, alongside eNOS Ser1177 and PECAM-1 Tyr713 phosphorylation were assessed in ECs obtained from the radial artery pre- and post-intervention. Handgrip exercise resulted in a 5-fold increase in mean shear rate in the exercise group, with no change in the control group (group*time, P < 0.001). There was a 54% increase in eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation in the exercise group, when compared to control group (group*time, P = 0.016), but no change was reported in PECAM-1 Tyr713 phosphorylation in either group (group*time, P > 0.05). eNOS and PECAM-1 protein content were unchanged (group*time, P > 0.05). Our data show that exercise-induced elevations in conduit artery shear rate increase eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation but not PECAM-1 Tyr713 phosphorylation. This suggests PECAM-1 phosphorylation may not be involved in the vascular response to acute but prolonged elevations in exercise-induced shear rate in conduit arteries of healthy, active men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tryfonos
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Debar Rasoul
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Sadler
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - James Shelley
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Mills
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Ellen A Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khegay II. Vasopressin Receptors in Blood Vessels and Proliferation of Endotheliocytes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
6
|
Bartosch AMW, Mathews R, Mahmoud MM, Cancel LM, Haq ZS, Tarbell JM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican-1 and PECAM-1 cooperate in shear-induced endothelial nitric oxide production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11386. [PMID: 34059731 PMCID: PMC8166914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90941-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the role of glypican-1 and PECAM-1 in shear-induced nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. Atomic force microscopy pulling was used to apply force to glypican-1 and PECAM-1 on the surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and nitric oxide was measured using a fluorescent reporter dye. Glypican-1 pulling for 30 min stimulated nitric oxide production while PECAM-1 pulling did not. However, PECAM-1 downstream activation was necessary for the glypican-1 force-induced response. Glypican-1 knockout mice exhibited impaired flow-induced phosphorylation of eNOS without changes to PECAM-1 expression. A cooperation mechanism for the mechanotransduction of fluid shear stress to nitric oxide production was elucidated in which glypican-1 senses flow and phosphorylates PECAM-1 leading to endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and nitric oxide production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie W Bartosch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rick Mathews
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marwa M Mahmoud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Limary M Cancel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Zahin S Haq
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arif N, Zinnhardt M, Nyamay’Antu A, Teber D, Brückner R, Schaefer K, Li Y, Trappmann B, Grashoff C, Vestweber D. PECAM-1 supports leukocyte diapedesis by tension-dependent dephosphorylation of VE-cadherin. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106113. [PMID: 33604918 PMCID: PMC8090850 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte extravasation is an essential step during the immune response and requires the destabilization of endothelial junctions. We have shown previously that this process depends in vivo on the dephosphorylation of VE-cadherin-Y731. Here, we reveal the underlying mechanism. Leukocyte-induced stimulation of PECAM-1 triggers dissociation of the phosphatase SHP2 which then directly targets VE-cadherin-Y731. The binding site of PECAM-1 for SHP2 is needed for VE-cadherin dephosphorylation and subsequent endocytosis. Importantly, the contribution of PECAM-1 to leukocyte diapedesis in vitro and in vivo was strictly dependent on the presence of Y731 of VE-cadherin. In addition to SHP2, dephosphorylation of Y731 required Ca2+ -signaling, non-muscle myosin II activation, and endothelial cell tension. Since we found that β-catenin/plakoglobin mask VE-cadherin-Y731 and leukocyte docking to endothelial cells exert force on the VE-cadherin-catenin complex, we propose that leukocytes destabilize junctions by PECAM-1-SHP2-triggered dephosphorylation of VE-cadherin-Y731 which becomes accessible by actomyosin-mediated mechanical force exerted on the VE-cadherin-catenin complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nida Arif
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular BiomedicineMünsterGermany
| | - Maren Zinnhardt
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular BiomedicineMünsterGermany
| | | | - Denise Teber
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular BiomedicineMünsterGermany
| | - Randy Brückner
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular BiomedicineMünsterGermany
| | | | - Yu‐Tung Li
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular BiomedicineMünsterGermany
| | | | - Carsten Grashoff
- Institute for Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Glycocalyx and Its Role in Vascular Physiology and Vascular Related Diseases. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2020; 12:37-71. [PMID: 32959164 PMCID: PMC7505222 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In 2007 the two senior authors wrote a review on the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx layer (Weinbaum in Annu Rev Biomed Eng 9:121–167, 2007). Since then there has been an explosion of interest in this hydrated gel-like structure that coats the luminal surface of endothelial cells that line our vasculature due to its important functions in (A) basic vascular physiology and (B) vascular related diseases. This review will highlight the major advances that have occurred since our 2007 paper. Methods A literature search mainly focusing on the role of the glycocalyx in the two major areas described above was performed using electronic databases. Results In part (A) of this review, the new formulation of the century old Starling principle, now referred to as the Michel–Weinbaum glycoclayx model or revised Starling hypothesis, is described including new subtleties and physiological ramifications. New insights into mechanotransduction and release of nitric oxide due to fluid shear stress sensed by the glycocalyx are elaborated. Major advances in understanding the organization and function of glycocalyx components, and new techniques for measuring both its thickness and spatio-chemical organization based on super resolution, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) are presented. As discussed in part (B) of this review, it is now recognized that artery wall stiffness associated with hypertension and aging induces glycocalyx degradation, endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. In addition to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, the glycocalyx plays an important role in lifestyle related diseases (e.g., diabetes) and cancer. Infectious diseases including sepsis, Dengue, Zika and Corona viruses, and malaria also involve the glycocalyx. Because of increasing recognition of the role of the glycocalyx in a wide range of diseases, there has been a vigorous search for methods to protect the glycocalyx from degradation or to enhance its synthesis in disease environments. Conclusion As we have seen in this review, many important developments in our basic understanding of GCX structure, function and role in diseases have been described since the 2007 paper. The future is wide open for continued GCX research.
Collapse
|
9
|
Understanding Molecules that Mediate Leukocyte Extravasation. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-020-00207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
10
|
Wimmer I, Tietz S, Nishihara H, Deutsch U, Sallusto F, Gosselet F, Lyck R, Muller WA, Lassmann H, Engelhardt B. PECAM-1 Stabilizes Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Favors Paracellular T-Cell Diapedesis Across the Blood-Brain Barrier During Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:711. [PMID: 31024547 PMCID: PMC6460670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and increased immune cell trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS) are hallmarks of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1; CD31) is expressed on cells of the vascular compartment and regulates vascular integrity and immune cell trafficking. Involvement of PECAM-1 in MS pathogenesis has been suggested by the detection of increased levels of soluble PECAM-1 (sPECAM-1) in the serum and CSF of MS patients. Here, we report profound upregulation of cell-bound PECAM-1 in initial (pre-phagocytic) white matter as well as active cortical gray matter MS lesions. Using a human in vitro BBB model we observed that PECAM-1 is not essential for the transmigration of human CD4+ T-cell subsets (Th1, Th1*, Th2, and Th17) across the BBB. Employing an additional in vitro BBB model based on primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) we show that the lack of endothelial PECAM-1 impairs BBB properties as shown by reduced transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and increases permeability for small molecular tracers. Investigating T-cell migration across the BBB under physiological flow by in vitro live cell imaging revealed that absence of PECAM-1 in pMBMECs did not influence arrest, polarization, and crawling of effector/memory CD4+ T cells on the pMBMECs. Absence of endothelial PECAM-1 also did not affect the number of T cells able to cross the pMBMEC monolayer under flow, but surprisingly favored transcellular over paracellular T-cell diapedesis. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PECAM-1 is critically involved in regulating BBB permeability and although not required for T-cell diapedesis itself, its presence or absence influences the cellular route of T-cell diapedesis across the BBB. Upregulated expression of cell-bound PECAM-1 in human MS lesions may thus reflect vascular repair mechanisms aiming to restore BBB integrity and paracellular T-cell migration across the BBB as it occurs during CNS immune surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Wimmer
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Tietz
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich,, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Université d'Artois, Lens, France
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - William A Muller
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Muller WA. Transendothelial migration: unifying principles from the endothelial perspective. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:61-75. [PMID: 27558328 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transendothelial migration (TEM) of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) involves a carefully orchestrated dialog of adhesion and signaling events between leukocyte and endothelial cell. This article focuses on the contribution of endothelial cells to transmigration. The initiation of TEM itself generally requires interaction of PECAM on the leukocyte with PECAM at the endothelial cell border. This is responsible for the transient elevation of cytosolic-free calcium ions in endothelium that is required for TEM and for recruitment of membrane from the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC). TEM requires LBRC to move to the site at which TEM will take place and for VE-cadherin to move away. Targeting of the LBRC to this site likely precedes movement of VE-cadherin and may play a role in clearing VE-cadherin from the site of TEM. The process of TEM can be dissected into steps mediated by distinct pairs of PMN/endothelial interacting molecules. CD99 regulates a step at or close to the end of TEM. CD99 signals through soluble adenylyl cyclase to activate PKA to trigger ongoing targeted recycling of the LBRC. Paracellular transmigration predominates (≥90% of events) in the cremaster muscle circulation, but transcellular migration may be more important at sites such as the blood-brain barrier. Both processes involve many of the same molecules and recruitment of the LBRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Snyder JL, McBeath E, Thomas TN, Chiu YJ, Clark RL, Fujiwara K. Mechanotransduction properties of the cytoplasmic tail of PECAM-1. Biol Cell 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201600079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Snyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Rochester; Rochester NY 14611 USA
| | - Elena McBeath
- Department of Cardiology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Tamlyn N. Thomas
- Department of Cardiology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Yi Jen Chiu
- Research and Development Department; Chris Cam Mirror; Yungkang Tainan Hsien 71 Taiwan
| | - Robert L. Clark
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Rochester; Rochester NY 14611 USA
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Department of Cardiology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX 77030 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Focal adhesion kinase signaling regulates anti-inflammatory function of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells induced by biomechanical force. Cell Signal 2017. [PMID: 28647573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have tremendous potential for use in regenerative medicine due to their multipotency and immune cell regulatory functions. Biomimetic physical forces have been shown to direct differentiation and maturation of MSCs in tissue engineering applications; however, the effect of force on immunomodulatory activity of MSCs has been largely overlooked. Here we show in human bone marrow-derived MSCs that wall shear stress (WSS) equivalent to the fluid frictional force present in the adult arterial vasculature significantly enhances expression of four genes that mediate MSC immune regulatory function, PTGS2, HMOX1, IL1RN, and TNFAIP6. Several mechanotransduction pathways are stimulated by WSS, including calcium ion (Ca2+) flux and activation of Akt, MAPK, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Inhibition of PI3K-Akt by LY294002 or Ca2+ signaling with chelators, ion channel inhibitors, or Ca2+ free culture conditions failed to attenuate WSS-induced COX2 expression. In contrast, the FAK inhibitor PF-562271 blocked COX2 induction, implicating focal adhesions as critical sensory components upstream of this key immunomodulatory factor. In co-culture assays, WSS preconditioning stimulates MSC anti-inflammatory activity to more potently suppress TNF-α production by activated immune cells, and this improved potency depended upon the ability of FAK to stimulate COX2 induction. Taken together, our data demonstrate that biomechanical force potentiates the reparative and regenerative properties of MSCs through a FAK signaling cascade and highlights the potential for innovative force-based approaches for enhancement in MSC therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to describe the function of the vascular cell adhesion and signaling molecule, platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), in endothelial cells, with special emphasis on its role in maintaining and restoring the vascular permeability barrier following disruption of the endothelial cell junction. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to its role as an inhibitory receptor in circulating platelets and leukocytes, PECAM-1 is highly expressed at endothelial cell-cell junctions, where it functions as an adhesive stress-response protein to both maintain endothelial cell junctional integrity and speed restoration of the vascular permeability barrier following inflammatory or thrombotic challenge. SUMMARY Owing to the unique ability of antibodies that bind the membrane proximal region of the extracellular domain to trigger conformational changes leading to affinity modulation and homophilic adhesion strengthening, PECAM-1 might be an attractive target for treating vascular permeability disorders.
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu S, Ha CH, Wang W, Xu X, Yin M, Jin FQ, Mastrangelo M, Koroleva M, Fujiwara K, Jin ZG. PECAM1 regulates flow-mediated Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation and signaling. Cell Signal 2015; 28:117-124. [PMID: 26706435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by impaired activation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and ensued decrease of NO production, is a common mechanism of various cardiovascular pathologies, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Laminar blood flow-mediated specific signaling cascades modulate vascular endothelial cells (ECs) structure and functions. We have previously shown that flow-stimulated Gab1 (Grb2-associated binder-1) tyrosine phosphorylation mediates eNOS activation in ECs, which in part confers laminar flow atheroprotective action. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby flow regulates Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation and its downstream signaling events remain unclear. Here we show that platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM1), a key molecule in an endothelial mechanosensing complex, specifically mediates Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation and its downstream Akt and eNOS activation in ECs upon flow rather than hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulation. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting PECAM1 abolished flow- but not HGF-induced Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation and Akt, eNOS activation as well as Gab1 membrane translocation. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, which has been shown to interact with Gab1, was involved in flow signaling and HGF signaling, as SHP2 siRNA diminished the flow- and HGF-induced Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation, membrane localization and downstream signaling. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K decreased flow-, but not HGF-mediated Gab1 phosphorylation and membrane localization as well as eNOS activation. Finally, we observed that flow-mediated Gab1 and eNOS phosphorylation in vivo induced by voluntary wheel running was reduced in PECAM1 knockout mice. These results demonstrate a specific role of PECAM1 in flow-mediated Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation and eNOS signaling in ECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Chang Hoon Ha
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Weiye Wang
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xiangbin Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Meimei Yin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Felix Q Jin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael Mastrangelo
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Marina Koroleva
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Zheng Gen Jin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Muller WA. The regulation of transendothelial migration: new knowledge and new questions. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:310-20. [PMID: 25987544 PMCID: PMC4592322 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) involves a co-operative series of interactions between surface molecules on the leucocyte and cognate counter-ligands on the endothelial cell. These interactions set up a cascade of signalling events inside the endothelial cell that both allow for the junctions to loosen and for membrane to be recruited from the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC). The LBRC is thought to provide an increased surface area and unligated receptors to the leucocyte to continue the process. The relative importance of the individual adhesion/signalling molecules that promote transmigration may vary depending on the type of leucocyte, the vascular bed, the inflammatory stimulus, and the stage of the inflammatory response. However, the molecular interactions between leucocyte and endothelial cell activate signalling pathways that disengage the adherens and tight junctions and recruit the LBRC to the site of transmigration. With the exception of disengaging the junctions, similar molecules and mechanisms promote transcellular migration as paracellular migration of leucocytes. This review will discuss the molecular interactions and signalling pathways that regulate transmigration, and the common themes that emerge from studying TEM of different leucocyte subsets under different inflammatory conditions. We will also raise some unanswered questions in need of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ward Building 3-140, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Vascular development and maintenance of proper vascular function through various regulatory mechanisms are critical to our wellbeing. Delineation of the regulatory processes involved in development of the vascular system and its function is one of the most important topics in human physiology and pathophysiology. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31), a cell adhesion molecule with proangiogenic and proinflammatory activity, has been the subject of numerous studies. In the present review, we look at the important roles that PECAM-1 and its isoforms play during angiogenesis, and its molecular mechanisms of action in the endothelium. In the endothelium, PECAM-1 not only plays a role as an adhesion molecule but also participates in intracellular signalling pathways which have an impact on various cell adhesive mechanisms and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and activity. In addition, recent studies from our laboratory have revealed an important relationship between PECAM-1 and endoglin expression. Endoglin is an essential molecule during angiogenesis, vascular development and integrity, and its expression and activity are compromised in the absence of PECAM-1. In the present review we discuss the roles that PECAM-1 isoforms may play in modulation of endothelial cell adhesive mechanisms, eNOS and endoglin expression and activity, and angiogenesis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Chatterjee S, Fujiwara K, Pérez NG, Ushio-Fukai M, Fisher AB. Mechanosignaling in the vasculature: emerging concepts in sensing, transduction and physiological responses. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1451-62. [PMID: 25862828 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00105.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells are constantly exposed to mechanical forces that play a role in modulating cellular structure and function. The cardiovascular system experiences physical forces in the form of shear stress and stretch associated with blood flow and contraction, respectively. These forces are sensed by endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes and lead to responses that control vascular and cardiac homeostasis. This was highlighted at the Pan American Physiological Society meeting at Iguassu Falls, Brazil, in a symposium titled "Mechanosignaling in the Vasculature." This symposium presented recent research that showed the existence of a vital link between mechanosensing and downstream redox sensitive signaling cascades. This link helps to transduce and transmit the physical force into an observable physiological response. The speakers showcased how mechanosensors such as ion channels, membrane receptor kinases, adhesion molecules, and other cellular components transduce the force via redox signals (such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide) to receptors (transcription factors, growth factors, etc.). Receptor activated pathways then lead to cellular responses including cellular proliferation, contraction, and remodeling. These responses have major relevance to the physiology and pathophysiology of various cardiovascular diseases. Thus an understanding of the complex series of events, from the initial sensing through the final response, is essential for progress in this field. Overall, this symposium addressed some important emerging concepts in the field of mechanosignaling and the eventual pathophysiological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Chatterjee
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Department of Cardiology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Néstor Gustavo Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; and
| | - Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aron B Fisher
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ouyang JS, Li YP, Chen CS, Chen JJ, Chen TK, Cai C, Yang L. Inhibition of lung tumor growth in nude mice by siRNA CD31 targeting PECAM-1. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:33-40. [PMID: 24959215 PMCID: PMC4063636 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) provides a promising therapeutic approach in the silencing of disease-causing genes. In the present study, the use of 2′-O-methyl-modified siRNA-cluster of differentiation 31 (siRNACD31), with cationic liposome RNA interference (RNAi)-mate as a carrier, effectively silenced the platelet endothelial cell molecule 1 (PECAM-1) gene of murine hemangioendothelioma cells in vitro. In vivo, 2′-O-methyl-modified siRNACD31 carried by RNAi-mate was successfully delivered, targeting the PECAM-1 gene in the vasculature of nude mouse lung carcinoma xenografts. The growth of the lung carcinoma xenografts was inhibited by the 2′-O-methyl-modified siRNACD31 and RNAi-mate complexes, and the expression of the PECAM-1 protein was downregulated, with a simultaneous decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein in the lung carcinoma xenografts. 2′-O-methyl-modified siRNACD31-RNAi-mate complexes may provide a potential therapeutic strategy in lung carcinoma treatment. The effect of PECAM-1 on VEGF expression may possibly be attributed to the function of PECAM-1 signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sheng Ouyang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Shui Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, P.R. China
| | - Tong-Ke Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, P.R. China
| | - Chang Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Küppers V, Vockel M, Nottebaum AF, Vestweber D. Phosphatases and kinases as regulators of the endothelial barrier function. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 355:577-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
21
|
Proust R, Crouin C, Gandji LY, Bertoglio J, Gesbert F. The adaptor protein SAP directly associates with PECAM-1 and regulates PECAM-1-mediated-cell adhesion in T-like cell lines. Mol Immunol 2014; 58:206-13. [PMID: 24388971 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SAP is a small cytosolic adaptor protein expressed in hematopoietic lineages whose main function is to regulate intracellular signaling pathways induced by the triggering of members of the SLAM receptor family. In this paper, we have identified the adhesion molecule PECAM-1 as a new partner for SAP in a conditional yeast two-hybrid screen. PECAM-1 is an immunoglobulin-like molecule expressed by endothelial cells and leukocytes, which possesses both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is known about PECAM-1 functions in T cells. We show that SAP directly and specifically interacts with the cytosolic tyrosine 686 of PECAM-1. We generated different T-like cell lines in which SAP or PECAM-1 are expressed or down modulated and we demonstrate that a diminished SAP expression correlates with a diminished PECAM-1-mediated adhesion. Although SAP has mainly been shown to associate with SLAM receptors, we evidence here that SAP is a new actor downstream of PECAM-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Proust
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay F-91405, France; INSERM UMR-S 1004, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 14-16 Av Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif F-94807, France; INSERM UMR-S U972, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 14-16 Av Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif F-94807, France.
| | - Catherine Crouin
- INSERM UMR-S 749, Institut Gustave Roussy, Pavillon de Recherche II, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif F-94805, France.
| | - Leslie Yewakon Gandji
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay F-91405, France; Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, 91405 Orsay, France; CNRS, UMR3347, Bat 110, 91405 Orsay, France; INSERM UMR-S1021, Bat 110, 91405 Orsay, France; INSERM UMR-S 1004, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 14-16 Av Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif F-94807, France.
| | - Jacques Bertoglio
- INSERM UMR-S 749, Institut Gustave Roussy, Pavillon de Recherche II, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif F-94805, France.
| | - Franck Gesbert
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay F-91405, France; Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, 91405 Orsay, France; CNRS, UMR3347, Bat 110, 91405 Orsay, France; INSERM UMR-S1021, Bat 110, 91405 Orsay, France; INSERM UMR-S 1004, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 14-16 Av Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif F-94807, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sullivan DP, Muller WA. Neutrophil and monocyte recruitment by PECAM, CD99, and other molecules via the LBRC. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 36:193-209. [PMID: 24337626 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recruitment of specific leukocyte subtypes to the site of tissue injury is the cornerstone of inflammation and disease progression. This process has become an intense area of research because it presents several possible steps against which disease-specific therapies could be targeted. Leukocytes are recruited out of the blood stream by a series of events that include their capture, rolling, activation, and migration along the endothelium. In the last step, the leukocytes squeeze between adjacent endothelial cells to gain access to the inflamed tissue through a process referred to as transendothelial migration (TEM). Although many of the molecules, such as PECAM and CD99, that regulate these sequential steps have been identified, much less is understood regarding how they work together to coordinate the complex intercellular communications and dramatic shape changes that take place between the endothelial cells and leukocytes. Several of the endothelial cell proteins that function in TEM are localized to the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC), an interconnected reticulum of membrane that recycles selectively to the endothelial borders. The recruitment of the LBRC to surround the migrating leukocyte is required for efficient TEM. This review will focus on the proteins and mechanisms that mediate TEM and specifically how the LBRC functions in the context of these molecular interactions and membrane movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Ward Building, Rm 3-140, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang W, Sakamoto N, Hanamura K, Miyazawa R, Sato M. Role of Intercellular Junctions in Redistribution of Focal Adhesions and Orientation of Vascular Endothelial Cells Exposed to Cyclic Stretching. Cell Mol Bioeng 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-011-0194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
|
24
|
Privratsky JR, Paddock CM, Florey O, Newman DK, Muller WA, Newman PJ. Relative contribution of PECAM-1 adhesion and signaling to the maintenance of vascular integrity. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1477-85. [PMID: 21486942 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.082271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PECAM-1 (CD31) is a cellular adhesion and signaling receptor that is highly expressed at endothelial cell-cell junctions in confluent vascular beds. Previous studies have implicated PECAM-1 in the maintenance of vascular barrier integrity; however, the mechanisms behind PECAM-1-mediated barrier protection are still poorly understood. The goal of the present study, therefore, was to examine the pertinent biological properties of PECAM-1 (i.e. adhesion and/or signaling) that allow it to support barrier integrity. We found that, compared with PECAM-1-deficient endothelial cells, PECAM-1-expressing endothelial cell monolayers exhibit increased steady-state barrier function, as well as more rapid restoration of barrier integrity following thrombin-induced perturbation of the endothelial cell monolayer. The majority of PECAM-1-mediated barrier protection was found to be due to the ability of PECAM-1 to interact homophilically and become localized to cell-cell junctions, because a homophilic binding-crippled mutant form of PECAM-1 was unable to support efficient barrier function when re-expressed in cells. By contrast, cells expressing PECAM-1 variants lacking residues known to be involved in PECAM-1-mediated signal transduction exhibited normal to near-normal barrier integrity. Taken together, these studies suggest that PECAM-1-PECAM-1 homophilic interactions are more important than its signaling function for maintaining the integrity of endothelial cell junctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Privratsky
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Filopodia are an important feature of actively motile cells, probing the pericellular environment for chemotactic factors and other molecular cues that enable and direct the movement of the cell. They also act as points of attachment to the extracellular matrix for the cell, generating tension that may act to pull the cell forward and/or stabilize the cell as it moves. Endothelial cell motility is a critical aspect of angiogenesis, but only a limited number of molecules have been identified as specific regulators of endothelial cell filopodia. Recent reports, however, provide evidence for the involvement of PECAM-1, an endothelial cell adhesion and signaling molecule, in the formation of endothelial cell filopodia. This commentary will focus on these studies and their suggestion that at least two PECAM-1-regulated pathways are involved in the processes that enable filopodial protrusions by endothelial cells. Developing a more complete understanding of the role of PECAM-1 in mediating various endothelial cell activities, such as the extension of filopodia, will be essential for exploiting the therapeutic potential of targeting PECAM-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Horace M DeLisser
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Florey O, Durgan J, Muller W. Phosphorylation of leukocyte PECAM and its association with detergent-resistant membranes regulate transendothelial migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1878-86. [PMID: 20581150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte migration across the endothelial lining is a critical step in the body's response to infection and inflammation. The homophilic interaction between endothelial PECAM and leukocyte PECAM is essential for this process. The molecular events that are triggered in the endothelial cell by PECAM engagement have been well characterized; however, the function of leukocyte PECAM remains to be elucidated. To study this, we first blocked leukocyte transmigration using anti-PECAM Ab and then specifically activated leukocyte PECAM. This was sufficient to overcome the block and promote transmigration, suggesting an active signaling role for leukocyte PECAM. Consistent with this, we found that ligation of leukocyte PECAM induces phosphorylation of two tyrosine residues on its cytoplasmic tail. By performing RNA interference-rescue experiments, we demonstrate that these phosphorylation events are indispensable for transendothelial migration. Finally, we show that leukocyte PECAM translocates to a detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) during transmigration. PECAM localized in DRMs displays reduced phosphorylation and does not support transmigration. Together, these data support a model whereby engagement of leukocyte PECAM induces its transient tyrosine phosphorylation and induction of downstream signals that drive transmigration. These signals are then downregulated following PECAM translocation to DRMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Florey
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Privratsky JR, Newman DK, Newman PJ. PECAM-1: conflicts of interest in inflammation. Life Sci 2010; 87:69-82. [PMID: 20541560 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31) is a cell adhesion and signaling receptor that is expressed on hematopoietic and endothelial cells. PECAM-1 is vital to the regulation of inflammatory responses, as it has been shown to serve a variety of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. Pro-inflammatory functions of PECAM-1 include the facilitation of leukocyte transendothelial migration and the transduction of mechanical signals in endothelial cells emanating from fluid shear stress. Anti-inflammatory functions include the dampening of leukocyte activation, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and the maintenance of vascular barrier integrity. Although PECAM-1 has been well-characterized and studied, the mechanisms through which PECAM-1 regulates these seemingly opposing functions, and how they influence each other, are still not completely understood. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to provide an overview of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of PECAM-1 with special attention paid to mechanistic insights that have thus far been revealed in the literature in hopes of gaining a clearer picture of how these opposing functions might be integrated in a temporal and spatial manner on the whole organism level. A better understanding of how inflammatory responses are regulated should enable the development of new therapeutics that can be used in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Privratsky
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Bergom C, Gao C, Newman PJ. Mechanisms of PECAM-1-mediated cytoprotection and implications for cancer cell survival. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 46:1409-21. [PMID: 16194886 DOI: 10.1080/10428190500126091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Defects in apoptotic pathways can promote cancer development and cause cancers to become resistant to chemotherapy. The cell adhesion and signaling molecule PECAM-1 has been shown to potently suppress apoptosis in a variety of cellular systems. PECAM-1 expression has been reported on a variety of human malignancies-especially hematopoietic and vascular cell cancers-but the significance of this expression has not been fully explored. The ability of PECAM-1 to inhibit apoptosis makes it an attractive candidate as a molecule that may promote cancer development and/or confer resistance to chemotherapeutic treatment. The exact mechanisms by which PECAM-1 mediates its cytoprotection have not been fully defined, but its anti-apoptotic effects have been shown to require both homophilic binding and intracellular signaling via its immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domains. In this review, we will discuss the data regarding PECAM-1's anti-apoptotic effects and ways in which this cytoprotection may be clinically relevant to the development and/or treatment of hematologic malignancies that express this vascular cell-specific surface molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bergom
- Blood Research Institute, The Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Balligand JL, Feron O, Dessy C. eNOS activation by physical forces: from short-term regulation of contraction to chronic remodeling of cardiovascular tissues. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:481-534. [PMID: 19342613 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide production in response to flow-dependent shear forces applied on the surface of endothelial cells is a fundamental mechanism of regulation of vascular tone, peripheral resistance, and tissue perfusion. This implicates the concerted action of multiple upstream "mechanosensing" molecules reversibly assembled in signalosomes recruiting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in specific subcellular locales, e.g., plasmalemmal caveolae. Subsequent short- and long-term increases in activity and expression of eNOS translate this mechanical stimulus into enhanced NO production and bioactivity through a complex transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of the enzyme, including by shear-stress responsive transcription factors, oxidant stress-dependent regulation of transcript stability, eNOS regulatory phosphorylations, and protein-protein interactions. Notably, eNOS expressed in cardiac myocytes is amenable to a similar regulation in response to stretching of cardiac muscle cells and in part mediates the length-dependent increase in cardiac contraction force. In addition to short-term regulation of contractile tone, eNOS mediates key aspects of cardiac and vascular remodeling, e.g., by orchestrating the mobilization, recruitment, migration, and differentiation of cardiac and vascular progenitor cells, in part by regulating the stabilization and transcriptional activity of hypoxia inducible factor in normoxia and hypoxia. The continuum of the influence of eNOS in cardiovascular biology explains its growing implication in mechanosensitive aspects of integrated physiology, such as the control of blood pressure variability or the modulation of cardiac remodeling in situations of hemodynamic overload.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-L Balligand
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dasgupta B, Dufour E, Mamdouh Z, Muller WA. A novel and critical role for tyrosine 663 in platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 trafficking and transendothelial migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5041-51. [PMID: 19342684 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PECAM-1/CD31 is required for leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) under most inflammatory conditions. A critical pool of PECAM-1 resides in the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC). During TEM, membrane from the LBRC is redirected to surround the leukocyte, and this targeted recycling per se is required for TEM. The cytoplasmic domain of PECAM-1 contains two tyrosine residues that have been implicated in PECAM-1 signaling in other cells but never examined in the context of TEM. We found that expression of PECAM-1 imparts on cells the ability to support TEM and that tyrosine 663 (but not tyrosine 686) is required. Furthermore, tyrosine 663 is required for PECAM-1 to efficiently enter and exit the LBRC. Most important, mutation of tyrosine 663 abolishes the ability of the endothelial cells to support targeted recycling of the LBRC. These data define a novel role for tyrosine 663 and suggest that it is part of a recognition motif for trafficking to and/or from the LBRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Otte LA, Bell KS, Loufrani L, Yeh JC, Melchior B, Dao DN, Stevens HY, White CR, Frangos JA. Rapid changes in shear stress induce dissociation of a G alpha(q/11)-platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 complex. J Physiol 2009; 587:2365-73. [PMID: 19332487 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.172643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recently shown that endothelial platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) expression is pro-atherogenic. PECAM-1 is involved in sensing rapid changes in fluid shear stress but the mechanisms for activating signalling complexes at the endothelial cell junction have yet to be elucidated. Additional studies suggest the activation of membrane-bound G proteins G alpha(q/11) also mediate flow-induced responses. Here, we investigated whether PECAM-1 and G alpha(q/11) could act in unison to rapidly respond to fluid shear stress. With immunohistochemistry, we observed a co-localization of G alpha(q/11) and PECAM-1 at the cell-cell junction in the atheroprotected section of mouse aortae. In contrast, G alpha(q/11) was absent from junctions in atheroprone areas as well as in all arterial sections of PECAM-1 knockout mice. In primary human endothelial cells, temporal gradients in shear stress led to a rapid dissociation of the G alpha(q/11)-PECAM-1 complex within 30 s and a partial relocalization of the G alpha(q/11) staining to perinuclear areas within 150 min, whereas transitioning fluid flow devoid of temporal gradients did not disrupt the complex. Inhibition of G protein activation eliminated temporal gradient flow-induced G alpha(q/11)-PECAM-1 dissociation. These results allow us to conclude that G alpha(q/11)-PECAM-1 forms a mechanosensitive complex and its localization suggests the G alpha(q/11)-PECAM-1 complex is a critical mediator of vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Otte
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, 505 Coast Blvd South, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dasgupta B, Muller WA. Endothelial Src kinase regulates membrane recycling from the lateral border recycling compartment during leukocyte transendothelial migration. Eur J Immunol 2009; 38:3499-507. [PMID: 18991269 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
When leukocytes cross endothelial cells during the inflammatory response, membrane from the recently described lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC) is selectively targeted around diapedesing leukocytes. This "targeted recycling" is critical for leukocyte transendothelial migration. Blocking homophilic PECAM interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells blocks targeted recycling from the LBRC and blocks diapedesis. However, the cellular signaling pathways that trigger targeted recycling are not known. We show that targeted recycling from the LBRC is dependent on Src kinase. The selective Src kinase inhibitor PP2 blocked targeted recycling and blocked diapedesis by over 70%. However, Src kinase inhibition did not affect the structure or normal constitutive recycling of membrane from the LBRC in the absence of leukocytes. PECAM, a Src kinase substrate, traffics between the LBRC and the endothelial surface at the cell border. However, virtually all of the PECAM in the cell that was phosphorylated on tyrosine residues was found in the LBRC. These findings demonstrate that Src kinase activity is critical for the targeted recycling of membrane from the LBRC to the site of transendothelial migration and that the PECAM in the LBRC is qualitatively different from the PECAM on the surface of endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Korporaal SJA, Koekman CA, Verhoef S, van der Wal DE, Bezemer M, Van Eck M, Akkerman JWN. Downregulation of platelet responsiveness upon contact with LDL by the protein-tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 29:372-9. [PMID: 19096001 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.173278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The sensitivity of platelets to aggregating agents increases when low-density lipoprotein (LDL) binds to apolipoprotein E receptor 2' (apoER2'), triggering activation of p38MAPK and formation of thromboxane A2. LDL signaling is terminated by PECAM-1 through recruitment and activation of the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PP2A, but platelets remain unresponsive to LDL when PECAM-1 activation disappears. We report a second mechanism that halts LDL signaling and in addition lowers platelet responsiveness to aggregating agents. METHODS AND RESULTS After a first stimulation with LDL, platelets remain unresponsive to LDL for 60 minutes, despite normal apoER2' activation by a second dose of LDL. A possible cause is persistent activation of the tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2, which may not only block a second activation of p38MAPK, PECAM-1, and PP2A by LDL but also seem to reduce aggregation by TRAP, collagen, and ADP. CONCLUSION These findings reveal that p38MAPK phosphorylation and platelet activation by LDL are suppressed by two mechanisms: (1) short activation of PECAM-1/PP2A, and (2) prolonged activation of SHP-1 and SHP-2. Activation of SHP-1 and SHP-2 is accompanied by reduced responsiveness to aggregating agents, which--if present in vivo--would make LDL an aggregation inhibitor during prolonged contact with platelets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J A Korporaal
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chiu YJ, McBeath E, Fujiwara K. Mechanotransduction in an extracted cell model: Fyn drives stretch- and flow-elicited PECAM-1 phosphorylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 182:753-63. [PMID: 18710921 PMCID: PMC2518713 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200801062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanosensing followed by mechanoresponses by cells is well established, but the mechanisms by which mechanical force is converted into biochemical events are poorly understood. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) exhibit flow- and stretch-dependent responses and are widely used as a model for studying mechanotransduction in mammalian cells. Platelet EC adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) is tyrosine phosphorylated when ECs are exposed to flow or when PECAM-1 is directly pulled, suggesting that it is a mechanochemical converter. We show that PECAM-1 phosphorylation occurs when detergent-extracted EC monolayers are stretched, indicating that this phosphorylation is mechanically triggered and does not require the intact plasma membrane and soluble cytoplasmic components. Using kinase inhibitors and small interfering RNAs, we identify Fyn as the PECAM-1 kinase associated with the model. We further show that stretch- and flow-induced PECAM-1 phosphorylation in intact ECs is abolished when Fyn expression is down-regulated. We suggest that PECAM-1 and Fyn are essential components of a PECAM-1-based mechanosensory complex in ECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jen Chiu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, West Henrietta, NY 14586, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bergom C, Paddock C, Gao C, Holyst T, Newman DK, Newman PJ. An alternatively spliced isoform of PECAM-1 is expressed at high levels in human and murine tissues, and suggests a novel role for the C-terminus of PECAM-1 in cytoprotective signaling. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:1235-42. [PMID: 18388311 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.025163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ig-ITIM family member PECAM-1 is expressed in vascular and endothelial cells, and its functions include suppression of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Previous studies have identified distinct PECAM-1 cytoplasmic domain splice variants at the mRNA, but not protein, level. Several relatively abundant mRNA isoforms lack exon 15 (Delta15) and would theoretically encode a protein with a truncated cytoplasmic domain and a unique C-terminal sequence. Using a novel rabbit polyclonal antibody that specifically recognizes Delta15 PECAM-1, we found that the Delta15 PECAM-1 isoform was expressed in human tissues, including brain, testes and ovary. This isoform was also expressed on the cell surface of human platelets, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the Jurkat T-cell leukemia, human erythroleukemia (HEL) and U937 histiocytic lymphoma cell lines. Furthermore, murine platelets and lung lysates demonstrated abundant amounts of exon-15-deficient PECAM-1. Functional studies revealed that Delta15 PECAM-1 retains both its homophilic binding capacity and its ability to signal by means of its immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domains. Delta15 PECAM-1 was unable, however, to protect against apoptosis induced by overexpression of Bax or treatment with the chemotherapy agent etoposide. These studies suggest a novel role for the PECAM-1 C-terminus in cytoprotective signaling and highlight a need for further characterization of expression of PECAM-1 isoforms in normal and malignant tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bergom
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yeh JC, Otte LA, Frangos JA. Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor activities by the platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, PECAM-1. Biochemistry 2008; 47:9029-39. [PMID: 18672896 DOI: 10.1021/bi8003846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that the cell-cell junction is a major signaling center. Here we show that the Galphaq/11 subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins forms a complex with platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), a junctional protein that has been shown to be involved in mechanosignaling in endothelial cells. To understand the role of PECAM-1 in this complex, we determined the critical regions of PECAM-1 involved in this interaction. By expressing truncated forms of PECAM-1 in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, we found that the cytoplasmic domain of PECAM-1 is not required for its association with Galphaq/11. Domain swapping of PECAM-1 with intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), a protein that does not form a complex with Galphaq/11, provides evidence that the extracellular domain of PECAM-1 is critical for this interaction. This result also suggests that PECAM-1 does not directly interact with Galphaq/11. Coexpression of bradykinin receptor B2 (BKRB2), a Galphaq/11-coupled receptor, with PECAM-1 enhances formation of the PECAM-1-Galphaq/11 complex, suggesting an interaction between PECAM-1 and BKRB2. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that these two molecules indeed form a complex when expressed in HEK293 cells. Activation of ERK1/2 by bradykinin in HUVEC is enhanced when PECAM-1 expression is inhibited by transfection of small interference RNA against PECAM-1. Taken together, our results provide evidence of interaction of PECAM-1 with BKRB2 and of its possible role in regulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and G protein functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-chern Yeh
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, 505 Coast Boulevard South, Suite 406, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
DiMaio TA, Sheibani N. PECAM-1 isoform-specific functions in PECAM-1-deficient brain microvascular endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2007; 75:188-201. [PMID: 18029285 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) is alternatively spliced generating eight isoforms that only differ in the length of their cytoplasmic domain. Multiple isoforms of PECAM-1 are present in the endothelium and their expression levels are regulated during vascular development and angiogenesis. However, the functional significance of PECAM-1 isoforms during these processes remains largely unknown. We recently showed that mouse brain endothelial (bEND) cells prepared from PECAM-1-deficient (PECAM-1-/-) mice differ in their cell adhesive and migratory properties compared to PECAM-1+/+ bEND cells. Here we demonstrate that the restoration of PECAM-1 expression in these cells affects their adhesive and migratory properties in an isoform-specific manner. Expression of Delta14&15 PECAM-1, the predominant isoform present in the mouse endothelium, in PECAM-1-/- bEND cells activated MAPK/ERKs, disrupted adherens junctions, and enhanced cell migration and capillary morphogenesis in Matrigel. In contrast, expression of Delta15 PECAM-1 in PECAM-1-/- bEND cells had minimal effects on their activation of MAPK/ERKs, migration, and capillary morphogenesis. The effects of PECAM-1 on cell adhesive and migratory properties were mediated in an isoform-specific manner, at least in part, through its interactions with intracellular signaling proteins, including SHP-2 and Src. These results suggest that the impact of PECAM-1 on EC adhesion, migration, and capillary morphogenesis is modulated by alternative splicing of its cytoplasmic domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terri A DiMaio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792-4673, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Couty JP, Rampon C, Leveque M, Laran-Chich MP, Bourdoulous S, Greenwood J, Couraud PO. PECAM-1 engagement counteracts ICAM-1-induced signaling in brain vascular endothelial cells. J Neurochem 2007; 103:793-801. [PMID: 17662049 PMCID: PMC2657999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells are mediated by a complex set of membrane adhesion molecules which transduce bi-directional signals in both cell types. Endothelium of the cerebral blood vessels, which constitute the blood-brain barrier, strictly controls adhesion and trafficking of leukocytes into the brain. Investigating signaling pathways triggered by the engagement of adhesion molecules expressed on brain endothelial cells, we previously documented the role of ICAM-1 in activation of the tyrosine phosphorylation of several actin-binding proteins and subsequent rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. In the present study, we show that, whereas PECAM-1 is known to control positively the trans-endothelial migration of leukocytes via homophilic interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells, PECAM-1 engagement on brain endothelial surface unexpectedly counteracts the ICAM-1-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin and rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. We present evidence that the PECAM-1-associated tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 is required for ICAM-1 signaling, suggesting that its activity might crucially contribute to the regulation of ICAM-1 signaling by PECAM-1. Our findings reveal a novel activity for PECAM-1 which, by counteracting ICAM-1-induced activation, could directly contribute to limit activation and maintain integrity of brain vascular endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Couty
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
García VE, Chuluyan HE. SLAM and CD31: Signaling molecules involved in cytokine secretion during the development of innate and adaptive immune responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:85-96. [PMID: 17336132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells are modulated through the crosslinking of receptors named "immunoreceptors". Ligation of immunoreceptors by their ligands induces a tyrosine-phosphorylation signal that is essential for cell activation or inhibition. Physiologically, immunoreceptor triggering is not enough for cell activation, and stimulation of co-receptors is necessary for antigen-evoked cytokine production. Thus, signal transduction pathways mediated by proteins that regulate cytokine secretion are critical to achieve an effective immune response of the host, where the balance between positive and negative signaling allows effective immune responses, preventing tolerance and autoimmunity. This review deals with recent studies based on the role of the receptor signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), a signaling protein that modulates cytokine secretion by immune cells, and the transmembrane glycoprotein CD31, which plays multiple roles in cellular signaling events by modulating the balance between inhibitory and stimulatory signals to immune cells. Recent studies have shed light on the ability of these molecules to transmit different signals that regulate the ability of innate and adaptive immune cells to synthesize stimulatory and inhibitory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica E García
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology and Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Korporaal SJA, Akkerman JWN. Platelet activation by low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HAEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS 2006; 35:270-80. [PMID: 16877876 DOI: 10.1159/000093220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death and disability in the Western society. Lipoproteins are important in the development of cardiovascular disease since they change the properties of different cells involved in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The interaction of platelets with lipoproteins has been under intense investigation. Particularly the initiation of platelet signaling pathways by low density lipoprotein (LDL) has been studied thoroughly, since platelets of hypercholesterolemic patients, whose plasma contains elevated LDL levels due to absent or defective LDL receptors, show hyperaggregability in vitro and enhanced activity in vivo. These observations suggest that LDL enhances platelet responsiveness. Several signaling pathways induced by LDL have been revealed in vitro, such as signaling via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and p125 focal adhesion kinase. High density lipoprotein (HDL) consists of two subtypes, HDL(2) and HDL(3), which have opposing effects on platelet activation. This review provides a summary of the activation of signaling pathways after platelet-LDL and platelet-HDL interaction, with special emphasis on their role in the development of thrombosis and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J A Korporaal
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Laboratory, Department of Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht and The Institute for Biomembranes, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fukuhra S, Sakurai A, Yamagishi A, Sako K, Mochizuki N. Vascular endothelial cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion regulated by a small GTPase, Rap1. BMB Rep 2006; 39:132-9. [PMID: 16584626 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2006.39.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), which belongs to the classical cadherin family, is localized at adherens junctions exclusively in vascular endothelial cells. Biochemical and biomechanical cues regulate the VE-cadherin adhesive potential by triggering the intracellular signals. VE-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion is required for cell survival and endothelial cell deadhesion is required for vascular development. It is therefore crucial to understand how VE-cadherin-based cell adhesion is controlled. This review summarizes the inter-endothelial cell adhesions and introduces our recent advance in Rap1-regulated VE-cadherin adhesion. A further analysis of the VE-cadherin recycling system will aid the understanding of cell adhesion/deadhesion mechanisms mediated by VE-cadherin in response to extracellular stimuli during development and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigetomo Fukuhra
- Department of Structural Analysis, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Novinska MS, Pietz BC, Ellis TM, Newman DK, Newman PJ. The alleles of PECAM-1. Gene 2006; 376:95-101. [PMID: 16581204 PMCID: PMC2965460 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported the existence of eleven different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within human PECAM-1 mRNA, several of which have recently been associated with disease. Though SNPs in the PECAM-1 gene have been known for some time, the genetic background on which they exist, and their association into distinct allelic isoforms has not yet been established. To identify the major allelic isoforms of PECAM-1, we determined the nucleotide sequence of individual full-length cloned cDNAs derived from anonymous, unrelated volunteer individuals. Initial sequence analysis of 34 alleles from 17 individuals confirmed the presence of two distinct human PECAM-1 alleles (L(98)S(536)R(643) and V(98)N(536)G(643)) within the human population. Each of these were found, upon more detailed analysis, to be superimposed on a previously unreported a2479g nucleotide polymorphism within the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) that occurred on both allelic isoforms - yielding a total of four major alleles. Multiplex Luminex bead analysis of an additional 259 individuals allowed identification of 117 individuals homozygous for either the L(98)S(536) or V(98)N(536) allele, and sequence analysis around the R643G and a2479g polymorphic sites permitted accurate determination of significant differences in the gene frequencies of LSRa, LSRg, VNGa, and VNGg among Caucasian individuals. Identification of these PECAM-1 allelic isoforms should facilitate future detailed examination of PECAM-1-related disease associations, and may help resolve previously disparate results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley C. Pietz
- Product Development Laboratory, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
| | - Thomas M. Ellis
- Laboratory of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
| | - Debra K. Newman
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Peter J. Newman
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Peter J. Newman, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, P.O. Box 2178, 638 N. 18 Street, Milwaukee, WI 53201, Phone: (414) 937-6237, Fax: (414) 937-6284,
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Endothelial cells are known to respond to mechanical forces such as fluid shear stress and cyclic stretch, but elucidating the mechanism for mechanosensing has been difficult. Experimental data indicate that there are probably several sensing mechanisms. We have recently proposed a novel mechanoresponse mechanism that involves platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1). When endothelial cells are stimulated by fluid shear stress, PECAM-1 is tyrosine phosphorylated and activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signalling cascade. The same signalling events occurred when we applied pulling force directly on PECAM-1 on the endothelial cell surface using magnetic beads coated with antibodies against the external domain of PECAM-1. These results appear to indicate that PECAM-1 is a mechanotransduction molecule. To our knowledge, this is the first mammalian molecule that is shown to respond to mechanical force directly exerted to it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Fujiwara
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ueno S, Ando J, Fujita H, Sugawara T, Jimbo Y, Itaka K, Kataoka K, Ushida T. The State of the Art of Nanobioscience in Japan. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2006; 5:54-65. [PMID: 16570874 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2005.864022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews a part of the state of the art of nanobioscience in Japan. The importance of combination and integration of interdisciplinary principles is emphasized for the development of nanobioscience. Biomagnetics, biomechanics, nanomachining, self-replicating cell model, neuronal network, drug delivery system, and tissue engineering are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoogo Ueno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sallee JL, Wittchen ES, Burridge K. Regulation of cell adhesion by protein-tyrosine phosphatases: II. Cell-cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:16189-92. [PMID: 16497667 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r600003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion is critical to the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. The stability of many adhesions is regulated by protein tyrosine phosphorylation of cell adhesion molecules and their associated components, with high levels of phosphorylation promoting disassembly. The level of tyrosine phosphorylation reflects the balance between protein-tyrosine kinase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity. Many protein-tyrosine phosphatases associate with the cadherin-catenin complex, directly regulating the phosphorylation of these proteins, thereby affecting their interactions and the integrity of cell-cell junctions. Tyrosine phosphatases can also affect cell-cell adhesions indirectly by regulating the signaling pathways that control the activities of Rho family G proteins. In addition, receptor-type tyrosine phosphatases can mediate outside-in signaling through both ligand binding and dimerization of their extracellular domains. This review will discuss the role of protein-tyrosine phosphatases in cell-cell interactions, with an emphasis on cadherin-mediated adhesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Sallee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Liu Y, Bubolz AH, Shi Y, Newman PJ, Newman DK, Gutterman DD. Peroxynitrite reduces the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor component of coronary flow-mediated dilation in PECAM-1-knockout mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 290:R57-65. [PMID: 16166207 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00424.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) is capable of transducing signals in endothelial cells exposed to shear; however, the biological consequences of this signal transduction are unknown. Because shear stress elicits flow-mediated dilation (FMD), we examined whether steady-state FMD in mouse coronary arteries (MCAs) is affected in the PECAM-1 knockout (KO) mouse. MCAs were isolated from wild-type (WT) or KO mice and prepared for videomicroscopy, histofluorescence, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. FMD was examined in the absence and presence of N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and l-NAME+indomethacin (INDO). FMD was reduced in KO relative to WT MCAs, but the l-NAME-inhibitable portion of FMD was similar between the two. The INDO-sensitive component of FMD was diminished in KO MCAs. In contrast, the residual component of dilation, presumably because of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), was abolished in KO MCAs. Histofluorescence showed relatively more superoxide (O2-.; oxy-ethidium fluorescence) and peroxide production (dihydrochlorofluorescene fluoresecence) in KO MCAs at rest. Flow augmented O2-. and peroxide production in WT MCAs but had little effect on KO MCAs. Enhanced nitric oxide generation was observed in arteries from KO mice, accompanied with increased eNOS S1177 phosphorylation. In vessels from KO mice, treatment with ebselen decreased peroxynitrite (ONOO-) formation and improved the reduced FMD, largely due to restoration of the presumed EDHF component. These results suggest that PECAM-1 is necessary for normal FMD in the mouse coronary circulation. In the absence of this adhesion and signaling molecule, ONOO- production is increased concomitant with a reduction in both the EDHF and INDO-sensitive components of FMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Liu
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Masuda M, Kogata N, Mochizuki N. [Crucial roles of PECAM-1 in shear stress sensing of vascular endothelial cells]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2005; 124:311-8. [PMID: 15502396 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.124.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluid shear stress (FSS) induces many forms of responses, including phosphorylation of ERK in endothelial cells (ECs). We have earlier reported that FSS and hyper-osmotic shock rapidly induce tyrosine phosphorylation of PECAM-1 (CD31). The phosphorylated PECAM-1 acts as a plasma membrane anchoring site for SHP2, a protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in the signal transmission from receptor tyrosine kinases to ERK. Osmotic shock also induces transient ERK activation in ECs. The osmotic-shock-induced ERK activation but not p38 MAP kinase activation was dependent on the PECAM-1 engagement and was blocked by its downregulation. When magnetic beads coated with antibodies against the extracellular domain of PECAM-1 were attached to ECs and tugged by magnetic force, PECAM-1 associated with the beads was tyrosine phosphorylated. ERK was also phosphorylated in these cells. Binding of the beads by itself or pulling on the cell surface using poly-L-lysine coated beads did not induce phosphorylation of PECAM-1 and ERK. These results suggest that PECAM-1 is a mechanotransduction molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Masuda
- Department of Structural Analysis, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang Y, Su X, Wu Z, Sheibani N. Thrombospondin-1 deficient mice exhibit an altered expression pattern of alternatively spliced PECAM-1 isoforms in retinal vasculature and endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:352-61. [PMID: 15672414 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that thrombosponsin-1 (TSP1) and PECAM-1 are components of a regulatory switch whose reciprocal regulation in the endothelial cells (EC) promotes an angiogenic or a differentiated, quiescent phenotype. The physiological role TSP1 plays in modulation of PECAM-1 expression and function during vascular development and angiogenesis remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that PECAM-1 undergoes alternative splicing in its cytoplasmic domain generating eight isoforms in the retinal vasculature of wild type and TSP1-/- mice. All PECAM-1 isoforms examined contained exon 13. The frequency of PECAM-1 isoform(s) containing exon 14 was significantly higher during early stages of retinal vascularization, which decreased during later stages of retinal vascularization in wild type mice. In contrast, the frequency of exon 14 containing PECAM-1 isoform(s) did not significantly change during retinal vascularization in TSP1-/- mice. They consistently expressed higher number of isoforms with exon 14 during later stages of retinal vascularization. The higher level of PECAM-1 isoforms with exon 14 was also observed in cultured TSP1-/- retinal EC compared to wild type retinal EC. This was consistent with increased amounts of Src and SHP-2 associated with PECAM-1, and enhanced migration and proliferation in TSP1-/- retinal EC. These data suggest PECAM-1 signaling in the endothelium is modulated by its alternative splicing during retinal vascular development and angiogenesis, which may be impacted by TSP1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Wang
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
O'Brien CD, Cao G, Makrigiannakis A, DeLisser HM. Role of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs of PECAM-1 in PECAM-1-dependent cell migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287:C1103-13. [PMID: 15201144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00573.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1), a transmembrane glycoprotein, has been implicated in angiogenesis, with recent evidence indicating the involvement of PECAM-1 in endothelial cell motility. The cytoplasmic domain of PECAM-1 contains two tyrosine residues, Y663 and Y686, that each fall within an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM). When phosphorylated, these residues together mediate the binding of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. Because SHP-2 has been shown to be involved in the turnover of focal adhesions, a phenomenon required for efficient cell motility, the association of this phosphatase with PECAM-1 via its ITIMs may represent a mechanism by which PECAM-1 might facilitate cell migration. Studies were therefore done with cell transfectants expressing wild-type PECAM or mutant PECAM-1 in which residues Y663 and Y686 were mutated. These mutations eliminated PECAM-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and the association of PECAM-1 with SHP-2 but did not impair the ability of the molecule to localize at intercellular junctions or to bind homophilically. However, in vitro cell motility and tube formation stimulated by the expression of wild-type PECAM-1 were abrogated by the mutation of these tyrosine residues. Importantly, during wound-induced migration, the number of focal adhesions as well as the level of tyrosine phosphorylated paxillin detected in cells expressing wild-type PECAM-1 were markedly reduced compared with control cells or transfectants with mutant PECAM-1. These data suggest that, in vivo, the binding of SHP-2 to PECAM-1, via PECAM-1's ITIM domains, promotes the turnover of focal adhesions and, hence, endothelial cell motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|