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Liu J, Wang A, Qi F, Liu X, Guo Z, Sun H, Zhao M, Li T, Xue F, Wang H, Sun W, He C. Urinary metabolomics analysis based on LC-MS for the diagnosis and monitoring of acute coronary syndrome. Front Mol Biosci 2025; 12:1547476. [PMID: 40270590 PMCID: PMC12014464 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2025.1547476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a cardiovascular disease caused by acute myocardial ischemia. The aim of this study was to use urine metabolomics to explore potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of ACS and the changes in metabolites during the development of this disease. Methods Urine samples were collected from 81 healthy controls and 130 ACS patients (103 UA and 27 AMI). Metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to analyze urine samples. Statistical analysis and functional annotation were applied to identify potential metabolite panels and altered metabolic pathways between ACS patients and healthy controls, unstable angina (UA), and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. Results There were significant differences in metabolic profiles among the UA, AMI and control groups. A total of 512 differential metabolites were identified in this study. Functional annotation revealed that changes in arginine biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism, galactose metabolism, sulfur metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways occur in ACS. In addition, a panel composed of guanidineacetic acid, S-adenosylmethionine, oxindole was able to distinguish ACS patients from healthy controls. The AUC values were 0.8339 (UA VS HCs) and 0.8617 (AMI VS HCs). Moreover, DL-homocystine has the ability to distinguish between UA and AMI, and the area under the ROC curve is 0.8789. The metabolites whose levels increased with disease severity the disease were involved mainly in cysteine and methionine metabolism and the galactose metabolism pathway. Metabolites that decrease with disease severity are related mainly to tryptophan metabolism. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that urinary metabolomics studies can reveal differences between ACS patients and healthy controls, which may help in understanding its mechanisms and the discovery of related biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Aiwei Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengguang Guo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haidan Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mindi Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingmiao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyan He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Wei X, Sun Z, Wang N, Deng Z, Li W, Ying T, Wu M, Liu Y, He G. Immunometabolic profiling related with gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study of CD4 + T cell phenotypes and glycemic traits. Acta Diabetol 2025; 62:77-85. [PMID: 39147954 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate immunometabolic associations of CD4+ T cell phenotypes with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS A nested case-control study was conducted comprising 53 pairs of GDM patients and matched controls within a prospective cohort. Metabolomic signatures related to both CD4+ T cell phenotypes and glycemic traits among pregnant women were investigated by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Multivariable-adjusted generalized linear models were used to explore the associations of CD4+ T cell phenotypes and selected metabolites with GDM. Mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the mediating effect of selected metabolites on the relationship between CD4+ T cell phenotypes and glycemic traits. RESULTS Higher levels of Treg cells (OR per SD increment (95%CI): 0.57 (0.34, 0.95), p = 0.031) and increased expression of Foxp3 (OR per SD increment (95%CI): 0.59 (0.35, 0.97), p = 0.039) and GATA3 (OR per SD increment (95%CI): 0.42 (0.25, 0.72), p = 0.002) were correlated with a decreased risk of GDM. Plasma pyruvaldehyde, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), bergapten, and 9-fluorenone mediated the association between Tregs and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), with mediation proportions of 46.9%, 39.6%, 52.4%, and 56.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Treg cells and Foxp3 expressions were inversely associated with GDM risk, with potential metabolic mechanisms involving metabolites such as pyruvaldehyde and SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, No.130, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, No.130, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Na Wang
- Nursing Department, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zequn Deng
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, No.130, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenyun Li
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, No.130, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tao Ying
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, No.130, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, No.130, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, No.130, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Gengsheng He
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, No.130, Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Wang Q, An J, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Huang J, Liao G, Wang M, Xia L, Le A, Zhu J. S-adenosyl-L-methionine supplementation alleviates aortic dissection by decreasing inflammatory infiltration. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:67. [PMID: 39160585 PMCID: PMC11331618 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Methionine, an indispensable amino acid crucial for dietary balance, intricately governs metabolic pathways. Disruption in its equilibrium has the potential to heighten homocysteine levels in both plasma and tissues, posing a conceivable risk of inducing inflammation and detriment to the integrity of vascular endothelial cells. The intricate interplay between methionine metabolism, with a specific focus on S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), and the onset of thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) remains enigmatic despite acknowledging the pivotal role of inflammation in this vascular condition. In an established murine model induced by β-aminopropionitrile monofumarate (BAPN), we delved into the repercussions of supplementing with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) on the progression of TAD. Our observations uncovered a noteworthy improvement in aortic dissection and rupture rates, accompanied by a marked reduction in mortality upon SAM supplementation. Notably, SAM supplementation exhibited a considerable protective effect against BAPN-induced degradation of elastin and the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, SAM supplementation demonstrated a robust inhibitory influence on the infiltration of immune cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages. It also manifested a notable reduction in the inflammatory polarization of macrophages, evident through diminished accumulation of MHC-IIhigh macrophages and reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL1β and TNFα in macrophages. Simultaneously, SAM supplementation exerted a suppressive effect on the activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells within the aorta. This was evidenced by an elevated proportion of CD44- CD62L + naïve T cells and a concurrent decrease in CD44 + CD62L- effector T cells. In summary, our findings strongly suggest that the supplementation of SAM exhibits remarkable efficacy in alleviating BAPN-induced aortic inflammation, consequently impeding the progression of thoracic aortic dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Transfusion Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun An
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Hypertension Research Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Hypertension Research Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Hypertension Research Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Hypertension Research Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Geping Liao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Hypertension Research Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingzhe Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Hypertension Research Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingbo Xia
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Hypertension Research Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Aiping Le
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Transfusion Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Jianbing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
- Jiangxi Hypertension Research Institute, Nanchang, China.
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Gu Z, Wang Y, Fang Z, Wang T, Gao S, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Fan L, Cao F. Plasma metabolomics identifies S-adenosylmethionine as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target for vascular aging in older adult males. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 243:116097. [PMID: 38489960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is a noninvasive index of vascular aging. However, the metabolic profile underlying vascular aging has not yet been fully elucidated. The current study aimed to identify circulating markers of vascular aging as assessed by baPWV and to elucidate its mechanism from a metabolomic perspective in older adults. A total of 60 and 61 Chinese male participants aged ≥80 years were recruited to the metabolome and validation cohorts, respectively. The baPWV of participants was measured using an automatic waveform analyzer. Plasma metabolic profile was investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) regression modeling established the association between metabolic profile and baPWV to determine important metabolites predictive of vascular aging. Additionally, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to validate the metabolites in plasma and culture media of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. OPLS modeling identified 14 and 22 metabolites inversely and positively associated with baPWV, respectively. These 36 biomarkers were significantly enriched in seven metabolite sets, especially in cysteine and methionine metabolism (p <0.05). Notably, among metabolites involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) level was inversely related to baPWV, with a significant correlation coefficient in the OPLS model (p <0.05). Furthermore, the relationship between SAM and vascular aging was reconfirmed in an independent cohort and at the cellular level in vitro. SAM was independently associated with baPWV after adjustments for clinical covariates (β = -0.448, p <0.001) in the validation cohort. In summary, plasma metabolomics identified an inverse correlation between SAM and baPWV in older males. SAM has the potential to be a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Gu
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhiyi Fang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianhu Wang
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yabin Wang
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Linghuan Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Fan
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Feng Cao
- Chinese PLA Medical School & Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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Xiao J, You Y, Chen X, Tang Y, Chen Y, Liu Q, Liu Z, Ling W. Higher S-adenosylhomocysteine and lower ratio of S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocysteine were more closely associated with increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis than homocysteine. Front Nutr 2022; 9:918698. [PMID: 36034911 PMCID: PMC9399787 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.918698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To examine the relationship of C1 metabolites of the methionine cycle with the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) in the Chinese population. Methods A total of 2,991 participants aged 45–75 years old were included for data analyses based on the baseline data of the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Cohort. Three core serum methionine metabolites including serum S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), and homocysteine (Hcy) were measured by UPLC-MS/MS. SA was determined by B-mode ultrasound measured carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) at the common artery and bifurcation segments. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were performed to estimate the associations of C1 metabolites of the methionine cycle with SA risk or CIMT. Results After controlling for potential cofounders and other C1 metabolites, in comparison with the lowest quartile, participants in the highest quartile had lower risk of SA by 27.6% (OR = 0.724; 95% CI:0.563–0.93, Ptrend = 0.007) for SAM and 32.2% (OR = 0.678; 95% CI:0.538–0.855, Ptrend < 0.001) for SAM/SAH, while increased SA risk by 27.9% (OR = 1.279; 95% CI: 1.065–1.535, Ptrend < 0.001) for SAH. No significant association was observed for Hcy with SA after further adjustment of SAH and SAM. The results of multivariable linear regression showed similar findings. The highest two standardized coefficients were observed for SAH (β = 0.104 for CCA and 0.121 for BIF, P< 0.001) and SAM/SAH (β = −0.071 for CCA and −0.084 for BIF, P< 0.001). Subgroup analyses suggested more evident associations of SAH with SA were observed in participants of higher cardiovascular risk profiles. Conclusion Our cross-sectional data showed higher serum SAH, but lower SAM/SAH were independently associated with increased risk of SA among the Chinese middle-aged and elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghe Xiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiran You
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiannan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaomin Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, China
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Liu S, Liao R, Dai X, Guo H, Wang D, Xia M, Ling W, Xiao Y. Association between plasma S-adenosylmethionine and risk of mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: A cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1360-1370. [PMID: 34192296 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as methyl donors participates in methylation and is converted into S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), which is a precursor of homocysteine. Increased plasma SAH and homocysteine are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the relation of plasma SAM with cardiovascular risk is still unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine the relation between plasma SAM and risk of mortality among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS Baseline plasma SAM concentrations were measured in 1553 patients with CAD from the Guangdong Coronary Artery Disease Cohort between October 2008 and December 2011. Proportional hazards Cox analyses were performed to ascertain associations between SAM and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 9.2 (IQR: 8.5-10.2) y, of 1553 participants, 321 had died, including 227 deaths from cardiovascular diseases. Patients in the lowest quartile of SAM concentrations had a higher risk of all-cause death (HR, 1.59; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.21) and cardiovascular death (HR, 2.14; 95% CI: 1.41, 3.27) than those in the highest quartile in multivariable adjusted analysis. Each 1-SD decrease in the SAM concentration remained associated with a 42% greater risk of total death (HR, 1.42; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.64) and a 66% higher risk of cardiovascular death (HR, 1.66; 95% CI: 1.37, 2.01) after fully adjusting for other cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, each 1-SD decrease in plasma SAM/SAH ratio, as the methylation index, was also inversely associated with the risk of all-cause (HR, 1.80; 95% CI: 1.42, 2.29) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.68; 95% CI: 1.29, 2.19) in fully adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our data show a significant inverse relation between plasma SAM and risk of mortality in patients with CAD after adjustment for homocysteine, SAH, and other cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruyi Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Honghui Guo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunjun Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Ge W, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Ding Z, Xu X, Weng D, Wang S, Cheng R, Zhang J. An insulin-independent mechanism for transcriptional regulation of Foxo1 in type 2 diabetic mice. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100846. [PMID: 34058194 PMCID: PMC8233149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic gluconeogenesis is the major contributor to the hyperglycemia observed in both patients and animals with type 2 diabetes. The transcription factor FOXO1 plays a dominant role in stimulating hepatic gluconeogenesis. FOXO1 is mainly regulated by insulin under physiological conditions, but liver-specific disruption of Foxo1 transcription restores normal gluconeogenesis in mice in which insulin signaling has been blocked, suggesting that additional regulatory mechanisms exist. Understanding the transcriptional regulation of Foxo1 may be conducive to the development of insulin-independent strategies for the control of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Here, we found that elevated plasma levels of adenine nucleotide in type 2 diabetes are the major regulators of Foxo1 transcription. We treated lean mice with 5'-AMP and examined their transcriptional profiles using RNA-seq. KEGG analysis revealed that the 5'-AMP treatment led to shifted profiles that were similar to db/db mice. Many of the upregulated genes were in pathways associated with the pathology of type 2 diabetes including Foxo1 signaling. As observed in diabetic db/db mice, lean mice treated with 5'-AMP displayed enhanced Foxo1 transcription, involving an increase in cellular adenosine levels and a decrease in the S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio. This reduced methylation potential resulted in declining histone H3K9 methylation in the promoters of Foxo1, G6Pc, and Pepck. In mouse livers and cultured cells, 5'-AMP induced expression of more FOXO1 protein, which was found to be localized in the nucleus, where it could promote gluconeogenesis. Our results revealed that adenine nucleotide-driven Foxo1 transcription is crucial for excessive glucose production in type 2 diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Ge
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunxia Yang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao Ding
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Weng
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiming Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
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Lind MV, Lauritzen L, Vestergaard H, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Kristensen M, Ross AB. One-carbon metabolism markers are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:402-410. [PMID: 29499850 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alterations to one-carbon metabolism, especially elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy), have been suggested to be both a cause and a consequence of the metabolic syndrome (MS). A deeper understanding of the role of other one-carbon metabolites in MS, including s-adenosylmethionine (SAM), s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), and the methylation capacity index (SAM:SAH ratio) is required. METHODS AND RESULTS 118 men and women with MS-risk factors were included in this cross-sectional study and cardiometabolic outcomes along with markers of one-carbon metabolism, including fasting plasma SAM, SAH, Hcy and vitamin B12 concentrations, were analysed. Multiple linear regression models were also used to examine the association between plasma one-carbon metabolites and cardiometabolic health features. We found that fasting plasma concentrations of Hcy, SAM and SAH were all positively correlated with markers of adiposity, including BMI (increase in BMI per 1-SD increase in one-carbon metabolite: 0.92 kg/m2 95% CI (0.28; 1.56), p = 0.005; 0.81 (0.15; 1.47), p = 0.02; 0.67 (-0.01; 1.36), p = 0.05, respectively). Hcy, but not SAM, SAH or SAM:SAH ratio was associated with BMI and body fat percentage after mutual adjustments. SAM concentrations were associated with higher fasting insulin (9.5% 95% CI (0.3; 19.5) per SD increase in SAM, p = 0.04), HOMA-IR (10.8% (0.8; 21.9), p = 0.03) and TNF-α (11.8% (5.0; 19.0), p < 0.001). CONCLUSION We found little evidence for associations between SAM:SAH ratio and cardiometabolic variables, but higher plasma concentrations of SAM, SAH and Hcy are related to an overall higher risk of metabolic dysfunctions. The studies were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01719913 &NCT01731366).
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - L Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - H Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - T Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kristensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - A B Ross
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tsikas D, Hanff E, Bollenbach A. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine towards hepatitis C virus expression: Need to consider S-Adenosyl-L-methionine’s chemistry, physiology and pharmacokinetics. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7343-7346. [PMID: 29142482 PMCID: PMC5677202 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i40.7343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is a cofactor serving as a methyl donor in numerous enzymatic reactions. It has been reported that SAM has the potential to modify antioxidant-enzymes, glutathione-biosynthesis and methionine adenosyltransferases-1/2 in hepatitis C virus -expressing cells at millimolar concentrations. The efficacy of SAM at micromolar concentrations and the underlying mechanisms remain to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30623, Germany
| | - Erik Hanff
- Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30623, Germany
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Lorenz MW, Price JF, Robertson C, Bots ML, Polak JF, Poppert H, Kavousi M, Dörr M, Stensland E, Ducimetiere P, Ronkainen K, Kiechl S, Sitzer M, Rundek T, Lind L, Liu J, Bergström G, Grigore L, Bokemark L, Friera A, Yanez D, Bickel H, Ikram MA, Völzke H, Johnsen SH, Empana JP, Tuomainen TP, Willeit P, Steinmetz H, Desvarieux M, Xie W, Schmidt C, Norata GD, Suarez C, Sander D, Hofman A, Schminke U, Mathiesen E, Plichart M, Kauhanen J, Willeit J, Sacco RL, McLachlan S, Zhao D, Fagerberg B, Catapano AL, Gabriel R, Franco OH, Bülbül A, Scheckenbach F, Pflug A, Gao L, Thompson SG. Carotid intima-media thickness progression and risk of vascular events in people with diabetes: results from the PROG-IMT collaboration. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1921-9. [PMID: 26180107 PMCID: PMC4580609 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a marker of subclinical organ damage and predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in the general population. It has also been associated with vascular risk in people with diabetes. However, the association of CIMT change in repeated examinations with subsequent CVD events is uncertain, and its use as a surrogate end point in clinical trials is controversial. We aimed at determining the relation of CIMT change to CVD events in people with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a comprehensive meta-analysis of individual participant data, we collated data from 3,902 adults (age 33-92 years) with type 2 diabetes from 21 population-based cohorts. We calculated the hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation (SD) difference in mean common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) or in CCA-IMT progression, both calculated from two examinations on average 3.6 years apart, for each cohort, and combined the estimates with random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Average mean CCA-IMT ranged from 0.72 to 0.97 mm across cohorts in people with diabetes. The HR of CVD events was 1.22 (95% CI 1.12-1.33) per SD difference in mean CCA-IMT, after adjustment for age, sex, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Average mean CCA-IMT progression in people with diabetes ranged between -0.09 and 0.04 mm/year. The HR per SD difference in mean CCA-IMT progression was 0.99 (0.91-1.08). CONCLUSIONS Despite reproducing the association between CIMT level and vascular risk in subjects with diabetes, we did not find an association between CIMT change and vascular risk. These results do not support the use of CIMT progression as a surrogate end point in clinical trials in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W Lorenz
- Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jackie F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Christine Robertson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Michiel L Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph F Polak
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Holger Poppert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B/Cardiology, Greifswald University Clinic, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eva Stensland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Kimmo Ronkainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Sitzer
- Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Department of Neurology, Klinikum Herford, Herford, Germany
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Göran Bergström
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liliana Grigore
- SISA Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Lena Bokemark
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alfonsa Friera
- Radiology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Yanez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Horst Bickel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, SHIP/Clinical-Epidemiological Research, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stein Harald Johnsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Peter Willeit
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Helmuth Steinmetz
- Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Moise Desvarieux
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique, Paris, France INSERM U 738, Paris, France
| | - Wuxiang Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Caroline Schmidt
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe D Norata
- SISA Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Suarez
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dirk Sander
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany Department of Neurology, Benedictus Hospital Tutzing and Feldafing, Feldafing, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ulf Schminke
- Department of Neurology, Greifswald University Clinic, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ellisiv Mathiesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Matthieu Plichart
- INSERM U 970, Paris, France Gerontology Department, Broca Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jussi Kauhanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johann Willeit
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Stela McLachlan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Björn Fagerberg
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rafael Gabriel
- Instituto de Investigación IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alpaslan Bülbül
- Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Scheckenbach
- Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Pflug
- Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lu Gao
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Simon G Thompson
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
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Xiao Y, Su X, Huang W, Zhang J, Peng C, Huang H, Wu X, Huang H, Xia M, Ling W. Role of S-adenosylhomocysteine in cardiovascular disease and its potential epigenetic mechanism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 67:158-66. [PMID: 26117455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transmethylation reactions utilize S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor and are central to the regulation of many biological processes: more than fifty SAM-dependent methyltransferases methylate a broad spectrum of cellular compounds including DNA, histones, phospholipids and other small molecules. Common to all SAM-dependent transmethylation reactions is the release of the potent inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) as a by-product. SAH is reversibly hydrolyzed to adenosine and homocysteine by SAH hydrolase. Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, a major unanswered question is if homocysteine is causally involved in disease pathogenesis or simply a passive and indirect indicator of a more complex mechanism. A chronic elevation in homocysteine levels results in a parallel increase in intracellular or plasma SAH, which is a more sensitive biomarker of cardiovascular disease than homocysteine and suggests that SAH is a critical pathological factor in homocysteine-associated disorders. Previous reports indicate that supplementation with folate and B vitamins efficiently lowers homocysteine levels but not plasma SAH levels, which possibly explains the failure of homocysteine-lowering vitamins to reduce vascular events in several recent clinical intervention studies. Furthermore, more studies are focusing on the role and mechanisms of SAH in different chronic diseases related to hyperhomocysteinemia, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, diabetes, and obesity. This review summarizes the current role of SAH in cardiovascular disease and its effect on several related risk factors. It also explores possible the mechanisms, such as epigenetics and oxidative stress, of SAH. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Epigenetic dynamics in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xuefen Su
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Public Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinzhou Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chaoqiong Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haixiong Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Forte A, Rinaldi B, Berrino L, Rossi F, Galderisi U, Cipollaro M. Novel potential targets for prevention of arterial restenosis: insights from the pre-clinical research. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:615-634. [PMID: 25072327 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Restenosis is the pathophysiological process occurring in 10-15% of patients submitted to revascularization procedures of coronary, carotid and peripheral arteries. It can be considered as an excessive healing reaction of the vascular wall subjected to arterial/venous bypass graft interposition, endarterectomy or angioplasty. The advent of bare metal stents, drug-eluting stents and of the more recent drug-eluting balloons, have significantly reduced, but not eliminated, the incidence of restenosis, which remains a clinically relevant problem. Biomedical research in pre-clinical animal models of (re)stenosis, despite its limitations, has contributed enormously to the identification of processes involved in restenosis progression, going well beyond the initial dogma of a primarily proliferative disease. Although the main molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying restenosis have been well described, new signalling molecules and cell types controlling the progress of restenosis are continuously being discovered. In particular, microRNAs and vascular progenitor cells have recently been shown to play a key role in this pathophysiological process. In addition, the advanced highly sensitive high-throughput analyses of molecular alterations at the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome levels occurring in injured vessels in animal models of disease and in human specimens serve as a basis to identify novel potential therapeutic targets for restenosis. Molecular analyses are also contributing to the identification of reliable circulating biomarkers predictive of post-interventional restenosis in patients, which could be potentially helpful in the establishment of an early diagnosis and therapy. The present review summarizes the most recent and promising therapeutic strategies identified in experimental models of (re)stenosis and potentially translatable to patients subjected to revascularization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Forte
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Liberato Berrino
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossi
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Galderisi
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marilena Cipollaro
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
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13
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Basu A, Jenkins AJ, Stoner JA, Thorpe SR, Klein RL, Lopes-Virella MF, Garvey WT, Lyons TJ. Plasma total homocysteine and carotid intima-media thickness in type 1 diabetes: a prospective study. Atherosclerosis 2014; 236:188-195. [PMID: 25063949 PMCID: PMC4134979 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) has been positively associated with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in non-diabetic populations and in a few cross-sectional studies of diabetic patients. We investigated cross-sectional and prospective associations of a single measure of tHcy with common and internal carotid IMT over a 6-year period in type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS tHcy levels were measured once, in plasma obtained in 1997-1999 from patients (n = 599) in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study, the observational follow-up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Common and internal carotid IMT were determined twice, in EDIC "Year 6" (1998-2000) and "Year 12" (2004-2006), using B-mode ultra-sonography. RESULTS After adjustment, plasma tHcy [median (interquartile range): 6.2 (5.1, 7.5) μmol/L] was significantly correlated with age, diastolic blood pressure, renal dysfunction, and smoking (all p < 0.05). In an unadjusted model only, increasing quartiles of tHcy correlated with common and internal carotid IMT, again at both EDIC time-points (p < 0.01). However, multivariate logistic regression revealed no significant associations between increasing quartiles of tHcy and the 6-year change in common and internal carotid IMT (highest vs. lowest quintile) when adjusted for conventional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In a type 1 diabetes cohort from the EDIC study, plasma tHcy measured in samples drawn in 1997-1999 was associated with measures of common and internal carotid IMT measured both one and seven years later, but not with IMT progression between the two time-points. The data do not support routine measurement of tHcy in people with Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Basu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Alicia J Jenkins
- University of Sydney, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Julie A Stoner
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Suzanne R Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Richard L Klein
- Division of Endocrinology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- The Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Maria F Lopes-Virella
- Division of Endocrinology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- The Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - W Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Timothy J Lyons
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, N. Ireland, UK
- Section of Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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14
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Ivanov AV, Luzyanin BP, Virus ED, Rotkina AS, Kubatiev AA. Detection ofS-adenosylhomocysteine and methylation index in blood by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2972-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Ivanov
- FSBI “Institute of general pathology and pathophysiology RAMS”; Moscow Russia
| | - Boris P. Luzyanin
- FSBI “Institute of general pathology and pathophysiology RAMS”; Moscow Russia
| | - Edward D. Virus
- FSBI “Institute of general pathology and pathophysiology RAMS”; Moscow Russia
| | - Anna S. Rotkina
- FSBI “Institute of general pathology and pathophysiology RAMS”; Moscow Russia
| | - Aslan A. Kubatiev
- FSBI “Institute of general pathology and pathophysiology RAMS”; Moscow Russia
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Luttmer R, Spijkerman AM, Kok RM, Jakobs C, Blom HJ, Serne EH, Dekker JM, Smulders YM. Metabolic syndrome components are associated with DNA hypomethylation. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014; 7:e106-e115. [PMID: 24331772 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances of DNA methylation have been associated with multiple diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer and, as some have suggested, glucometabolic disturbances. Our aim was to assess the association of the metabolic syndrome and its individual components with DNA methylation in a population-based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a human population (n = 738) stratified by age, sex and glucose metabolism, we explored associations of the metabolic syndrome according to National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria and its individual components (fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, waist circumference) with global leukocyte DNA methylation. DNA methylation was measured as the methylcytosine/cytosine ratio in peripheral leukocytes using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Individuals with the metabolic syndrome had relative DNA hypomethylation compared to participants without the syndrome (β = -0.05; p = 0.01). This association was mainly attributable to linear associations of two metabolic syndrome components with DNA methylation: fasting plasma glucose (β = -0.02; p = 0.004) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = 0.07; p = 0.004). People with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose metabolism had DNA hypomethylation compared to normoglycemic individuals (β = -0.05; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS DNA hypomethylation is independently associated with hyperglycemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, both essential components of the metabolic syndrome. The potential implications and direction of possible causality require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roosmarijn Luttmer
- Faculty of Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M Spijkerman
- Center for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Kok
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carel Jakobs
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Blom
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Serne
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Dekker
- Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO Institute), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvo M Smulders
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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16
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Vinknes KJ, Dekker JM, Drevon CA, Refsum H, Nurk E, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CDA, Teerlink T, Tell GS, Nygård O, Vollset SE, Ueland PM, Elshorbagy AK. Plasma sulfur amino acids and stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity in two Caucasian populations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:297-303. [PMID: 24120123 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In rats, dietary restriction of the cysteine precursor methionine suppresses hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)-1 expression and activity, whereas cysteine supplementation reverses these effects. In 2 independent cohorts: Hordaland Health Study (HUSK; N=2021, aged 71-74y), Norway, and Hoorn study (N=686, aged 50-87y), Netherlands, we examined the cross-sectional associations of plasma sulfur-containing compounds (SCC; methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, homocysteine, cystathionine, total cysteine (tCys), glutathione and cysteinylglycine) with SCD-16 index (16:1n-7/16:0), estimated from fatty acid profiles of total plasma or serum lipids. Only tCys was consistently associated with SCD-16 index after adjustments for sex and age (HUSK: partial r=0.14; Hoorn: partial r=0.11, P<0.001 for both), and after further adjustments for other SCC, body fat, diet, exercise and plasma lipids (HUSK: partial r=0.07, P=0.004; Hoorn: partial r=0.12, P=0.013). Together with animal data showing an effect of dietary cysteine on SCD1, our results suggest a role for cysteine in SCD1 regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Vinknes
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Post box 1046 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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Wijsman CA, van Heemst D, Rozing MP, Slagboom PE, Beekman M, de Craen AJM, Maier AB, Westendorp RGJ, Blom HJ, Mooijaart SP. Homocysteine and familial longevity: the Leiden Longevity Study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17543. [PMID: 21408159 PMCID: PMC3050884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine concentrations are a read-out of methionine metabolism and have been related to changes in lifespan in animal models. In humans, high homocysteine concentrations are an important predictor of age related disease. We aimed to explore the association of homocysteine with familial longevity by testing whether homocysteine is lower in individuals that are genetically enriched for longevity. We measured concentrations of total homocysteine in 1907 subjects from the Leiden Longevity Study consisting of 1309 offspring of nonagenarian siblings, who are enriched with familial factors promoting longevity, and 598 partners thereof as population controls. We found that homocysteine was related to age, creatinine, folate, vitamin B levels and medical history of hypertension and stroke in both groups (all p<0.001). However, levels of homocysteine did not differ between offspring enriched for longevity and their partners, and no differences in the age-related rise in homocysteine levels were found between groups (p for interaction 0.63). The results suggest that homocysteine metabolism is not likely to predict familial longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien A Wijsman
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Lim S, Moon MK, Shin H, Kim TH, Cho BJ, Kim M, Park HS, Choi SH, Ko SH, Chung MH, Lee IK, Jang HC, Kim YB, Park KS. Effect of S-adenosylmethionine on neointimal formation after balloon injury in obese diabetic rats. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 90:383-93. [PMID: 21245056 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The association between hyperhomocysteinaemia and cardiovascular disease has been attributed to low levels of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a metabolic intermediate of homocysteine. However, the role of SAM in the development of restenosis has not been explored. Therefore, we investigated the effects of SAM on neointimal formation after balloon injury in obese diabetic rats and cultured cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats were divided into the following three groups: control (normal saline); SAM15; and SAM30 (15 and 30 mg/kg per day, respectively; n = 10 per group). SAM was administered orally from 1 week before carotid injury to 2 weeks thereafter. SAM treatment for 3 weeks caused a significant dose-dependent reduction in the intima-to-media ratio. SAM treatment significantly reduced the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and induced more apoptosis than was observed in the control group. This effect was accompanied by reduced circulating levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, reduced urine 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and increased adiponectin. Intima-to-media ratio correlated significantly with the levels of inflammatory markers, adiponectin, and 8-OHdG. In vitro experiments demonstrated that VSMC proliferation and migration and the adhesion of monocytes decreased in response to SAM. SAM treatment also reduced tumour necrosis factor-α-induced reactive oxygen species and tunicamycin-induced GRP78 expression in VSMCs. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that SAM exerts protective effects against restenosis after balloon injury in a rat model of type 2 diabetes by reducing the proliferation and inducing the apoptosis of VSMCs, modifying the inflammatory processes and reducing oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, Korea 110-744
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Moon MK, Kim M, Chung SS, Lee HJ, Koh SH, Svovoda P, Jung MH, Cho YM, Park YJ, Choi SH, Jang HC, Park KS, Lee HK. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine ameliorates TNFalpha-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Exp Mol Med 2010; 42:345-52. [PMID: 20208423 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.5.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An association between inflammatory processes and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance has been increasingly suggested. The IkappaB kinase-beta (IKK-beta)/ nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway is a molecular mediator of insulin resistance. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) has both antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the effects of SAM on the glucose transport and insulin signaling impaired by the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. SAM partially reversed the basal and insulin stimulated glucose transport, which was impaired by TNFalpha. The TNFalpha-induced suppression of the tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Akt in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was also reversed by SAM. In addition, SAM significantly attenuated the TNFalpha-induced degradation of IkappaB-alpha and NF-kappaB activation. Interestingly, SAM directly inhibited the kinase activity of IKK-beta in vitro. These results suggest that SAM can alleviate TNFalpha mediated-insulin resistance by inhibiting the IKK-beta/NF-kappaB pathway and thus can have a beneficial role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyong Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 139-872, Korea
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20
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Yue T, Fang Q, Yin J, Li D, Li W. S-adenosylmethionine stimulates fatty acid metabolism-linked gene expression in porcine muscle satellite cells. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:3143-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Hirsch S, Ronco AM, Pinardi G, Montequin MJ, Leiva L, Pía de la Maza M, Llanos M, Bunout D. Lack of effect of diet-induced hypomethylation on endothelium-dependent relaxation in rats. Clin Nutr 2008; 27:895-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Hirsch S, Ronco AM, Guerrero-Bosagna C, de la Maza MP, Leiva L, Barrera G, Llanos M, Alliende MA, Silva F, Bunout D. Methylation status in healthy subjects with normal and high serum folate concentration. Nutrition 2008; 24:1103-9. [PMID: 18653314 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the impact of high serum folate concentration on erythrocyte S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) concentrations, SAM/SAH ratio, CpG methylation levels across the promoter region of the extracellular superoxide dismutase (ec-SOD) gene, and ec-SOD activity in healthy men. METHODS Serum folate levels were measured in 111 subjects who were categorized in quintiles according to their folate status. Subjects located at the lowest, middle, and upper quintiles were selected for assessment of SAM and SAH by high-performance liquid chromatography, C677T genotype of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, ec-SOD methylation of CpG sites in lymphocytes genomic DNA by bisulfate treatment, and ec-SOD activity by a chemical assay. RESULTS Sixteen subjects were in the lowest serum folate quintile (<23.6 nmol/L), 17 in the middle (>34-<42 nmol/L), and 14 in the highest (>45nmol/L). SAM concentration was higher in the upper than in the middle and lowest quintiles (5.57 +/- 1.58, 2.52 +/- 0.97, 2.29 +/- 1.2 micromol/L; P < 0.0001). SAH concentration was higher in the upper compared with the lowest quintile (0.76 +/- 0.24 versus 0.52 +/- 0.23 micromol/L, P < 0.001). There were no differences in the SAM/SAH ratio, ec-SOD activity, methylation status of CpG sites of the ec-SOD gene, and TMTHFR C677T genotype between groups. CONCLUSION Serum folate concentrations in the highest quintile among healthy humans are associated with increased erythrocyte SAM and SAH concentrations, but not with SAM/SAH ratio or with methylation levels of CpG sites across the promoter region of the ec-SOD gene. Further research is required to determine if these findings are beneficial or harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hirsch
- Aging and Chronic Diseases Laboratory, INTA, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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23
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Homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine are associated with retinal microvascular abnormalities: the Hoorn Study. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 114:479-87. [PMID: 17956228 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between homocysteine and homocysteine metabolism components and retinal microvascular disorders in subjects with and without Type 2 diabetes. In this population-based study of 256 participants, aged 60-85 years, we determined total plasma homocysteine, SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) and SAH (S-adenosylhomocysteine) in plasma and erythrocytes, total folate in serum and erythrocytes, 5-MTHF (5-methyltetrahydrofolate), and vitamins B12 and B6. Participants were examined ophthalmologically by means of indirect funduscopy and two-field 45 degrees fundus photography, and were graded for retinopathy and retinal sclerotic vessel abnormalities. A computer-assisted method was used to measure retinal vessel diameters. Total plasma homocysteine was inversely associated with retinal arteriolar diameters {standardized beta, -0.20 [95% CI (confidence interval), -0.33 to -0.07]} or a decrease of 3.78 microm CRAEs (central retinal arteriolar equivalents) per 1 S.D. increase in homocysteine level (=4.6 micromol/l). In addition, the SAM/SAH ratio in plasma was inversely associated with retinal sclerotic vessel abnormalities and retinopathy [odds ratios, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.39-0.96) and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.30-0.83) per 1 S.D. respectively]. The associations were independent of age, sex, glucose tolerance status, other homocysteine metabolism components and cardiovascular risk factors. In conclusion, the results of the present study support the concept that total plasma homocysteine and a low SAM/SAH ratio in plasma, which may reflect reduced transmethylation reactions, may contribute to the pathogenesis of (retinal) microangiopathy.
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Sarwar AB, Sarwar A, Rosen BD, Nasir K. Measuring subclinical atherosclerosis: is homocysteine relevant? Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 45:1667-77. [PMID: 17990951 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2007.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We systematically reviewed published studies looking at the relationship between total serum homocysteine (tHcy) and subclinical markers of atherosclerosis, such as carotid intimal-medial thickness (C-IMT), coronary artery calcium (CAC) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) in asymptomatic individuals. We analyzed these studies to examine this relationship as well as to guide future avenues of investigation by identifying studies that will help in the inclusion of tHcy levels in current guidelines on atherosclerotic disease management. BACKGROUND tHcy has been known to be associated with clinically evident atherosclerotic disease. However, tHcy is not incorporated in current guidelines for diagnosis of subclinical disease in high-risk asymptomatic individuals. METHODS We searched online databases (e.g., PUBMED, MEDLINE) for published articles assessing the relationship between tHcy and C-IMT, CAC and ABI. We limited the studies to asymptomatic populations, and excluded any study including symptomatic patients or individuals with a history of coronary, peripheral or cerebrovascular disease. RESULTS A systemic review of 19 articles revealed a significant association between elevated levels of tHcy and subclinical markers of atherosclerosis in asymptomatic individuals in most studies. Mean tHcy levels were consistently found to be higher in men compared to women. A total of 12 studies showed a significant association between tHcy and other risk markers of atherosclerosis, even after adjusting for age, sex and conventional risk factors. There were seven studies in unique populations that showed no significant relationship. We also observed that studies lowering baseline tHcy levels did not lead to an improvement in C-IMT, CAC or ABI scores. This might indicate that tHcy has a stronger role as a marker of atherosclerotic disease than as a risk factor for the same. CONCLUSIONS Based on our review, we conclude that there is a significant association between the subclinical atherosclerotic process and tHcy, and it shows potential as a cheap marker for risk stratification of asymptomatic patients. However, future studies further elucidating this association and elaborating the exact role of tHcy in the atherosclerotic disease process are required. The results of these studies suggest the incorporation of plasma tHcy levels in future risk reduction protocols for identification of individuals at higher risk of atherosclerotic events, and thus to categorize them for more aggressive treatment with established preventive and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad B Sarwar
- Hahnemann University Hospital, Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Hübner U, Schorr H, Eckert R, Geisel J, Herrmann W. Stability of plasma homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine, and S-adenosylhomocysteine in EDTA, acidic citrate, and Primavette collection tubes. Clin Chem 2008; 53:2217-8. [PMID: 18267932 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.093930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Potter K, Green DJ, Reed CJ, Woodman RJ, Watts GF, McQuillan BM, Burke V, Hankey GJ, Arnolda LF. Carotid intima-medial thickness measured on multiple ultrasound frames: evaluation of a DICOM-based software system. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2007; 5:29. [PMID: 17892537 PMCID: PMC2100042 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-5-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measured by B-mode ultrasonography is a marker of atherosclerosis and is commonly used as an outcome in intervention trials. We have developed DICOM-based software that measures CIMT rapidly on multiple end-diastolic image frames. The aims of this study were to compare the performance of our new software with older bitmap-based CIMT measurement software and to determine whether a ten-fold increase in the number of measurements used to calculate mean CIMT would improve reproducibility. Methods Two independent sonographers recorded replicate carotid scans in thirty volunteers and two blinded observers measured CIMT off-line using the new DICOM-based software and older bitmap-based software. A Bland-Altman plot was used to compare CIMT results from the two software programs and t-tests were used to compare analysis times. F-tests were used to compare the co-efficients of variation (CVs) from a standard six-frame measurement protocol with CVs from a sixty-frame measurement protocol. Ordinary least products (OLP) regression was used to test for sonographer and observer biases. Results The new DICOM-based software was much faster than older bitmap-based software (average measurement time for one scan 3.4 ± 0.6 minutes versus 8.4 ± 1.8 minutes, p < 0.0001) but CIMT measurements were larger than those made using the alternative software (+0.02 mm, 95%CI 0.01–0.03 mm). The sixty-frame measurement protocol had worse reproducibility than the six-frame protocol (inter-observer CV 5.1% vs 3.5%, p = 0.004) and inter and intra-observer biases were more pronounced in the sixty-frame than the six-frame results. Conclusion While the use of DICOM-based software significantly reduced analysis time, a ten-fold increase in the number of measurements used to calculate CIMT did not improve reproducibility. In addition, we found that observer biases caused differences in mean CIMT of a magnitude commonly reported as significant in intervention trials. Our results highlight the importance of good study design with concurrent controls and the need to ensure that no observer drift occurs between baseline and follow-up measurements when CIMT is used to monitor the effect of an intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Potter
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Cardiac Transplant Unit, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Christopher J Reed
- Department of Medical Engineering and Physics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Richard J Woodman
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Brendan M McQuillan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Valerie Burke
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Graeme J Hankey
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Leonard F Arnolda
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
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Assadian A, Rotter R, Assadian O, Senekowitsch C, Hagmüller GW, Hübl W. Homocysteine and Early Re-stenosis after Carotid Eversion Endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 33:144-8. [PMID: 17067826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homocysteine (Hcy) appears to be involved in the development of intimal hyperplasia and arterial thrombosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of plasma Hcy with early re-stenosis following carotid eversion endarterectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Of 398 consecutive patients, 363 were included in this study. 62% of patients had symptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. Patients had preoperative assessment of Hcy and other well established atherosclerosis risk factors. Intraoperatively, completion angiography was performed in 2 planes. Patients had clinical, Hcy and duplex follow up at 1, 3, 18 and 36 months postoperatively. RESULTS Complete follow up data were available for 312 patients. Five patients suffered from strokes and 2 patients died during the peri-operative period (combined stroke and death rate of 2%). Mean follow up was 26+/-5 months (range 17 to 36 months). Seventeen and six patients (5.5%) developed a 50-69% and >70% re-stenosis, respectively. Serum creatinine was significantly higher in patients with early re-stenosis, occlusion or stroke after CEA (P=0.043). High grade re-stenosis, occlusion and stroke ipsilateral to the operated side (17 patients) was associated with HbA1C and creatinine (P=0.043 and 0.046, respectively) but not Hcy. CONCLUSION While Hcy is a recognized independent risk factor for atherothrombosis, our study suggests that there is no association of Hcy with early re-stenosis after eversion endarterectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Assadian
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Wilhelminenspital Vienna, Austria.
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Assadian A, Eidher U, Senekowitsch C, Assadian O, Rotter R, Hagmüller GW, Hübl W. Carotid Endarterectomy Under Local Anaesthesia does not Increase Plasma Homocysteine Concentration. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005; 30:617-20. [PMID: 16061403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this cohort study was to evaluate the effect of carotid endarterectomy under local anaesthesia on homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations. PATIENTS AND METHODS Of 100 patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis >70%, the complete data set was available for 91 patients (39 asymptomatic and 52 symptomatic). All patients underwent eversion endarterectomy of the ICA under regional anaesthesia. RESULTS Thirty-two percent of the examined patients had a total Hcy above 15 micromol/l. The mean Hcy levels preoperatively were 13.9+/-4.8 micromol/l. The Hcy levels on day 5 were 13.1+/-5.0 micromol/l and after 6 months 14.0+/-5.8 micromol/l. There was no significant change during follow-up. No intraoperative strokes and deaths were observed and during the 6 months follow-up no recurrent strokes, TIAs or deaths occurred. CONCLUSION Patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy under regional anaesthesia do not have an increase in total Hcy postoperatively. This finding is in contrast to results from cardiac surgery and carotid endarterectomy in a recently published animal study, both performing surgery under general anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Assadian
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Wilhelminenspital Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Tessari P, Coracina A, Kiwanuka E, Vedovato M, Vettore M, Valerio A, Zaramella M, Garibotto G. Effects of insulin on methionine and homocysteine kinetics in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy. Diabetes 2005; 54:2968-76. [PMID: 16186400 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.10.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although hyperhomocysteinemia, an independent cardiovascular risk factor, is common in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy, the mechanism(s) of this alteration is not known. In healthy humans, hyperinsulinemia increases methionine transmethylation, homocysteine transsulfuration, and clearance. No such data exist in type 2 diabetes either in the fasting state or in response to hyperinsulinemia. To this purpose, seven male type 2 diabetic patients with albuminuria (1.2 +/- 0.4 g/day, three with mild to moderate renal insufficiency) and seven matched control subjects were infused for 6 h with L-[methyl-(2)H(3), 1-(13)C]methionine. Methionine flux, transmethylation, and disposal into proteins as well as homocysteine remethylation, transsulfuration, and clearance were determined before and after euglycemic hyperinsulinemia (approximately 1,000 pmol/l). In type 2 diabetic subjects, homocysteine concentration was twofold greater (P < 0.01) and methionine transmethylation and homocysteine clearance lower (from approximately 15 to >50% and from approximately 40 to >100%, respectively; P < 0.05) than in control subjects. The insulin-induced increments of methionine transmethylation, homocysteine transsulfuration, and clearance were markedly reduced in type 2 diabetic subjects (by more than threefold, P < 0.05 or less vs. control subjects). In contrast, methionine methyl and carbon flux were not increased in the patients. In conclusion, pathways of homocysteine disposal are impaired in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy, both in postabsorptive and insulin-stimulated states, possibly accounting for the hyperhomocysteinemia of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tessari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Italy.
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30
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Henry RMA, Kamp O, Kostense PJ, Spijkerman AMW, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA. Mild renal insufficiency is associated with increased left ventricular mass in men, but not in women: An arterial stiffness-related phenomenon—The Hoorn Study. Kidney Int 2005; 68:673-9. [PMID: 16014044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild renal insufficiency has recently been recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The mechanisms underlying this association are incompletely understood. Increased left ventricular mass (LVM) is an independent risk factor for CVD, which is particularly common in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and which has been shown to be associated with mild renal insufficiency. Increased arterial stiffness has also been shown to be an independent risk factor for CVD in ESRD and has also been associated with mild renal insufficiency. We hypothesized that the association between mild renal insufficiency and increased LVM could be mediated through increased arterial stiffness, and that this may be one of the pathways linking mild renal insufficiency to CVD. We therefore investigated, in a cross-sectional population-based study, the influence of increased arterial stiffness on the association between renal function and LVM. METHODS The study population consisted of 742 elderly individuals (373 men and 369 women). Renal function was estimated by the serum creatinine level in micromol/L; by the Cockcroft-Gault formula in mL/min and by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula. LVM was obtained by echocardiography. RESULTS The mean estimates of renal function in men and women were, respectively, 103.7 (SD 17.0) and 86.8 (SD 11.2) micromol/L for the serum creatinine level; 63.4 (SD 12.9) and 61.4 (SD 11.0) mL/min/1.73 m(2) for the Cockcroft-Gault formula; and 59.7 (SD 10.8) and 60.9 (SD 10.5) mL/min per 1.73 m(2) for the MDRD formula. LVM was 93.1 (SD 26.4) g/m(2) in men and 86.7 (SD 22.3) g/m(2) in women. In men, impaired renal function, as estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault and the MDRD formula, was significantly associated with greater LVM after adjustment for age, glucose tolerance, hypertension, and prior CVD [regression coefficient beta (95% CI), 1.28 (0.22 to 2.33) g/m(2) and 1.63 (0.41 to 2.86) g/m(2) per 5 mL/min/1.73 m(2) decrease, respectively]. However, the association between impaired renal function and increased LVM was not statistically significant after adjustment for arterial stiffness estimates [regression coefficient beta (95% CI), 0.02 (-1.60 to 1.64) g/m(2) and 0.54 (-1.25 to 2.33) g/m(2) per 5 mL/min/1.73 m(2) decrease, respectively]. In women, impaired renal function was not significantly associated with greater LVM. CONCLUSION Our study shows that in a general elderly population, even mild impairment of renal function is associated with adverse changes in left ventricular structure. In men, but not in women, this leads to greater LVM, a process that may be related to increases in arterial stiffness. Importantly, these novel findings suggest that such changes occur early in the process of renal functional deterioration, which may explain, in part, the increase in cardiovascular risk in men with mildly impaired renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M A Henry
- Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Spijkerman AMW, Smulders YM, Kostense PJ, Henry RMA, Becker A, Teerlink T, Jakobs C, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CDA. S-Adenosylmethionine and 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Are Associated With Endothelial Function After Controlling for Confounding by Homocysteine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:778-84. [PMID: 15692102 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000157981.57694.d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore to what extent homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine, total folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 are associated with endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), and whether these associations are stronger in individuals with diabetes or other cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS In this population-based study of 608 elderly people, FMD and endothelium-independent nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD) were ultrasonically estimated from the brachial artery (absolute change in diameter [mum]). High SAM and low 5-MTHF were significantly associated with high and low FMD, respectively (linear regression coefficient, [95% confidence interval]): 48.57 microm (21.16; 75.98) and -32.15 microm (-59.09; -5.20), but high homocysteine was not (-15.11 microm (-42.99; 12.78). High SAM and low 5-MTHF were also significantly associated with high and low NMD, respectively. NMD explained the association of 5-MTHF with FMD but not of SAM. No interactions were observed for diabetes or cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In this elderly population, both SAM and 5-MTHF are associated with endothelial and smooth muscle cell function. The effect of homocysteine on endothelial function is relatively small compared with SAM and 5-MTHF. The relative impact of SAM, 5-MTHF, and homocysteine, and the mechanisms through which these moieties may affect endothelial and smooth muscle cell function need clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M W Spijkerman
- Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, VU VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Herrmann W, Schorr H, Obeid R, Makowski J, Fowler B, Kuhlmann MK. Disturbed homocysteine and methionine cycle intermediates S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine are related to degree of renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes. Clin Chem 2005; 51:891-7. [PMID: 15774574 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.044453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication in patients with type 2 diabetes that may increase atherothrombotic risk. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) further increases the risk in those patients. We studied concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy) and its related metabolites S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) in relation to B-vitamin status and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes who developed diabetic nephropathy. METHODS The study included 93 patients with renal failure and type 2 diabetes. Chronic kidney disease was classified into four subgroups according to the National Kidney Foundation based on glomerular filtration rate plus pathologic abnormalities or markers of kidney damage. RESULTS Serum or plasma concentrations of the metabolites increased significantly with worsening of renal function, whereas serum concentrations of the B vitamins (folate, vitamins B12 and B6) did not differ appreciably between the groups. Moreover, plasma concentrations of AdoHcy and AdoMet were markedly increased in patients with kidney failure compared with those in stage 2 (median AdoHcy, 112.7 vs 10.5 nmol/L; median AdoMet, 162.0 vs 80.0 nmol/L). The AdoMet/AdoHcy ratio was more than 80% lower in patients with renal failure compared with stage 2. Vitamin B12 was a significant determinant of concentrations of AdoMet, tHcy, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and cystathionine. CONCLUSIONS Increased plasma concentrations of tHcy and methionine cycle intermediates (AdoMet, AdoHcy) are related to disturbed renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Vitamin B12 and/or folate are significant predictors of tHcy, cystathionine, MMA, and AdoMet. The effect of therapeutic doses of the B vitamins on AdoMet, AdoHcy, and their ratio should be tested in renal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Herrmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Laboratory, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
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Marcucci R, Sofi F, Fedi S, Lari B, Sestini I, Cellai AP, Pulli R, Pratesi G, Pratesi C, Gensini GF, Abbate R. Thrombophilic risk factors in patients with severe carotid atherosclerosis. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:502-7. [PMID: 15748240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carotid stenosis and atrial fibrillation are the strongest risk factors for ischemic stroke. Ongoing prevention efforts include the identification of novel factors that increase the risk for carotid atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the thrombophilic risk profile of patients with severe carotid stenosis by evaluating a number of genetic and metabolic risk factors [factor (F)II G20210A, factor V Leiden, MTHFR C677T polymorphisms, anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), and homocysteine (Hcy)]. The study population consisted of 615 patients [(410 M/205 F; median age 73 (26-94) years] with severe (> 70%) carotid stenosis, and 615 apparently healthy subjects [(410 M/205 F; age 73 (31-92) years]. On multivariate analysis, independent risk factors were elevated Hcy [odds ratio (OR) 7.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.8, 11.8] and Lp(a) levels (OR 2.9, 95% CI 2.1, 3.9), the presence of aCL (OR 5.7, 95% CI 3.1, 10.4) and heterozygosity for FII G20210A polymorphism (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3, 5.9). In the subgroup of women, independent risk factors for severe carotid atherosclerosis were: high levels of Hcy and Lp(a) and the presence of aCL, whereas hyperhomocysteinemia, elevated Lp(a) levels, aCL, FII G20210A and MTHFR 677TT polymorphisms remained independent risk factors in the subgroup of men. The results of the present study demonstrate that the prevalence of the thrombophilic risk factors is increased in patients with severe carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marcucci
- Thrombosis Center, University of Florence, Dipartimento del Cuore e dei Vasi, Center for the Study at Molecular and Clinical Level of Chronic, Degenerative and Neoplastic Diseases to Develop Novel Therapies, Firenze, Italy.
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Durga J, Verhoef P, Bots ML, Schouten E. Homocysteine and carotid intima-media thickness: a critical appraisal of the evidence. Atherosclerosis 2004; 176:1-19. [PMID: 15306169 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2003] [Revised: 10/22/2003] [Accepted: 11/21/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This review examines the relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for vascular disease, and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), a valid marker of generalized atherosclerosis and future vascular disease risk. The relationship between two important determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia in the general population-folate status and the 677C --> T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism-and CIMT is also covered. METHODS We searched literature databases for articles examining homocysteine and CIMT published before September 2003. RESULTS We identified 54 studies. Observational studies generally failed to demonstrate a relationship between homocysteine and CIMT in homocystinuric, uremic, hypercholesterolemic or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients or in subjects with insulin insensitivity. Weak associations, but usually only in certain sub-populations were found in vascular disease patients and in population-based studies. B vitamins reduce the progression of CIMT in renal transplant recipients and vascular disease patients as demonstrated by two trials. The majority of studies demonstrated increased CIMT in individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype. Folate status showed no relation to CIMT. DISCUSSION In non-patient populations, hyperhomocysteinemia is weakly associated with CIMT. The association of the 677 C--> T MTHFR polymorphism with CIMT further supports this finding. Lastly, folate levels may need to reach a critically low status before an association can be found between folate and CIMT. Larger trials in various population types are needed to determine whether folate alone or in combination with Vitamins B6 and B12 will slow down or even reverse atherosclerotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Durga
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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