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Nishida T, Kubota S, Takigawa M. Novel Cell Biological Assays for Measuring Bone Remodeling Activities of CCN Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:255-268. [PMID: 36370355 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although two-dimensional (2D) cultures from bone lineage cells are often used, it is well-known that this culture system is completely different from the in vivo bone matrix environment. In this paper, we describe a 3D culture method using both the mouse osteocytic cell line, MLO-Y4, and an osteocyte-enriched population of the cells isolated from mice. These cells are embedded in collagen gel with recombinant cellular communication network (CCN) factor proteins; then, osteoblasts or osteoclasts are inoculated and cultured on the collagen gel. Because this method mimics the in vitro bone matrix environment, it is useful for understanding the detailed mechanism of actions of CCN proteins in the bone matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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2
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Jiang Y, Lin H, Shao Z, Chen X, Li W, Ni Y. Reconstruction of an orbital defect in rabbits using a silk fibroin-bone microparticle complex. Int J Artif Organs 2022; 45:849-856. [PMID: 35876430 DOI: 10.1177/03913988221113354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a silk fibroin-bone microparticle composite based on a porous silk fibroin membrane and to study its feasibility as a material to reconstruct an orbital bone defect. METHODS A 3D porous silk fibroin membrane scaffold was constructed with a defined pore size and incorporated with bone microparticles from a New Zealand rabbit orbital bone defect. The silk fibroin-bone microparticle composite was then implanted into the orbital bone defect to promote osteogenesis along the surface of the porous silk fibroin membrane. The feasibility of constructing an ideal orbital defect repair material and the silk fibroin-bone micronucleus complex was evaluated by animal experiments, molecular biology, histomorphology, imaging, raw molecular mechanisms, and the biological behavior of the material in vivo. RESULTS The silk fibroin-bone microparticle composite promotes angiogenesis and osteogenesis to repair bone defects in vivo. Moreover, SF (silk fibroin)/BD (bone dust) complex promotes osteogenesis and angiogenesis by activating FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 2) and SF scaffolds can bind and restore FGF2. CONCLUSION Silk fibroin is biocompatible and the silk fibroin-bone microparticle complex successfully repaired orbital bone defects. Additionally, fibroblast growth factor expression around or within the remaining incompletely degraded silk fibroin materials was observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Xin Shi Jie Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Lin
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye and ENT Hospital of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer of MOE and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer of MOE and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- Central Laboratory, Eye and ENT Hospital of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yusu Ni
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye and ENT Hospital of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China.,Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Wang J, Xiao L, Wang W, Zhang D, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Wang X. The Auxiliary Role of Heparin in Bone Regeneration and its Application in Bone Substitute Materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:837172. [PMID: 35646879 PMCID: PMC9133562 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.837172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration in large segmental defects depends on the action of osteoblasts and the ingrowth of new blood vessels. Therefore, it is important to promote the release of osteogenic/angiogenic growth factors. Since the discovery of heparin, its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer functions have been extensively studied for over a century. Although the application of heparin is widely used in the orthopedic field, its auxiliary effect on bone regeneration is yet to be unveiled. Specifically, approximately one-third of the transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily is bound to heparin and heparan sulfate, among which TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) are the most common growth factors used. In addition, heparin can also improve the delivery and retention of BMP-2 in vivo promoting the healing of large bone defects at hyper physiological doses. In blood vessel formation, heparin still plays an integral part of fracture healing by cooperating with the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Importantly, since heparin binds to growth factors and release components in nanomaterials, it can significantly facilitate the controlled release and retention of growth factors [such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), BMP, and PDGF] in vivo. Consequently, the knowledge of scaffolds or delivery systems composed of heparin and different biomaterials (including organic, inorganic, metal, and natural polymers) is vital for material-guided bone regeneration research. This study systematically reviews the structural properties and auxiliary functions of heparin, with an emphasis on bone regeneration and its application in biomaterials under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Australia−China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yaping Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Australia−China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
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4
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Novais A, Chatzopoulou E, Chaussain C, Gorin C. The Potential of FGF-2 in Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040932. [PMID: 33920587 PMCID: PMC8073160 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a hard-vascularized tissue, which renews itself continuously to adapt to the mechanical and metabolic demands of the body. The craniofacial area is prone to trauma and pathologies that often result in large bone damage, these leading to both aesthetic and functional complications for patients. The "gold standard" for treating these large defects is autologous bone grafting, which has some drawbacks including the requirement for a second surgical site with quantity of bone limitations, pain and other surgical complications. Indeed, tissue engineering combining a biomaterial with the appropriate cells and molecules of interest would allow a new therapeutic approach to treat large bone defects while avoiding complications associated with a second surgical site. This review first outlines the current knowledge of bone remodeling and the different signaling pathways involved seeking to improve our understanding of the roles of each to be able to stimulate or inhibit them. Secondly, it highlights the interesting characteristics of one growth factor in particular, FGF-2, and its role in bone homeostasis, before then analyzing its potential usefulness in craniofacial bone tissue engineering because of its proliferative, pro-angiogenic and pro-osteogenic effects depending on its spatial-temporal use, dose and mode of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Novais
- Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, Université de Paris, URP2496, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France; (A.N.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP Département d’Odontologie, Services d’odontologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Henri Mondor, Paris Nord, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Eirini Chatzopoulou
- Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, Université de Paris, URP2496, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France; (A.N.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP Département d’Odontologie, Services d’odontologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Henri Mondor, Paris Nord, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
- Département de Parodontologie, Université de Paris, UFR Odontologie-Garancière, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, Université de Paris, URP2496, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France; (A.N.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP Département d’Odontologie, Services d’odontologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Henri Mondor, Paris Nord, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Gorin
- Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, Université de Paris, URP2496, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France; (A.N.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP Département d’Odontologie, Services d’odontologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Henri Mondor, Paris Nord, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +33-(0)1-5807-6724
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Giannattasio R, Lisco G, Giagulli VA, Settembrini S, De Pergola G, Guastamacchia E, Lombardi G, Triggiani V. Bone Disruption and Environmental Pollutants. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:704-715. [PMID: 33461478 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666210118163538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous and may significantly contribute in environmental pollution, thus contaminating humans and wildlife. Environmental pollutants could interfere with bone homeostasis by means of different mechanisms, which include hormonal imbalance, direct osteoblasts toxicity and enanchment of osteoclasts activity, thus leading to osteopenia or osteoporosis. Among these, bisphenols, dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorobiphenyls, poly- and perfluoroalkyls, phthalates, parabens, organotins and cadmium may play a role in bone distuption. METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI-web of knowledge and Google scholar databases were searched for medical subject headings terms and free-text word related to the aforementioned classes of chemicals and bone metabolism and remodelling for better clarifying and understanding the main mechanisms of bone disruption. RESULTS Several of EDCs act as xenoestrogens. Considering that estrogens play a significant role in regulating bone remodeling, most of these chemicals generate hormonal imbalance with possible detrimental consequences on bone tissue structure and its mechanical and non-mechanical properties. DISCUSSION A lot of evidences about bone distruptors came from in vitro studies or animal models, and conduct to equivocal results. In addition, a few data derived form humans and most of these data focused on the impact of EDCs on bone mineral density without considering their influence on long-term fracture risk. Moreover, it should be taken into account that humans are exposed to a mixture of EDCs and the final effect on bone metabolism might be the result of either a synergism or antagonist effects among them. Age of first exposure, cumulative dose exposure over time, and the usually observed non-monotonic dose-response curve for EDCs should be considered as other important variable influencing the final effect on bone metabolism. CONCLUSION Taking into account these variables, observational studies are needed to better analyze this issue both for echological purpose and to preserve bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Giannattasio
- ASL Napoli 1 Centro, DS 29, SPS San Gennaro, Service of Endocrinology, Via San Gennaro dei Poveri 25, 80136, Naples. Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lisco
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine - Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. School of Medicine, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Policlinico of Bari, Bari. Italy
| | - Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine - Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. School of Medicine, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Policlinico of Bari, Bari. Italy
| | - Silvio Settembrini
- ASL Napoli 1 Centro, DS 26, Metabolic, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit Pellegrini Hospital, Naples. Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari. Italy
| | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine - Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. School of Medicine, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Policlinico of Bari, Bari. Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine - Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. School of Medicine, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Policlinico of Bari, Bari. Italy
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Shafaghi R, Rodriguez O, Phull S, Schemitsch EH, Zalzal P, Waldman SD, Papini M, Towler MR. Effect of TiO2 doping on degradation rate, microstructure and strength of borate bioactive glass scaffolds. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2020; 107:110351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Xiong Y, Yan C, Chen L, Endo Y, Sun Y, Zhou W, Hu Y, Hu L, Chen D, Xue H, Mi B, Liu G. IL-10 induces MC3T3-E1 cells differentiation towards osteoblastic fate in murine model. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1076-1086. [PMID: 31755174 PMCID: PMC6933380 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) displays well‐documented anti‐inflammatory effects, but its effects on osteoblast differentiation have not been investigated. In this study, we found IL‐10 negatively regulates microRNA‐7025‐5p (miR‐7025‐5p), the down‐regulation of which enhances osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, through luciferase reporter assays, we found evidence that insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is a miR‐7025‐5p target gene that positively regulates osteoblast differentiation. In vivo studies indicated that the pre‐injection of IL‐10 leads to increased bone formation, while agomiR‐7025‐5p injection delays fracture healing. Taken together, these results indicate that IL‐10 induces osteoblast differentiation via regulation of the miR‐7025‐5p/IGF1R axis. IL‐10 therefore represents a promising therapeutic strategy to promote fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenchen Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yori Endo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqiang Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangcong Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bobin Mi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Kang J, Choi YJ, Seo BY, Jo U, Park SI, Kim YH, Park KH. A Selective FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 suppresses RANKL/M-CSF/OPG-dependent ostoclastogenesis and breast cancer growth in the metastatic bone microenvironment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8726. [PMID: 31217507 PMCID: PMC6584658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45278-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signalling contributes to progression and metastasis of many types of cancers including breast cancer. Accordingly, FGFR targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are currently under development. However, the efficacy of FGFR TKIs in the bone microenvironment where breast cancer cells most frequently metastasize and also where FGFR is biologically active, has not been clearly investigated. We investigated the FGFR-mediated interactions among cancer and the bone microenvironment stromal cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts), and also the effects of FGFR inhibition in bone metastasis. We showed that addition of culture supernatant from the MDA-MB-134-VI FGFR-amplified breast cancer cells-activated FGFR siganalling in osteoblasts, including increased expression of RANKL, M-CSF, and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Further in vitro analyses showed that AZD4547, an FGFR TKI currently in clinical trials for breast cancer, decreased RANKL and M-CSF, and subsequently RANKL and M-CSF-dependent osteoclastogenesis of murine bone marrow monocytes. Moreover, AZD4547 suppressed osteoclastogenesis and tumor-induced osteolysis in an orthotopic breast cancer bone metastasis mouse model using FGFR non-amplified MDA-MB-231 cells. Collectively, our results support that FGFR inhibitors inhibit the bone microenvironment stromal cells including osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and effectively suppress both tumor and stromal compartments of bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kang
- The BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Choi
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Seo
- The BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ukhyun Jo
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Serk In Park
- The BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yeul Hong Kim
- The BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Hwa Park
- The BK21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Abstract
Current methods for diagnosis of bone healing after treatment of trauma injuries rely on clinical findings and the use of imaging methodologies that provide conclusive results but only at mid/long-term post-intervention. In this Perspective we present and discuss incipient evidence on biomarkers that may serve for monitoring the progression of bone healing as well as predicting eventual nonunion outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chaverri
- Hospital ASEPEYO Sant Cugat, Avinguda Alcalde Barnils, 54-60, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08174 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Vives
- Servei de Teràpia Cel·lular, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat, 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 129-139, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.,Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 129-139, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Abstract
Therapeutic molecules can be classified as low-, middle- and high-molecular weight drugs depending on their molecular masses. Antibodies represent high-molecular weight drugs and their clinical applications have been developing rapidly. Aptamers, on the other hand, are middle-molecular weight molecules that are short, single-stranded nucleic acid sequences that are selected in vitro from large oligonucleotide libraries based on their high affinity to a target molecule. Hence, aptamers can be thought of as a nucleic acid analog to antibodies. However, several viewpoints hold that the potential of aptamers arises from interesting characteristics that are distinct from, or in some cases, superior to those of antibodies. Recently, therapeutic middle molecules gain considerable attention as protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors. This review summarizes the recent achievements in aptamer development in our laboratory in terms of PPI and non-PPI inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Nakamura
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; RIBOMIC Inc., Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan.
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11
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Xiao L, Dudley AC. Fine-tuning vascular fate during endothelial-mesenchymal transition. J Pathol 2016; 241:25-35. [PMID: 27701751 DOI: 10.1002/path.4814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the heart and other organs, endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has emerged as an important developmental process that involves coordinated migration, differentiation, and proliferation of the endothelium. In multiple disease states including cancer angiogenesis and cardiovascular disease, the processes that regulate EndMT are recapitulated, albeit in an uncoordinated and dysregulated manner. Members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily are well known to impart cellular plasticity during EndMT by the timely activation (or repression) of transcription factors and miRNAs in addition to epigenetic regulation of gene expression. On the other hand, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are reported to augment or oppose TGFβ-driven EndMT in specific contexts. Here, we have synthesized the currently understood roles of TGFβ and FGF signalling during EndMT and have provided a new, comprehensive paradigm that delineates how an autocrine and paracrine TGFβ/FGF axis coordinates endothelial cell specification and plasticity. We also provide new guidelines and nomenclature that considers factors such as endothelial cell heterogeneity to better define EndMT across different vascular beds. This perspective should therefore help to clarify why TGFβ and FGF can both cooperate with or oppose one another during the complex process of EndMT in both health and disease. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew C Dudley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Emily Couric Cancer Center, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
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12
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Jin L, Nonaka Y, Miyakawa S, Fujiwara M, Nakamura Y. Dual Therapeutic Action of a Neutralizing Anti-FGF2 Aptamer in Bone Disease and Bone Cancer Pain. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1974-1986. [PMID: 27506449 PMCID: PMC5154475 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) plays a crucial role in bone remodeling and disease progression. However, the potential of FGF2 antagonists for treatment of patients with bone diseases has not yet been explored. Therefore, we generated a novel RNA aptamer, APT-F2, specific for human FGF2 and characterized its properties in vitro and in vivo. APT-F2 blocked binding of FGF2 to each of its four cellular receptors, inhibited FGF2-induced downstream signaling and cells proliferation, and restored osteoblast differentiation blocked by FGF2. APT-F2P, a PEGylated form of APT-F2, effectively blocked the bone disruption in mouse and rat models of arthritis and osteoporosis. Treatment with APT-F2P also exerted a strong analgesic effect, equivalent to morphine, in a mouse model of bone cancer pain. These findings demonstrated dual therapeutic action of APT-F2P in bone diseases and pain, providing a promising approach to the treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Ribomic Inc., Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Hung IH, Schoenwolf GC, Lewandoski M, Ornitz DM. A combined series of Fgf9 and Fgf18 mutant alleles identifies unique and redundant roles in skeletal development. Dev Biol 2016; 411:72-84. [PMID: 26794256 PMCID: PMC4801039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is a critical regulator of skeletal development. Fgf9 and Fgf18 are the only FGF ligands with identified functions in embryonic bone growth. Mice lacking Fgf9 or Fgf18 have distinct skeletal phenotypes; however, the extent of overlapping or redundant functions for these ligands and the stage-specific contributions of FGF signaling to chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are not known. To identify separate versus shared roles for FGF9 and FGF18, we generated a combined series of Fgf9 and Fgf18 null alleles. Analysis of embryos lacking alleles of Fgf9 and Fgf18 shows that both encoded ligands function redundantly to control all stages of skeletogenesis; however, they have variable potencies along the proximodistal limb axis, suggesting gradients of activity during formation of the appendicular skeleton. Congenital absence of both Fgf9 and Fgf18 results in a striking osteochondrodysplasia and revealed functions for FGF signaling in early proximal limb chondrogenesis. Additional defects were also noted in craniofacial bones, vertebrae, and ribs. Loss of alleles of Fgf9 and Fgf18 also affect the expression of genes encoding other key intrinsic skeletal regulators, including IHH, PTHLH (PTHrP), and RUNX2, revealing potential direct, indirect, and compensatory mechanisms to coordinate chondrogenesis and osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene H Hung
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States; Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, United States; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Gary C Schoenwolf
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, United States
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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14
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Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling pathway has been the focus of intense genetic and functional research for several decades. The emerging data implicate FGF signalling in diverse regulatory processes, both in the developing embryo as well as in the adult organism. Alterations in this tightly regulated pathway can lead to a number of pathological conditions, ranging from well-recognized congenital disorders to cancer. In order to mediate their cellular processes, FGFs signal through a subfamily of tyrosine kinase receptors, called FGF receptors (FGFRs). In humans, four FGFRs are described, and, to date, mutations in FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 have been shown to underlie human developmental disorders. FGFs/FGFRs are known to be key players in both endochondral and intramembranous bone development. In this review, we focus on the major developmental craniofacial and skeletal disorders which result from altered FGF signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Moosa
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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15
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Saghiri MA, Orangi J, Asatourian A, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Functional role of inorganic trace elements in angiogenesis part III: (Ti, Li, Ce, As, Hg, Va, Nb and Pb). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 98:290-301. [PMID: 26638864 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many essential elements exist in nature with significant influence on human health. Angiogenesis is vital in developmental, repair, and regenerative processes, and its aberrant regulation contributes to pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer. Thus, it is of great importance to explore the role of these elements in such a vital process. This is third in a series of reviews that serve as an overview of the role of inorganic elements in regulation of angiogenesis and vascular function. Here we will review the roles of titanium, lithium, cerium, arsenic, mercury, vanadium, niobium, and lead in these processes. The roles of other inorganic elements in angiogenesis were discussed in part I (N, Fe, Se, P, Au, and Ca) and part II (Cr, Si, Zn, Cu, and S) of these series. The methods of exposure, structure, mechanisms, and potential activities of these elements are briefly discussed. An electronic search was performed on the role of these elements in angiogenesis from January 2005 to April 2014. These elements can promote and/or inhibit angiogenesis through different mechanisms. The anti-angiogenic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles comes from the inhibition of angiogenic processes, and not from its toxicity. Lithium affects vasculogenesis but not angiogenesis. Nanoceria treatment inhibited tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis. Vanadium treatment inhibited cell proliferation and induced cytotoxic effects through interactions with DNA. The negative impact of mercury on endothelial cell migration and tube formation activities was dose and time dependent. Lead induced IL-8 production, which is known to promote tumor angiogenesis. Thus, understanding the impact of these elements on angiogenesis will help in development of new modalities to modulate angiogenesis under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Saghiri
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Angiogenesis and Regenerative Group, Dr. H. Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Jafar Orangi
- Angiogenesis and Regenerative Group, Dr. H. Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Armen Asatourian
- Angiogenesis and Regenerative Group, Dr. H. Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Müller WEG, Tolba E, Schröder HC, Diehl-Seifert B, Wang X. Retinol encapsulated into amorphous Ca(2+) polyphosphate nanospheres acts synergistically in MC3T3-E1 cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 93:214-23. [PMID: 25900862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both the quality and quantity of collagen, the major structural component of the skin, decrease in aging skin. We succeeded to encapsulate retinol into amorphous inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) nanoparticles together with calcium ions ("aCa-polyP-NP"), under formation of amorphous Ca-polyP/retinol nanospheres ("retinol/aCa-polyP-NS"). The globular nanospheres are not cytotoxic, show an almost uniform size of ≈ 45 nm and have a retinol content of around 25%. Both components of those nanospheres, retinol and the aCa-polyP-NP, if administered together, caused a strong increase in proliferation of mouse calvaria MC3T3 cells. The expressions of collagen types I, II and III genes, but not the expression of collagen type V gene, were significantly enhanced if retinol is added together with aCa-polyP-NP. This synergistic effect was especially pronounced for the expression of the collagen type III gene. We propose that the synergistic effect of the retinol/aCa-polyP-NS on cell growth and collagen type III expression is induced via two routes, first through cellular uptake of the 45 nm nanospheres by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and second through extracellular disintegration of the nanospheres resulting in the release of retinol which is then taken up into the cells after binding to the retinal binding protein receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Emad Tolba
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; Biomaterials Department, Inorganic Chemical Industries Division, National Research Center, Doki, 11884 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been recommended for various uses in endodontics. To understand the effects of MTA on alveolar bone, we examined whether MTA induces osteoblastic differentiation using MC3T3-E1 cells. MTA enhanced mineralization concomitant with alkaline phosphatase activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. MTA increased production of collagens (Type I and Type III) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9 and MMP-13), suggesting that MTA affects bone matrix remodeling. MTA also induced Bglap (osteocalcin) but not Bmp2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2) mRNA expression. We observed induction of Atf6 (activating transcription factor 6, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response transcription factor) mRNA expression and activation of Atf6 by MTA treatment. Forced expression of p50Atf6 (active form of Atf6) markedly enhanced Bglap mRNA expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was performed to investigate the increase in p50Atf6 binding to the Bglap promoter region by MTA treatment. Furthermore, knockdown of Atf6 gene expression by introduction of Tet-on Atf6 shRNA expression vector abrogated MTA-induced mineralization. These results suggest that MTA induces in vitro osteoblastogenesis through the Atf6–osteocalcin axis as ER stress signaling. Therefore, MTA in endodontic treatment may affect alveolar bone healing in the resorbed region caused by pulpal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyonobu Maeda
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama 963-8611, Japan
| | - Atsuko Suzuki
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama 963-8611, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yuzawa
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama 963-8611, Japan
| | - Yuh Baba
- Department of General Clinical Medicine, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama 963-8611, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kimura
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama 963-8611, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kato
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama 963-8611, Japan
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18
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Song J, Leeuwenburgh SC. Sustained delivery of biomolecules from gelatin carriers for applications in bone regeneration. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:943-58. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Local delivery of therapeutic biomolecules to stimulate bone regeneration has matured considerably during the past decades, but control over the release of these biomolecules still remains a major challenge. To this end, suitable carriers that allow for tunable spatial and temporal delivery of biomolecules need to be developed. Gelatin is one of the most widely used natural polymers for the controlled and sustained delivery of biomolecules because of its biodegradability, biocompatibility, biosafety and cost–effectiveness. The current study reviews the applications of gelatin as carriers in form of bulk hydrogels, microspheres, nanospheres, colloidal gels and composites for the programmed delivery of commonly used biomolecules for applications in bone regeneration with a specific focus on the relationship between carrier properties and delivery characteristics.
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19
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), a member of the FGF family, positively regulates bone formation and osteoblast differentiation. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is highly expressed during early bone formation and may play a role in primary mineralization of bone. In the present study, FGF2 (10 ng/mL) was found to increase the levels of Runx2 and BSP mRNA at 3 and 12 h in human osteoblast-like Saos2 cells. Transient transfection assays were performed using chimeric constructs of the human BSP gene promoter ligated with a luciferase reporter gene. FGF2 (10 ng/mL, 12 h) induced the luciferase activities of the -84LUC and -927LUC constructs in Saos2 cells. The results of gel shift assays showed that FGF2 (10 ng/mL) increased the binding of nuclear protein to the FGF2 response element (FRE) and the activator protein 1 (AP1) binding site. Antibodies against Dlx5, Msx2, Runx2 and Smad1 blocked FRE-protein complex formation, and antibodies against CREB1, c-Jun and Fra2 interrupted AP1-protein complex formation. These results indicate that FGF2 increases BSP transcription by targeting the FRE and AP1 elements in the proximal promoter of the human BSP gene. Moreover, the transcription factors Dlx5, Msx2, Runx2, Smad1, CREB1, c-Jun and Fra2 could be key regulators of the effects of FGF2 on human BSP transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhou
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
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20
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Abstract
In vertebrates, most of the skeleton is formed through endochondral ossification. Endochondral bone formation is a complex process involving the mesenchymal condensation of undifferentiated cells, the proliferation of chondrocytes and their differentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes, and mineralization. This process is tightly regulated by various factors including transcription factors, soluble mediators, extracellular matrices, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Defects of these factors often lead to skeletal dysplasias and short stature. Moreover, there is growing evidence that epigenetic and microRNA-mediated mechanisms also play critical roles in chondrogenesis. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the regulators for the development of growth plate cartilage and their molecular mechanisms of action. A knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes will provide insights into future therapeutic options for skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan,
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21
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Agas D, Sabbieti MG, Marchetti L, Xiao L, Hurley MM. FGF-2 enhances Runx-2/Smads nuclear localization in BMP-2 canonical signaling in osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2149-58. [PMID: 23559326 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is one of the most potent regulators of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. R-Smads (Smads 1/5/8) are the major transducers for BMPs receptors and, once activated, they are translocated in the nucleus regulating transcription target genes by interacting with various transcription factors. Runx-2 proteins have been shown to interact through their C-terminal segment with Smads and this interaction is required for in vivo osteogenesis. In particular, recruitment of Smads to intranuclear sites is Runx-2 dependent, and Runx-2 factor may accommodate the dynamic targeting of signal transducer to active transcription sites. Previously, we have shown, by in vitro and in vivo experiments, that BMP-2 up-regulated FGF-2 which is important for the maximal responses of BMP-2 in bone. In this study, we found that endogenous FGF2 is necessary for BMP-2 induced nuclear accumulation and co-localization of Runx-2 and phospho-Smads1/5/8, while Runx/Smads nuclear accumulation and co-localization was reduced in Fgf2-/- osteoblasts. Based on these novel data, we conclude that the impaired nuclear accumulation of Runx-2 in Fgf2-/- osteoblasts reduces R-Smads sub-nuclear targeting with a consequent decreased expression of differentiating markers and impaired bone formation in Fgf2 null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Macerata, Italy
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22
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Kuhn LT, Ou G, Charles L, Hurley MM, Rodner CM, Gronowicz G. Fibroblast growth factor-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 have a synergistic stimulatory effect on bone formation in cell cultures from elderly mouse and human bone. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68:1170-80. [PMID: 23531867 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined regimens of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were investigated to stimulate osteogenic differentiation. In young mouse calvaria-derived cells, FGF-2 (0.16ng/mL) in combination with BMP-2 (50ng/mL) did not enhance mineralization, but in old mouse cells it resulted in more mineralization than BMP-2 alone. In young long bone mouse cultures, FGF-2 enhanced mineralization relative to BMP-2 alone, but in old cultures, lower dose of FGF-2 (0.016ng/mL) was necessary. In neonatal mouse calvarial cells, sequential delivery of low-dose FGF-2 and low-dose BMP-2 (5ng/mL) was more stimulatory than co-delivery. In young human cultures, 0.016ng/mL of FGF-2 did not enhance mineralization, in combination with 5ng/mL of BMP-2, but in older cultures, codelivery of FGF-2 and BMP-2 was superior to BMP-2 alone. In conclusion, BMP-2 treatment alone was sufficient for maximal mineralization in young osteoblast cultures. However, coadministration of FGF-2 and BMP-2 increases mineralization more than BMP-2 alone in cultures from old and young mouse long bones and old humans but not in young mouse calvarial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa T Kuhn
- Department of Surgery MC-3105, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3105.
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23
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Sasaki N, Nishii S, Yamada K, Huruoka H, Tabata Y. Effect of Gelatin Hydrogel Sheet Containing Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor on Proximal Sesamoid Bone Transverse Fracture Healing in the Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2013; 33:210-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Bone microenvironment is a complex dynamic equilibrium between osteoclasts and osteoblasts and is modulated by a wide variety of hormones and osteocyte mediators secreted in response to physiological and pathological conditions. The rate of remodeling involves tight coupling and regulation of both cells population and is regulated by a wide variety of hormones and mediators such as parathyroid hormone, prostaglandins, thyroid hormone, sex steroids, etc. It is also well documented that bone formation is easily influenced by the exposure of osteoblasts and osteoclasts to chemical compounds. Currently, humans and wildlife animals are exposed to various environmental xenoestrogens typically at low doses. These compounds, known as endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs), can alter the systemic hormonal regulation of the bone remodeling process and the skeletal formation. This review highlights the effects of the EDCs on mammalian bone turnover and development providing a macro and molecular view of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
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25
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Fei Y, Hurley MM. Role of fibroblast growth factor 2 and Wnt signaling in anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone on bone formation. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3539-45. [PMID: 22378151 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis poses enormous health and economic burden worldwide. One of the very few anabolic agents for osteoporosis is parathyroid hormone (PTH). Although great progress has been made since the FDA approved PTH in 2002, the detailed mechanisms of the bone anabolic effects of intermittent PTH treatment is still not well understood. PTH bone anabolic effect is regulated by extracellular factors. Maximal bone anabolic effect of PTH requires fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) signaling, which might be mediated by transcription factor activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Maximal bone anabolic effect of PTH also requires Wnt signaling. Particularly, Wnt antagonists such as sclerostin, dickkopf 1 (DKK1) and secreted frizzled related protein 1 (sFRP1) are promising targets to increase bone formation. Interestingly, FGF2 signaling modulates Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in bone. Therefore, multiple signaling pathways utilized by PTH are cross talking and working together to promote bone formation. Extensive studies on the mechanisms of action of PTH will help to identify new pathways that regulate bone formation, to improve available agents to stimulate bone formation, and to identify potential new anabolic agents for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Fei
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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26
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Li B, Qu C, Chen C, Liu Y, Akiyama K, Yang R, Chen F, Zhao Y, Shi S. Basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth through ERK signaling. Oral Dis 2011; 18:285-92. [PMID: 22151351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are a unique postnatal stem cell population capable of regenerating mineralized tissue and treating immune disorders. However, the mechanism that controls SHED differentiation is not fully understood. Here, we showed that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) treatment attenuated SHED-mediated mineralized tissue regeneration through activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathway. MATERIAL AND METHOD The level of mineralized nodule formation was assessed by alizarin red staining. Expression levels of osteogenic genes, osteocalcin and runt-related transcription factor 2, were examined by RT-PCR. Subcutaneous implantation approach was used to assess in vivo bone formation. Downstream signaling pathways of bFGF were examined by Western blotting. RESULT Activation of ERK1/2 signaling by bFGF treatment inhibited WNT/β-catenin pathway, leading to osteogenic deficiency of SHED. ERK1/2 inhibitor treatment rescued bFGF-induced osteogenic differentiation deficiency. CONCLUSION These data suggest that bFGF inhibits osteogenic differentiation of SHED via ERK1/2 pathway. Blockade ERK1/2 signaling by small molecular inhibitor treatment improves bone formation of SHED after bFGF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
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27
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Fei Y, Xiao L, Doetschman T, Coffin DJ, Hurley MM. Fibroblast growth factor 2 stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation is mediated by modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40575-83. [PMID: 21987573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) positively modulates osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. However, the mechanism(s) is not fully understood. Because the Wnt canonical pathway is important for bone homeostasis, this study focuses on modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling using Fgf2(-/-) mice (FGF2 all isoforms ablated), both in the absence of endogenous FGF2 and in the presence of exogenous FGF2. This study demonstrates a role of endogenous FGF2 in bone formation through Wnt signaling. Specifically, mRNA expression for the canonical Wnt genes Wnt10b, Lrp6, and β-catenin was decreased significantly in Fgf2(-/-) bone marrow stromal cells during osteoblast differentiation. In addition, a marked reduction of Wnt10b and β-catenin protein expression was observed in Fgf2(-/-) mice. Furthermore, Fgf2(-/-) osteoblasts displayed marked reduction of inactive phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β, a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin pathway as well as a significant decrease of Dkk2 mRNA, which plays a role in terminal osteoblast differentiation. Addition of exogenous FGF2 promoted β-catenin nuclear accumulation and further partially rescued decreased mineralization in Fgf2(-/-) bone marrow stromal cell cultures. Collectively, our findings suggest that FGF2 stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation is mediated in part by modulating the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Fei
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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28
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Nakajima KI, Kanno Y, Nakamura M, Gao XD, Kawamura A, Itoh F, Ishisaki A. Bovine milk lactoferrin induces synthesis of the angiogenic factors VEGF and FGF2 in osteoblasts via the p44/p42 MAP kinase pathway. Biometals 2011; 24:847-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Kizhner T, Ben-David D, Rom E, Yayon A, Livne E. Effects of FGF2 and FGF9 on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived progenitors. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 47:294-301. [PMID: 21359818 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-011-9390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone repair is a major concern in reconstructive surgery. Transplants containing osteogenically committed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provide an alternative source to the currently used autologous bone transplants which have limited supply and require additional surgery to the patient. A major drawback, however is the lack of a critical mass of cells needed for successful transplantation. The purpose of the present study was to test the effects of FGF2 and FGF9 on expansion and differentiation of MSCs in order to establish an optimal culture protocol resulting in sufficient committed osteogenic cells required for successful in vivo transplantation. Bone marrow-derived MSCs cultured in αMEM medium supplemented with osteogenic supplements for up to three passages (control medium), were additionally treated with FGF2 and FGF9 in various combinations. Cultures were evaluated for viability, calcium deposition and in vivo osteogenic capacity by testing subcutaneous transplants in nude mice. FGF2 had a positive effect on the proliferative capacity of cultured MSCs compared to FGF9 and control medium treated cultures. Cultures treated with FGF2 followed by FGF9 showed an increased amount of extracted Alizarin red indicating greater osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, the osteogenic capacity of cultured cells transplanted in immunodeficient mice revealed that cells that were subjected to treatment with FGF2 in the first two passages and subsequently to FGF9 in the last passage only, were more successful in forming new bone. It is concluded that the protocol using FGF2 prior to FGF9 is beneficial to cell expansion and commitment, resulting in higher in vivo bone formation for successful bone tissue engineering.
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30
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Ou G, Charles L, Matton S, Rodner C, Hurley M, Kuhn L, Gronowicz G. Fibroblast growth factor-2 stimulates the proliferation of mesenchyme-derived progenitor cells from aging mouse and human bone. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:1051-9. [PMID: 20643704 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) to stimulate osteoprogenitors in aging bone was investigated. Previous work showed a decrease in bone formation in cell cultures derived from bone of elderly female patients, but not in cells from age-matched male or younger female patients, with transforming growth factor β increasing bone formation but not increasing osteoprogenitors. In the present study, FGF-2 was shown to significantly stimulate, in a dose-dependent manner, proliferation of mesenchyme-derived progenitor cells from bones of young and old mouse and humans. In proliferation assays, human cells were more responsive to lower concentrations (0.0016 ng/mL) of FGF-2 than mouse cells, but proliferation was less in cells from older bone. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that FGF-2 increased and prevented the decline in cells expressing activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule, a novel marker for early lineage osteoblasts, but not α-smooth muscle actin. FGF-2 may have therapeutic potential for stimulating osteoblast progenitors in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Ou
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030-3105, USA
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Raines AL, Olivares-Navarrete R, Wieland M, Cochran DL, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Regulation of angiogenesis during osseointegration by titanium surface microstructure and energy. Biomaterials 2010; 31:4909-17. [PMID: 20356623 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rough titanium (Ti) surface microarchitecture and high surface energy have been shown to increase osteoblast differentiation, and this response occurs through signaling via the alpha(2)beta(1) integrin. However, clinical success of implanted materials is dependent not only upon osseointegration but also on neovascularization in the peri-implant bone. Here we tested the hypothesis that Ti surface microtopography and energy interact via alpha(2)beta(1) signaling to regulate the expression of angiogenic growth factors. Primary human osteoblasts (HOB), MG63 cells and MG63 cells silenced for alpha(2) integrin were cultured on Ti disks with different surface microtopographies and energies. Secreted levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) were measured. VEGF-A increased 170% and 250% in MG63 cultures, and 178% and 435% in HOB cultures on SLA and modSLA substrates, respectively. In MG63 cultures, FGF-2 levels increased 20 and 40-fold while EGF increased 4 and 6-fold on SLA and modSLA surfaces. These factors were undetectable in HOB cultures. Ang-1 levels were unchanged on all surfaces.Media from modSLA MG63 cultures induced more rapid differentiation of endothelial cells and this effect was inhibited by anti-VEGF-A antibodies. Treatment of MG63 cells with 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D3 enhanced levels of VEGF-A on SLA and modSLA.Silencing the alpha(2) integrin subunit increased VEGF-A levels and decreased FGF-2 levels. These results show that Ti surface microtopography and energy modulate secretion of angiogenic growth factors by osteoblasts and that this regulation is mediated at least partially via alpha(2)beta(1) integrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Raines
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Estrin Y, Kasper C, Diederichs S, Lapovok R. Accelerated growth of preosteoblastic cells on ultrafine grained titanium. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:1239-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Parker T, Upton Z, Leavesley D. Vitronectin Modulates Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Response to Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 in a Serum-free Environment. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:1415-26. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Parker
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zee Upton
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Leavesley
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
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Pagel CN, Song SJ, Loh LH, Tudor EM, Murray-Rust TA, Pike RN, Mackie EJ. Thrombin-stimulated growth factor and cytokine expression in osteoblasts is mediated by protease-activated receptor-1 and prostanoids. Bone 2009; 44:813-21. [PMID: 19442625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin exerts multiple effects upon osteoblasts including stimulating proliferation, and inhibiting osteoblast differentiation and apoptosis. Some of these effects are believed to be mediated by the synthesis and secretion of autocrine factors such as growth factors and cytokines. Many but not all cellular responses to thrombin are mediated by members of the protease-activated receptor (PAR) family of G protein-coupled receptors. The current study was undertaken to investigate the nature of thrombin's induction of autocrine factors by analysing the expression of twelve candidate genes in thrombin-stimulated primary mouse osteoblasts. Analysis by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that thrombin induced transforming growth factor beta, cyclooxygenase-2, tenascin C, fibroblast growth factor-1 and -2, connective tissue growth factor and interleukin-6 expression in wild type osteoblasts, but not PAR-1 null mouse osteoblasts. Induction of all the thrombin-responsive genes was blocked by the presence of the non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. Further studies were conducted on interleukin-6, which was the gene that showed the greatest increase in expression following stimulation of osteoblast-like cells with thrombin. A PAR-1-specific activating peptide, but neither a PAR-4-activating peptide nor catalytically inactive thrombin induced release of interleukin-6 by osteoblasts. Furthermore, in the presence of the selective cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 inhibitors SC-560 and NS-398 thrombin-induced interleukin-6 release was prevented. Levels of both prostaglandin E(2) and interleukin-6 in medium conditioned by thrombin-stimulated osteoblast-like cells were found to be significantly increased compared to medium conditioned by non-stimulated cells, however release of prostaglandin E(2) was found to precede release of interleukin-6. Treatment of isolated osteoblast-like cells with a number of synthetic prostanoids stimulated secretion of interleukin-6 with differing potencies. These studies suggest that activation of PAR-1 on osteoblasts by thrombin induces cyclooxygenase activity, which in turn results in the increased expression of multiple secreted factors. The induction of these secreted factors may act in an autocrine fashion to alter osteoblast function, allowing these cells to participate in the earliest stages of bone healing by both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Pagel
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Kerimoğlu S, Livaoğlu M, Sönmez B, Yuluğ E, Aynacı O, Topbas M, Yarar S. Effects of Human Amniotic Fluid on Fracture Healing in Rat Tibia. J Surg Res 2009; 152:281-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cenni E, Perut F, Ciapetti G, Savarino L, Dallari D, Cenacchi A, Stagni C, Giunti A, Fornasari PM, Baldini N. In vitro evaluation of freeze-dried bone allografts combined with platelet rich plasma and human bone marrow stromal cells for tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2009; 20:45-50. [PMID: 18668210 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-008-3544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA) might be more effective in combination with platelet rich plasma (PRP) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) in accelerating bone healing. The isolation of BMSC through density gradient (pBMSC) is not extensively applicable in clinical practice, because it increases the risk of infection. Alternatively, BMSC can be concentrated by simple centrifugation (wBMSC) directly in the operating room. However, we do not know if wBMSC act in the same way as pBMSC. BMSC from 10 donors were tested whether, in the presence of a combination of FDBA and autologous PRP, the osteogenic differentiation of the cells concentrated by simple centrifugation (wBMSC + FDBA + PRP) was similar to that of pBMSC. Cell-associated alkaline phosphatase, osterix and fibroblast growth factor-2 were higher in wBMSC + FDBA + PRP. In conclusion, the combination of FDBA and PRP had a favouring effect on the differentiation towards osteoblasts and allowed BMSC concentrated by simple centrifugation to differentiate as fast as BMSC purified by density gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Cenni
- Laboratory for Pathophysiology of Orthopaedic Implants, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
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Takechi M, Tatehara S, Satomura K, Fujisawa K, Nagayama M. Effect of FGF-2 and melatonin on implant bone healing: a histomorphometric study. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2008; 19:2949-2952. [PMID: 18360797 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-008-3416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin influences the release of growth hormone and cortisol in humans, and it was recently reported that it promoted bone formation. On the other hand, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) was reported to facilitate the proliferation of osteoblasts. In the present study, we examined the effect of recombinant human FGF-2 and melatonin on the promotion of osteogenesis around titanium implants. Twenty-four 10-week-old female rats of the Wistar strain received titanium implants in both tibiae. In the experimental groups, 100 mg/kg body weight of melatonin was administered by intraperitoneal injection for 4 weeks after implantation and 10 microg of FGF-2 was locally injected around the implant sites 5 days after implantation. The control groups were administered saline only. In the control group, few newly formed bone could be seen around the implants. It was observed to be in direct contact with the implant surface, but otherwise unmineralized connective tissue was occasionally interposed. In the experimental group, newly formed bone was observed around the titanium implant. In addition, in contrast to the control group, abundant bone trabeculae were seen in the medullary canal region. Bone trabeculae were directly connected to existing cortical bone. These results strongly suggested that melatonin and FGF-2 have the potential to promote osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Takechi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Cervico Gnathostomatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3 Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
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Coussens AK, Hughes IP, Wilkinson CR, Morris CP, Anderson PJ, Powell BC, van Daal A. Identification of genes differentially expressed by prematurely fused human sutures using a novel in vivo – in vitro approach. Differentiation 2008; 76:531-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Nakajima R, Yamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takano M, Kasai K. Effects of compression force on fibroblast growth factor-2 and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand production by periodontal ligament cells in vitro. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:168-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cabiling DS, Kim E, Yan D, Jacob S, Nah HD, Kirschner RE. Differential effects of TGF-beta isoforms on murine fetal dural cells and calvarial osteoblasts. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120:614-624. [PMID: 17700112 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000270292.89388.a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins within the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta family play a central role in both normal and pathologic calvarial morphogenesis. Previous work has suggested differential functions of the TGF-beta isoforms in these processes. Little is known, however, about effects of TGF-betas on the underlying dura. Furthermore, studies on the effects of TGF-beta isoforms on osteoblasts have been conflicting. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of TGF-beta isoforms, specifically TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3, on fetal calvarial osteoblast and dural cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. METHODS Primary cultures of fetal calvarial osteoblasts and dural cells were established from embryonic day-18 CD-1 mice. Cells were treated for 48 hours with TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta3. Northern blot analysis, cell counts, and apoptosis assays were performed. RESULTS In dural cells, TGF-beta1 stimulated the expression of early osteodifferentiation genes and resulted in a slight decrease in cell number and no effect on apoptosis. Similar results were observed in osteoblasts. TGF-beta3 had little or no effect on the genes studied in both cell types but resulted in increased apoptosis and concomitant decreases in cell number in both cell types. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that dural cells respond to TGF-beta and that this response is isoform-specific. TGF-beta1 stimulates osteodifferentiation of previously uncommitted cells in the dura. It also stimulates early events in bone matrix deposition and has little effect on late markers of bone differentiation in osteoblasts and dural cells. Both isoforms result in decreases in cell number. TGF-beta3 results in greater decreases in cell number and isoform-specific stimulation of apoptosis in both dural cells and calvarial osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Cabiling
- Philadelphia, Pa. From the Department of Surgery and Division of Plastic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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Nakajima F, Nakajima A, Ogasawara A, Moriya H, Yamazaki M. Effects of a single percutaneous injection of basic fibroblast growth factor on the healing of a closed femoral shaft fracture in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int 2007; 81:132-8. [PMID: 17638037 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-007-9048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, bioactive agents to stimulate bone formation have been available in the orthopedic field. We have shown previously that a single, local injection of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) contributes to the formation of a larger cartilage (soft callus) but does not promote replacement of the cartilage by osseous tissue during experimental closed femoral fracture healing. Aiming at a clinical application, the present study was undertaken to clarify the effects of locally injected bFGF on bone (hard callus) formation and the mechanical properties of the callus in closed fracture healing in rats. Immediately after fracture, a carrier (200 muL of fibrin gel) containing 100 mug of bFGF or carrier alone was applied to the fracture site. At days 42 and 56 postfracture, the bone union rate, bone mineral density (BMD), and mechanical properties (strength and stiffness) of the callus were evaluated. Unexpectedly, with the exception of reduced stiffness in the FGF-injected callus at day 56, none of these parameters showed a significant difference between the control and the FGF-injected groups. Furthermore, the temporal expression pattern of OPN mRNA during healing was very similar between groups. We conclude that, in the healing of closed fractures of long bones, administration of bFGF forms a larger callus but does not necessarily accelerate the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitake Nakajima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
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Park SJ, Kim SJ, Rhee Y, Byun JH, Kim SH, Kim MH, Lee EJ, Lim SK. Fidgetin-like 1 gene inhibited by basic fibroblast growth factor regulates the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:889-96. [PMID: 17352653 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The FIGNL1 gene was proven to be a new subfamily member of ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA proteins). In this in vitro study, the AAA proteins inhibited osteoblast proliferation and stimulated osteoblast differentiation. We showed that FIGNL1 may play some regulatory role in osteoblastogenesis. INTRODUCTION The fidgetin-like 1 (FIGNL1) gene encodes a new subfamily member of ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA proteins). Although the FIGNL1 protein localizes to both the nucleus and cytoplasm, the function of FIGNL1 remains unknown. In a previous study, we identified several genes that mediate the anabolic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on bone by using microarray data. FIGNL1 was one of the genes that downregulated >2-fold in MC3T3-E1 cells after treatment with bFGF. Therefore, this study was aimed to identify and confirm the function of FIGNL1 on osteoblastogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the effect of the FIGNL1 gene on proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in mouse osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1 and mouse primary calvarial cells) using flow cytometry, RT-PCR, cell proliferation assay, and cell death assay. MC3T3-E1 cells and mouse calvarial cells were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against the FIGNL1 or nontargeting control siRNA and examined by cell proliferation and cell death assays. Also, FIGNL1 was fused to enhance green fluorescent protein (EGFP), and the EGFP-fused protein was transiently expressed in MC3T3-E1 cells. RESULTS Reduced expression of FIGNL1 by bFGF and TGF-beta1 treatment was verified by RT-PCR analysis. Overexpression of FIGNL1 reduced the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 and calvarial cells, more than the mock transfected control cells did. In contrast, siFIGNL1 transfection significantly increased the proliferation of osteoblasts, whereas overexpression of FIGNL1 did not seem to alter apoptosis in osteoblasts. Meanwhile, overexpression of FIGNL1 enhanced the mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN) in osteoblasts. In contrast, siFIGNL1 decreased the expression of ALP and OCN. A pEGFP-FIGNL1 transfected into MCT3-E1 cells had an initially ubiquitous distribution and rapidly translocated to the nucleus 1 h after bFGF treatment. CONCLUSIONS From these results, we proposed that FIGNL1, a subfamily member of the AAA family of proteins, might play some regulatory role in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Further analyses of FIGNL1 will be needed to better delineate the mechanisms contributing to the inhibition of proliferation and stimulation of osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Park
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hung IH, Yu K, Lavine KJ, Ornitz DM. FGF9 regulates early hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation and skeletal vascularization in the developing stylopod. Dev Biol 2007; 307:300-13. [PMID: 17544391 PMCID: PMC2267922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors result in chondrodysplasia and craniosynostosis syndromes, highlighting the critical role for FGF signaling in skeletal development. Although the FGFRs involved in skeletal development have been well characterized, only a single FGF ligand, FGF18, has been identified that regulates skeletal development during embryogenesis. Here we identify Fgf9 as a second FGF ligand that is critical for skeletal development. We show that Fgf9 is expressed in the proximity of developing skeletal elements and that Fgf9-deficient mice exhibit rhizomelia (a disproportionate shortening of proximal skeletal elements), which is a prominent feature of patients with FGFR3-induced chondrodysplasia syndromes. Although Fgf9 is expressed in the apical ectodermal ridge in the limb bud, we demonstrate that the Fgf9-/- limb phenotype results from loss of FGF9 functions after formation of the mesenchymal condensation. In developing stylopod elements, FGF9 promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy at early stages and regulates vascularization of the growth plate and osteogenesis at later stages of skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene H Hung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Shimizu E, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Kato N, Takai H, Kim DS, Arai M, Saito R, Sodek J, Ogata Y. Fibroblast growth factor 2 and cyclic AMP synergistically regulate bone sialoprotein gene expression. Bone 2006; 39:42-52. [PMID: 16466682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a noncollagenous protein of the mineralized bone extracellular matrix. We here report that FGF2 and cAMP act synergistically to stimulate BSP gene expression. Treatment of ROS 17/2.8 cells with either 10 ng/ml FGF2 or 1 microM FSK for 6 h resulted in 5.4- and 8.2-fold increases, respectively, in the levels of BSP mRNA. However, in the presence of both FGF2 and forskolin (FGF/FSK), BSP mRNA levels were increased synergistically by 20.4-fold. Using a luciferase reporter construct, encompassing BSP promoter nucleotides -116 to +60, transcription was also increased synergistically by 15.0-fold with FGF/FSK, compared to stimulations of 2.6- and 5.3-fold, respectively, for FGF2 and FSK alone. Transcriptional stimulation by FGF/FSK abrogated in constructs included 2 bp mutations in the inverted CCAAT, CRE, FRE and Pit-1 elements. Whereas the FRE-protein complex was increased by FGF2 and FGF/FSK, the Pit-1-protein complex was decreased by FSK and FGF/FSK. Notably, transcriptional activity induced by FGF/FSK was blocked by protein kinase A, tyrosine kinase and MEK inhibitors. These studies indicate that the combinatorial effects of FGF and FSK act through PKA, tyrosine kinase and MAP-kinase-dependent pathways, which target the inverted CCAAT, CRE, FRE and Pit-1 elements in the BSP gene to synergistically increase BSP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Shimizu
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
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Hori M, Sawai H, Tsuji Y, Okamura H, Koyama K. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 counterregulates interleukin-18 mRNA and protein in MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblastic cells. Connect Tissue Res 2006; 47:124-32. [PMID: 16753805 DOI: 10.1080/03008200600685350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors-2 (FGF-2) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) are two of the main factors that regulate differentiation of osteoblasts. Interleukin-18 (IL-18), originally cloned as an interferon gamma-inducing factor, has been reported to inhibit maturation of osteoclasts by upregulation of osteoprotegerin secreted from osteoblasts. Little is known about the functional relationship between IL-18 and the two growth factors in osteoblast differentiation. To better understand this relationship, we analyzed the effect of BMP-2 and FGF-2 on the mRNA expression levels of IL-18, as well as IL-1alpha and IL-6, in MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblastic cells. Following this, the effects of BMP-2 on the expression of IL-18 protein and caspase-1 protein were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining analysis showed that FGF-2 had no effect on the expression of IL-18 mRNA and protein, but while BMP-2 reduced IL-18 mRNA levels, increased immunostaining of both IL-18 protein and caspase-1 protein was detected in BMP-2-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Although the significance and mechanisms of this counterregulation of IL-18 mRNA and protein were not determined in this study, the increase of IL-18 protein suggested that BMP-2 may induce an active form of IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Hori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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Abstract
TGF-beta1 is a ubiquitous growth factor that is implicated in the control of proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival of many different cell types. It influences such diverse processes as embryogenesis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and wound healing. In skeletal tissue, TGF-beta1 plays a major role in development and maintenance, affecting both cartilage and bone metabolism, the latter being the subject of this review. Because it affects both cells of the osteoblast and osteoclast lineage, TGF-beta1 is one of the most important factors in the bone environment, helping to retain the balance between the dynamic processes of bone resorption and bone formation. Many seemingly contradictory reports have been published on the exact functioning of TGF-beta1 in the bone milieu. This review provides an overall picture of the bone-specific actions of TGF-beta1 and reconciles experimental discrepancies that have been reported for this multifunctional cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Janssens
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptors (Fgfrs) are the etiology of many craniosynostosis and chondrodysplasia syndromes in humans. The phenotypes associated with these human syndromes and the phenotypes resulting from targeted mutagenesis in the mouse have defined essential roles for FGF signaling in both endochondral and intramembranous bone development. In this review, I will focus on the role of FGF signaling in chondrocytes and osteoblasts and how FGFs regulate the growth and development of endochondral bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University Medical School, Campus Box 8103, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Zuo J, Jiang J, Dolce C, Holliday LS. Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on osteoclasts and osteoclast-like cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 318:162-7. [PMID: 15110768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse marrow, which contains osteoblast and osteoclast precursors, was grown in the presence of calcitriol and/or basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). RAW 264.7 cells were differentiated into osteoclast-like cells in the presence of receptor activator of NF-kappaB-Ligand (RANK-L) and/or FGF-2. FGF-2 alone supported osteoclastogenesis in mouse marrow cultures, but not by RAW 264.7 cells alone. Although FGF-2 supported low levels of osteoclastogenesis in mouse marrow cultures, it strongly inhibited the high levels of osteoclastogenesis triggered by calcitriol. Adding excess recombinant-RANK-L to the cultures did not relieve this inhibition. After mouse marrow osteoclasts were differentiated, FGF-2 dose-dependently inhibited bone resorptive activity. FGF-2 increased the tendency of RAW 264.7 osteoclast-like cells to fuse into very large giant cells and induced reorganizations of the actin cytoskeleton in mature, RANK-L-induced RAW 264.7 osteoclast-like cells. These results suggest that FGF-2 has both direct and indirect effects on osteoclast formation and bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zuo
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida College of Dentistry, USA
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Małecki J, Wesche J, Skjerpen CS, Wiedłocha A, Olsnes S. Translocation of FGF-1 and FGF-2 across vesicular membranes occurs during G1-phase by a common mechanism. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 15:801-14. [PMID: 14657241 PMCID: PMC329394 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-08-0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The entry of exogenous fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) to the cytosolic/nuclear compartment was studied and compared with the translocation mechanism used by FGF-1. To differentiate between external and endogenous growth factor, we used FGF-2 modified to contain a farnesylation signal, a CaaX-box. Because farnesylation occurs only in the cytosol and nucleoplasm, farnesylation of exogenous FGF-2-CaaX was taken as evidence that the growth factor had translocated across cellular membranes. We found that FGF-2 translocation occurred in endothelial cells and fibroblasts, which express FGF receptors, and that the efficiency of translocation was increased in the presence of heparin. Concomitantly with translocation, the 18-kDa FGF-2 was N-terminally cleaved to yield a 16-kDa form. Translocation of FGF-2 required PI3-kinase activity but not transport through the Golgi apparatus. Inhibition of endosomal acidification did not prevent translocation, whereas dissipation of the vesicular membrane potential completely blocked it. The data indicate that translocation occurs from intracellular vesicles containing proton pumps and that an electrical potential across the vesicle membrane is required. Translocation of both FGF-1 and FGF-2 occurred during most of G(1) but decreased shortly before the G(1)-->S transition. A common mechanism for FGF-1 and FGF-2 translocation into cells is postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedrzej Małecki
- The Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
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Mathy JA, Lenton K, Nacamuli RP, Fong KD, Song HM, Fang TD, Yang GP, Longaker MT. FGF-2 stimulation affects calvarial osteoblast biology: quantitative analysis of nine genes important for cranial suture biology by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112:528-39. [PMID: 12900611 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000070729.05978.bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Appropriately timed closure of the cranial sutures is a critical factor in normal postnatal morphogenesis of the cranial vault. Suture patency is necessary to permit rapid neonatal expansion of the cerebral hemispheres, and later ossification is important for bony protection of the cerebrum. Premature suture ossification (craniosynostosis) leads to myriad adverse functional and developmental consequences. Several murine studies have implicated dura-derived fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) paracrine signaling as a critical factor promoting physiologic posterior frontal suture fusion. In this study, the authors used real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to study an in vitro system that models the in vivo stimulation of suture calvarial osteoblasts by dura-derived FGF-2. The authors advocate real-time RT-PCR as a powerful and rapid technique that offers advantages in the highly sensitive, specific, and reproducible analyses of nine genes known to be important in cranial suture biology. The genes studied were growth factors [FGF-2, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3], growth factor receptors (FGF-R1, FGF-R2, TGF-beta RI, and TGF-beta RII), and a marker of osteoblast differentiation (Co1-I alpha I). These analyses provide a "snapshot" of several important genes involved in suture fusion that is more inclusive and quantitative than that which has been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Mathy
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5148, USA
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