1
|
Green DR, Olack G, Tütken T, Leichliter J, Winkler DE, Clauss M, Vonhof H, Colman AS. A simple CO 2 equilibration method for measuring blood oxygen isotope compositions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9256. [PMID: 35028987 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Blood water oxygen isotope compositions can provide valuable insights into physiological processes and ecological patterns. While blood samples are commonly drawn for medical or scientific purposes, blood fractions are infrequently measured for oxygen isotopic compositions (δ18 O) because such measurements are time consuming and expensive. METHODS We sampled blood from sheep, goats, and iguanas raised in field and animal laboratories into serum, EDTA, heparin, and uncoated plastic vials commonly used in medical and scientific research, then separated red blood cell (RBC) and plasma or serum blood fractions. These were injected into helium-flushed Exetainer tubes where they naturally outgassed endogenous CO2 (goat blood), or into He- and CO2 -flushed tubes (iguana blood). The CO2 gas was sampled on a GasBench II system, and δ18 O was measured by an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). RESULTS Repeated δ18 O measurements were stable over multiple days. The addition of desiccated blood solids to water standards had little impact on their δ18 O measurements, suggesting that organic molecular constituents within blood serum and plasma do not interfere with blood water δ18 O values. We observed slight but statistically significant δ18 O offsets between plasma, serum and RBC fractions. Mass-dependent body water turnover times for iguanas were derived from the data. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that a simple blood-CO2 equilibration method using the GasBench can quickly, reliably and accurately characterize water δ18 O in the plasma, RBC, and whole blood fractions of mammalian and reptilian blood samples (precision ≤ 0.1‰). This method will expand the application of blood stable isotope analysis in physiological and medical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Green
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gerard Olack
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Tütken
- Applied and Analytical Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Leichliter
- Applied and Analytical Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela E Winkler
- Applied and Analytical Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Vonhof
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Albert S Colman
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fisher CJ, Scott KC, Reiter HK, Reid MA, Roe CM, Colee JC, Hill RC. Effects of a flotation vest and water flow rate on limb kinematics of Siberian Huskies swimming against a current. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:955-962. [PMID: 34727070 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.02.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a flotation vest (FV) and water flow rate (WFR) on limb kinematics of dogs swimming against a current. ANIMALS 7 (1 male and 6 female) healthy adult Siberian Huskies. PROCEDURES Dogs were habituated to swim with and without an FV beside an investigator in a continuous-flow pool against WFRs up to 2.9 km/h. During each of 4 experimental sessions in a repeated-measures study, markers were wrapped around the right carpus and tarsus, and a video was recorded while each dog swam with or without an FV for about 2 minutes at each of 7 WFRs between 0 and 2.9 km/h when the WFR was incrementally decreased or increased. Motion tracking software was used to measure stroke excursion and frequency. RESULTS Stroke excursion varied more than frequency among all dogs and in response to changes in experimental conditions. The male dog and 1 female dog were unable to complete the study. For the remaining 5 dogs across all experimental conditions, mean tarsus excursion was 30% that of the carpus. Mean total excursion (sum of the excursion-frequency products for the carpus and tarsus) decreased when an FV was worn and increased with WFR by 69% and 19% when WFR was incrementally increased and decreased, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs, range of motion during swimming was greater for the carpus than tarsus, when an FV was not worn, and increased more with WFR when WFR was incrementally increased. Those factors should be considered during swimming-based rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Fisher
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 (Fisher, Scott, Reiter, Reid, Roe, Hill); and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 (Colee)
| | - Karen C Scott
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 (Fisher, Scott, Reiter, Reid, Roe, Hill); and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 (Colee)
| | - Hayley K Reiter
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 (Fisher, Scott, Reiter, Reid, Roe, Hill); and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 (Colee)
| | - Melissa A Reid
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 (Fisher, Scott, Reiter, Reid, Roe, Hill); and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 (Colee)
| | - Charles M Roe
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 (Fisher, Scott, Reiter, Reid, Roe, Hill); and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 (Colee)
| | - James C Colee
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 (Fisher, Scott, Reiter, Reid, Roe, Hill); and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 (Colee)
| | - Richard C Hill
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 (Fisher, Scott, Reiter, Reid, Roe, Hill); and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 (Colee)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matthews DE, Gilker CD. Impact of2H and18O Pool Size Determinations on the Calculation of Total Energy Expenditure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dwight E. Matthews
- Department of Medicine; Cornell University Medical College; 1300 York Ave. New York NY 10021
- Department of Surgery; Cornell University Medical College; 1300 York Ave. New York NY 10021
| | - Charles D. Gilker
- Department of Medicine; Cornell University Medical College; 1300 York Ave. New York NY 10021
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
We used deuterium water dilution to estimate body composition of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) in the Nelchina Basin, Alaska. Body mass differed between sexes throughout the year but did not vary within sex. Mean fat mass and mean energy content were highest in both sexes in the spring. Mean lean mass was lowest in both sexes in the spring. Body mass and lean body mass were positively related to animal age in both males and females up to age 6–8 years. There was no relationship between body fat content and animal age in either sex except in older animals. Thus, growth beyond age 2 consists primarily of lean mass. Body mass of reproductively active females was greater than nonreproductively active females in the spring but not in summer or fall. Deuterium should be allowed to circulate in the wolf for at least 120 min to ensure complete equilibration regardless of season, sex, age, or reproductive status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G.V. Hilderbrand
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 333 Raspberry Road, Anchorage, AK 99518, USA
| | - H.N. Golden
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 333 Raspberry Road, Anchorage, AK 99518, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bodkin NL, Ortmeyer HK, Hansen BC. Diversity of Insulin Resistance in Monkeys with Normal Glucose Tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:364-70. [PMID: 16353361 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1993.tb00014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance has been proposed as a critical factor in the development of Type II diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary artery disease. However, even in normal healthy individuals, a wide range of in vivo insulin action has been found. In the present study we sought to examine this heterogeneity in insulin action in both normal and spontaneously obese nonhuman primates. Maximal insulin responsiveness as measured by a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, fasting plasma glucose, and insulin levels, beta-cell insulin response to glucose, glucose tolerance, and adiposity were measured in 22 male rhesus monkeys. Results showed that lean animals (body fat < or = 22%) had higher insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (M rate: 14.42+/-1.8 mg/kg FFM/min) compared to obese (8.08+/-0.8). The obese monkeys, with 23-49% body fat, had a wide range of M values (5.32-14.29 mg/kg FFM/min) which showed no relationship to degree of adiposity. In all monkeys, M values had a strong inverse correlation with fasting plasma insulin levels (r=-0.76; p<0.001), but not with fasting glucose or glucose disappearance rate. We conclude that neither degree of obesity above a critical threshold nor range of glucose tolerance is related to insulin resistance; however, in individuals with normal glucose tolerance an early reliable indicator of defective insulin action appears to be fasting insulin concentration. Longitudinal determination of basal insulin levels obtained under standardized conditions so as to minimize extraneous variability is likely to strengthen the ability to predict insulin resistance and possible later development of overt Type II diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N L Bodkin
- Obesity and Diabetes Research Center, University of Maryland at Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
LIMA-DE-FARIA A. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON AUTORADIOGRAPHY: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRITIUM LABELED DNA PRECURSORS. Hereditas 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1959.tb03072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
7
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is an increasing interest about the use of stable isotopes for body composition analysis in pediatrics. To ensure the success of total body water analysis by the deuterium dilution method, it is fundamental to determine the equilibrium time (plateau) of deuterium in the body fluid studied. OBJECTIVES We report here the equilibration time of deuterium oxide in the saliva of newborns after oral intake of the isotope. METHODS Twenty healthy term newborn infants, 10 males and 10 females, were analyzed. Saliva was collected from each newborn before the oral administration of a 100 mg/kg dose of deuterium oxide (baseline sample) and then at 1-hour intervals for 5 hours after administration. Deuterium enrichment of saliva was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry according to the recommendations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. RESULTS The plateau time of deuterium in saliva occurred 3 hours after oral administration of the stable isotope. CONCLUSION These data are essential for further studies on the body composition of newborn infants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study regarding the equilibration time of deuterium in the saliva of term newborns.
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Ortmeyer HK, Bodkin NL, Hansen BC. Chronic calorie restriction alters glycogen metabolism in rhesus monkeys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:549-55. [PMID: 16358403 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1994.tb00104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic caloric restriction (CR) prevents the development of obesity and maintains health, slows aging processes, and prevents or substantially delays the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Because changes in energy metabolism could be involved in all of these positive effects of CR, we examined glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) activities and glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) and glycogen concentrations in skeletal muscle samples before and during a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in 6 older aged monkeys in which CR had been continued for 10.4 +/- 2.1 years. Basal GS activity (fractional velocity and independent) was significantly higher in the CR monkeys than has been previously shown in normal, hyperinsulinemic and diabetic monkeys. The normal effect of insulin to activate GS was absent in the CR group due to the paradoxical finding in some of these monkeys of a reduction in GS activity by insulin. Insulin also had the unexpected effect of increasing the independent activity of GP above basal activity (p<0.05). There was an inverse relationship between the change (insulin-stimulated minus basal) in GS fractional velocity and GP activity ratio (r=-0.91, p<0.005). The basal independent activities of GS and GP were also inversely correlated (r=-0.79, p<0.05). The insulin-stimulated concentration of G6P tended to be higher than the basal concentration (p<0.06) and was significantly higher than that previously shown in normal monkeys (p<0.05). We suggest that long-term calorie restriction (1) results in alterations in glycogen metabolism that may be important to the anti-diabetogenic and antiaging effects of CR and (2) unmasks early defects which may indicate the likelihood of ultimately developing obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H K Ortmeyer
- Obesity and Diabetes Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hansen BC, Striffler JS, Bodkin NL. Decreased hepatic insulin extraction precedes overt noninsulin dependent (Type II) diabetes in obese monkeys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 1:252-60. [PMID: 16353355 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1993.tb00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many obese middle-aged rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) spontaneously develop noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Basal hyperinsulinemia and increased stimulated plasma insulin levels are associated with this obesity and precede the onset of overt diabetes. The present studies sought to determine the relative contributions of enhanced insulin secretion and of reduced insulin clearance to this early obesity-associated hyperinsulinemia. Direct simultaneous measurement of portal and jugular vein insulin levels in two normal monkeys showed a constant rate of hepatic insulin extraction of 56+/-3% over the range of peripheral insulin levels from 351+/-113 to 625+/-118 pmol/L. In 33 additional monkeys ranging from normal to diabetic, basal C-peptide levels were examined as an indicator of beta-cell secretion and the molar ratio of plasma C-peptide to insulin (C/I ratio) under basal steady state conditions calculated as an index of hepatic insulin extraction. Well in advance of overt diabetes, there was a progressive decline of 67% in the apparent hepatic insulin extraction rate in association with increased obesity and plasma insulin levels. Basal insulin levels and hepatic insulin extraction returned toward normal in monkeys with impaired glucose tolerance and in those with overt diabetes. We conclude that reduced insulin disposal, probably due to reduced hepatic extraction of insulin, in addition to increased beta-cell activity, contributes to the development of basal hyperinsulinemia in obese rhesus monkeys progressing toward NIDDM. In addition, in overt diabetes, normal hepatic insulin extraction in the presence of limited beta-cell secretion may exacerbate the hypoinsulinemic state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B C Hansen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Féry F, Tappy L, Schneiter P, Devière J, Balasse EO. Effect of somatostatin on duodenal glucose absorption in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:4163-9. [PMID: 15827105 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique using intraduodenally infused glucose is an attractive tool for studying postprandial glucose metabolism under strictly controlled conditions. Because it requires the use of somatostatin (SST), we examined, in this study, the effect of SST on intestinal glucose absorption. CONTEXT Twenty-six normal volunteers were given a constant 3-h intraduodenal infusion of glucose (6 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)) labeled with [2-(3)H]glucose for glucose absorption measurement. During glucose infusion, 19 subjects received iv SST at doses of 10-100 ng.kg(-1).min(-1) plus insulin and glucagon, and seven subjects were studied under control conditions. In the controls, glucose was absorbed at a rate that, after a 20-min lag period, equaled the infusion rate. RESULTS With all the doses of SST tested, absorption was considerably delayed but equaled the rate of infusion after 3 h. At that time, only 5 +/- 2% of the total amount of infused glucose was unabsorbed in the control subjects vs. 36 +/- 2% (P < 0.001) in the SST-infused subjects. In the latter, the intraluminal residue was almost totally absorbed within 40 min of the cessation of SST infusion. At the lowest dose of SST tested (10 ng.kg(-1).min(-1)), suppression of insulin secretion was incomplete. CONCLUSION These properties of SST hamper the use of intraduodenal hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps as a tool for exploring postprandial glucose metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Féry
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Erasme, University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Use of doubly-labeled water (3HH18O) for determination of H2O flux and CO2 production by a mammal in a humid environment. Oecologia 2004; 59:54-7. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00388071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/1983] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
13
|
Hotta K, Funahashi T, Bodkin NL, Ortmeyer HK, Arita Y, Hansen BC, Matsuzawa Y. Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 2001; 50:1126-33. [PMID: 11334417 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.5.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipose-specific plasma protein whose plasma concentrations are decreased in obese subjects and type 2 diabetic patients. This protein possesses putative antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. In the current study, we have analyzed the relationship between adiponectin and insulin resistance in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), which spontaneously develop obesity and which subsequently frequently progress to overt type 2 diabetes. The plasma levels of adiponectin were decreased in obese and diabetic monkeys as in humans. Prospective longitudinal studies revealed that the plasma levels of adiponectin declined at an early phase of obesity and remained decreased after the development of type 2 diabetes. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed that the obese monkeys with lower plasma adiponectin showed significantly lower insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose uptake (M rate). The plasma levels of adiponectin were significantly correlated to M rate (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). Longitudinally, the plasma adiponectin decreased in parallel to the progression of insulin resistance. No clear association was found between the plasma levels of adiponectin and its mRNA levels in adipose tissue. These results suggest that reduction in circulating adiponectin may be related to the development of insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hotta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
RICHMOND CR, LANGHAM WH, TRUJILLO TT. Comparative metabolism of tritiated water by mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 59:45-53. [PMID: 14492011 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030590106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
15
|
Hotta K, Gustafson TA, Ortmeyer HK, Bodkin NL, Hansen BC. Monkey leptin receptor mRNA: sequence, tissue distribution, and mRNA expression in the adipose tissue of normal, hyperinsulinemic, and type 2 diabetic rhesus monkeys. OBESITY RESEARCH 1998; 6:353-60. [PMID: 9738551 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have cloned the rhesus monkey leptin receptor and examined its mRNA expression levels in the adipose tissue of monkeys to investigate the regulation of gene expression of the leptin receptor. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Monkey leptin receptor cDNA was cloned by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Tissue distribution of monkey leptin receptor was examined by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR. The mRNA levels of monkey leptin receptor in adipose tissue of normal (n=10), hyperinsulinemic obese (n=8), and type 2 diabetic monkeys (n=8) were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Monkey leptin receptor cDNA had at least two alternatively spliced isoforms (long and short forms). The long form of the leptin receptor mRNA was expressed relatively highly in liver, adipose tissue, hypothalamus, and choroid plexus, whereas the total leptin receptors were expressed in every tissue examined. The mRNA levels of the long form of the leptin receptor in adipose tissue were not correlated to body weight, fasting plasma insulin, plasma glucose, or plasma leptin levels. The mRNA levels of the long form of the leptin receptor were highly correlated to that of the total leptin receptor (long and short form). DISCUSSION The long form of leptin receptor mRNA existed in adipose tissue as well as in liver and hypothalamus, suggesting that the leptin receptor in adipose tissue may be functional in adipose tissue. The expression of the leptin receptor mRNA in adipose tissue is not affected by obesity, hyperinsulinemia, or diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hotta
- Obesity and Diabetes Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ortmeyer HK, Bodkin NL. Lack of defect in insulin action on hepatic glycogen synthase and phosphorylase in insulin-resistant monkeys. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:G1005-10. [PMID: 9696698 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.6.g1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that an alteration in insulin activation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase is associated with insulin resistance. To determine whether this defect in insulin action is specific to skeletal muscle, or also present in liver, simultaneous biopsies of these tissues were obtained before and during a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in spontaneously obese insulin-resistant male rhesus monkeys. The activities of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase and the concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate and glycogen were measured. There were no differences between basal and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase activities or in glucose 6-phosphate and glycogen contents in muscle. Insulin increased the activities of liver glycogen synthase (P < 0.05) and decreased the activities of liver glycogen phosphorylase (P 0.001). Insulin also caused a reduction in liver glucose 6-phosphate (P = 0.05). We conclude that insulin-resistant monkeys do not have a defect in insulin action on liver glycogen synthase, although a defect in insulin action on muscle glycogen synthase is present. Therefore, tissue-specific alterations in insulin action on glycogen synthase are present in the development of insulin resistance in rhesus monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H K Ortmeyer
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ortmeyer HK. Relationship of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase to protein phosphatase 2C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase in liver of obese rhesus monkeys. OBESITY RESEARCH 1997; 5:613-21. [PMID: 9449147 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) activity by phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation has been proposed to be via changes in activities of several different protein (serine/threonine) phosphatases and kinases, including protein phosphatase (PP) 1/2A, PP2C, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). In order to determine whether PP1/2A, PP2C, and/or PKA activities are related to GS and/or GP activities, these enzymes were measured in freeze-clamped liver biopsies obtained under basal fasting conditions from 16 obese monkeys. Four monkeys were normoglycemic and normoinsulinemic, five were hyperinsulinemic, and seven had type 2 diabetes (NIDDM). Liver glycogen and glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) contents were also determine. Basal enzyme activities and basal substrate concentrations were not significantly different between the three group of obese monkeys; however, there were several significant linear relationships observed when the monkeys were treated as one group. Therefore, multiple regression was used to determine the correlation between key variables. GS fractional activity was correlated to GP fractional activity (p < 0.05) and to PP2C activity (p = 0.005) (adjusted R2, 53%). GP independent activity was correlated to GS independent activity (p < 0.07) and to PKA fractional activity (p = 0.005) (adjusted R2, 64%). PP2C activity was correlated to GS fractional activity (p < 0.0005) and to PP1/2A activity (p < 0.0001) (adjusted R2, 83%). PKA fractional activity was correlated to GP total activity (p < 0.0005) and to age (p = 0.001) (adjusted R2, 82%). G6P content was correlated to glycogen content (p < 0.05) and to PP2C activity (p = 0.0005) (adjusted R2, 73%). In conclusion, PP2C and PKA are involved in the regulation of GS and GP activity in the basal state in liver of obese monkeys with a wide range of glucose tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H K Ortmeyer
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hotta K, Gustafson TA, Ortmeyer HK, Bodkin NL, Nicolson MA, Hansen BC. Regulation of obese (ob) mRNA and plasma leptin levels in rhesus monkeys. Effects of insulin, body weight, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:25327-31. [PMID: 8810296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.41.25327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have cloned the rhesus monkey obese cDNA and have analyzed its expression in monkeys with a wide range of body weights (lean to very obese) and with or without non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to examine the relationship of ob gene expression to obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The sequence of monkey ob protein, excluding the signal peptide, showed 91% identity with the human protein. We observed a significant correlation between the level of ob mRNA and body weight. We also found a significant relationship between ob mRNA and fasting plasma insulin concentration; however, insulin stimulation during a 100-140-min euglycemic/hyperinsulinemic clamp did not result in any changes in ob mRNA levels. Circulating levels of the ob gene product leptin were also significantly correlated with body weight. These results show that ob gene expression is related to body weight and is not acutely regulated by insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hotta
- Obesity and Diabetes Research Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hannah JS, Bodkin NL, Paidi MS, Anh-Le N, Howard BV, Hansen BC. Effects of Acipimox on the metabolism of free fatty acids and very low lipoprotein triglyceride. Acta Diabetol 1995; 32:279-83. [PMID: 8750769 DOI: 10.1007/bf00576264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of triglyceride lowering by Acipimox, a nicotine acid analogue, was examined in a group of five moderately hypertriglyceridemic male rhesus monkeys. Two experiments were designed to examine the effect of the drug on lipid and glucose metabolism in nondiabetic, insulin-resistant animals. A single dose of Acipimox (8 mg/kg) given with a meal lowered the plasma free fatty acids (FFA) significantly at 4 h (0.102 +/- 0.008 vs 0.154 +/- 0.020 g/l; mean +/- SEM; P < 0.03); however, FFA concentrations returned to control levels at 6 h. Chronic administration of Acipimox (16 mg/kg q. i. d.) for 2 months produced a 31% reduction in triglyceride concentration (P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (P < 0.04), without changes in insulin action as measured by the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Fasting FFA concentrations were not significantly altered by chronic treatment (0.163 +/- 0.013 versus 0.140 +/- 0.034 g/l). Fatty acid metabolic studies indicated increases in FFA transport (203.7 +/- 59.1 versus 136.1 +/- 26.6 microEq/min; P < 0.05), while FFA fractional clearance rate (FCR) was unchanged. Very low density lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDL-Tg) metabolic experiments, using [3H]glycerol, showed increases in production and FCR with the drug. Increased VLDL-Tg clearance, in spite of increased production of VLDL, appears to be the mechanism by which triglycerides are lowered upon chronic Acipimox administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Hannah
- Medlantic Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Heymsfield SB, Matthews D. Body composition: research and clinical advances--1993 A.S.P.E.N. research workshop. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1994; 18:91-103. [PMID: 8201761 DOI: 10.1177/014860719401800291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The 1993 ASPEN Research Workshop examined research and clinical advances in the study of human body composition. The workshop had two themes: (1) compartments of the body and their measurement, and (2) clinical applications of body composition measurements. There were 12 speakers of varied backgrounds who gave short lectures followed by panel discussions. Speakers explored the validity and potential uses of new body composition methodologies, including dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, multiple frequency bioimpedance analysis, computerized axial tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, neutron inelastic scattering, and gamma-ray resonance. The application of these methods to chronically and acutely ill hospitalized patients was described. The study of body composition is an emerging distinct research area within the broad study of human biology. This conference provided an overview of important new advances in the study of human body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Heymsfield
- Obesity Research Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ortmeyer HK, Bodkin NL, Hansen BC. Adipose tissue glycogen synthase activation by in vivo insulin in spontaneously insulin-resistant and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic rhesus monkeys. Diabetologia 1993; 36:200-6. [PMID: 8462768 DOI: 10.1007/bf00399950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, a defect in the covalent activation of glycogen synthase by insulin has been identified in insulin resistance and in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, but a similar defect in insulin action at the adipose tissue has not been demonstrated. We sought to determine whether this defect in insulin action in muscle was also present in the same pathway in adipose tissue. We examined the effect of in vivo insulin on adipose tissue glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activity in normal (n = 11), hyperinsulinaemic (n = 8), and impaired glucose tolerant and Type 2 diabetic (n = 8) rhesus monkeys. Adipose tissue samples were obtained before and during a euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp. Glycogen synthase fractional velocity, independent and total activities were significantly higher in the insulin-stimulated samples compared to the basal samples in the normal group (p < 0.05, respectively). In the hyperinsulinaemic group, however, insulin had no effect on glycogen synthase fractional velocity or independent activity, but did increase the total activity of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase (p < 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, both the basal and the insulin-stimulated total activities of these two enzymes were significantly greater in the hyperinsulinaemic group as compared to both the normal and the diabetic groups (p < 0.05, respectively). In the diabetic group, insulin was without effect on glycogen synthase fractional velocity, independent activity or total activity. We conclude that the covalent activation of adipose tissue glycogen synthase by insulin is absent in both obese hyperinsulinaemic and in spontaneously diabetic monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H K Ortmeyer
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bodkin NL, Sportsman R, DiMarchi RD, Hansen BC. Insulin-like growth factor-I in non-insulin-dependent diabetic monkeys: basal plasma concentrations and metabolic effects of exogenously administered biosynthetic hormone. Metabolism 1991; 40:1131-7. [PMID: 1943741 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(91)90206-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and the effects of exogenous IGF-I administration were determined in 26 rhesus monkeys; each animal was well characterized regarding its degree of obesity, plasma glucose and insulin levels, and glucose tolerance (KG). Five separate groups were identified: lean normal, obese normoinsulinemic and normoglycemic, obese hyperinsulinemic with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerant, and spontaneously diabetic (type II, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM]). Basal plasma IGF-I levels in all monkeys ranged from 249 to 1,093 ng/mL and were strongly associated with age (r = -.66; P less than .001) and KG (r = .59; P less than .001), but not with body weight, body fat, or fasting plasma glucose or insulin levels. In addition, the acute insulin-like effects of exogenously administered IGF-I on glucose disappearance were studied in vivo in a dose-response comparison to insulin (subcutaneous administration of IGF-I at doses of 50, 100, or 200 micrograms/kg v insulin at 0.3 U/kg). Five hyperinsulinemic normoglycemic monkeys (fasting plasma glucose, 67 +/- 2 mg/dL; insulin, 163 +/- 42 microU/mL) and overt type II diabetic monkeys (fasting plasma glucose, 201 +/- 13 mg/dL; insulin, 38 +/- 6 microU/mL) each underwent a series of three to five experiments to determine the time course and degree of hypoglycemia induced by IGF-I as compared with insulin or with control (saline) injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N L Bodkin
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
DOWNS COLLEENT, PERRIN MR. The effect of diet on water and energy turnover rates of fourGerbillurusspecies in captivity. J Zool (1987) 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb05673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Hansen BC, Bodkin NL. Heterogeneity of insulin responses: phases leading to type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in the rhesus monkey. Diabetologia 1986; 29:713-9. [PMID: 3542671 DOI: 10.1007/bf00870281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To determine the natural history of the development of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, basal plasma insulin and glucose levels and responses to intravenous glucose tolerance tests were determined over a period of 6 years in 42 adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Among the 28 obese monkeys (percent body fat greater than 22%) over the age of 10 years, 9 developed overt Type 2 diabetes (fasting plasma glucose, greater than 7.8 mmol/l, and reduced glucose disappearance rates, KG less than 1.5), and 14 monkeys have shown progressive changes which suggest that they may also become diabetic. Application of a highly constant antecedent diet and a consistent 16-h fast minimized experimental variability, and permitted the identification of 8 phases in the progression from normal lean young adult to overt Type 2 diabetes. The earliest changes which could be detected were a slight increase followed by a progressive rise in fasting plasma insulin levels and an increased insulin secretion in response to a glucose stimulus. These events preceded by several years the onset of a gradual deterioration of glucose tolerance. We found that hyper-, normo-, or hypoinsulinaemia could be associated with normoglycaemia or varying degrees of hyperglycaemia; however, the prospective longitudinal study of individual monkeys clearly identified this apparent heterogeneity of plasma insulin and glucose levels as reflecting sequential changes in a continuum of events preceding or accompanying the development of impaired glucose tolerance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
In three experiments patterns of water turnover and body composition estimated by deuterium oxide were studied in Holstein cows. In the first experiment, four lactating cows were infused with deuterium oxide, and blood samples were taken during 4-d collection. Milking was stopped; cows were reinfused with deuterium oxide and resampled. Slopes of deuterium oxide dilution curves indicated lactating cows turned water over more rapidly than nonlactating cows. In the second experiment with the same four cows, during 4-d collection, deuterium oxide concentrations in milk, urine, and feces showed dilution patterns similar to deuterium oxide in blood. Sampling milk may be an alternative to sampling blood. In the third experiment, 36 Holstein cows were fed 55, 65, or 75% alfalfa, smooth bromegrass, or equal parts of each forage as total mixed rations; remaining portions of rations were a grain mixture. Body composition was estimated at -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mo postpartum. Empty body water, protein, mineral, fat, and fat percentage decreased from prepartum to postpartum. First calf heifers contained less empty body water, protein, and mineral than older cows. Cows fed diets with 55% forage had more body fat than those fed diets with 75% forage. Cows fed alfalfa-based diets had more gastrointestinal fill regardless of grain than cows fed diets that contained alfalfa and smooth bromegrass. Gastrointestinal fill of cows increased from prepartum to 5 mo postpartum.
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Pierson RN, Wang J, Colt EW, Neumann P. Body composition measurements in normal man: the potassium, sodium, sulfate and tritium spaces in 58 adults. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1982; 35:419-28. [PMID: 7076785 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(82)90056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aqueous phase of total body composition varies with sex, and changes with age, necessitating age, sex and method-specific normal values. Consensus has developed for the methods most suited to clinical studies. 3H20 for water, 35SO4 for ECW, 24Na for NAc, and 40K for body potassium were used in 58 normal volunteers aged 19-80, 30 men and 28 women. This report shows significant age regressions in both sexes for total body water and intracellular water, and for both Na and K when referenced to body water. Combination of these findings with the highly age related decrease in total body potassium confirms previous studies that body cell mass decreases with age. Intracellular K+ and Na+ at the zero age intercept are 130 and 14.5 for males, and 124 and 24mEq/1 for females respectively. Secular decrease in K+ and increase in Na+ concentrations in the average cell are suggested although not established. Values for normal body composition, in subjects healthy by all available criteria are in some instances age and sex dependent, but in all parameters except fat show wide normal range (SD = 7% of mean) which derive more from biological variation than from limitations of measurement precision. However, use of body water rather than weight succeeds in narrowing this wide range, and is a more logical denominator which is readily subject to accurate measurement. In serial studies of the same subject, significant changes can be measured which are well within the normal range.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abernethy DR, Azarnoff DL. Effect of drugs which alter microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activity on rat hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Biochem Pharmacol 1977; 26:481-4. [PMID: 849344 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
30
|
Eberstadt PL. Total-body water determination with a practical internal standard method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1974; 1:191-5. [PMID: 4435995 DOI: 10.1016/0047-0740(74)90005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
31
|
Wiberg GS, Samson JM, Maxwell WB, Coldwell BB, Trenholm HL. Further studies on the acute toxicity of ethanol in young and old rats: relative importance of pulmonary excretion and total body water. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1971; 20:22-9. [PMID: 5110824 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(71)90085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
32
|
Donath A. The simultaneous determination in children of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow by the single injection celarance technique. ACTA PAEDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA 1971; 60:512-20. [PMID: 4999889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1971.tb06983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
33
|
Determination of total body water of rabbits exposed to high external environmental temperatures using a tritium labeling method. Bull Exp Biol Med 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00791584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Hullin RP, Bailey AD, McDonald R, Dransfield GA, Milne HB. Variations in body water during recovery from depression. Br J Psychiatry 1967; 113:573-83. [PMID: 6065702 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.113.499.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Reports of significant changes in water and electrolytes during recovery from depression may provide insight into important physiological factors in depressive illnesses. Brownet al.(1963) demonstrated an increase in the extracellular fluid volume in 22 of 28 patients suffering from primary depressive disorders treated with E.C.T. or imipramine. The findings of these authors, which were discussed in relation to previous work on sodium metabolism and water balance in depressive disorders, were thought to support the idea of a shift of fluid from intracellular to extracellular spaces during the response to treatment. Coppen and Shaw (1963) found an increase in total body water, extracellular fluid and a decrease in the residual sodium space on recovery from depression.
Collapse
|
36
|
Enterale Aufnahme und renale Ausscheidung von Tritium-markiertem Wasser bei wachen Ratten. Pflugers Arch 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00363196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
37
|
|
38
|
ROBINSON CV. Gas counting of tritium. ADVANCES IN TRACER METHODOLOGY 1963; 1:178-82. [PMID: 13974424 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8619-3_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
|
39
|
Brozek J. Body Composition: The relative amounts of fat, tissue, and water vary with age, sex, exercise, and nutritional state. Science 1961; 134:920-30. [PMID: 17812916 DOI: 10.1126/science.134.3483.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
|
42
|
|
43
|
|
44
|
REID JT, BALCH CC, GLASCOCK RF. The use of tritium, of antipyrene and of N-acetyl-4-amino-antipyrene in the measurement of body water in living rabbits. Br J Nutr 1958; 12:43-51. [PMID: 13523102 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19580008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
45
|
|
46
|
AEBERHARDT A, FALLOT P, CANIVET J, MASSON J. [Study on water metabolism in cirrhotic patients using tritium-treated water]. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES 1957; 2:62-75. [PMID: 13428365 DOI: 10.1016/0020-708x(57)90028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
47
|
Gr�ner O. Die Bedeutung des K�rperwassers f�r die Verteilung des Alkohols im Organismus. Int J Legal Med 1957. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00664436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
48
|
AEBERHARDT A, FALLOT P, MASSON J. [Technic for the determination of tritiated water and its applications to clinical medicine]. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES 1957; 1:237-45. [PMID: 13398159 DOI: 10.1016/0020-708x(57)90001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
49
|
|
50
|
|