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Kaur H, Bhuvan K, Padmawar R, Hore DK. Surface Structural Changes in Silicone Rubber Due to Electrical Tracking. Appl Spectrosc 2024:37028241238248. [PMID: 38499996 DOI: 10.1177/00037028241238248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the use of silicone composite insulators for electrical power transmission and distribution applications. However, such materials are susceptible to degradation as they are exposed to electrical and environmental stresses during operating conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to gain a thorough understanding of the degradation mechanism through changes in the material structure that may provide insight into potential failures in the electrical grid. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) were used along with contact angle measurements to characterize changes in silicone rubber samples from actual insulators subjected to tracking wheel testing. The results showed a decrease in absorbance of different infrared bands representing different functional groups, such as Si-O-Si, methyl functional groups, and both Al-O and hydroxyl groups of alumina trihydrate as a function of the number of tracking cycles. The sequence of changes in the functional groups was determined by 2D-COS as Al-O and OH followed by Si-O-Si polymer backbone modes, followed by polymer methyl side chains. An enhancement in the average contact angle with the number of tracking cycles revealed a concomitant increase in surface roughness with electrical tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kavin Bhuvan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- ASAsoft (Canada) Inc., Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Dennis K Hore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Shalygin AS, Kozhevnikov IV, Morozov EV, Martyanov ON. Features of Wax Appearance Temperature Determination of Waxy Crude Oil Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Under Ambient and High Pressure. Appl Spectrosc 2024; 78:277-288. [PMID: 38115792 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231218714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The wax appearance temperature (WAT), being one of the key characteristics of waxy crude oil and other waxy substances, is used for the necessary assessment of the phase stability of materials during various technological processes. However, the determination of this parameter as well as peculiarities of wax formation under high gas pressure suffers from the lack of suitable techniques for this task. To address this issue, an attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) method has been applied for the first time to measure the WAT of waxy crude oil under high gas pressure. Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen, and natural gas were used in the study due to their widespread applicability as injection gases in enhanced oil recovery methods. The S2/S1 versus temperature method based on changes in the band of rocking vibrations of the CH2 group was applied to determine WAT. It was found that the ATR FT-IR method based on the proposed dependence S2/S1 versus temperature gives lower WAT values compared to those observed by viscometry, magnetic resonance imaging inspection, and cross-polarized microscopy methods for the waxy crude oil studied. A detailed analysis was carried out using variable-temperature ATR FT-IR spectra of waxy crude oil in the temperature region near the WAT. Essentially different dynamics of wax crystal formation in waxy oil sample and model paraffin solution were demonstrated during the cooling process. The results obtained by high-pressure ATR FT-IR showed that CO2 and natural gas reduce the WAT, while nitrogen has virtually no effect. In addition, for the studied oil, it was found that high pressure of CO2 and natural gases leads to a visual decrease in the amount of wax crystals precipitated, but not to the complete disappearance of microcrystals at a certain temperature and pressure. The results obtained proved that ATR FT-IR can be an effective method for proper determinations of WAT under high-pressure conditions similar to those met in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S Shalygin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Ivan V Kozhevnikov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Morozov
- Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Science Center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Oleg N Martyanov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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3
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Mein C, Jones JR, Tennick C, Williams A. Recognition of the Presence of Bone Fractures Through Physicochemical Changes in Diagenetic Bone. Appl Spectrosc 2024; 78:159-174. [PMID: 37960870 PMCID: PMC10832324 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231213889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Much research has focused on attempting to understand the drivers of bone diagenesis. However, this sensitive process is easily influenced by various factors, particularly the condition of the remains (i.e., whether they have been subjected to trauma). Previous research demonstrates that trauma can influence soft tissue decomposition, yet to date, no studies have looked at how bone fractures could affect bone diagenesis. To address this gap, two short timescale studies were conducted to investigate the influence of bone fractures on the physicochemical composition of disarticulated, partially fleshed animal remains. Disarticulated porcine bones were either fractured using blunt force or sharp force whilst fresh (producing perimortem damage), at 60 days producing postmortem damage (postmortem interval (PMI)), or left intact and left outside for up to 180 days post-fracture/240 days PMI. Retrieved bone sections were then analyzed for physicochemical differences using non-destructive methods, i.e., scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance. It was hypothesized that differences would be found in the physicochemical composition between the bones with fractures and those without after undergoing diagenetic change. The bone fractures significantly affected the elemental composition of bone over time, but structural composition initially remained stable. It was also possible to distinguish between perimortem and postmortem fractures using these two analytical techniques due to physicochemical differences. This research shows bone fractures can significantly alter the physicochemical composition of the bone during the postmortem period and have the potential to facilitate more accurate PMI estimations in forensic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caley Mein
- Research Centre for Field Archaeology and Forensic Taphonomy, School of Law and Policing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jennifer R. Jones
- Research Centre for Field Archaeology and Forensic Taphonomy, School of Law and Policing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Catherine Tennick
- Research Centre for Field Archaeology and Forensic Taphonomy, School of Law and Policing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Anna Williams
- Research Centre for Field Archaeology and Forensic Taphonomy, School of Law and Policing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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4
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Liu Y, Kim HJ. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy-Principal Component Analysis for Classifying Cotton Fiber Maturity Phenotypes of Cotton Population Composed of Various Genotypes. Appl Spectrosc 2024; 78:99-110. [PMID: 37933119 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231211942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Maturity is a major fiber trait that affects the processing and performance of cotton fiber. Rapid and accurate identification of fiber maturity phenotypes and genotypes is of importance to breeders. Previous studies showed that either conventional fiber measurements or attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) analysis discriminated the immature fiber (im) phenotype from the wild type (WT) mature fiber phenotype in a segregating F2 population from a cross between two upland cotton lines differing in fiber maturity. However, both conventional fiber property measurement methods and FT-IR analyses with current algorithms could not detect the subtle differences among the WT fibers composed of two different genotypes, WT homozygosity (WT-homo) and WT heterozygosity (WT-hetero). This research explored the FT-IR method, in combination with soft independent modeling of class analogy of principal component analysis (SIMCA-PCA), for the discrimination of WT fiber phenotypes consisting of two different genotypes (WT-homo and WT-hetero). The new approach enabled the detection of IR spectral intensity differences between WT-homo and WT-hetero fibers. Successful classification originated from a distinctive spectral difference in the low-wavenumber region (<700 cm-1) between WT-hetero fibers and WT-homo fibers. This observation emphasized that ATR FT-IR with a SIMCA-PCA approach would be a sensitive tool for classifying the WT fibers demonstrating minor phenotypic differences. The improved sensitivity of the infrared method may provide a way of dissecting genotype-phenotype interactions of cotton fibers rapidly and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Liu
- USDA, ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Structure and Quality Research Unit, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- USDA, ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Müller M, Wirth L, Urban B. Determination of the pK a Value of Protonated Mono and Polyamine in Solution Using Fourier Transform Infrared Titration. Appl Spectrosc 2024; 78:56-66. [PMID: 38116634 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231213673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The pKa values of propanolamine hydrochloride (PAMH) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAAMH) in concentrated solutions were determined by both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) titration and classical potentiometric (POT) titration and compared. Starting with the respective fully protonated forms PAMH and PAAMH and increasing the pH value by sodium hydroxide addition in situ attenuated total reflection FT-IR (ATR FT-IR) spectra on PAMH and PAAMH solutions show the variation of diagnostic infrared (IR) bands. From the decrease of the most intense δ(NH3+) band the dissociation process of the NH3+ groups could be followed. Thereby, from the respective normalized band area A the dissociation degree αIR of the ammonium groups could be determined. Plotting pH versus αIR and fitting this curve by a modified Henderson-Hasselbalch function pH = pKa + B log (αIR/1 - αIR) the parameters pKa and cooperativity factor B were obtained. pKa values from FT-IR titration were qualitatively in line with respective pKa values from POT titration. Quantitative systematic pKa deviations between polyelectrolyte (PEL) and respective monoelectrolyte and the tentative effects of PEL molecular weight, ambient ionic strength, and titration concept (FT-IR and POT) are discussed based on classical models of weak PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Department Functional Colloidal Materials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luise Wirth
- Department Functional Colloidal Materials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Urban
- Department Functional Colloidal Materials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
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Budil J, Štenclová P, Kromka A, Lišková P. Development of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum Biofilm Monitored in Real Time Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Measurements in a Flow Cell Chamber. Appl Spectrosc 2023; 77:500-512. [PMID: 36898963 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231165057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms of sessile Pseudomonas syringae cells formed on top of plant host's leaves or fruits allow surviving harsh environmental conditions (desiccation) and improve their resistance to antibacterial treatments of crops. A better understanding of these biofilms can help minimize their effect on harvests. In the present study, infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy coupled with optical and confocal laser scanning microscopy has been applied for the first time to analyze Pseudomonas syringae pathovar morsprunorum biofilm development in real time. The biofilm development was observed within a spectral window 4000-800 cm-1 under constant flow conditions for 72 h. The kinetics of representative integrated band areas (nucleic acids with polysaccharides at 1141-1006 cm-1, amino acid side chains with free fatty acids at 1420-1380 cm-1, proteins at 1580-1490 cm-1, and lipids with proteins at 2935-2915 cm-1) were analyzed with regard to the observed biofilm structure and the following P. syringae biofilm developmental stages were attributed: The inoculation phase, washing of weakly attached bacteria closely followed by recolonization of the vacated surface, the restructuration phase, and finally the maturation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Budil
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Semiconductors, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Štenclová
- Department of Semiconductors, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Department of Semiconductors, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Lišková
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Faria RA, Leal LB, Thebit MM, Pereira SWA, Serafim NR, Barauna VG, da Chagas E Silva Carvalho LF, Sartório CL, Gouvea SA. Potential Role of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy as a Screening Approach for Breast Cancer. Appl Spectrosc 2023; 77:405-417. [PMID: 36703259 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231156194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and its spread involves a succession of clinical and pathological stages. Screening is predominantly based on mammography, which has critical limitations related to the effectiveness and production of false-positive or false-negative results, generating discomfort and low adherence. In this context, infrared with attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy emerges as a non-destructive sample tool, which is non-invasive, label-free, has a low operating-cost, and requires only a small amount of sample, including liquid plasma samples. We sought to evaluate the clinical applicability of ATR FT-IR in breast cancer screening. ATR FT-IR spectroscopy through its highest potential spectral biomarker could distinguish, by liquid plasma biopsy, breast cancer patients and healthy controls, obtaining a sensitivity of 97%, specificity of 93%, a receiver operating characteristic ROC curve of 97%, and a prediction accuracy of 94%. The main variance between the groups was mainly in the band 1511 cm-1 of the control group, 1502 and 1515 cm-1 of the cancer group, which are the peaks of the bands referring to proteins and amide II. ATR FT-IR spectroscopy has demonstrated to be a promising tool for breast cancer screening, given its time efficiency, cost of approach, and its high ability to distinguish between the liquid plasma samples of breast cancer patients and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Faria
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B Leal
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Marcela M Thebit
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Sergio W A Pereira
- Mastology Service Evangelical Hospital of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Neuzimar R Serafim
- Mastology Service Evangelical Hospital of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Valerio G Barauna
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Carmem L Sartório
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Sonia A Gouvea
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
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Eckardt J, Sepperer T, Cesprini E, Šket P, Tondi G. Comparing Condensed and Hydrolysable Tannins for Mechanical Foaming of Furanic Foams: Synthesis and Characterization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062799. [PMID: 36985772 PMCID: PMC10056537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the potential of hydrolysable tannin in comparison to condensed tannins for the production of furanic foams. The results indicate that chestnut tannin presents lower reactivity and requires a stronger acid for the polymerization. Additionally, foamability and density were found to be dependent on both surfactant concentration and tannin type, allowing lower densities for mimosa tannin and lower thermal conductivities for chestnut-based foams. Mimosa tannin was found to have the highest compression strength, followed by quebracho and chestnut, promising thermal conductivity of around 50 mW/m·K for 300 kg/m3 foams, which suggests that chestnut foams have the potential to performing highly when the density is reduced. Chemical analysis revealed that the methylene moieties of the furanics are non-specific and produces new covalent bonds with nucleophilic substrates: -OH groups and free-positions in the flavonoids. Overall, this study opens new perspectives for the application of hydrolysable tannins in polymer and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eckardt
- TESAF Department, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Thomas Sepperer
- Department of Green Engineering and Circular Design, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstraße 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria
| | - Emanuele Cesprini
- TESAF Department, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Primož Šket
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gianluca Tondi
- TESAF Department, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
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Pigorsch E, Obenaus H. Spectroscopic Investigations for the Dating of Paper from the Nineteenth Century. Appl Spectrosc 2023; 77:231-238. [PMID: 36320119 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221139295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the detailed material composition of paper can help art historians, archivist, librarians, paper historians, and conservators to determine the possible age of a document or a work of art. The dating of paper by the identification of specific paper components is especially applicable to paper from the 19th century. In this era, many changes in the paper production technology occurred and new raw materials were introduced in relatively short time intervals. ATR-IR and Raman spectroscopic measurements were used to analyze the chemical composition and structure of papers from the 19th century. The infrared spectra showed the general material composition of the papers. More specific information on the different paper components and their distribution in the paper were obtained by Raman microscopic measurements. The resulting Raman images visualize the detailed chemical structure of the papers including all components such as paper fibers, filler pigments, sizing agents, and color pigments. Special emphasis was made on the spectroscopic identification of different paper fiber types, like straw, esparto, and sulphite and sulfate chemical wood pulp, which were introduced to paper production during the second half of the 19th century. It could be shown that the specific spectral differences in the Raman spectra of the different paper fiber types are related to different amounts of hemicellulose xylan compounds on or in the cellulose fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Obenaus
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, 9169Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Dresden, Germany
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Samokhvalov A, McCombs S. In Situ Time-Dependent Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy of a Powdered Specimen in a Controlled Atmosphere: Monitoring Sorption and Desorption of Water Vapor. Appl Spectrosc 2023; 77:308-319. [PMID: 36526443 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221148492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy is a powerful instrumental method of chemical analysis of solids and liquids. The majority of published studies by in situ ATR FT-IR spectroscopy describe analysis of homogeneous samples, such as liquid solutions under circulation, or films on the ATR crystal that react with the gas of interest. The in situ ATR FT-IR spectroscopic studies of specimens in physical shape of crystals or powder that react with a gas or vapor are rare. This work describes a modification of in situ time-dependent ATR FT-IR spectroscopy to allow monitoring heterogeneous reaction "solid-gas" of powder in controlled atmosphere and in the time domain. Also, we describe a new facile gas flow chamber attachment to ATR FT-IR spectrometer which allows creating controlled atmosphere surrounding the specimen on the ATR crystal. Additionally, the capabilities of the described in situ time-dependent ATR FT-IR spectroscopy experiment in controlled atmosphere are enhanced by the sensor for in situ time-dependent monitoring the relative humidity (RH) of air surrounding the specimen. The operation of the setup for in situ time-dependent ATR FT-IR spectroscopy in controlled atmosphere is demonstrated by monitoring reaction of gradual desorption of water vapor from color-indicating molecular sieves under controlled low air humidity. Further, the described spectroscopic method and apparatus is applied to monitor the reverse process, namely sorption of water vapor by color-indicating molecular sieves under controlled elevated air humidity. Water molecules are found to reversibly interact with two distinct sorption sites in the sorbent: the Si-O backbone and the color-indicating Co(II) centers. The reported variant of in situ time-dependent ATR FT-IR spectroscopy in controlled atmosphere is powerful, yet facile and straightforward. It is promising for mechanistic, in situ studies of sorption, desorption, chemosensing, heterogeneous catalysis and photocatalysis, and analysis of chemical kinetics of various "solid-gas" reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanley McCombs
- Department of Physics & Engineering Physics, 1491Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Thomas B, Anderson K, De Silva I, Verbeck G, Taylor S. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy Sensitivity to the Thermal Decay of Bone Collagen. Appl Spectrosc 2023; 77:53-61. [PMID: 36253880 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221135634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of collagen stability is of interest in forensics, archaeology, and molecular paleontology. Collagen decay rates are often measured by thermal kinetic studies that employ liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to assay collagen quantities. However, these kinetic studies generally focus on measuring the decreasing levels of collagen instead of an exact molecular concentration of each sample. Thus, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy can offer a simpler and less expensive alternative to LC-MS. The application of a new protocol to determine decreasing amounts of bone collagen in artificially decayed porcine and bovine bone was assessed. The protocol uses a forensic application of ATR FT-IR spectroscopy on size-restricted bone powder from three uniformly high temperature conditions. Also, for the first time, collagen-specific second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging was also applied to artificially aged bone to add an independent, qualitative perspective to parallel FT-IR assessments. SHG images and ATR FT-IR spectra together reveal the same orderly bone collagen decay as found in previous thermal kinetic studies. Resulting Arrhenius plots with r2 values > 0.95 suggest that the ATR FT-IR-based protocol has potential as a precise and simple tool for measuring bone collagen decay rates. The results are significant for applications of thermal kinetic studies, and our protocol can serve as an inexpensive, precise, and pragmatic means of evaluating bone collagen stability within an array of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Thomas
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, 4591University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin Anderson
- Department of Biology, 52690Arizona Christian University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Imesha De Silva
- Department of Chemistry, 3404University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Guido Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, 3404University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, 4591University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Al Nabhani K, Salzman S, Shimeta J, Dansie A, Allinson G. A temporal assessment of microplastics distribution on the beaches of three remote islands of the Yasawa archipelago, Fiji. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 185:114202. [PMID: 36265426 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study that investigated the presence, distribution, and composition of microplastics, MPs (1-5 mm) on beaches in the Yasawa Islands, Fiji. A temporal assessment over three years on six beaches was undertaken to investigate different beach traits on MP abundance. Average MP concentration was 4.5 ± 11.1 MPs·m-2 with significantly higher concentrations were found on east-facing beaches than west (p < 0.001), and higher on the storm line compared to the high tide line (p < 0.001). No difference was found between tourist and local beaches (p = 0.21). These results demonstrate the role of current-driven ocean transport of plastic pollution in this part of The South Pacific. ATR FT-IR analysis showed that across all sites 34 % of MPs were polypropylene (PP), 33 % polystyrene (PS), 25 % polyethylene (PE), and 8 % other polymer types. Further studies are needed to assess the potential impacts of MPs on Fiji's coral reefs and marine life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Al Nabhani
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Scott Salzman
- Department of Information Systems and Business Analytics, Deakin University, PO Box 423, Warrnambool, VIC 3280, Australia
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew Dansie
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme Allinson
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Zou W, Yeo SY. Characterization of Animal Protein-Based Binders in Ancient Chinese Wall Paintings Using Atomic Force Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 2022; 76:1191-1205. [PMID: 35712890 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221110258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the topographical characteristics of protein-based binders in ancient Chinese wall paintings and the properties of their sources were investigated and identified. Fifteen samples of protein-based binders (skin glue, bone glue, egg glue, and milk glue) before and after aging and mixing azurite were prepared. Next, the topographical characteristics, adhesive properties, and infrared spectra for each chemical group in the binders were analyzed using atomic force microscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR), and the sources of various binders were identified using ATR FT-IR and principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that protein binders such as fish bladder, cow bone, and egg white glue had lower roughness values and good consolidation properties. The most distinctive feature of skin and bone glues before and after aging or mixed with azurite was the stretching vibration peak of CH2 deformation vibration at around 1335 cm-1, while the significant characteristics of egg and milk glue was the C=O stretching vibration in Serine at 1306 cm-1 and C=O stretching vibrations in aspartic acid and glutamic acid at 1416 cm-1. In addition, the significant differences of absorbance peaks were observed in the infrared spectra of various bone, skin, egg, and milk glue samples before and after aging while the spectral differences become insignificant after mixing with azurite. The results of PCA confirmed that egg yolk and ewe's and cow's milk were well differentiated from animal skin and bone glue regardless of whether fresh, aged, or mixed with azurite. In addition, the differences between skin and bone glues were significant, and the various types of bone glue could be also differentiated before and after aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Zou
- Department of Architecture, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, 599379Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sok Yee Yeo
- Department of Architecture, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, 599379Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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14
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Prakash Sharma C, Sharma S, Singh Rawat G, Singh R. Rapid and non-destructive differentiation of Shahtoosh from Pashmina/Cashmere wool using ATR FT-IR spectroscopy. Sci Justice 2022; 62:349-357. [PMID: 35598927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Shahtoosh, the most expensive and sought-after wool in the illegal wildlife trade is obtained from the underfur of a critically endangered species-the Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii). It is often adulterated or mixed with the wool of Pashmina goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) for making shawls, scarves and other woolen articles to maximize the profit. The comparable fineness, color and texture, makes it a challenging task in wildlife forensics to differentiate them. In this study, an attempt has been made to differentiate 50 reference unprocessed underfur hairs from five individuals of each species using ATR FT-IR spectroscopy in combination with chemometric tools such as PCA, and PLS-DA. Results of PCA model demonstrated slight overlap and thus failed to distinguish hairs of these two species. Subsequently, PLS-DA model was employed, and also validation tests (external and blind testing) were carried out to ensure the predictive ability of the model, which resulted in 100% accuracy. The results of PLS-DA model exhibited complete differentiation between Shahtoosh, Pashmina and Angora (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) wool used for external validation study with highly significant predictive ability (R-square value 0.99). This proof-of-concept study illustrates the potential of ATR FT-IR spectroscopy to complement current forensic microscopic and DNA based technique to analyze hair evidence in wildlife investigations owing to its rapid and non-destructive nature with high degree of confidence, and its ease-of-use with minimal to no sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sweety Sharma
- LNJN NICFS, School of Forensic Sciences, National Forensic Science University, An Institute of National Importance, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Delhi Campus, Delhi 110085, India.
| | - Gopal Singh Rawat
- Wildlife Forensic Cell, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
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15
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Stockmann M, Fritsch K, Bok F, Fernandes MM, Baeyens B, Steudtner R, Müller K, Nebelung C, Brendler V, Stumpf T, Schmeide K. New insights into U(VI) sorption onto montmorillonite from batch sorption and spectroscopic studies at increased ionic strength. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150653. [PMID: 34597569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The influence of ionic strength up to 3 mol kg-1 (background electrolytes NaCl or CaCl2) on U(VI) sorption onto montmorillonite was investigated as function of pHc in absence and presence of CO2. A multi-method approach combined batch sorption experiments with spectroscopic methods (time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) and in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR)). In the absence of atmospheric carbonate, U(VI) sorption was nearly 99% above pHc 6 in both NaCl and CaCl2 and no significant effect of ionic strength was found. At lower pH, cation exchange was strongly reduced with increasing ionic strength. In the presence of carbonate, U(VI) sorption was reduced above pHc 7.5 in NaCl and pHc 6 in CaCl2 system due to formation of aqueous UO2(CO3)x(2-2x) and Ca2UO2(CO3)3 complexes, respectively, as verified by TRLFS. A significant ionic strength effect was observed due to the formation of Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq), which strongly decreases U(VI) sorption with increasing ionic strength. The joint analysis of determined sorption data together with literature data (giving a total of 213 experimental data points) allowed to derive a consistent set of surface complexation reactions and constants based on the 2SPNE SC/CE approach, yielding log K°≡SSOUO2+ = 2.42 ± 0.04, log K°≡SSOUO2OH = -4.49 ± 0.7, and log K°≡SSOUO2(OH)32- = -20.5 ± 0.4. Ternary uranyl carbonate surface complexes were not required to describe the data. With this reduced set of surface complexes, an improved robust sorption model was obtained covering a broad variety of geochemical settings over wide ranges of ionic strengths and groundwater compositions, which subsequently was validated by an independent original dataset. This model improves the understanding of U(VI) retention by clay minerals and enables now predictive modeling of U(VI) sorption processes in complex clay rich natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stockmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
| | - K Fritsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - F Bok
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Marques Fernandes
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Waste Management, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - B Baeyens
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Waste Management, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - R Steudtner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - K Müller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - C Nebelung
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - V Brendler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - T Stumpf
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - K Schmeide
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
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16
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Christensen D, Khoshmanesh A, Perez-Guaita D, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, O'Neill S, Wood BR. Detection and Identification of Wolbachia pipientis Strains in Mosquito Eggs Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 2021; 75:1003-1011. [PMID: 34110943 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211027140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The global fight against mosquito-borne viral diseases has in recent years been bolstered by the introduction of the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia to vector populations, which in host mosquitoes suppresses the transmissibility of several viruses. Researchers engaged on this front of the battle often need to know the Wolbachia infection status of individual mosquitoes, as the intervention progresses and the mosquitoes become established in the target population. Previously, we successfully applied attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to the detection of Wolbachia in adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes; here we apply the same principles to Aedes eggs, with sensitivity and selectivity > 0.95. Further, we successfully distinguish between infections in eggs of the wMel and wMelPop strains of Wolbachia pipientis, with a classification error of 3%. The disruption of host lipid profile by Wolbachia is found to be a key driver in spectral differences between these sample classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Christensen
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, 2541Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- ANSTO 326623Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Australia
| | - Aazam Khoshmanesh
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, 2541Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David Perez-Guaita
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, 2541Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | | | | | - Bayden R Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, 2541Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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17
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Angelin EM, de Sá SF, Soares I, Callapez ME, Ferreira JL, Melo MJ, Bacci M, Picollo M. Application of Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy on Plastics in Cultural Heritage Collections: A Comparative Assessment of Two Portable Mid-Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection Devices. Appl Spectrosc 2021; 75:818-833. [PMID: 33599540 DOI: 10.1177/0003702821998777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastics have been increasingly used to create modern and contemporary art and design, and nowadays, museum collections hold numerous objects completely or partially made of plastics. However, the preservation of these materials is still a challenging task in heritage conservation, especially because some plastics show signs of degradation shortly after their production. In addition, different degradation mechanisms can often take place depending on the plastic composition and appropriate environmental and packaging conditions should be adopted. Therefore, methods for in situ and rapid characterization of plastic artifacts' composition are greatly needed to outline proper conservation strategies. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, such as attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR), is a well-established method for polymeric material analysis. However, ATR FT-IR requires an intimate contact with the object, which makes its application less appropriate for the in situ investigation of fragile or brittle degraded plastic objects. Mid-FT-IR reflectance spectroscopy may represent a valid alternative as it allows in situ measurements with minimum or even no contact, and IR data can be acquired rapidly. On the other hand, spectral interpretation of reflectance spectra is usually difficult as IR bands may appear distorted with significant changes in band maximum, shape, and relative intensity, depending on the optical properties and surface texture of the material analyzed. Presently, mid-FT-IR reflection devices working in external reflection (ER FT-IR) and diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) modes have been used in cultural heritage research studies. As the collected vibrational information depends on the optical layout of the measuring system, differences between ER FT-IR and DRIFT spectra are thus expected when the same polymer is analyzed. So far, ER FT-IR and DRIFT spectroscopy have been individually explored for the identification of plastic objects, but comparative studies between the application of two reflectance FT-IR modes have not been presented yet. In this work, the use of two portable FT-IR spectrometers equipped with ER FT-IR and DRIFTS modes were compared for plastics identification purposes for the first time. Both references of polymeric materials and historical plastic objects (from a Portuguese private collection) were studied and the differences between ER FT-IR and DRIFT spectra were discussed. The spectra features were examined considering the two different optical geometries and analytes' properties. This new insight can support a better understanding of both vibrational information acquired and practical aspects in the application of the ER FT-IR and DRIFTS in plastic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mariasole Angelin
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Susana França de Sá
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Inês Soares
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria Elvira Callapez
- Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Lia Ferreira
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria João Melo
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mauro Bacci
- "Nello Carrara" Institute of Applied Physics of the Italian National Research Council (IFAC-CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marcello Picollo
- "Nello Carrara" Institute of Applied Physics of the Italian National Research Council (IFAC-CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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18
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Ward LC. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of Deuterium in Plasma: Application to Total Body Water Determination in Humans and Other Animals. Appl Spectrosc 2021; 75:698-705. [PMID: 33635101 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211002532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conventional methods for measuring the concentration of deuterium in body fluids are by either isotope ratio mass spectrometry or Fourier transform infrared transmission (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The latter method is often preferred as it is less expensive and time consuming; however, having a lower sensitivity means a larger sample volume is required. This study investigated an alternative FT-IR spectroscopic method, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR), which has the potential to provide shorter analysis times while requiring smaller sample volumes. Deuterium was assayed using ATR FT-IR in plasma in the concentration range 0.5 to 2.5 mg mL-1, typical of those observed in tracer dilution measurements of total body water. Minimal sample preparation was required and analysis time was substantially decreased compared to transmission FT-IR. Samples were analyzed with high precision (coefficient of variation (CV) < 0.5%). Precision of assay was maintained when assaying plasma volumes of only 10 µL. The application of the method to the determination of total body water in humans and animals (horses) was demonstrated. A rapid and simple method for the measurement of deuterium in plasma is described that only requires very small sample volumes, rendering the method suitable for use in pediatrics where blood sampling is required to be kept to a minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh C Ward
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, 1974The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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19
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Lu H, Shinzawa H, Kazarian SG. Intermolecular Interactions in the Polymer Blends Under High-Pressure CO 2 Studied Using Two-Dimensional Correlation Analysis and Two-Dimensional Disrelation Mapping. Appl Spectrosc 2021; 75:250-258. [PMID: 33231478 PMCID: PMC7961738 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820978473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposing polymers to high-pressure and supercritical CO2 is a useful approach in polymer processing. Consequently, the mechanisms of polymer-polymer interaction under such conditions are worthy of further investigation. Two-dimensional correlation analysis and two-dimensional disrelation mapping were applied to datasets of polycaprolactone -poly(lactic acid) blend with or without high-pressure CO2 obtained using in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform spectroscopic imaging. The relatively weak dipole-dipole intermolecular interactions between polymer molecules were visualized through the disrelation maps for the first time. Because of the specially designed polymer interface, the interactions between the same type of polymer molecules and different types of polymer molecules were differentiated. Under exposure to high-pressure CO2, all three types of interactions: interaction between polycaprolactone molecules and poly(lactic acid) molecules, interaction between polycaprolactone molecules and interaction between poly(lactic acid) molecules become weaker than those in the polymer interface without high-pressure CO2. The resulting increase in the Flory interaction parameter is the main cause of phase separation in the PCL-PLA blend under high-pressure CO2. The findings from this study will be of benefit for polymer processing with high-pressure and supercritical CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 3AZ, London, UK
| | - Hideyuki Shinzawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 3AZ, London, UK
- Sergei G. Kazarian, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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20
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Karavoltsos S, Sakellari A, Bakeas E, Bekiaris G, Plavšić M, Proestos C, Zinelis S, Koukoulakis K, Diakos I, Dassenakis M, Kalogeropoulos N. Trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral composition, and FT-IR characterization of unrefined sea and rock salts: environmental interactions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:10857-10868. [PMID: 31950411 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Unrefined sea salt originates from seawater, typically by natural evaporation. Being minimally processed, it contains the natural minerals and impurities of seawater. Despite the wide applications of salt for culinary and food preservation purposes, the available composition data is particularly limited. Since seawater often contains various harmful substances at a trace or ultra-trace level, their determination in unrefined salt is significant in terms of quality control and food safety. Twenty-four (24) samples of unrefined sea and rock salts retailed in Greece were studied in terms of their trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content, which constitute the usual pollutants examined in seawater. In addition, samples' color and mineralogy were recorded and their attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectra were obtained. No statistically significant differences were found between sea and rock salts regarding their trace metal (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) content (excluding V) and the 15 PAHs examined. ATR FT-IR succeeded to discriminate among sea, rock, flower, and underground salty water salts. Compared with the typical trace metal concentrations in seawater, quite high Pb values were determined in both sea and rock salts, whereas outliers in the rest of the trace elements examined were scarce. Median values of the sum of PAH (ΣPAHs) concentrations were calculated equal to 2.1 and 2.6 ng g-1 for sea and rock salts, respectively. Environmental interactions of salt production with trace elements and PAHs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Karavoltsos
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece.
| | - Aikaterini Sakellari
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Bakeas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Bekiaris
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Marta Plavšić
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, 10002, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 21, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Koukoulakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Diakos
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Manos Dassenakis
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Nick Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 176 76, Athens, Greece
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Álvarez Á, Yáñez J. Screening of Gunshot Residue in Skin Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR FT-IR) Hyperspectral Microscopy. Appl Spectrosc 2020; 74:400-407. [PMID: 31735068 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819892930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The detection of gunshot residues (GSR) in skin is important in criminal forensic investigations related with firearms. Conventionally, the procedure is based on the detection of metallic or inorganic residues (IGSR). In this work, we propose attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) hyperspectral microscopy as a complementary and nondestructive technique for detection of organic GSR (OGSR). The spectra were acquired from GSR of three ammunition manufacturers, which were collected from shooter's hands by the tape-lifting method. Before spectroscopic analysis, a Na-Ca bleach solution was added to all GSR samples on the tape for destroying skin debris. Positive detection of OGSR spectra were achieved by ATR FT-IR hyperspectral microscopy. Spectra show characteristic patterns of nitrate ester compounds which agrees with the propellant chemical composition. Characteristic ATR FT-IR spectral patterns of OGSR were measured from visualized GSR particles demonstrating the potential of ATR FT-IR hyperspectral microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Laboratorio de Trazas Elementales y Especiación (LabTres), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Yáñez
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Laboratorio de Trazas Elementales y Especiación (LabTres), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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22
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Sharma S, Chophi R, Singh R. Forensic discrimination of menstrual blood and peripheral blood using attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and chemometrics. Int J Legal Med 2019; 134:63-77. [PMID: 31388794 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Body fluids are one of the most important pieces of evidence encountered in forensic cases especially in cases of sexual assault. Analysis of such evidence can help to establish a link between the perpetrator, the victim, and the crime scene and thereby assist in crime reconstruction. However, one of the biggest challenges faced by the investigators in sexual assault cases is that of ascertaining the issue of consent of the victim. In this matter, differentiation of menstrual blood (either in dried or stained form) from traumatic peripheral blood can give a potential solution on this particular aspect. A number of studies have been attempted to differentiate these two body fluids using various biochemical and serological methods. However, the methods employed are limited by factors such as sample destructivity and non-specificity, and the methods are susceptible to false positive results. In the present study, the scope of attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in discriminating samples of menstrual blood and peripheral blood has been investigated, in combination with chemometric tools such as principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square regression (PLSR), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). PCA resulted in 93.3% accuracy, whereas PLSR and LDA resulted in 100% accuracy for the discrimination of peripheral blood from menstrual blood. Application of PCA for the discrimination of menstrual blood from vaginal fluid and seminal fluid delivered 100% classification. Similarly, 100% classification was achieved while differentiating between menstrual blood and blood look-alike substances. Furthermore, in the current study, the effect of substrates on the analysis of menstrual blood has also been studied and described. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Sharma
- Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Rito Chophi
- Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
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23
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Arangio A, Delval C, Ruggeri G, Dudani N, Yazdani A, Takahama S. Electrospray Film Deposition for Solvent-Elimination Infrared Spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 2019; 73:638-652. [PMID: 30987430 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818821330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of electrospray (ES) for quantitative transfer of analytes from solution to an internal reflection element for analysis by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy has been developed in this work. The ES ATR FT-IR method is evaluated with non-volatile and semi-volatile organic and inorganic compounds dissolved in pure organic solvents or organics in a mixture with water. The technique demonstrates the capability for rapid solvent evaporation from dilute solutions, facilitating the creation of thin films that allow ATR FT-IR to generate transmission-mode-like spectra. Electrospray ATR FT-IR with multiple reflections displays a linear response ( R2 = 0.95-0.99) in absorbance with the deposited mass and instrumental detection limit < 100 ng, which demonstrates potential for quantitative applications. The method is applicable when crystalline substances are present, even though the formation of particles restricts the upper limit of mass loadings relative to substances forming homogeneous films. In addition to the solvent, semi-volatile compounds can evaporate during the ES process; the magnitude of losses will depend on solution composition and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arangio
- 1 ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Delval
- 1 ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- 2 Current affiliation: European Patent Office, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Giulia Ruggeri
- 1 ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- 3 Current affiliation: World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nikunj Dudani
- 1 ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amir Yazdani
- 1 ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Takahama
- 1 ENAC/IIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Gomes RNS, Bhattacharjee TT, Carvalho LFCS, Soares LES. Adverse effects of respiratory disease medicaments and tooth brushing on teeth: A scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy study. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1489-1499. [PMID: 31150562 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the effect of brushing with fluoride dentifrice on teeth severely affected by erosion due to respiratory medicaments. Enamel (n = 50) and dentin (n = 50) bovine specimens were prepared and treated with artificial saliva (S-control), acebrofilin hydrochloride (AC), ambroxol hydrochloride (AM), bromhexine hydrochloride (BR), and salbutamol sulfate (SS) and subjected to cycles of demineralization (immersing in 3 mL, 1 min, three times a day at intervals of 1 hr, for 5 days) followed by remineralization (saliva, 37°C, 1 hr). Simulated brushing with fluoridated toothpaste was performed using 810 strokes in a reciprocal-action brushing simulator. Scanning electron microscopy, micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (μ-EDXRF) spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy were then performed. μ-EDXRF images showed extensive erosion after treatment with all medicaments. SEM images showed enamel erosion in order SS > BR > AC = AM > S after brushing and fluoridation. FTIR results were in agreement. In case of dentin, μ-EDXRF measurements showed significant difference in mineral content (percent weight of calcium and phosphate) in SS + brushing + fluoridation treated enamel compared to control, while μ-EDXRF images showed erosive effects in the order SS > AM>BR > AC = S post brushing + fluoridation. SEM images showed erosion in the order SS > AM = BR > AC > S post brushing + fluoridation. Again, FTIR multivariate results were in agreement. Overall, our study shows that proper oral care is critical when taking certain medication. The study also demonstrates the possible use of FTIR for rapid clinical monitoring of tooth erosion in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimundo Nonato S Gomes
- Anna Nery Nursing School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Dentistry and Applied Materials (LDAM), Research and Development Institute, University of Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tanmoy T Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Nanosensors, Research and Development Institute, University of Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Sir John Walsh Research Center, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Luis Felipe C S Carvalho
- Laboratory of Dentistry and Applied Materials (LDAM), Research and Development Institute, University of Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté and University Center Braz Cubas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Eduardo S Soares
- Laboratory of Dentistry and Applied Materials (LDAM), Research and Development Institute, University of Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Gofurov S, Makhmanov U, Kokhkharov A, Ismailova OB. Structural and Optical Characteristics of Aqueous Solutions of Acetic Acid. Appl Spectrosc 2019; 73:503-510. [PMID: 30700097 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819831325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A refractometric method, coupled with molecular dynamics study, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopy, was used to determine optical characteristics of concentration features of aqueous solutions of acetic acid. Measurements of the refractive index of aqueous solutions of acetic acid in the wide range of acetic acid concentrations (∼ 0 ÷ 1 mole fraction) in a solution at a room temperature were conducted. Maximum value of refractive index was detected at a concentration of ∼0.3 mole fraction. The deviation from the parabolic form of the dependence of the refractive index on the concentration occurs at a concentration of ∼0.8 mole fraction. As far as we know, this deviation has been observed for the first time. The maximum is attributed to the largest number of molecular interactions between water and acetic acid molecules, while the deviation is associated with the parallel orientation of acetic acid molecules. To identify the reconstructing of molecules in the system, FT-IR and Raman spectra of these solutions at a concentration of ∼0.3 and ∼0.8 mole fraction were recorded and compared with pure solutions. The data obtained by using ATR FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy support the idea that the refractometric method is sensitive to determine the structural states of aqueous solutions of acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukur Gofurov
- 1 Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Urol Makhmanov
- 1 Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Abdulmutallib Kokhkharov
- 1 Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Oksana B Ismailova
- 2 Uzbekistan-Japan Innovation Center of Youth, Tashkent State Technical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- 3 Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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26
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Morhart TA, Read S, Wells G, Jacobs M, Rosendahl SM, Achenbach S, Burgess IJ. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR FT-IR) Spectromicroscopy Using Synchrotron Radiation and Micromachined Silicon Wafers for Microfluidic Applications. Appl Spectrosc 2018; 72:1781-1789. [PMID: 29893584 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818785640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A custom-designed optical configuration compatible with the use of micromachined multigroove internal reflection elements (μ-groove IREs) for attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy and imaging applications in microfluidic devices is described. The μ-groove IREs consist of several face-angled grooves etched into a single, monolithic silicon chip. The optical configuration permits individual grooves to be addressed by focusing synchrotron sourced IR light through a 150 µm pinhole aperture, restricting the beam spot size to a dimension smaller than that of the groove walls. The effective beam spot diameter at the ATR sampling plane is determined through deconvolution of the measured detector response and found to be 70 µm. The μ-groove IREs are highly compatible with standard photolithographic techniques as demonstrated by printing a 400 µm wide channel in an SU-8 film spin-coated on the IRE surface. Attenuated total reflection FT-IR mapping as a function of sample position across the channel illustrates the potential application of this approach for rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Morhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stuart Read
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Garth Wells
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | - Sven Achenbach
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ian J Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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27
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Gündoğdu S, Çevik C, Ayat B, Aydoğan B, Karaca S. How microplastics quantities increase with flood events? An example from Mersin Bay NE Levantine coast of Turkey. Environ Pollut 2018; 239:342-350. [PMID: 29674212 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Floods caused by heavy rain carry significant amounts of pollutants into marine environments. This study evaluates the effect of multiple floods that occurred in the northeastern Mediterranean region in Turkey between December 2016 and January 2017 on the microplastic pollution in the Mersin Bay. Sampling was repeated in four different stations both before and after the flood period, and it was determined that in the four stations, there was an average of 539,189 MPs/km2 before the flood, and 7,699,716 MPs/km2 afterwards, representing a 14-fold increase. Fourteen different polymer types were detected in an ATR FT-IR analysis, eight of which were not found in samples collected before the floods. The most common polymer type was identified as polyethylene both pre- and post-flood. The mean particle size, which was 2.37 mm in the pre-flood period, decreased to 1.13 mm in the post-flood period. A hydrodynamic modeling study was implemented to hindcast the current structure and the spatial and temporal distributions of microplastics within the study area. In conclusion, heavy rain and severe floods can dramatically increase the microplastic levels in the sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Gündoğdu
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Basic Sciences, 01330, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Cem Çevik
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Basic Sciences, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Berna Ayat
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Aydoğan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Karaca
- Cukurova University, Department of Chemistry, 01330, Adana, Turkey
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28
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Ogburn ZL, Vogt F. Modeling Microalgal Biosediment Formation Based on Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR FT-IR) Monitoring. Appl Spectrosc 2018; 72:366-377. [PMID: 28777003 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817728070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With increasing amounts of anthropogenic pollutants being released into ecosystems, it becomes ever more important to understand their fate and interactions with living organisms. Microalgae play an important ecological role as they are ubiquitous in marine environments and sequester inorganic pollutants which they transform into organic biomass. Of particular interest in this study is their role as a sink for atmospheric CO2, a greenhouse gas, and nitrate, one cause of harmful algal blooms. Novel chemometric hard-modeling methodologies have been developed for interpreting phytoplankton's chemical and physiological adaptations to changes in their growing environment. These methodologies will facilitate investigations of environmental impacts of anthropogenic pollutants on chemical and physiological properties of marine microalgae (here: Nannochloropsis oculata). It has been demonstrated that attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy can gain insights into both and this study only focuses on the latter. From time-series of spectra, the rate of microalgal biomass settling on top of a horizontal ATR element is derived which reflects several of phytoplankton's physiological parameters such as growth rate, cell concentrations, cell size, and buoyancy. In order to assess environmental impacts on such parameters, microalgae cultures were grown under 25 different chemical scenarios covering 200-600 ppm atmospheric CO2 and 0.35-0.75 mM dissolved NO3-. After recording time-series of ATR FT-IR spectra, a multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) algorithm extracted spectroscopic and time profiles from each data set. From the time profiles, it was found that in the considered concentration ranges only NO3- has an impact on the cells' physiological properties. In particular, the cultures' growth rate has been influenced by the ambient chemical conditions. Thus, the presented spectroscopic + chemometric methodology enables investigating the link between chemical conditions in a marine ecosystem and their consequences for phytoplankton living in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Ogburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Frank Vogt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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29
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Zeeshan F, Tabbassum M, Jorgensen L, Medlicott NJ. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy as an Analytical Method to Investigate the Secondary Structure of a Model Protein Embedded in Solid Lipid Matrices. Appl Spectrosc 2018; 72:268-279. [PMID: 29022355 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817739908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein drugs may encounter conformational perturbations during the formulation processing of lipid-based solid dosage forms. In aqueous protein solutions, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy can investigate these conformational changes following the subtraction of spectral interference of solvent with protein amide I bands. However, in solid dosage forms, the possible spectral contribution of lipid carriers to protein amide I band may be an obstacle to determine conformational alterations. The objective of this study was to develop an ATR FT-IR spectroscopic method for the analysis of protein secondary structure embedded in solid lipid matrices. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was chosen as a model protein, while Precirol AT05 (glycerol palmitostearate, melting point 58 ℃) was employed as the model lipid matrix. Bovine serum albumin was incorporated into lipid using physical mixing, melting and mixing, or wet granulation mixing methods. Attenuated total reflection FT-IR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) were performed for the analysis of BSA secondary structure and its dissolution in aqueous media, respectively. The results showed significant interference of Precirol ATO5 with BSA amide I band which was subtracted up to 90% w/w lipid content to analyze BSA secondary structure. In addition, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy also detected thermally denatured BSA solid alone and in the presence of lipid matrix indicating its suitability for the detection of denatured protein solids in lipid matrices. Despite being in the solid state, conformational changes occurred to BSA upon incorporation into solid lipid matrices. However, the extent of these conformational alterations was found to be dependent on the mixing method employed as indicated by area overlap calculations. For instance, the melting and mixing method imparted negligible effect on BSA secondary structure, whereas the wet granulation mixing method promoted more changes. Size exclusion chromatography analysis depicted the complete dissolution of BSA in the aqueous media employed in the wet granulation method. In conclusion, an ATR FT-IR spectroscopic method was successfully developed to investigate BSA secondary structure in solid lipid matrices following the subtraction of lipid spectral interference. The ATR FT-IR spectroscopy could further be applied to investigate the secondary structure perturbations of therapeutic proteins during their formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Zeeshan
- 1 School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- 2 School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Misbah Tabbassum
- 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lene Jorgensen
- 4 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yan Z, Li Q, Zhang P. Soy Protein Isolate and Glycerol Hydrogen Bonding Using Two-Dimensional Correlation (2D-COS) Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 2017; 71:2437-2445. [PMID: 28485640 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817710249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is a trend to substitute bioplastics for petroleum-based plastics in food packaging. Glycerol-plasticized soy protein isolate (SPI) is promising as a replacement for traditional petroleum-based plastics. Hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) plays a key role in plasticization of SPI film. However, few publications are concerned with the interactions of SPI and glycerol at the molecular level. In this paper, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy was applied to investigate the effect of H-bonding on the secondary structures of glycerol-plasticized SPI films and thus on the plasticization. An "S" profile of the H-bonding between SPI and glycerol with an abrupt jump in the glycerol range of 10-30% was achieved. For more in-depth investigation of the H-bonding, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) and perturbation-correlation moving-window two-dimensional (PCMW2D) analyses were applied to the amide I and II bands of SPI films spectra series. The conformation change sequences under the effect of H-bonding were revealed. When glycerol was involved, it entered into the β-sheet and the H-bonds of the SPI peptide backbone (C = O···H-N-) were replaced by the new H-bonds between SPI and glycerol (C = O···H-O-). The transformations of parallel β-sheet to β-turn in the range of 0-20% and anti-parallel β-sheet to β-turn in the range of 20-35% were obtained. In the 35-60% concentration range, the β-sheet was first changed to a transition state conformation, then together with the β-turn, to the random coil. The 2D-COS results clearly suggest that the conformations of SPI gradually change from the ordered to the less ordered and disordered, which significantly improve the plasticity of SPI film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Pudun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Wiercigroch E, Szafraniec E, Czamara K, Pacia MZ, Majzner K, Kochan K, Kaczor A, Baranska M, Malek K. Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates: A review. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 185:317-335. [PMID: 28599236 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are widespread and naturally occurring compounds, and essential constituents for living organisms. They are quite often reported when biological systems are studied and their role is discussed. However surprisingly, up till now there is no database collecting vibrational spectra of carbohydrates and their assignment, as has been done already for other biomolecules. So, this paper serves as a comprehensive review, where for selected 14 carbohydrates in the solid state both FT-Raman and ATR FT-IR spectra were collected and assigned. Carbohydrates can be divided into four chemical groups and in the same way is organized this review. First, the smallest molecules are discussed, i.e. monosaccharides (d-(-)-ribose, 2-deoxy-d-ribose, l-(-)-arabinose, d-(+)-xylose, d-(+)-glucose, d-(+)-galactose and d-(-)-fructose) and disaccharides (d-(+)-sucrose, d-(+)-maltose and d-(+)-lactose), and then more complex ones, i.e. trisaccharides (d-(+)-raffinose) and polysaccharides (amylopectin, amylose, glycogen). Both Raman and IR spectra were collected in the whole spectral range and discussed looking at the specific regions, i.e. region V (3600-3050cm-1), IV (3050-2800cm-1) and II (1200-800cm-1) assigned to the stretching vibrations of the OH, CH/CH2 and C-O/C-C groups, respectively, and region III (1500-1200cm-1) and I (800-100cm-1) dominated by deformational modes of the CH/CH2 and CCO groups, respectively. In spite of the fact that vibrational spectra of saccharides are significantly less specific than spectra of other biomolecules (e.g. lipids or proteins), marker bands of the studied molecules can be identified and correlated with their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Wiercigroch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Szafraniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czamara
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Z Pacia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Majzner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kochan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
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Wiercigroch E, Szafraniec E, Czamara K, Pacia MZ, Majzner K, Kochan K, Kaczor A, Baranska M, Malek K. Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates: A review. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017. [PMID: 28599236 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are widespread and naturally occurring compounds, and essential constituents for living organisms. They are quite often reported when biological systems are studied and their role is discussed. However surprisingly, up till now there is no database collecting vibrational spectra of carbohydrates and their assignment, as has been done already for other biomolecules. So, this paper serves as a comprehensive review, where for selected 14 carbohydrates in the solid state both FT-Raman and ATR FT-IR spectra were collected and assigned. Carbohydrates can be divided into four chemical groups and in the same way is organized this review. First, the smallest molecules are discussed, i.e. monosaccharides (d-(-)-ribose, 2-deoxy-d-ribose, l-(-)-arabinose, d-(+)-xylose, d-(+)-glucose, d-(+)-galactose and d-(-)-fructose) and disaccharides (d-(+)-sucrose, d-(+)-maltose and d-(+)-lactose), and then more complex ones, i.e. trisaccharides (d-(+)-raffinose) and polysaccharides (amylopectin, amylose, glycogen). Both Raman and IR spectra were collected in the whole spectral range and discussed looking at the specific regions, i.e. region V (3600-3050cm-1), IV (3050-2800cm-1) and II (1200-800cm-1) assigned to the stretching vibrations of the OH, CH/CH2 and C-O/C-C groups, respectively, and region III (1500-1200cm-1) and I (800-100cm-1) dominated by deformational modes of the CH/CH2 and CCO groups, respectively. In spite of the fact that vibrational spectra of saccharides are significantly less specific than spectra of other biomolecules (e.g. lipids or proteins), marker bands of the studied molecules can be identified and correlated with their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Wiercigroch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Szafraniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czamara
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Z Pacia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Majzner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kochan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
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Millan-Oropeza A, Rebois R, David M, Moussa F, Dazzi A, Bleton J, Virolle MJ, Deniset-Besseau A. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR FT-IR) for Rapid Determination of Microbial Cell Lipid Content: Correlation with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Appl Spectrosc 2017; 71:2344-2352. [PMID: 28485613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest worldwide for the production of renewable oil without mobilizing agriculture lands; fast and reliable methods are needed to identify highly oleaginous microorganisms of potential industrial interest. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the relevance of attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy to achieve this goal. To do so, the total lipid content of lyophilized samples of five Streptomyces strains with varying lipid content was assessed with two classical quantitative but time-consuming methods, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ATR Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy in transmission mode with KBr pellets and the fast ATR method, often questioned for its lack of reliability. A linear correlation between these three methods was demonstrated allowing the establishment of equations to convert ATR values expressed as CO/amide I ratio, into micrograms of lipid per milligram of biomass. The ATR method proved to be as reliable and quantitative as the classical GC-MS and FT-IR in transmission mode methods but faster and more reproducible than the latter since it involves far less manipulation for sample preparation than the two others. Attenuated total reflection could be regarded as an efficient fast screening method to identify natural or genetically modified oleaginous microorganisms by the scientific community working in the field of bio-lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Millan-Oropeza
- 1 Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Rolando Rebois
- 2 Laboratoire de Chimie Physique (LCP), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Michelle David
- 1 Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Fathi Moussa
- 3 Lip(Sys)2, LETIAM§, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay. IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, F-91400, Orsay, France
| | - Alexandre Dazzi
- 2 Laboratoire de Chimie Physique (LCP), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Jean Bleton
- 3 Lip(Sys)2, LETIAM§, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay. IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, F-91400, Orsay, France
| | - Marie-Joelle Virolle
- 1 Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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34
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Amado AM, Azevedo C, Ribeiro-Claro PJA. Conformational and vibrational reassessment of solid paracetamol. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 183:431-438. [PMID: 28494395 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This work provides an answer to the urge for a more detailed and accurate knowledge of the vibrational spectrum of the widely used analgesic/antipyretic drug commonly known as paracetamol. A comprehensive spectroscopic analysis - including infrared, Raman, and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) - is combined with a computational approach which takes account for the effects of intermolecular interactions in the solid state. This allows a full reassessment of the vibrational assignments for Paracetamol, thus preventing the propagation of incorrect data analysis and misassignments already found in the literature. In particular, the vibrational modes involving the hydrogen-bonded NH and OH groups are correctly reallocated to bands shifted by up to 300cm-1 relatively to previous assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Amado
- Química-Física Molecular, Departamento de Química, FCTUC, Universidade de Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Celeste Azevedo
- CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Udvardi B, Kovács IJ, Fancsik T, Kónya P, Bátori M, Stercel F, Falus G, Szalai Z. Effects of Particle Size on the Attenuated Total Reflection Spectrum of Minerals. Appl Spectrosc 2017; 71:1157-1168. [PMID: 27671141 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816670914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on particle size effect on monomineralic powders recorded using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy. Six particle size fractions of quartz, feldspar, calcite, and dolomite were prepared (<2, 2-4, 4-8, 8-16, 16-32, and 32-63 µm). It is found that the width, intensity, and area of bands in the ATR FT-IR spectra of minerals have explicit dependence on the particle size. As particle size increases, the intensity and area of IR bands usually decrease while the width of bands increases. The band positions usually shifted to higher wavenumbers with decreasing particle size. Infrared spectra of minerals are the most intensive in the particle size fraction of 2-4 µm. However, if the particle size is very small (<2 µm), due to the wavelength and penetration depth of the IR light, intensity decreases. Therefore, the quantity of very fine-grained minerals may be underestimated compared to the coarser phases. A nonlinear regression analysis of the data indicated that the average coefficients and indices of the power trend line equation imply a very simplistic relationship between median particle diameter and absorbance at a given wavenumber. It is concluded that when powder samples with substantially different particle size are compared, as in regression analysis for modal predictions using ATR FT-IR, it is also important to report the grain size distribution or surface area of samples. The band area of water (3000-3620 cm-1) is similar in each mineral fraction, except for the particles below 2 µm. It indicates that the finest particles could have disproportionately more water adsorbed on their larger surface area. Thus, these higher wavenumbers of the ATR FT-IR spectra may be more sensitive to this spectral interference if the number of particles below 2 µm is considerable. It is also concluded that at least a proportion of the moisture could be very adhesive to the particles due to the band shift towards lower wavenumbers in the IR range of 3000-3620 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Udvardi
- 1 Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István J Kovács
- 1 Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Fancsik
- 1 Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Kónya
- 1 Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklósné Bátori
- 1 Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Stercel
- 1 Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Falus
- 1 Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szalai
- 2 Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- 3 Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
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36
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Lu Z, DeJong SA, Cassidy BM, Belliveau RG, Myrick ML, Morgan SL. Detection Limits for Blood on Fabrics Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Derivative Processing. Appl Spectrosc 2017; 71:839-846. [PMID: 27354403 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816654154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) was used to detect blood stains based on signature protein absorption in the mid-IR region, where intensity changes in the spectrum can be related to blood concentration. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied for multivariate calibrations of IR spectra of blood dilutions on four types of fabric (acrylic, nylon, polyester, and cotton). Gap derivatives (GDs) were applied as a preprocessing technique to optimize the performance of calibration models. We report a much improved IR detection limit (DL) for blood on cotton (2700× in dilution factor units) and the first IR DL reported for blood on nylon (250×). Due to sample heterogeneity caused by fabric hydrophobicity, acrylic fabric produced variable ATR FT-IR spectra that caused poor DLs in concentration units compared to previous work. Polyester showed a similar problem at low blood concentrations that lead to a relatively poor DL as well. However, the increased surface sensitivity and decreased penetration depth of ATR FT-IR make it an excellent choice for detection of small quantities of blood on the front surface of all fabrics tested (0.0010 µg for cotton, 0.0077 µg for nylon, 0.011 µg for acrylic, and 0.0066 µg for polyester).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie A DeJong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Brianna M Cassidy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Raymond G Belliveau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michael L Myrick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen L Morgan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Chen Z, Hu TQ, Jang HF, Grant E. Multivariate Analysis of Hemicelluloses in Bleached Kraft Pulp Using Infrared Spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 2016; 70:1981-1993. [PMID: 27794038 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816675363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The hemicellulose composition of a pulp significantly affects its chemical and physical properties and thus represents an important process control variable. However, complicated steps of sample preparation make standard methods for the carbohydrate analysis of pulp samples, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), expensive and time-consuming. In contrast, pulp analysis by attenuated total internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) requires little sample preparation. Here we show that ATR FT-IR with discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and standard normal variate (SNV) spectral preprocessing offers a convenient means for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of hemicelluloses in bleached kraft pulp and alkaline treated kraft pulp. The pulp samples investigated include bleached softwood kraft pulps, bleached hardwood kraft pulps, and their mixtures, as obtained from Canadian industry mills or blended in a lab, and bleached kraft pulp samples treated with 0-6% NaOH solutions. In the principal component analysis (PCA) of these spectra, we find the potential both to differentiate all pulps on the basis of hemicellulose compositions and to distinguish bleached hardwood pulps by species. Partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis gives a 0.442 wt% root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) for the prediction of xylan content and 0.233 wt% RMSEP for the prediction of mannan content. These data all support the idea that ATR FT-IR has a great potential to rapidly and accurately predict the content of xylan and mannan for bleached kraft pulps (softwood, hardwood, and their mixtures) in industry. However, the prediction of xylan and mannan concentrations presented a difficulty for pulp samples with modified cellulose crystalline structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas Q Hu
- Pulp, Paper and Bio-products Division, FPInnovations, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ho Fan Jang
- Pulp, Paper and Bio-products Division, FPInnovations, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Edward Grant
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Manheim J, Doty KC, McLaughlin G, Lednev IK. Forensic Hair Differentiation Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 2016; 70:1109-1117. [PMID: 27412186 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816652321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hair and fibers are common forms of trace evidence found at crime scenes. The current methodology of microscopic examination of potential hair evidence is absent of statistical measures of performance, and examiner results for identification can be subjective. Here, attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to analyze synthetic fibers and natural hairs of human, cat, and dog origin. Chemometric analysis was used to differentiate hair spectra from the three different species, and to predict unknown hairs to their proper species class, with a high degree of certainty. A species-specific partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) model was constructed to discriminate human hair from cat and dog hairs. This model was successful in distinguishing between the three classes and, more importantly, all human samples were correctly predicted as human. An external validation resulted in zero false positive and false negative assignments for the human class. From a forensic perspective, this technique would be complementary to microscopic hair examination, and in no way replace it. As such, this methodology is able to provide a statistical measure of confidence to the identification of a sample of human, cat, and dog hair, which was called for in the 2009 National Academy of Sciences report. More importantly, this approach is non-destructive, rapid, can provide reliable results, and requires no sample preparation, making it of ample importance to the field of forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Manheim
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, USA
| | - Kyle C Doty
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, USA
| | | | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, USA
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Oliver KV, Maréchal A, Rich PR. Effects of the Hydration State on the Mid-Infrared Spectra of Urea and Creatinine in Relation to Urine Analyses. Appl Spectrosc 2016; 70:983-994. [PMID: 27170705 PMCID: PMC5379246 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816641263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
When analyzing solutes by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode, drying of samples onto the ATR crystal surface can greatly increase solute band intensities and, therefore, aid detection of minor components. However, analysis of such spectra is complicated by the existence of alternative partial hydration states of some substances that can significantly alter their infrared signatures. This is illustrated here with urea, which is a dominant component of urine. The effects of hydration state on its infrared spectrum were investigated both by incubation in atmospheres of fixed relative humidities and by recording serial spectra during the drying process. Significant changes of absorption band positions and shapes were observed. Decomposition of the CN antisymmetric stretching (νas) band in all states was possible with four components whose relative intensities varied with hydration state. These correspond to the solution (1468 cm(-1)) and dry (1464 cm(-1)) states and two intermediate (1454 cm(-1) and 1443 cm(-1)) forms that arise from specific urea-water and/or urea-urea interactions. Such intermediate forms of other compounds can also be formed, as demonstrated here with creatinine. Recognition of these states and their accommodation in analyses of materials such as dried urine allows more precise decomposition of spectra so that weaker bands of diagnostic interest can be more accurately defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine V Oliver
- Glynn Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Amandine Maréchal
- Glynn Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter R Rich
- Glynn Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, United Kingdom
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Shan P, Peng S, Zhao Y, Tang L. Application of the Polynomial-Based Least Squares and Total Least Squares Models for the Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra of Binary Mixtures of Hydroxyl Compounds. Appl Spectrosc 2016; 70:505-519. [PMID: 26810185 DOI: 10.1177/0003702815626680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of binary mixtures of hydroxyl compound by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) and classical least squares (CLS) yield large model error due to the presence of unmodeled components such as H-bonded components. To accommodate these spectral variations, polynomial-based least squares (LSP) and polynomial-based total least squares (TLSP) are proposed to capture the nonlinear absorbance-concentration relationship. LSP is based on assuming that only absorbance noise exists; while TLSP takes both absorbance noise and concentration noise into consideration. In addition, based on different solving strategy, two optimization algorithms (limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (LBFGS) algorithm and Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm) are combined with TLSP and then two different TLSP versions (termed as TLSP-LBFGS and TLSP-LM) are formed. The optimum order of each nonlinear model is determined by cross-validation. Comparison and analyses of the four models are made from two aspects: absorbance prediction and concentration prediction. The results for water-ethanol solution and ethanol-ethyl lactate solution show that LSP, TLSP-LBFGS, and TLSP-LM can, for both absorbance prediction and concentration prediction, obtain smaller root mean square error of prediction than CLS. Additionally, they can also greatly enhance the accuracy of estimated pure component spectra. However, from the view of concentration prediction, the Wilcoxon signed rank test shows that there is no statistically significant difference between each nonlinear model and CLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shan
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Silong Peng
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Harbin University of Science and Technology, Haerbin, China
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Kartnaller V, Mariano DCO, Cajaiba J. Application of In-Line Mid-Infrared (MIR) Spectroscopy Coupled with Calorimetry for the Determination of the Molar Enthalpy of Reaction between Ammonium Chloride and Sodium Nitrite. Appl Spectrosc 2016; 70:531-538. [PMID: 26798078 DOI: 10.1177/0003702815626682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The reaction between ammonium chloride and sodium nitrite has been known for its application as a source of heat because of its large enthalpy of reaction, for which it has been used by the oil industry. There have been no known calorimetric studies for the experimental determination of its molar enthalpy of reaction, which is necessary in order to predict the limits achieved for up-scale applications. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) and reaction calorimetry were used to determine this value by using a simple methodology. Both techniques were used concomitantly as a source of information regarding the time-dependent moles converted (Δn) and the amount of exchanged heat (ΔH). The molar enthalpy of reaction was calculated to be -74 ± 4 kcal mol(-1). The percentage between the confidence interval and the calculated value was 5.4%, which shows that the methodology was precise. After the determination of the molar enthalpy of reaction, it was proved that the ATR FT-IR alone was able to be used as a substitute for the reaction calorimetry technique, in which the IR signal is converted to the heat information, presenting as an easier technique for the monitoring of the heat released by this system for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Kartnaller
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Química, Pólo de Xistoquímica, Rua Hélio de Almeida 40, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielly C O Mariano
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Química, Pólo de Xistoquímica, Rua Hélio de Almeida 40, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Cajaiba
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Química, Pólo de Xistoquímica, Rua Hélio de Almeida 40, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Martín-Alberca C, Ojeda FEO, García-Ruiz C. Study of Spectral Modifications in Acidified Ignitable Liquids by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 2016; 70:520-530. [PMID: 26810182 DOI: 10.1177/0003702815626681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the spectral characteristics of two types of acidified gasoline and acidified diesel fuel are discussed. Neat and acidified ignitable liquids (ILs) infrared absorption spectra obtained by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were compared in order to identify the modifications produced by the reaction of the ILs with sulfuric acid. Several bands crucial for gasoline identification were modified, and new bands appeared over the reaction time. In the case of acidified diesel fuel, no significant modifications were observed. Additionally, the neat and acidified ILs spectra were used to perform a principal components analysis in order to confirm objectively the results. The complete discrimination among samples was successfully achieved, including the complete differentiation among gasoline types. Taking into account the results obtained in this work, it is possible to propose spectral fingerprints for the identification of non-burned acidified ILs in forensic investigations related with arson or the use of improvised incendiary devices (IIDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martín-Alberca
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Fernando Ernesto Ortega Ojeda
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
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Bower NW, Blanchet CJK, Epstein MS. Nondestructive Determination of the Age of 20th-Century Oil-Binder Ink Prints Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ( ATR FT-IR): A Case Study with Postage Stamps from the Łódź Ghetto. Appl Spectrosc 2016; 70:162-173. [PMID: 26767642 DOI: 10.1177/0003702815615341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to determine the production date for a painting or print would be of great benefit in the forensic detection of fakes and forgeries as well as in art history and conservation. Changes in the pigments used at different times have been invaluable in detecting incongruities that suggest fraud, but relatively little work has been published that uses the chemical changes in oil binders as they dry to determine when an ink print or an oil painting was made. Using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy and samples with known dates, we calibrate the drying of oil binders in inks and paints and cross-validate the paints with pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). We apply the ink calibration to a case study involving the age determination of possible philatelic counterfeits from a World War II Jewish Ghetto in Occupied Poland, obtaining a date of 1946 ± 6 (1 s, n = 9) for the genuine stamps, and 1963 ± 16 (1 s, n = 19) for the various reproductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Bower
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, USA
| | - Conor J K Blanchet
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, USA
| | - Michael S Epstein
- Formerly at Department of Science, Mount Saint Mary's University, Emmitsburg, USA; Currently at Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Science and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA
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