1
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Li C, Hou D, Lei H, Xi X, Du G, Zhang H, Cao M, Tondi G. Effective and eco-friendly safe self-antimildew strategy to simultaneously improve the water resistance and bonding strength of starch-based adhesive. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125889. [PMID: 37479199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Starch adhesive, as a sustainable biomass-based adhesive, could be used to solve environmental problems from petroleum-derived adhesive. But its application is hindered by poor water resistance, mildew resistance, and storage stability. Here, a fully bio-based citric acid-starch adhesive (CASt) with high properties was successfully introduced by a simple method. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) determined that esterification of citric acid (CA) and starch (St) occurred to form a stable three-dimensional crosslinking structure, which strengthened water resistance and bonding strength of the starch adhesive. Compared with native starch (100 %), the soluble content of cured CASt was 1-16 %. CASt adhesive has well storage stability and high mildew resistance. Even after being stored for 5 months, the CASt-1 adhesive (mass ratio of CA/St = 1:1, and reaction time = 1 h) still have good liquidity. And its hot water strength (1.05 ± 0.22 MPa) also satisfied the standard requirements (≥0.7 MPa). The exhibited CASt adhesive is eco-friendly with components from plant resources, which performed as a bright alternative that can substitute petroleum-based adhesives in the artificial board industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyin Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Defa Hou
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Hong Lei
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Xuedong Xi
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Guanben Du
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ming Cao
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Gianluca Tondi
- University of Padova, Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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2
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Ferri M, Papchenko K, Degli Esposti M, Tondi G, De Angelis MG, Morselli D, Fabbri P. Fully Biobased Polyhydroxyalkanoate/Tannin Films as Multifunctional Materials for Smart Food Packaging Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37265075 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fully biobased and biodegradable materials have attracted a growing interest in the food packaging sector as they can help to reduce the negative impact of fossil-based plastics on the environment. Moreover, the addition of functionalities to these materials by introducing active molecules has become an essential requirement to create modern packaging able to extend food's shelf-life while informing the consumer about food quality and freshness. In this study, we present an innovative bioplastic formulation for food packaging based on poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) and tannins as multifunctional additives. As a proof of concept, PHBV/tannin films were prepared by solvent casting, increasing the tannin content from 1 to 10 per hundred of resin (phr). Formic acid was used to reach a homogeneous distribution of the hydrophilic tannins into hydrophobic PHBV, which is remarkably challenging by using other solvents. Thanks to their well-known properties, the effect of tannins on the antioxidant, UV protection, and gas barrier properties of PHBV was evaluated. Samples containing 5 phr bioadditive revealed the best combination of these properties, also maintaining good transparency. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigations revealed that films are suitable for application from the fridge to potentially high temperatures for food heating (up to 200 °C). Tensile tests have also shown that Young's modulus (900-1030 MPa) and tensile strength (20 MPa) are comparable with those of the common polymers and biopolymers for packaging. Besides the improvement of the PHBV properties for extending food's shelf-life, it was also observed that PHBV/tannin could colorimetrically detect ammonia vapors, thus making this material potentially applicable as a smart indicator for food spoilage (e.g., detection of fish degradation). The presented outcomes suggest that tannins can add multifunctional properties to a polymeric material, opening up a new strategy to obtain an attractive alternative to petroleum-based plastics for smart food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ferri
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Kseniya Papchenko
- Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, Robert Stevenson Road, EH9 3FB Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Micaela Degli Esposti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tondi
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padua, Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia De Angelis
- Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, Robert Stevenson Road, EH9 3FB Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Davide Morselli
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Fabbri
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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3
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Eckardt J, Sepperer T, Cesprini E, Šket P, Tondi G. Comparing Condensed and Hydrolysable Tannins for Mechanical Foaming of Furanic Foams: Synthesis and Characterization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062799. [PMID: 36985772 PMCID: PMC10056537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the potential of hydrolysable tannin in comparison to condensed tannins for the production of furanic foams. The results indicate that chestnut tannin presents lower reactivity and requires a stronger acid for the polymerization. Additionally, foamability and density were found to be dependent on both surfactant concentration and tannin type, allowing lower densities for mimosa tannin and lower thermal conductivities for chestnut-based foams. Mimosa tannin was found to have the highest compression strength, followed by quebracho and chestnut, promising thermal conductivity of around 50 mW/m·K for 300 kg/m3 foams, which suggests that chestnut foams have the potential to performing highly when the density is reduced. Chemical analysis revealed that the methylene moieties of the furanics are non-specific and produces new covalent bonds with nucleophilic substrates: -OH groups and free-positions in the flavonoids. Overall, this study opens new perspectives for the application of hydrolysable tannins in polymer and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eckardt
- TESAF Department, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Thomas Sepperer
- Department of Green Engineering and Circular Design, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstraße 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria
| | - Emanuele Cesprini
- TESAF Department, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Primož Šket
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gianluca Tondi
- TESAF Department, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
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4
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Eckardt J, Tondi G, Fanchin G, Lach A, Junker RR. Effect of Tannin Furanic Polymer in Comparison to Its Mimosa Tannin Extract on the Growth of Bacteria and White-Rot Fungi. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010175. [PMID: 36616525 PMCID: PMC9823910 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannins are well-known to protect plants from bacteria and fungi, but nothing is known about its effects on microorganisms once they are copolymerized. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a tannin−furanic polymer in comparison with industrial mimosa tannin extract on the in vitro growth of two strains of bacteria, Bacillaceae and Pseudomanadaceae, and two white-rot fungi, Trametes versicolor and Agrocybe aegerita. Results have highlighted that the tannin polymer did not inhibit the growth of tested bacteria and even favored the growth of Bacillaceae without extra glucose. The growth of both fungi was enhanced by mimosa tannin and its polymer at low concentrations (<1%), while concentrations above 10% had a growth-inhibiting effect, which was slightly less strong for the polymer compared to the tannin against Trametes versicolor. These findings highlighted that tannin−furanic polymers can be tolerated by certain microorganisms at low concentration and that their inhibitory effect is similar or slightly lower than that of the pristine tannin extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eckardt
- TESAF Department, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstrasse 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria
| | - Gianluca Tondi
- TESAF Department, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-827-2776
| | - Genny Fanchin
- TESAF Department, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alexander Lach
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Biodiversity of Plants, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Biodiversity of Plants, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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5
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Cesprini E, Šket P, Causin V, Zanetti M, Tondi G. Development of Quebracho ( Schinopsis balansae) Tannin-Based Thermoset Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244412. [PMID: 34960963 PMCID: PMC8706668 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges currently in the field of material science is finding natural alternatives to the high-performing plastics developed in the last century. Consumers trust synthetic products for their excellent properties, but they are becoming aware of their impact on the planet. One of the most attractive precursors for natural polymers is tannin extracts and in particular condensed tannins. Quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) extract is one of the few industrially available flavonoids and can be exploited as a building block for thermoset resins due to its phenol-like reactivity. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate different hardeners and evaluate the water resistance, thermal behavior, and chemical structure of the quebracho tannin-based polymers in order to understand their suitability as adhesives. It was observed that around 80% of the extract is resistant to leaching when 5% of formaldehyde or hexamine or 10% of glyoxal or furfural are added. Additionally, furfuryl alcohol guarantees high leaching resistance, but only at higher proportions (20%). The quebracho-based formulations showed specific thermal behavior during hardening and higher degradation resistance than the extract. Finally, these polymers undergo similar chemistry to those of mimosa, with exclusive reactivity of the A-ring of the flavonoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cesprini
- Land Environment Agriculture & Forestry Department, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (E.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Primož Šket
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Valerio Causin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Michela Zanetti
- Land Environment Agriculture & Forestry Department, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (E.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Gianluca Tondi
- Land Environment Agriculture & Forestry Department, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (E.C.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8272776
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6
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D'Amico F, Musso ME, Berger RJF, Cefarin N, Birarda G, Tondi G, Bertoldo Menezes D, Reyer A, Scarabattoli L, Sepperer T, Schnabel T, Vaccari L. Chemical constitution of polyfurfuryl alcohol investigated by FTIR and Resonant Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 262:120090. [PMID: 34182297 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The actual chemical structure of polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) is still uncertain in spite of several studies on the topic, variations during the polymerization processes being one reason that must be addressed. The use of a limited set of analytical techniques is often insufficient to provide an exhaustive chemical characterization. Moreover, it is still not possible to exactly determine presence and amount of each specific functional group in the polymeric structure. We employed both Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Resonant Raman spectroscopy (RR), corroborated by quantum mechanically aided analysis of the experimental spectra, to infer about the chemical structure of two samples of PFAs, synthetized in different ways and appearing macroscopically different, the first one being a liquid and viscous commercial sample, the second one being a self-prepared solid and rigid sample produced following a thermosetting procedure. The vibrational spectroscopic analysis confirms the presence of differences in their chemical structures. The viscous form of PFA is mainly composed by short polymeric chains, and is characterized by the presence of isolated furfuryl alcohol and furfural residues similar to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; the thermosetted PFA is formed by more cross-linked structures, characterized by several ketones and alkene double bonds, as well as a significant presence of Diels-Alder structures. In summary, the present study evidences how the use of both FTIR and RR spectroscopy, the latter carried out at several laser excitation wavelengths, indicates an accurate way to spectroscopically investigate complex polymers enabling to satisfactorily infer about their peculiar chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco D'Amico
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy.
| | - Maurizio E Musso
- University of Salzburg, Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Raphael J F Berger
- University of Salzburg, Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nicola Cefarin
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - Giovanni Birarda
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tondi
- Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry Department, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Durval Bertoldo Menezes
- Federal Institute of Triângulo Mineiro, Campus Uberlândia, 38.400-970 Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreas Reyer
- University of Salzburg, Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Letizia Scarabattoli
- University of Salzburg, Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Università degli Studi di Perugia, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Perugia, Italy
| | - Thomas Sepperer
- Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Forest Products Technology & Timber Construction Department, Marktstrasse 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Schnabel
- Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Forest Products Technology & Timber Construction Department, Marktstrasse 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria
| | - Lisa Vaccari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, TS, Italy
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7
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Cefarin N, Bedolla DE, Surowka A, Donato S, Sepperer T, Tondi G, Dreossi D, Sodini N, Birarda G, Vaccari L. Study of the Spatio-Chemical Heterogeneity of Tannin-Furanic Foams: From 1D FTIR Spectroscopy to 3D FTIR Micro-Computed Tomography. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312869. [PMID: 34884675 PMCID: PMC8658003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannin-furanic rigid foams are bio-based copolymers of tannin plant extract and furfuryl alcohol, promising candidates to replace synthetic insulation foams, as for example polyurethanes and phenolics, in eco-sustainable buildings thanks to their functional properties, such as lightness of the material and fire resistance. Despite their relevance as environmental-friendly alternatives to petroleum derivatives, many aspects of the polymerization chemistry still remain unclear. One of the open issues is on the spatial heterogeneity of the foam, i.e., whether the foam constituents prevalently polymerize in spatially segregated blocks or distribute almost homogenously in the foam volume. To address this matter, here we propose a multiscale FTIR study encompassing 1D FTIR spectroscopy, 2D FTIR imaging and 3D FTIR micro-tomography (FTIR-μCT) on tannin-furanic rigid foams obtained by varying the synthesis parameters in a controlled way. Thanks to the implementation of the acquisition and processing pipeline of FTIR-μCT, we were able for the first time to demonstrate that the polymer formulations influence the spatial organization of the foam at the microscale and, at the same time, prove the reliability of FTIR-μCT data by comparing 2D FTIR images and the projection of the 3D chemical images on the same plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cefarin
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (D.E.B.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (N.S.); (L.V.)
- IOM-CNR, Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Diana E. Bedolla
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (D.E.B.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (N.S.); (L.V.)
- Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Artur Surowka
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (D.E.B.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (N.S.); (L.V.)
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sandro Donato
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Via P.Bucci 31C, 87036 Rende, Italy;
- Division of Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Fermi, 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Thomas Sepperer
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstrasse 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (T.S.); (G.T.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, Jakob-Haringerstrasse 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gianluca Tondi
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstrasse 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (T.S.); (G.T.)
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture & Forestry, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Diego Dreossi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (D.E.B.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (N.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Nicola Sodini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (D.E.B.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (N.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Giovanni Birarda
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (D.E.B.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (N.S.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lisa Vaccari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (D.E.B.); (A.S.); (D.D.); (N.S.); (L.V.)
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8
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Valentini L, Ceccarini MR, Verdejo R, Tondi G, Beccari T. Stretchable, Bio-Compatible, Antioxidant and Self-Powering Adhesives from Soluble Silk Fibroin and Vegetal Polyphenols Exfoliated Graphite. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11092352. [PMID: 34578666 PMCID: PMC8472279 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of bio-glues is still a challenging task, regarding adhesion on wet surfaces; often, high performance and adaption to complex geometries need to be combined in one material. Here, we report biocompatible adhesives obtained by blending regenerated silk (RS) with a soluble plant-derived polyphenol (i.e., chestnut tannin) that was also used to exfoliate graphite to obtain graphene-based RS/tannin (G-RS/T) composites. The resultant G-RS/T hybrid material exhibited outstanding stretchability (i.e., 400%) and high shear strength (i.e., 180 kPa), superior to that of commercial bio-glues, and showed sealant properties for tissue approximation. Moreover, we showed how such nanocomposites exhibit electromechanical properties that could potentially be used for the realization of green and eco-friendly piezoelectric devices. Finally, we demonstrate the in vitro glue’s biocompatibility and anti-oxidant properties that enable their utilization in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valentini
- Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia and INSTM Research Unit, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0744-492924
| | - Maria Rachele Ceccarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.R.C.); (T.B.)
| | - Raquel Verdejo
- Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gianluca Tondi
- Department of Land Environment Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.R.C.); (T.B.)
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9
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Sepperer T, Tondi G, Petutschnigg A, Young TM, Steiner K. Mitigation of Ammonia Emissions from Cattle Manure Slurry by Tannins and Tannin-Based Polymers. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040581. [PMID: 32290040 PMCID: PMC7225981 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the extensive use of nitrogen-based fertilizer in agriculture, ammonia emissions, especially from cattle manure, are a serious environmental threat for soil and air. The European community committed to reduce the ammonia emissions by 30% by the year 2030 compared to 2005. After a moderate initial reduction, the last report showed no further improvements in the last four years, keeping the 30% reduction a very challenging target for the next decade. In this study, the mitigation effect of different types of tannin and tannin-based adsorbent on the ammonia emission from manure was investigated. Firstly, we conducted a template study monitoring the ammonia emissions registered by addition of the tannin-based powders to a 0.1% ammonia solution and then we repeated the experiments with ready-to-spread farm-made manure slurry. The results showed that all tannin-based powders induced sensible reduction of pH and ammonia emitted. Reductions higher than 75% and 95% were registered for ammonia solution and cattle slurry, respectively, when using flavonoid-based powders. These findings are very promising considering that tannins and their derivatives will be extensively available due to the increasing interest on their exploitation for the synthesis of new-generation “green” materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sepperer
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, Kuchl 5431, Austria; (T.S.); (A.P.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, Jakob-Haringerstraße 2a, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Gianluca Tondi
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, Kuchl 5431, Austria; (T.S.); (A.P.)
- Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry Department, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-827-2776
| | - Alexander Petutschnigg
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, Kuchl 5431, Austria; (T.S.); (A.P.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, Jakob-Haringerstraße 2a, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Timothy M. Young
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Konrad Steiner
- Höhere Bundeslehranstalt für Landwirtschaft Ursprung, Ursprungstraße 4, Elixhausen 5161, Austria;
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Tondi
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-043-8272776
| | - Thomas Schnabel
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstrasse 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria;
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Tondi G, Cefarin N, Sepperer T, D’Amico F, Berger RJF, Musso M, Birarda G, Reyer A, Schnabel T, Vaccari L. Understanding the Polymerization of Polyfurfuryl Alcohol: Ring Opening and Diels-Alder Reactions. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2126. [PMID: 31861244 PMCID: PMC6969920 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) is one of the most intriguing polymers because, despite its easy polymerization in acid environment, its molecular structure is definitely not obvious. Many studies have been performed in recent decades, and every time, surprising aspects came out. With the present study, we aim to take advantage of all of the findings of previous investigations and exploit them for the interpretation of the completely cured PFA spectra registered with three of the most powerful techniques for the characterization of solid, insoluble polymers: Solid-State 13C-NMR, Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV-resonant Raman spectroscopy at different excitation wavelengths, using both an UV laser source and UV synchrotron radiation. In addition, the foreseen structures were modeled and the corresponding 13C-NMR and FTIR spectra were simulated with first-principles and semi-empiric methods to evaluate their matching with experimental ones. Thanks to this multi-technique approach, based on complementary analytical tools and computational support, it was possible to conclude that, in addition to the major linear unconjugated polymerization, the PFA structure consists of Diels-Alder rearrangements occurring after the opening of some furanic units, while the terminal moieties of the chain involves γ-lactone arrangements. The occurrence of head-head methylene ether bridges and free hydroxyl groups (from unreacted furfuryl alcohol, FA, or terminal chains) could be excluded, while the conjugated systems could be considered rather limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Tondi
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstrasse 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (T.S.); (T.S.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, Jakob-Haringer-strasse 2, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry Department, University of Padua, Via dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Nicola Cefarin
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14—km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (G.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Thomas Sepperer
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstrasse 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (T.S.); (T.S.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, Jakob-Haringer-strasse 2, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco D’Amico
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14—km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (G.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Raphael J. F. Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (R.J.F.B.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Maurizio Musso
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (R.J.F.B.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Giovanni Birarda
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14—km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (G.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Andreas Reyer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (R.J.F.B.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Thomas Schnabel
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstrasse 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (T.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Lisa Vaccari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14—km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (G.B.); (L.V.)
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Sommerauer L, Grzybek J, Elsaesser MS, Benisek A, Sepperer T, Dachs E, Hüsing N, Petutschnigg A, Tondi G. Furfuryl Alcohol and Lactic Acid Blends: Homo- or Co-Polymerization? Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1533. [PMID: 31547001 PMCID: PMC6835956 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Furfuryl alcohol (FA) and lactic acid (LA) are two of the most interesting biomolecules, easily obtainable from sugars and hence extremely attractive for green chemistry solutions. These substances undergo homopolymerization and they have been rarely considered for copolymerization. Typically, FA homopolymerizes exothermically in an acid environment producing inhomogeneous porous materials, but recent studies have shown that this reaction can be controlled and therefore we have implemented this process to trigger the copolymerization with LA. The mechanical tests have shown that the blend containing small amount of FA were rigid and the fracture showed patterns more similar to the one of neat polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA). This LA-rich blend exhibited higher chloroform and water resistances, while thermal analyses (TG and DSC) also indicated a higher furanic character than expected. These observations suggested an intimate interconnection between precursors which was highlighted by the presence of a small band in the ester region of the solid state 13C-NMR, even if the FT-IR did not evidence any new signal. These studies show that these bioplastics are basically constituted of PLA and PFA homopolymers with some small portion of covalent bonds between the two moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sommerauer
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstraße 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria.
| | - Jakub Grzybek
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstraße 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria.
| | - Michael S Elsaesser
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Artur Benisek
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Thomas Sepperer
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstraße 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria.
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Edgar Dachs
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Nicola Hüsing
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Alexander Petutschnigg
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstraße 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria.
| | - Gianluca Tondi
- Forest Products Technology & Timber Constructions Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstraße 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria.
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture & Forestry, University of Padua, Via dell´Universitá 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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Tondi G. Tannin-Based Copolymer Resins: Synthesis and Characterization by Solid State 13C NMR and FT-IR Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E223. [PMID: 30970899 PMCID: PMC6431978 DOI: 10.3390/polym9060223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the interest for bio-sources is rising exponentially and tannins extracts are one of the most interesting, easily-available, phenolic building blocks. The condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins are already known for their polymerization chemistry, which is the basis for several natural-based materials (e.g., adhesives, foams). In the present work we aim to observe the behavior of the extract of Acacia Mimosa (Acacia mearnsii) when reacted with several possible co-monomers at different relative amount, pH and temperature conditions. The more insoluble copolymers obtained with formaldehyde, hexamine, glyoxal, maleic anhydride, furfural and furfuryl alcohol were analyzed through solid state 13C NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) and FT-IR (Fourier Transform-Infrared) spectroscopy. The 13C NMR afforded the opportunity to detect: (i) aromatic substitutions and consequent poly-condensations for the majority of the hardeners studied; (ii) acylation for the maleic anhydride and also some; (iii) Diels⁻Alder arrangements for the furanic co-monomers; the FT-IR spectroscopy suggested that the formaldehyde and hexamine copolymers present a higher cross-linking degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Tondi
- Forest Product Technology & Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktstraße 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria.
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14
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Schnabel T, Musso M, Tondi G. Univariate and multivariate analysis of tannin-impregnated wood species using vibrational spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 2014; 68:488-494. [PMID: 24694706 DOI: 10.1366/13-07181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy is one of the most powerful tools in polymer science. Three main techniques--Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), FT-Raman spectroscopy, and FT near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy--can also be applied to wood science. Here, these three techniques were used to investigate the chemical modification occurring in wood after impregnation with tannin-hexamine preservatives. These spectroscopic techniques have the capacity to detect the externally added tannin. FT-IR has very strong sensitivity to the aromatic peak at around 1610 cm(-1) in the tannin-treated samples, whereas FT-Raman reflects the peak at around 1600 cm(-1) for the externally added tannin. This high efficacy in distinguishing chemical features was demonstrated in univariate analysis and confirmed via cluster analysis. Conversely, the results of the NIR measurements show noticeable sensitivity for small differences. For this technique, multivariate analysis is required and with this chemometric tool, it is also possible to predict the concentration of tannin on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnabel
- Department of Forest Products Technology and Wood Constructions, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Marktst. 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria
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Tondi G, Thevenon MF, Mies B, Standfest G, Petutschnigg A, Wieland S. Impregnation of Scots pine and beech with tannin solutions: effect of viscosity and wood anatomy in wood infiltration. Wood Sci Technol 2013; 47:615-626. [PMID: 26366019 PMCID: PMC4560084 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-012-0524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The impregnation process of Scots pine and beech samples with tannin solutions was investigated. The two materials involved in the process (impregnation solution and wood samples) are studied in depth. Viscosity of mimosa tannin solutions and the anatomical aspect of beech and Scots pine were analysed and correlated. The viscosity of tannin solutions presents a non-newtonian behaviour when its pH level increases, and in the case of addition of hexamine as a hardener, the crosslinking of the flavonoids turns out to be of great importance. During the impregnation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), the liquid and solid uptakes were monitored while taking into consideration the different conditions of the impregnation process. This method allowed to identify the best conditions needed in order to get a successful preservative uptake for each wooden substrate. The penetration mechanism within the wood of both species was revealed with the aid of a microscopic analysis. Scots pine is impregnated through the tracheids in the longitudinal direction and through parenchyma rays in the radial direction, whereas in beech, the penetration occurs almost completely through longitudinal vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Tondi
- Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Campus Kuchl, 136a Marktstraße, 5431 Kuchl, Austria
| | - M. F. Thevenon
- Wood Preservation Laboratory, CIRAD Persyst, 73 Rue J.F. Breton, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - B. Mies
- Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Campus Kuchl, 136a Marktstraße, 5431 Kuchl, Austria
| | - G. Standfest
- Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Campus Kuchl, 136a Marktstraße, 5431 Kuchl, Austria
| | - A. Petutschnigg
- Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Campus Kuchl, 136a Marktstraße, 5431 Kuchl, Austria
| | - S. Wieland
- Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Campus Kuchl, 136a Marktstraße, 5431 Kuchl, Austria
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Pizzi AT, Celzard A, Fierro V, Tondi G. Chemistry, Morphology, Microtomography and Activation of Natural and Carbonized Tannin Foams for Different Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201250311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Salvini A, Saija LM, Finocchiaro S, Gianni G, Giannelli C, Tondi G. A new methodology in the study of PVAc-based adhesive formulations. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tondi G, Zhao W, Pizzi A, Du G, Fierro V, Celzard A. Tannin-based rigid foams: a survey of chemical and physical properties. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:5162-5169. [PMID: 19576764 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tannin-based rigid foams, prepared from 95% natural material, are suggested for replacing synthetic phenol-formaldehyde foams in various applications. For that purpose, a few physical properties were measured and reported here: resistance to fire and chemicals, absorption of various liquids, permeability, thermal conductivity and mechanical (compressive and tensile) strength. Modifying the composition through the use of boric and/or phosphoric acid allowed substantial increase of fire resistance. The materials were also found to present good resistance to strong acid and bases, and to solvents. High affinity for water, but limited one for organic liquids, was also evidenced. Finally, slightly anisotropic mechanical properties were measured. The materials present a brittle behaviour, whether tested in compression or traction; nevertheless, their strengths, as well as their thermal conductivities, are fully comparable with those of their phenolic counterparts. We show that such materials of vegetable origins can compete with synthetic ones for most of traditional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tondi
- ENSTIB-LERMAB, Nancy-University, 27 rue du Merle Blanc, BP1041, 88051 Epinal cedex 9, France
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Tondi G, Blacher S, Léonard A, Pizzi A, Fierro V, Leban JM, Celzard A. X-ray microtomography studies of tannin-derived organic and carbon foams. Microsc Microanal 2009; 15:384-394. [PMID: 19709464 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927609990444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tannin-based rigid foams of different bulk densities and their carbonized counterparts were investigated for the first time by X-ray microtomography. This method allowed acquisition of three-dimensional pictures of such highly porous materials. Through mathematical treatment of the images, extremely useful physical characteristics such as porosity, fraction of open cells, connectivity, tortuosity, and pore-size distribution were determined as a function of the foam's density. The obtained information was compared with independent data derived from pycnometry measurements and scanning electron microscope image analysis. The agreement was shown to be acceptable in the limit of the accuracy of the laboratory microtomograph (4 microm). Moreover, recalculating properties like permeability were shown to be quite possible based on the results of standard microtomography data.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tondi
- Nancy University, ENSTIB-LERMAB, 27 rue du Merle Blanc, Epinal cedex 9, France
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Ianieri G, Saggini R, Marvulli R, Tondi G, Aprile A, Ranieri M, Di Teo L, Altini S, Lancioni G, Goffredo L, Megna M, Megna G. Botulinum Toxin in Cerebral Child Palsy. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:9-11. [DOI: 10.1177/03946320090220s302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Saggini
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, “G. D'Annunzio” University - Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - L. Di Teo
- OSMAIRM Neuropsychomotor Rehabilitation Center - Laterza (TA), Italy
| | | | - G.E. Lancioni
- Department of Psychology - Bari “Aldo Moro” University, Italy
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Ianieri G, Saggini R, Marvulli R, Tondi G, Aprile A, Ranieri M, Benedetto G, Altini S, Lancioni GE, Goffredo L, Bellomo RG, Megna M, Megna G. New Approach in the Assessment of the Tone, Elasticity and the Muscular Resistance: Nominal Scales Vs Myoton. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:21-4. [DOI: 10.1177/03946320090220s304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - R Saggini
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, “G. D Annunzio” University - Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - G Benedetto
- OSMAIRM Neuropsychomotor Rehabilitation Center - Laterza (TA), Italy
| | | | - GE Lancioni
- Department of Psychology - Bari “Aldo Moro” University, Italy
| | | | - RG Bellomo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, “G. D Annunzio” University - Chieti, Italy
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Lyon F, Thevenon MF, Pizzi A, Tondi G, Despres A, Gril J, Rigolet S. Wood preservation by a mixed anhydride treatment: A13C-NMR investigation of simple models of polymeric wood constituents. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pizzi A, Tondi G, Pasch H, Celzard A. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight structure determination of complex thermoset networks: Polyflavonoid tannin-furanic rigid foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tondi G, Pizzi A, Pasch H, Celzard A, Rode K. MALDI-ToF investigation of furanic polymer foams before and after carbonization: Aromatic rearrangement and surviving furanic structures. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tondi G, Pizzi A, Masson E, Celzard A. Analysis of gases emitted during carbonization degradation of polyflavonoid tannin/furanic rigid foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Giancarlo I, Ranieri M, Marvulli R, Tondi G, Aprile A, Goffredo L, Altini S. The approach to rehabilitation in post-traumatic spasticity. Toxicon 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tondi G, Pizzi A, Pasch H, Celzard A. Structure degradation, conservation and rearrangement in the carbonisation of polyflavonoid tannin/furanic rigid foams – A MALDI-TOF investigation. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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