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Saif FA, Yaseen SA, Alameen AS, Mane SB, Undre PB. Identification and characterization of Aspergillus species of fruit rot fungi using microscopy, FT-IR, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 246:119010. [PMID: 33035886 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During the investigation of fungal isolation from fruit, the major genera were Aspergillus, Penicillium, cladosporium, Alternaria, fusarium, Colletotrichum were found. Among them Aspergillus (15 species) was found major dominant on different fruits. Fifteen different Aspergillus species viz. Aspergillus brasiliensis, Aspergillus phoenicis, Aspergillus carbonarius, four Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus acidus, two Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus eucalypticola, Aspergillus oryzae and two Aspergillus Spp. have been differentiate and identify using morphology (microscopic technique), Fourier Transforms Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy (RS) and UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis). The fungal mass in powder form was used in present study. In FTIR the finger print region is important for the characterization of Aspergillus because this region is unique and contains peaks indicating the presence of DNA. From the results were found Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique and Raman spectroscopy a useful tool, sensitive, fast, economical, accurate, not require sample preparation and successfully used to identify fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Saif
- Microwave Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431004, India
| | - S A Yaseen
- Microwave Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431004, India
| | - A S Alameen
- Microwave Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431004, India
| | - S B Mane
- Microbical Cultural Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431004, India
| | - P B Undre
- Microwave Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431004, India.
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Heng HPS, Shu C, Zheng W, Lin K, Huang Z. Advances in real‐time fiber‐optic Raman spectroscopy for early cancer diagnosis: Pushing the frontier into clinical endoscopic applications. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.202000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Howard Peng Sin Heng
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Chi Shu
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Wei Zheng
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Kan Lin
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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Tfaili S, Al Assaad A, Fournier N, Allaoui F, Paul JL, Chaminade P, Tfayli A. Investigation of lipid modifications in J774 macrophages by vibrational spectroscopies after eicosapentaenoic acid membrane incorporation in unloaded and cholesterol-loaded cells. Talanta 2019; 199:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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MacRitchie N, Grassia G, Noonan J, Garside P, Graham D, Maffia P. Molecular imaging of atherosclerosis: spotlight on Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Heart 2017; 104:460-467. [PMID: 29061690 PMCID: PMC5861389 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To accurately predict atherosclerotic plaque progression, a detailed phenotype of the lesion at the molecular level is required. Here, we assess the respective merits and limitations of molecular imaging tools. Clinical imaging includes contrast-enhanced ultrasound, an inexpensive and non-toxic technique but with poor sensitivity. CT benefits from high spatial resolution but poor sensitivity coupled with an increasing radiation burden that limits multiplexing. Despite high sensitivity, positron emission tomography and single-photon emission tomography have disadvantages when applied to multiplex molecular imaging due to poor spatial resolution, signal cross talk and increasing radiation dose. In contrast, MRI is non-toxic, displays good spatial resolution but poor sensitivity. Preclinical techniques include near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF), which provides good spatial resolution and sensitivity; however, multiplexing with NIRF is limited, due to photobleaching and spectral overlap. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are label-free techniques that detect molecules based on the vibrations of chemical bonds. Both techniques offer fast acquisition times with Raman showing superior spatial resolution. Raman signals are inherently weak; however, leading to the development of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) that offers greatly increased sensitivity due to using metallic nanoparticles that can be functionalised with biomolecules targeted against plaque ligands while offering high multiplexing potential. This asset combined with high spatial resolution makes SERS an exciting prospect as a diagnostic tool. The ongoing refinements of SERS technologies such as deep tissue imaging and portable systems making SERS a realistic prospect for translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil MacRitchie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,British Society for Cardiovascular Research, UK
| | - Gianluca Grassia
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Noonan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,British Society for Cardiovascular Research, UK
| | - Paul Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Duncan Graham
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,British Society for Cardiovascular Research, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Wiercigroch E, Szafraniec E, Czamara K, Pacia MZ, Majzner K, Kochan K, Kaczor A, Baranska M, Malek K. Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates: A review. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017. [PMID: 28599236 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are widespread and naturally occurring compounds, and essential constituents for living organisms. They are quite often reported when biological systems are studied and their role is discussed. However surprisingly, up till now there is no database collecting vibrational spectra of carbohydrates and their assignment, as has been done already for other biomolecules. So, this paper serves as a comprehensive review, where for selected 14 carbohydrates in the solid state both FT-Raman and ATR FT-IR spectra were collected and assigned. Carbohydrates can be divided into four chemical groups and in the same way is organized this review. First, the smallest molecules are discussed, i.e. monosaccharides (d-(-)-ribose, 2-deoxy-d-ribose, l-(-)-arabinose, d-(+)-xylose, d-(+)-glucose, d-(+)-galactose and d-(-)-fructose) and disaccharides (d-(+)-sucrose, d-(+)-maltose and d-(+)-lactose), and then more complex ones, i.e. trisaccharides (d-(+)-raffinose) and polysaccharides (amylopectin, amylose, glycogen). Both Raman and IR spectra were collected in the whole spectral range and discussed looking at the specific regions, i.e. region V (3600-3050cm-1), IV (3050-2800cm-1) and II (1200-800cm-1) assigned to the stretching vibrations of the OH, CH/CH2 and C-O/C-C groups, respectively, and region III (1500-1200cm-1) and I (800-100cm-1) dominated by deformational modes of the CH/CH2 and CCO groups, respectively. In spite of the fact that vibrational spectra of saccharides are significantly less specific than spectra of other biomolecules (e.g. lipids or proteins), marker bands of the studied molecules can be identified and correlated with their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Wiercigroch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Szafraniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czamara
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Z Pacia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Majzner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kochan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
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Effects of Low Carbohydrate High Protein (LCHP) diet on atherosclerotic plaque phenotype in ApoE/LDLR-/- mice: FT-IR and Raman imaging. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14002. [PMID: 26391802 PMCID: PMC4585723 DOI: 10.1038/srep14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Low Carbohydrate High Protein (LCHP) diet displays pro-atherogenic effects, however, the exact mechanisms involved are still unclear. Here, with the use of vibrational imaging, such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman (RS) spectroscopies, we characterize biochemical content of plaques in Brachiocephalic Arteries (BCA) from ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice fed LCHP diet as compared to control, recomended by American Institute of Nutrition, AIN diet. FT-IR images were taken from 6-10 sections of BCA from each mice and were complemented with RS measurements with higher spatial resolution of chosen areas of plaque sections. In aortic plaques from LCHP fed ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice, the content of cholesterol and cholesterol esters was increased, while that of proteins was decreased as evidenced by global FT-IR analysis. High resolution imaging by RS identified necrotic core/foam cells, lipids (including cholesterol crystals), calcium mineralization and fibrous cap. The decreased relative thickness of the outer fibrous cap and the presence of buried caps were prominent features of the plaques in ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice fed LCHP diet. In conclusion, FT-IR and Raman-based imaging provided a complementary insight into the biochemical composition of the plaque suggesting that LCHP diet increased plaque cholesterol and cholesterol esters contents of atherosclerotic plaque, supporting the cholesterol-driven pathogenesis of LCHP-induced atherogenesis.
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Borges RDCF, Navarro RS, Giana HE, Tavares FG, Fernandes AB, Silveira Junior L. Detecting alterations of glucose and lipid components in human serum by near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/2446-4740.0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
There has been great interest in the possibility of identifying plaques that might be the site of future acute coronary events. These plaques are termed vulnerable and the majority are lipid-rich with an abundance of inflammatory cells and a thin fibrous cap. Several techniques developed to identify these plaques are in various stages of development and in the near future, one might employ a strategy to potentially identify and therapeutically modify such lesions during percutaneous intervention to avoid future acute events. Although this approach of identifying the vulnerable plaque seems promising, there are significant potential limitations. The natural history of a vulnerable plaque is unknown and clinical trials utilizing this strategy of identification and therapeutic intervention are lacking. Moreover, in any given patient, multiple vulnerable plaques are likely to be present. This article reviews some of the techniques for identifying a vulnerable plaque and discusses the potential advantages and limitations of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar S Staniloae
- Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent Catholic Medical Centers of New York, 170 West 12th Street, NY 10011, USA
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Brennan JF, Nazemi J, Motz J, Ramcharitar S. The vPredict Optical Catheter System: Intravascular Raman Spectroscopy. EUROINTERVENTION 2012; 3:635-8. [PMID: 19608493 DOI: 10.4244/eijv3i5a113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Matthäus C, Dochow S, Bergner G, Lattermann A, Romeike BFM, Marple ET, Krafft C, Dietzek B, Brehm BR, Popp J. In Vivo Characterization of Atherosclerotic Plaque Depositions by Raman-Probe Spectroscopy and in Vitro Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopic Imaging on a Rabbit Model. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7845-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301522d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Matthäus
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dochow
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gero Bergner
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Eric T. Marple
- Emvision LLC, 1471 F Road
Loxahatchee, Florida 33470, United States
| | - Christoph Krafft
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard R. Brehm
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Catholic Clinic Koblenz, Rudolf Virchow Strasse 9,
56073 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry
and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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11
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Bergner N, Krafft C, Geiger KD, Kirsch M, Schackert G, Popp J. Unsupervised unmixing of Raman microspectroscopic images for morphochemical analysis of non-dried brain tumor specimens. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:719-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Fisher SE, Harris AT, Khanna N, Sule-Suso J. Vibrational Spectroscopy: What Does the Clinician Need? BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROTRON INFRARED MICROSPECTROSCOPY 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849731997-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila E. Fisher
- Clinical Research Fellow, Section of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Leeds Room 6.01, Clinical Sciences Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7JT, UK and Hon Senior Research Fellow, School of Health Studies, University of Bradford UK
| | - Andrew T Harris
- Cancer-Research UK Research Training Fellow Oral Biology, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds UK
| | - Nitish Khanna
- Specialist Registrar in Medical Microbiology Western Infirmary Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Josep Sule-Suso
- Associate Specialist and Senior Lecturer in Oncology Cancer Centre, University Hospital of North Staffordshire and Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent UK
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Hsu THS, Lin SY, Lin CC, Cheng WT, Li MJ. Spectral diagnosis and analysis of a superior vesical artery calcification. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 2009; 37:253-256. [PMID: 19533114 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-009-0204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A case of urinary vessel calcification was detected incidentally in pelvic cavity of a 59-year-old man by computed tomography. The silver reticulin, actin, and hematoxylin and eosin stains were applied to diagnose the feature of vessel and confirmed that the vessel was the vesical artery. To our knowledge, this is the first report to find out the obliteration of superior vesical artery caused by calcified deposit. The calcified deposit in superior vesical artery was qualitatively identified to consist of hydroxyapatite, cholesterol and beta-carotene by Fourier transform infrared and Raman microspectroscopies, in which A-type carbonated apatite was a predominate component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Hueih-Shing Hsu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Lotung Pohai Hospital, Ilan, Taiwan
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Nazemi JH, Brennan JF. Lipid concentrations in human coronary artery determined with high wavenumber Raman shifted light. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:034009. [PMID: 19566302 DOI: 10.1117/1.3130302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a rapid nondestructive technique capable of assaying chemicals in human artery tissues and characterizing atherosclerotic plaques in vivo, but clinical applications through optical fiber-based catheters have been hindered by large background signals generated within the fibers. Previous workers realized that this background was reduced significantly in the high wavenumber (HWVN) Raman region ( approximately 2,400 cm(-1) to approximately 3,800 cm(-1)), and with proper selection of optical fibers, one could collect quality Raman spectra remotely via a single optical fiber with no additional filters or optics. This study compared lipid concentrations in coronary artery tissue that were determined with chemical assay techniques to those estimated from HWVN Raman spectra collected through a single optical fiber. The standard error of predictions between the Raman and chemical assay techniques were small for cholesterol and esterified cholesterols, at 1.2% and 2.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Nazemi
- Prescient Medical, Inc., 2005 South Easton Road, Suite 204, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18901, USA.
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Douma K, Prinzen L, Slaaf DW, Reutelingsperger CPM, Biessen EAL, Hackeng TM, Post MJ, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Nanoparticles for optical molecular imaging of atherosclerosis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:544-557. [PMID: 19226595 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging contributes to future personalized medicine dedicated to the treatment of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality in industrialized countries. Endoscope-compatible optical imaging techniques would offer a stand-alone alternative and high spatial resolution validation technique to clinically accepted imaging techniques in the (intravascular) assessment of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions, which are predisposed to initiate acute clinical events. Efficient optical visualization of molecular epitopes specific for vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions requires targeting of high-quality optical-contrast-enhancing particles. In this review, we provide an overview of both current optical nanoparticles and targeting ligands for optical molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions and speculate on their applicability in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Douma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Krafft C, Steiner G, Beleites C, Salzer R. Disease recognition by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2009; 2:13-28. [PMID: 19343682 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200810024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy are emerging biophotonic tools to recognize various diseases. The current review gives an overview of the experimental techniques, data-classification algorithms and applications to assess soft tissues, hard tissues and body fluids. The methodology section presents the principles to combine vibrational spectroscopy with microscopy, lateral information and fiber-optic probes. A crucial step is the classification of spectral data by a variety of algorithms. We discuss unsupervised algorithms such as cluster analysis or principal component analysis and supervised algorithms such as linear discriminant analysis, soft independent modeling of class analogies, artificial neural networks support vector machines, Bayesian classification, partial least-squares regression and ensemble methods. The selected topics include tumors of epithelial tissue, brain tumors, prion diseases, bone diseases, atherosclerosis, kidney stones and gallstones, skin tumors, diabetes and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krafft
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Palombo F, Shen H, Benguigui LES, Kazarian SG, Upmacis RK. Micro ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging of atherosclerosis: an investigation of the contribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase to lesion composition in ApoE-null mice. Analyst 2009; 134:1107-18. [DOI: 10.1039/b821425e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Honda
- Center for Cardiovascular Technology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, Calif 94305-5637, USA
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20
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Perelman LT. Optical diagnostic technology based on light scattering spectroscopy for early cancer detection. Expert Rev Med Devices 2007; 3:787-803. [PMID: 17280544 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.3.6.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the application of optical diagnostic technology based on light scattering spectroscopy for minimally invasive detection of precancerous and early cancerous changes in a variety of organs. Optical spectroscopic techniques have shown promising results in the diagnosis of diseases at the cellular scale. They do not require tissue removal, can be performed in vivo and allow for real-time diagnosis. While fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy are most effective in revealing the molecular properties of tissue, the novel technique, light scattering spectroscopy, is capable of characterizing the structural properties of tissue at the cellular and subcellular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev T Perelman
- Harvard University, Department of ObGyn and Reproductive Biology, Biomedical Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Dana 879, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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21
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Sowa MG, Smith MSD, Kendall C, Bock ER, Ko ACT, Choo-Smith LP, Stone N. Semi-parametric estimation in the compositional modeling of multicomponent systems from Raman spectroscopic data. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:877-83. [PMID: 16925923 DOI: 10.1366/000370206778062147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Identification and quantification of molecular species are central applications of molecular spectroscopy. In complex multicomponent systems like tissue samples, linear parametric models are often used to estimate the relative concentrations of the biochemical components of the sample. In situations where not all of the components of the sample are known or modeled, such parametric models can suffer from omitted variable bias and result in skewed estimates of component concentrations. We propose a semi-parametric approach that tries to avoid this omitted variable bias by effectively including unknown covariates as a non-parametric term in the regression equation. Constituent concentrations estimated with such partial linear models should outperform strict parametric linear models when the user has limited information on the composition of a multi-constituent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Sowa
- Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council Canada, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 1Y6, Canada.
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Tarnowski CP, Ignelzi MA, Wang W, Taboas JM, Goldstein SA, Morris MD. Earliest mineral and matrix changes in force-induced musculoskeletal disease as revealed by Raman microspectroscopic imaging. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:64-71. [PMID: 14753738 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.0301201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Craniosynostosis, premature fusion of the skull bones at the sutures, is the second most common human birth defect in the skull. Raman microspectroscopy was used to examine the composition, relative amounts, and locations of the mineral and matrix produced in mouse skulls undergoing force-induced craniosynostosis. Raman imaging revealed decreased relative mineral content in skulls undergoing craniosynostosis compared with unloaded specimens. INTRODUCTION Raman microspectroscopy, a nondestructive vibrational spectroscopic technique, was used to examine the composition, relative amounts, and locations of the mineral and matrix produced in mouse skulls undergoing force-induced craniosynostosis. Craniosynostosis, premature fusion of the skull bones at the sutures, is the second most common birth defect in the face and skull. The calvaria, or flat bones that comprise the top of the skull, are most often affected, and craniosynostosis is a feature of over 100 human syndromes and conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Raman images of the suture, the tips immediately adjacent to the suture (osteogenic fronts), and mature parietal bones of loaded and unloaded calvaria were acquired. Images were acquired at 2.6 x 2.6 microm spatial resolution and ranged in a field of view from 180 x 210 microm to 180 x 325 microm. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This study found that osteogenic fronts subjected to uniaxial compression had decreased relative mineral content compared with unloaded osteogenic fronts, presumably because of new and incomplete mineral deposition. Increased matrix production in osteogenic fronts undergoing craniosynostosis was observed. Understanding how force affects the composition, relative amounts, and location of the mineral and matrix provides insight into musculoskeletal disease in general and craniosynostosis in particular. This is the first report in which Raman microspectroscopy was used to study musculoskeletal disease. These data show how Raman microspectroscopy can be used to study subtle changes that occur in disease.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is currently considered to be an inflammatory and thus a systemic disease affecting multiple arterial beds. Recent advances in intravascular imaging have shown multiple sites of atherosclerotic changes in coronary arterial wall. Traditionally, angiography has been used to detect and characterize atherosclerotic plaque in coronary arteries, but recently it has been found that plaques that are not significantly stenotic on angiography cause acute myocardial infarction. As a result, newer imaging and diagnostic modalities are required to predict which of the atherosclerotic plaque are prone to rupture and hence distinguish "stable" and "vulnerable" plaques. Intravascular ultrasound can identify multiple plaques that are not seen on coronary angiography. Thermography has shown much promise and is based on the concept that the inflammatory plaques are associated with increased temperature and can also identify "vulnerable patients." Of all these newer modalities, magnetic resonance imaging has shown the most promise in identification and characterization of vulnerable plaques. In this article, we review the newer coronary artery imaging modalities and discuss the limitations of traditional coronary angiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Bhatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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24
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Nithipatikom K, McCoy MJ, Hawi SR, Nakamoto K, Adar F, Campbell WB. Characterization and application of Raman labels for confocal Raman microspectroscopic detection of cellular proteins in single cells. Anal Biochem 2003; 322:198-207. [PMID: 14596828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A method using confocal Raman microspectroscopy for the detection of cellular proteins in single intact cells was developed. Two approaches were used to improve the detection of these cellular components. First, compounds with high Raman scattering were investigated for potential use as Raman labels. Raman labels were conjugated to either biomolecules or biotin and used as markers in the detection of cellular enzymes and receptors. Second, silver colloids were used to increase the surface-enhanced Raman scatter (SERS) of these Raman labels. Cresyl violet and dimethylaminoazobenzene are Raman labels that provide very sensitive SERS detection by a confocal Raman microscope with a HeNe laser at wavelength of 632.8 nm. The detection of 12-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-1 in single bovine coronary artery endothelial cells and the binding of angiotensin II to its receptors in zona glomerulosa cells was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasem Nithipatikom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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25
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Utzinger U, Richards-Kortum RR. Fiber optic probes for biomedical optical spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2003; 8:121-47. [PMID: 12542388 DOI: 10.1117/1.1528207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2001] [Revised: 05/02/2002] [Accepted: 08/09/2002] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fiber optic probes are a key element for biomedical spectroscopic sensing. We review the use of fiber optic probes for optical spectroscopy, focusing on applications in turbid media, such as tissue. The design of probes for reflectance, polarized reflectance, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy is illustrated. We cover universal design principles as well as technologies for beam deflecting and reshaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Utzinger
- University of Arizona, Biomedical Engineering and Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
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26
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Yabushita H, Bouma BE, Houser SL, Aretz HT, Jang IK, Schlendorf KH, Kauffman CR, Shishkov M, Kang DH, Halpern EF, Tearney GJ. Characterization of human atherosclerosis by optical coherence tomography. Circulation 2002; 106:1640-5. [PMID: 12270856 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000029927.92825.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 813] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-resolution visualization of atherosclerotic plaque morphology may be essential for identifying coronary plaques that cause acute coronary events. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an intravascular imaging modality capable of providing cross-sectional images of tissue with a resolution of 10 micro m. To date, OCT imaging has not been investigated in sufficient detail to assess its accuracy for characterizing atherosclerotic plaques. The aim of this study was to establish objective OCT image criteria for atherosclerotic plaque characterization in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS OCT images of 357 (diseased) atherosclerotic arterial segments obtained at autopsy were correlated with histology. OCT image criteria for 3 types of plaque were formulated by analysis of a subset (n=50) of arterial segments. OCT images of fibrous plaques were characterized by homogeneous, signal-rich regions; fibrocalcific plaques by well-delineated, signal-poor regions with sharp borders; and lipid-rich plaques by signal-poor regions with diffuse borders. Independent validation of these criteria by 2 OCT readers for the remaining segments (n=307) demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity ranging from 71% to 79% and 97% to 98% for fibrous plaques, 95% to 96% and 97% for fibrocalcific plaques, and 90% to 94% and 90% to 92% for lipid-rich plaques, respectively (overall agreement, kappa=0.83 to 0.84). The interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities of OCT assessment were high (kappa values of 0.88 and 0.91, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Objective OCT criteria are highly sensitive and specific for characterizing different types of atherosclerotic plaques. These results represent an important step in validating this new intravascular imaging modality and will provide a basis for the interpretation of intracoronary OCT images obtained from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yabushita
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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27
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van de Poll SWE, Delsing DJM, Jukema JW, Princen HMG, Havekes LM, Puppels GJ, van der Laarse A. Raman spectroscopic investigation of atorvastatin, amlodipine, and both on atherosclerotic plaque development in APOE*3 Leiden transgenic mice. Atherosclerosis 2002; 164:65-71. [PMID: 12119194 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy allows quantitative, non-destructive evaluation of entire, intact atherosclerotic plaques. We quantified the anti-atherosclerotic effects of atorvastatin and amlodipine on progression of atherosclerosis using post-mortem Raman spectroscopic plaque imaging in 28 APOE*3 Leiden transgenic mice who were fed a high fat/high cholesterol diet for 28 weeks. Mice were assigned to a control group receiving the diet alone or to groups that received the diet with either 0.01% w/w atorvastatin, 0.002% w/w amlodipine, or the combination. The entire excised aortic arch was scanned with Raman microspectroscopy for quantitation of the distribution of cholesterol and calcification content. When mice had been treated with atorvastatin, cholesterol accumulation and calcification in the aortic arch was reduced by 91 and 98%, respectively, (both P<0.001). Amlodipine did not reduce the cholesterol content but reduced calcification of the aorta by 69% (P<0.05). The combination of amlodipine and atorvastatin was as effective as atorvastatin alone. This study demonstrates the strong atheroprotective potential of atorvastatin. In addition it is demonstrated that amlodipine reduces mineralization of atherosclerotic plaque. No synergistic effect of the combination of amlodipine and atorvastatin on plaque development is demonstrated. This study encourages Raman spectroscopic evaluations of anti-atherosclerotic drugs in larger animals and humans in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweder W E van de Poll
- Department of Cardiology, C5-P, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Silveira L, Sathaiah S, Zângaro RA, Pacheco MTT, Chavantes MC, Pasqualucci CAG. Correlation between near-infrared Raman spectroscopy and the histopathological analysis of atherosclerosis in human coronary arteries. Lasers Surg Med 2002; 30:290-7. [PMID: 11948599 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Modern diagnostic methods such as near-infrared Raman spectroscopy (NIRS) allow quantification and evaluation of human atherosclerotic lesions, which can be useful in diagnosing coronary artery disease. The objective of the present study is to obtain feasible diagnostic information to detect atheromatous plaque using NIRS combined with discriminant analysis. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIAL AND METHODS An 830 nm Ti: sapphire laser pumped by an argon laser provides near-infrared excitation. A spectrograph disperses light scattered from arterial tissue and a liquid-nitrogen cooled CCD detects the Raman spectra. A total of 111 arterial fragments were scanned and Raman results were compared with histopathology. Principal components analysis (PCA) and Mahalanobis distance (m-distance) were used to model an algorithm for tissue classification into three categories: non-atherosclerotic (NA), non-calcified (NC), and calcified (C) using Raman spectra. Spectra were randomly separated into training and prospective groups. RESULTS It has been found that, for the NA tissue, the algorithm has sensitivity of 84 and 78% and specificity of 91 and 93% for training and prospective groups, respectively. For the NC tissue the algorithm has sensitivity of 88 and 90% and specificity of 88 and 83%. For the C tissue both sensitivity and specificity were maximum, 100%. CONCLUSIONS An algorithm using PCA and discriminant analysis based on m-distance has been developed and successfully applied to diagnose coronary artery disease by NIRS obtaining good sensitivity and specificity for each tissue category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landulfo Silveira
- Institute of Research and Development, University of Vale do Paraíba-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911-Urbanova, ZIP 12244-000, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
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29
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Choo-Smith LP, Edwards HGM, Endtz HP, Kros JM, Heule F, Barr H, Robinson JS, Bruining HA, Puppels GJ. Medical applications of Raman spectroscopy: from proof of principle to clinical implementation. Biopolymers 2002; 67:1-9. [PMID: 11842408 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has recently been applied ex vivo and in vivo to address various biomedical issues such as the early detection of cancers, monitoring of the effect of various agents on the skin, determination of atherosclerotic plaque composition, and rapid identification of pathogenic microorganisms. This leap in the number of applications and the number of groups active in this field has been facilitated by several technological advancements in lasers, CCD detectors, and fiber-optic probes. However, most of the studies are still at the proof of concept stage. We present a discussion on the status of the field today, as well as the problems and issues that still need to be resolved to bring this technology to hospital settings (i.e., the medical laboratory, surgical suites, or clinics). Taken from the viewpoint of clinicians and medical analysts, the potential of Raman spectroscopic techniques as new tools for biomedical applications is discussed and a path is proposed for the clinical implementation of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-P Choo-Smith
- Laboratory for Intensive Care Research and Optical Spectroscopy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. lin-p'
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30
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Mohacek-Grosev V, Bozac R, Puppels GJ. Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of wild growing mushrooms and toadstools. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 57:2815-2829. [PMID: 11789883 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(01)00584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been increase of general interest in fungi because of the possible medical applications of their polysaccharide constituents called glucans, some of which are reported to have immunomodulatory properties. Since an extraction method can change the chemical composition of a substance, especially a delicate one such as fungal thallus, it is necessary and useful to know more about the studied matter in advance in order to choose the chemical procedure properly. We demonstrated the usefulness of vibrational spectroscopy in identifying different glucan types in various parts of intact fruiting bodies of Asco- and Basidiomycetes. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used for obtaining vibrational spectra of spores and fruiting bodies of more than 70 species belonging to 37 different genera of wild growing mushrooms. The list of the bands in 750-950 cm(-1) interval, assigned to alpha- and beta-glucans, is provided for all species studied. Vibrational spectra in the interval 1000-1200 cm(-1) could serve as an indicator of mushroom genus, although particular species cannot be identified spectroscopically. Great similarities in spectra of spores of the same genus, but different species, e.g. Tricholoma album and Trichloma sulphureum, were observed. On the other hand, spectra of cap, stalk and spores of the same mushroom show great differences, indicating variety in the chemical composition of different parts of the same fruiting body.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mohacek-Grosev
- Molecular Physics Laboratory, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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31
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van De Poll SW, Römer TJ, Volger OL, Delsing DJ, Bakker Schut TC, Princen HM, Havekes LM, Jukema JW, van Der Laarse A, Puppels GJ. Raman spectroscopic evaluation of the effects of diet and lipid-lowering therapy on atherosclerotic plaque development in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1630-5. [PMID: 11597937 DOI: 10.1161/hq1001.096651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative characterization of atherosclerotic plaque composition with standard histopathological methods remains limited to sectioned plaques. Raman spectroscopy enables nondestructive quantification of atherosclerotic plaque composition. We used Raman spectroscopy to study the effects of diet and lipid-lowering therapy on plaque development in apolipoprotein (APO) E*3-Leiden transgenic mice. Raman spectra were obtained over the full width and entire length of the ascending aorta and aortic arch. Spectra were modeled to calculate the relative dry weights of cholesterol and calcium salts, and quantitative maps of their distribution were created. In male mice (n=20) that received a high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFC) diet for 0, 2, 4, or 6 months, Raman spectroscopy showed good correlation between cholesterol accumulation and total serum cholesterol exposure (r approximately 0.87, P<0.001). In female mice (n=10) that were assigned to an HFC diet, with or without 0.01% atorvastatin, a strong reduction in cholesterol accumulation (57%) and calcium salts (97%) (P<0.01) was demonstrated in the atorvastatin-treated group. In conclusion, Raman spectroscopy can be used to quantitatively study the size and distribution of depositions of cholesterol and calcification in APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice. This study encourages Raman spectroscopy for the quantitative investigation of atherosclerosis and lipid-lowering therapy in larger animals or humans in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W van De Poll
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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32
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Pasterkamp G, Falk E, Woutman H, Borst C. Techniques characterizing the coronary atherosclerotic plaque: influence on clinical decision making? J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36:13-21. [PMID: 10898406 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the atherosclerotic lesion rather than the degree of stenosis is currently considered to be the most important determinant for acute clinical events. Modalities capable of characterizing the atherosclerotic lesion may be helpful in understanding its natural history and detecting lesions with high risk for acute events. Speaking grossly, three histologic features of the vulnerable plaque have been reported: size of the atheroma, thickness of the fibrous cap, and inflammation. Imaging techniques are currently being deployed and are under development to aid visualization of the vulnerable coronary plaque. Most of these diagnostic modalities have the potential to detect locally one or more of the three histologically defined features of vulnerable plaque. This review will focus on imaging techniques that have been developed to characterize the atherosclerotic lesion. Most catheter-based visualization techniques will provide insight into components of the local atherosclerotic plaque which may limit their predictive value for the occurrence of a clinical event. Therefore, the clinical relevance of these imaging tools will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center, Utrecht.
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33
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Spencer P, Wang Y, Walker MP, Wieliczka DM, Swafford JR. Interfacial chemistry of the dentin/adhesive bond. J Dent Res 2000; 79:1458-63. [PMID: 11005728 DOI: 10.1177/00220345000790070501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the dentin/adhesive (d/a) bond has primarily been studied by morphologic analysis in conjunction with bond strength measurement. Although these analyses have enhanced our understanding, numerous questions about the chemistry have not been answered. The purpose of this study was to determine, at the molecular level, quantitative differences in the composition of the d/a interface formed under "wet" bonding conditions. The occlusal one-third of the crown was removed from 10 extracted, unerupted human third molars. The prepared dentin surfaces were treated, per manufacturers' instructions, with either Single Bond (3M) or One-Step adhesive (Bisco). Three-micron-thick sections of the d/a interface were cut and stained with Goldner trichrome for light microscopy. Companion slabs were analyzed with micro-Raman spectroscopy; the sample was placed at the focus of a 100x microscope objective, and spectra were acquired at 1-microm intervals across the d/a interface. Reference spectra were collected on model compounds of type I collagen and adhesive; the relative ratios of the integrated intensities of spectral features from adhesive and collagen were determined and plotted as a function of wt% adhesive. The same ratios were determined for the interface samples; by comparing these ratios with the calibration curve generated from the model compounds, we determined the percent of adhesive as a function of spatial position across the d/a interface. The relative percent of Single Bond adhesive was < 50% throughout more than half of the hybrid layer; One Step adhesive was > or = 50% throughout most of the hybrid. The results from this study provide the first direct chemical evidence of phase separation in a dentin adhesive and its detrimental effect on the dentin/adhesive bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Spencer
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, 64108, USA.
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34
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Römer TJ, Brennan JF, Puppels GJ, Zwinderman AH, van Duinen SG, van der Laarse A, van der Steen AF, Bom NA, Bruschke AV. Intravascular ultrasound combined with Raman spectroscopy to localize and quantify cholesterol and calcium salts in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:478-83. [PMID: 10669646 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.2.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronary intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) can assess arterial wall architecture and localize large intravascular deposits, but it does not provide quantitative chemical information, which is essential in the evaluation of atherosclerotic lesions. Previously, it has been shown that Raman spectroscopy can be used to accurately quantify the relative weights of cholesterol, calcium salts, triglycerides, and phospholipids in homogenized arterial tissue. In the present study, we explore some benefits of combining IVUS and Raman spectroscopy to evaluate the intact arterial wall. IVUS images were collected in vitro from human coronary arterial segments in various stages of disease (n=7). The images were divided into radial segments (11 to 28 per image, 332 in total), each of which was classified visually as calcified or noncalcified tissue. The arteries were opened longitudinally, and Raman spectra were collected from locations at 0. 5-mm intervals across the arterial luminal circumference. The spectra were used to calculate the chemical composition of the arterial wall at the examined locations. Generally, locations containing large amounts of calcium salts, as determined with Raman spectroscopy, were classified as calcified with IVUS. However, small calcific deposits (<6% of weight) were not readily detected with IVUS. The amounts and location of cholesterol determined with Raman spectroscopy were correlated closely with the presence of cholesterol observed by histochemistry, but these deposits could not be located accurately by IVUS. The combination of Raman spectroscopy and IVUS applied in vitro provides detailed information about the amount and location of calcific deposits and lipid pools in atherosclerotic plaques. Future advances in optical fiber technology may allow simultaneous collection of Raman spectra and IVUS images through the same catheter in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Römer
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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35
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Jaross W, Neumeister V, Lattke P, Schuh D. Determination of cholesterol in atherosclerotic plaques using near infrared diffuse reflection spectroscopy. Atherosclerosis 1999; 147:327-37. [PMID: 10559519 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to examine whether near infrared diffuse reflection spectroscopy is an acceptable tool for the determination of cholesterol content in atherosclerotic plaques. Using an FT-spectrophotometer (lambda=1000-2500 nm) and fiberoptic systems (d=4 mm), the cholesterol content could be determined in mixtures of the primary compounds of the aortic wall with acceptable precision. Considering the inhomogeneous distribution of cholesterol and cholesterol esters in atherosclerotic plaques the determination of total cholesterol using this method is of acceptable efficacy, even though the calibration procedure did not reflect the composition correctly. Using an energy dose of less than 100 mW/cm(2) to avoid damage to endothelial cells, arterial tissue of about 170-200 microm thickness attenuates the reflected NIRS signal by up to 50%. Cholesterol levels could be determined accurately in atherosclerotic lesions in human aortic specimens obtained by autopsy. The correlation coefficient between the NIRS results and those of HPLC analysis calculated in the investigation of 82 different areas of 18 human aortic specimens was 0.926 (y=0.869x+0. 771, external validation). Acceptable results were also achieved by means of a coronary-catheterlike fiberoptic strand (d=l mm), despite the worsened signal/noise ratio. The results show that the development of a coronary catheter using NIRS appears to be possible in principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jaross
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr.74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
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