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Gulubova M, Tolekova A, Berbatov D, Aydogdu N. Development of pancreatic islet cells in the extrahepatic bile ducts of rats with experimentally-induced metabolic syndrome. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37651586 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2252205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is data about the existence of some endocrine cells in the epithelial layer of the bile duct in humans and rats. OBJECTIVE We evaluated Ghrelin-, Insulin-, Glucagon- and Somatostatin-positive cells in peribiliary glands, mast cells, and nerve fibres. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were used for dietary manipulation with a 15% fructose solution for 12 weeks. Tissue samples were elaborated with immunohistochemistry for Insulin, Glucagon, Ghrelin, and Somatostatin. Glucose and lipid parameters were studied. RESULTS In treated animals, Ghrelin+ and Insulin+ cells in perybiliary glands (PBGs) were significantly increased. In the male fructose group there was a significant increase of the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). CONCLUSIONS Stem/progenitor cells in extrahepatic bile tree (EHBT) could be a source of Insulin-producing cells in metabolic syndrome. Fructose treatment induces the increase of Ghrelin+ and Insulin+ cells in PBGs and the elevation of Insulin and Ghrelin plasma concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Gulubova
- Department of pathology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Tolekova
- Medical College, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Zhou T, Chen MK. Effect of somatostatin on human sphincter of Oddi motility. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:1749-1752. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i17.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Native somatostatin is a gut hormone and neuropeptide, widely distributed in the nervous and gastrointestinal system, and has a broad range of biological actions. In gastrointestinal tract (GIT), somatostatin is mainly produced by the delta cells of the pancreas and gastrointestinal mucosal. The inhibitory effects of somatostatin on gastrointestinal motility and hormone secretion are mediated by a family of G protein-coupled receptors: the somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5). The sphincter of Oddi (SO) located near the duodenum papillae is an anatomically and functionally distinct organ, SO motility is controlled and regulated by nerve, hormone and interstitial cells of Cajal. The effect of somatostatin on SO motility is still controversial. This article reviewed effect of somatostatin on human sphincter of oddi motility.
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Woods CM, Sandstrom P, Bond M, Michael M, Svanvik J, Toouli J, Saccone GTP. Selective iNOS inhibition enhances spontaneous gallbladder motility in the Australian possum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007; 19:497-503. [PMID: 17564631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gallbladder inflammation is a common and painful disease. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a major role in inflammatory diseases, and iNOS inhibitors are being developed as therapeutic agents. Reports are inconsistent regarding iNOS expression in normal gallbladder. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of iNOS inhibition on spontaneous gallbladder motility. mRNA extracted from normal possum gallbladders was analysed by PCR. Gallbladder contractility was evaluated using a highly selective iNOS inhibitor AR-C102222AA (AR-C) in in vitro muscle strips (0.1-10 000 microm) and in vivo (0.1-30 micromol kg(-1)) experiments. Gene expression analysis revealed the presence of iNOS mRNA in normal gallbladder (n = 3). In vitro, AR-C (0.1-1000 micromol L(-1)) produced a concentration-dependent increase in spontaneous gallbladder contractile activity and basal tension (P < 0.05; n = 6). The maximum effect was a 1.8-fold increase in activity and 2.1-fold increase in basal tension. Pretreatment of muscle strips with tetrodotoxin (1 micromol L(-1)) did not block the AR-C-induced response (n = 5). In vivo, AR-C (30 micromol kg(-1), i.v.) increased gallbladder contraction frequency (P < 0.05; n = 8). These data suggest that iNOS is continually expressed in the normal gallbladder, which presumably releases low levels of nitric oxide and in turn may modulate spontaneous gallbladder motility. AR-C may be a beneficial treatment for patients suffering from acute cholecystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Woods
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Di Francesco V, Angelini G, Zoico E, Zamboni M, Frulloni L, Cavallini G. Effect of native somatostatin on Sphincter of Oddi motility in patients with acute recurrent pancreatitis. A pilot study with Ultrasound-Secretin test. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38:268-71. [PMID: 16540384 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of native somatostatin on Sphincter of Oddi motility still remains controversial. Sphincter of Oddi inhibition was demonstrated at manometry in patients in the acute phase of alcoholic pancreatitis. Other investigators showed marked somatostatin-induced impairment of bile flow by hepato-biliary scintigraphy. AIM Aim of the study was to determine the effects of therapeutical doses of exogenous somatostatin on Sphincter of Oddi motility. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied eight patients (two men, six women, age 18-42), in the quiescent phase of idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis. We directly studied Sphincter of Oddi motility by perendoscopic manometry and, indirectly, secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice outflow by Ultrasound-Secretin test. The two tests were repeated before and after somatostatin infusion. RESULTS Manometry was performed in two patients. After 250 microg somatostatin bolus the sphincter showed an increase of motor activity. At Ultrasound-Secretin test mean diameters were significantly larger at 40-60 min evaluation intervals during 250 microg/h somatostatin infusion as compared to saline infusion, showing a delayed pancreatic duct emptying. CONCLUSIONS Acute administration of somatostatin seems to induce an excitatory effect on Sphincter of Oddi motility, with impaired pancreatic outflow in patients in the quiescent phase of recurrent pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Di Francesco
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Grivell MB, Woods CM, Grivell AR, Neild TO, Craig AG, Toouli J, Saccone GTP. The possum sphincter of Oddi pumps or resists flow depending on common bile duct pressure: a multilumen manometry study. J Physiol 2004; 558:611-22. [PMID: 15169843 PMCID: PMC1664969 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.061663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sphincter of Oddi (SO) regulates trans-sphincteric flow (TSF) by acting primarily as a pump or as a resistor in specific species. We used the Australian possum SO, which functions similarly to the human SO, to characterize SO motility responses to different common bile duct (CBD) and duodenal pressures. Possum CBD, SO and attached duodenum (n= 18) was mounted in an organ bath. External reservoirs were used to impose CBD (0-17 mmHg) and duodenal (0, 4, 7 mmHg) pressure. Spontaneous SO activity was recorded using four-lumen pico-manometry and TSF was measured gravimetrically. Temporal analysis of manometric and TSF recordings identified three functionally distinct biliary-SO regions, the proximal-SO (juxta-CBD), body-SO and papilla-SO. At CBD pressures < 3 mmHg the motor activity of these regions was coordinated to pump fluid. Proximal-SO contractions isolated fluid within the body-SO. Peristaltic contraction through the body-SO pumped this fluid through the papilla-SO (17-27 microl contraction), which opened to facilitate flow. CBD pressure > 3.5 mmHg resulted in progressive changes in TSF to predominantly passive 'resistor'-type flow, occurring during proximal-SO-body-SO quiescence, when CBD pressure exceeded the pressure at the papilla-SO. Progression from pump to resistor function commenced when CBD pressure was 2-4 mmHg greater than duodenal pressure. These results imply that TSF is dependent on the CBD-duodenal pressure difference. The papilla-SO is pivotal to TSF, relaxing during proximal-SO-body-SO pumping and closing during proximal-SO-body-SO quiescence. The pump function promotes TSF at low CBD pressure and prevents bile stasis. At higher CBD pressure, the papilla-SO permits TSF along a pressure gradient, thereby maintaining a low pressure within the biliary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene B Grivell
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Centre for Digestive Sciences, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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Woods CM, Toouli J, Saccone GTP. A2A and A3 receptors mediate the adenosine-induced relaxation in spontaneously active possum duodenum in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 138:1333-9. [PMID: 12711634 PMCID: PMC1573775 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to define the P1 purinergic receptors that regulate spontaneous or adenosine-induced duodenal motor activity. 2. Spontaneous contractile activity was recorded isometrically from possum longitudinal duodenal muscle strips. Adenosine (0.5 micro M-1 mM) was administered noncumulatively and repeated after pretreatment with a P1 antagonist or tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 micro M), (n=4-7). Antagonists used were: A(1), 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, 10 nM); A(2A), 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine (CSC, 10 micro M); A(2B), 3-isobutyl-8-pyrrolidinoxanthine (IPDX, 10 micro M); A(3), 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-5-[(phenylacetyl) amino][1,2,4]-triazolo(1,5-c)quinazoline (MRS1220, 10 micro M). Changes in activity are expressed as percentage of baseline. Statistical analysis utilised nonparametric tests. 3. Adenosine (n=34) induced a long-lasting, concentration-dependent decrease in activity by 55.6+/-3.2% area under curve (AUC), 47.3+/-4.0% contraction amplitude, 31.6+/-3.6% basal tension and 10.4+/-1.7% contraction frequency (all P<0.001). The adenosine-induced decrease in contraction amplitude was blocked by CSC (P<0.01) or inhibited by MRS1220 (P<0.03) pretreatment, but not modified by TTX, DPCPX or IPDX pretreatment. 4. Adenosine antagonists modified spontaneous contractile activity. Pretreatment with DPCPX or CSC increased basal tension, whereas IPDX or MRS1220 pretreatment decreased contractile activity. 5. In conclusion, exogenous adenosine reduced duodenal longitudinal motor activity via A(2A) and A(3) receptors. Our findings suggest that endogenous purines may modulate spontaneous duodenal motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Woods
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University of South Australia, PO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
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Nobel D, Baumberger M, Eser P, Michel D, Knecht H, Stocker R. Nontraumatic pancreatitis in spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002; 27:E228-32. [PMID: 11979180 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-200205010-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A retrospective analysis of 10 patients with pancreatitis after traumatic spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVES To determine the conditions leading to nontraumatic pancreatitis in spinal cord injury. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Little is known in the literature about pancreatitis after spinal cord injury. A few authors suggest a multifactorial pathogenesis. METHODS Over a 4-year period the case reports of 338 patients with traumatically caused SCI were reviewed concerning p-amylase and/or lipase elevations. Acute pancreatitis was defined as an elevation of p-amylase and/or lipase of more than three times the upper normal limit. RESULTS Ten of 338 patients had p-amylase and/or lipase elevations three times higher than the upper normal limit. All 10 were male with a mean age of 40.4 years. The average onset time of acute pancreatitis was 16 +/- 5.5 days after trauma. The usual etiologic factors of acute pancreatitis such as obstructive, toxic, or traumatic events were excluded. CONCLUSION The clinical recognition of acute pancreatitis in paraplegic and quadriplegic patients is hampered by diminished or lost visceral sensitivity and therefore is based on laboratory investigations. The current authors therefore hypothesize that acute pancreatitis in the setting of high-level spinal cord injury may result from a combination of locally mediated sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and vagal dominant innervation of the pancreatic gland in autonomic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nobel
- Medical Clinic Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
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Konomi H, Simula ME, Meedeniya ACB, Toouli J, Saccone GTP. Induction of duodenal motility activates the sphincter of Oddi (SO)-duodenal reflex in the Australian possum in vitro. AUTONOMIC & AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 22:109-17. [PMID: 12568128 DOI: 10.1046/j.1474-8673.2002.00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1 The aim of this study was to determine if stimulation of duodenal motility by duodenal fluid distension or by administration of carbachol, activates the sphincter of Oddi-duodenal reflex, in an in vitro preparation from the Australian possum. 2 Duodenal distension was achieved by infusion of Krebs solution (0-8 cm H2O). In separate experiments, the sphincter of Oddi (SO) was partitioned from the duodenum and carbachol (10(-7) - 5 x 10(-6) M) added to the duodenal compartment. 3 Fluid distension increased duodenal motility to 120-600% of control activity. These treatments induced increased SO motility (to 120-390% of control) in six preparations, reduced activity (to 60% of control) in one and no response in another. 4 Addition of carbachol to the duodenal compartment resulted in increased duodenal motility. SO motility was increased in seven preparations, reduced in another two and no response were evoked in two others. All SO responses were blocked by tetrodotoxin pretreatment. 5 These data suggest that the SO receives inputs from duodenal mechano and/or stretch receptors resulting in excitatory or inhibitory responses, with the excitatory response dominating. These findings support the role for the SO-duodenal reflex in preventing duodenobiliary/pancreatic reflux during periods of elevated duodenal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Konomi
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Centre for Digestive Sciences and the Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, PO Box 2100, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
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Konomi H, Meedeniya ACB, Simula ME, Toouli J, Saccone GTP. Characterization of circular muscle motor neurons of the duodenum and distal colon in the Australian brush-tailed possum. J Comp Neurol 2002; 443:15-26. [PMID: 11793344 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The motor innervation of the duodenum and distal colon remains uncharacterized within the same species. Our aim was to compare the projections and neurochemical properties of duodenal and distal colon circular muscle motor neurons. Circular muscle motor neurons were retrogradely traced by using a neural tracer in vitro, processed for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity and then visualized by using indirect immunofluorescence. A mean of 372 +/- 64 and 156 +/- 23 neurons (mean +/- SEM) were tracer-labeled within the duodenum and colon, respectively. The ChAT+/NOS- neurons comprised 57.6 +/- 6.6% and 39.6 +/- 4.4% of all labeled cells in the duodenum and colon, respectively, and projected mainly in the oral direction. Of all labeled cells, the ChAT-/NOS+ neurons comprised 8.5 +/- 2.3% in the duodenum and 46.6 +/- 5.0% in the distal colon and projected mainly in the anal direction. Of the remainder, 20.6 +/- 5.0% and 8.2 +/- 2.4% were ChAT+/NOS+ and 13.2 +/- 0.9% and 5.6 +/- 1.4% were ChAT-/NOS- in the duodenum and distal colon, respectively. Within both regions, the distribution of the ChAT+/NOS- and ChAT-/NOS+ neurons are consistent with the ascending excitatory and descending inhibitory reflexes. The proportion of ChAT-/NOS+ neurons is greater within the colon in comparison with the duodenum. A considerable proportion of duodenal motor neurons were ChAT+/NOS+ and ChAT-/NOS-. These two classes may underlie nonperistaltic motor patterns, which predominate within the duodenum. These findings demonstrate regional differences in the innervation of intestinal circular muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Konomi
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery and the Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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Abstract
The current flow of papers on intestinal structure, radiation science, and intestinal radiation response is reflected in the contents of this review. Multiparameter findings and changes in compartments, cells, or subcellular structure all contribute to the overall profile of the response. The well-recognized changes in proliferation, vessels, and fibrogenesis are accompanied by alterations in other compartments, such as neuroendocrine or immune components of the intestinal wall. The responses at the molecular level, such as in levels of hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters, are of fundamental importance. The intestine responds to localized radiation, or to changes in other organs that influence its structure or function: some structural parameters respond differently to different radiation schedules. Apart from radiation conditions, factors affecting the outcome include the pathophysiology of the irradiated subject and accompanying treatment or intervention. More progress in understanding the overall responses is expected in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Carr
- The Queen's University of Belfast and MRC Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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