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Shen Q, Guo Y, Wang K, Zhang C, Ma Y. A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate's Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:7093. [PMID: 37894574 PMCID: PMC10609508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide that is extensively distributed in a wide variety of organisms. CS is of great interest to researchers due to its many in vitro and in vivo functions. CS production derives from a diverse number of sources, including but not limited to extraction from various animals or fish, bio-synthesis, and fermentation, and its purity and homogeneity can vary greatly. The structural diversity of CS with respect to sulfation and saccharide content endows this molecule with distinct complexity, allowing for functional modification. These multiple functions contribute to the application of CS in medicines, biomaterials, and functional foods. In this article, we discuss the preparation of CS from different sources, the structure of various forms of CS, and its binding to other relevant molecules. Moreover, for the creation of this article, the functions and applications of CS were reviewed, with an emphasis on drug discovery, hydrogel formation, delivery systems, and food supplements. We conclude that analyzing some perspectives on structural modifications and preparation methods could potentially influence future applications of CS in medical and biomaterial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Shen
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
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Li H, You L, Tian Y, Guo J, Fang X, Zhou C, Shi L, Su Y. DPAGT1-Mediated Protein N-Glycosylation Is Indispensable for Oocyte and Follicle Development in Mice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000531. [PMID: 32714760 PMCID: PMC7375233 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins by N-linked glycosylation is crucial for many life processes. However, the exact contribution of N-glycosylation to mammalian female reproduction remains largely undefined. Here, DPAGT1, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of protein N-glycosylation, is identified to be indispensable for oocyte development in mice. Dpagt1 missense mutation (c. 497A>G; p. Asp166Gly) causes female subfertility without grossly affecting other functions. Mutant females ovulate fewer eggs owing to defective development of growing follicles. Mutant oocytes have a thin and fragile zona pellucida (ZP) due to the reduction in glycosylation of ZP proteins, and display poor developmental competence after fertilization in vitro. Moreover, completion of the first meiosis is accelerated in mutant oocytes, which is coincident with the elevation of aneuploidy. Mechanistically, transcriptomic analysis reveals the downregulation of a number of transcripts essential for oocyte meiotic progression and preimplantation development (e.g., Pttgt1, Esco2, Orc6, and Npm2) in mutant oocytes, which could account for the defects observed. Furthermore, conditional knockout of Dpagt1 in oocytes recapitulates the phenotypes observed in Dpagt1 mutant females, and causes complete infertility. Taken together, these data indicate that protein N-glycosylation in oocytes is essential for female fertility in mammals by specific control of oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166P. R. China
| | - Liji You
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166P. R. China
| | - Xianbao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166P. R. China
| | - Chenmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166P. R. China
| | - Lanying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166P. R. China
| | - You‐Qiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166P. R. China
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Maternity and Child Health HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and DevelopmentFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal ResearchNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166P. R. China
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Versican G1 Fragment Establishes a Strongly Stabilized Interaction with Hyaluronan-Rich Expanding Matrix during Oocyte Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072267. [PMID: 32218212 PMCID: PMC7177942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian ovary, the hyaluronan (HA)-rich cumulus extracellular matrix (ECM) organized during the gonadotropin-induced process of oocyte maturation is essential for ovulation of the oocyte-cumulus complex (OCC) and fertilization. Versican is an HA-binding proteoglycan that regulates cell function and ECM assembly. Versican cleavage and function remain to be determined in ovarian follicle. We investigated versican expression in porcine ovarian follicles by real-time (RT)-PCR and western blotting. The aims of the present work were to determine whether 1) versican was produced and cleaved by porcine OCCs during gonadotropin stimulation; 2) these processes were autonomous or required the participation of mural granulosa cells (MGCs); and 3) versican cleavage was involved in the formation or degradation of expanded cumulus ECM. We demonstrate two cleavage products of G1 domain of versican (V1) accumulated in the HA-rich cumulus ECM. One of them, a G1-DPEAAE N-terminal fragment (VG1) of ~70 kDa, was generated from V1 during organization of HA in in vivo and in vitro expanded porcine OCCs. Second, the V1-cleaved DPEAAE-positive form of ~65 kDa was the only species detected in MGCs. No versican cleavage products were detected in OCCs cultured without follicular fluid. In summary, porcine OCCs are autonomous in producing and cleaving V1; the cleaved fragment of ~70 kDa VG1 is specific for formation of the expanded cumulus HA-rich ECM.
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Salustri A, Campagnolo L, Klinger FG, Camaioni A. Molecular organization and mechanical properties of the hyaluronan matrix surrounding the mammalian oocyte. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:11-23. [PMID: 29408277 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful ovulation and oocyte fertilization are essential prerequisites for the beginning of life in sexually reproducing animals. In mammalian fertilization, the relevance of the protein coat surrounding the oocyte plasma membrane, known as zona pellucida, has been widely recognized, while, until not too long ago, the general belief was that the cumulus oophorus, consisting of follicle cells embedded in a hyaluronan rich extracellular matrix, was not essential. This opinion was based on in vitro fertilization procedures, in which a large number of sperms are normally utilized and the oocyte can be fertilized even if depleted of cumulus cells. Conversely, in vivo, only very few sperm cells reach the fertilization site, arguing against the possibility of a coincidental encounter with the oocyte. In the last two decades, proteins required for HA organization in the cumulus extracellular matrix have been identified and the study of fertility in mice deprived of the corresponding genes have provided compelling evidence that this jelly-like coat is critical for fertilization. This review focuses on the advances in understanding the molecular interactions making the cumulus environment suitable for oocyte and sperm encounter. Most of the studies on the molecular characterization of the cumulus extracellular matrix have been performed in the mouse and we will refer essentially to findings obtained in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Salustri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Histology and Embryology Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Campagnolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Histology and Embryology Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gioia Klinger
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Histology and Embryology Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Camaioni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Histology and Embryology Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Barbeito CG, Ortega HH, Matiller V, Gimeno EJ, Salvetti NR. Lectin-Binding Pattern in Ovarian Structures of Rats with Experimental Polycystic Ovaries. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 48:850-7. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V Matiller
- Cátedra de Biología Celular; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza; Santa Fe; Argentina
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Glycomic analyses of ovarian follicles during development and atresia. Matrix Biol 2011; 31:45-56. [PMID: 22057033 PMCID: PMC3657699 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To examine the detailed composition of glycosaminoglycans during bovine ovarian follicular development and atresia, the specialized stromal theca layers were separated from the stratified epithelial granulosa cells of healthy (n = 6) and atretic (n = 6) follicles in each of three size ranges: small (3–5 mm), medium (6-9 mm) and large (10 mm or more) (n = 29 animals). Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis analyses (on a per cell basis) and immunohistochemistry (n = 14) were undertaken. We identified the major disaccharides in thecal layers and the membrana granulosa as chondroitin sulfate-derived ∆uronic acid with 4-sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine and ∆uronic acid with 6-sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine and the heparan sulfate-derived Δuronic acid with N-acetlyglucosamine, with elevated levels in the thecal layers. Increasing follicle size and atresia was associated with increased levels of some disaccharides. We concluded that versican contains 4-sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine and it is the predominant 4-sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine proteoglycan in antral follicles. At least one other non- or 6-sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine proteoglycan(s), which is not decorin or an inter-α-trypsin inhibitor family member, is present in bovine antral follicles and associated with hitherto unknown groups of cells around some larger blood vessels. These areas stained positively for chondroitin/dermatan sulfate epitopes [antibodies 7D4, 3C5, and 4C3], similar to stem cell niches observed in other tissues. The sulfation pattern of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans appears uniform across follicles of different sizes and in healthy and atretic follicles. The heparan sulfate products detected in the follicles are likely to be associated with perlecan, collagen XVIII or betaglycan.
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7
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Song XX, Xu Z, Piao YJ, Park CK, Niwa K. Effect of chondroitin sulfate C on sperm capacitation and fertilization parameters in vitro in pigs. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 108:144-56. [PMID: 17826011 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of chondroitin sulfate C (CS-C) on sperm capacitation and fertilization parameters in vitro in pigs. Frozen-thawed ejaculated pig sperm (semen S-484) were incubated with fertilization medium containing CS-C (0-2mg/ml) for 1h and the capacitation rate with chlorotetracycline (CTC) assay was examined, which showed that CS-C increased the rate of incapacitation F pattern spermatozoa converted to capacitation B pattern sperm cell in concentration-dependent manner and mostly increased capacitation B pattern sperm cell and decreased acrosome reaction AR pattern sperm cell in 1mg/ml concentration. When sperm was incubated for 1, 2 and 4h in fertilization medium containing 1mg/ml CS-C, it showed that the capacitated B pattern sperm cell was significantly (p<0.01) increased and the AR pattern sperm cell was significantly decreased at each time point in the presence than in the absence of CS-C. For identifying the validity of CS-C in sperm capacitation, sperm-oocyte was inseminated in fertilization medium containing CS-C (0-2mg/ml) and the rate of fertilized oocytes was examined, which showed that the penetration rates significantly (p<0.05) increased from 0.5 to 1.0mg/ml concentrations (87.4-96.3%) compared with control (74.9%). For identifying the universality of CS-C in sperm capacitation, four different semens (boar S-484, S-454, D-815 and D-748) were incubated in fertilization medium containing CS-C (1mg/ml) for 2h, respectively, which showed that CS-C increased the rate of capacitation B pattern sperm cell and decreased acrosome reaction AR pattern sperm cell in each semen. And it showed that CS-C yielded a higher promote effect (93.9%, 83.9%, 60.7% and 44.9%, respectively) on sperm penetration compared to unaddition control (63.4%, 22.0%, 3.3% and 3.3%, respectively). Sperm-oocyte binding analysis showed that CS-C increased the number of sperm bound to oocyte compared unaddition control in each semen. These results suggested that CS-C is the efficient factor on sperm capacitation in pigs, CS-C may promote sperm from the incapacitated to capacitated state and sequentially prevent sperm from spontaneous acrosome reaction, and thus facilitate the sperm-zona binding and sperm penetration to oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- X X Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Laiyang Agriculture College, Qingdao 265200, PR China
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8
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Pastor LM, Lucas X, Pallares J, Bernal-Mañas CM, A. Martinez E, Roca J, Vazquez JM, Morales E, Beltran E, Zuasti A, Ferrer C. Characterization of glycoside residues of porcine zona pellucida and ooplasm during follicular development and atresia. Mol Reprod Dev 2008; 75:1473-83. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Borg N, Holland M. The effect of glycosaminoglycans on rat gametes in vitro and the associated signal pathway. Reproduction 2008; 135:311-9. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of adding the extracellular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) to ratin vitrofertilisation (IVF) media were assessed. Metaphase II (MII) oocytes were also incubated in GAG-supplemented modified rat 1-cell embryo culture medium (mR1ECM+BSA) for 3 days. Cytoplasmic fragmentation was significantly reduced in mR1ECM+BSA with HA (39.0–48.0%) compared with the control (82.0%). In IVF experiments, neither HA (8.0–30.8%) nor CS (9.7–42.5%) improved fertilisation rates compared with controls fertilised in M16 (47.2%) or enriched Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate solution (61.5%). RT-PCR and Western blot were used to probe for CD44 mRNA and protein in Sprague–Dawley gametes and cumulus cells. CD44 was identified in cumulus cells, suggesting a role for oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion. The CD44 protein was also present on caudal epididymal spermatozoa that were highly stimulated by CSin vitroimplicating a role in fertilisation for CS and CD44.
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Abstract
We have established a means for prolonged survival of primary cell cultures and establishment of continuous cell lines without genetic manipulations. Primary cultures of granulosa cells degenerate rapidly in vitro by a spontaneous onset of apoptotic cell death. Earlier attempts to circumvent this limitation have included transformation with oncogenes, spontaneous immortalization of primary cultures, and chemical carcinogenesis. We have found that addition of a complex of growth-promoting compounds, carrier proteins, and factors isolated from porcine follicular fluid to standard culture medium allows, reproducibly, the establishment of continuous porcine primary granulosa cell lines with genetic stability. This same supplement allows the prolonged survival of primary cell cultures derived from adult rat ovaries. The rat ovary primary cultures consisted of mixed phenotypes, including epithelial, neuron-like, and mesenchymal cell types. Numerous cells stain positive for alkaline phosphatase in these cultures. Other primary cell lines were established from embryonic rat liver and from adult rat lungs, using the same supplement. The survival effect is reversible because cells degenerate when the supplement is removed. Therefore, the cell lines have neither acquired properties of a tumor cell line nor have they been immortalized by a virus infection. We expect that our approach will open the door to prolonged survival of other primary cell types.
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Brüssow KP, Torner H, Rátky J, Manabe N, Tuchscherer A. Experimental Evidence for the Influence of Cumulus-Oocyte-Complexes on Sperm Release from the Porcine Oviductal Sperm Reservoir. J Reprod Dev 2006; 52:249-57. [PMID: 16428862 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.17085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pig, a temporal relationship is suggested between sperm release from the sperm reservoir (SR) and ovulation, but the mechanism(s) is still under discussion. In two experiments, the influence of transferred ova on the release of SR-spermatozoa at ovulation and the effect of supplementation with non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) on embryo development and the number of accessory spermatozoa, respectively, were examined. PMSG/hCG primed ovectomized gilts that had previously received endoscopic low-dose insemination into the cranial uterine horn were used as an experimental model. After salpingectomy, tubal segments (ampulla, cranial, and caudal isthmus) were flushed and sperm numbers or respective accessory spermatozoa were counted. In Experiment 1, the distribution of the sperm population was altered in the presence of cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs). A higher proportion of spermatozoa was found after transfer of COCs into one oviduct in the ampulla and cranial isthmus segments compared with the controls (17.5 vs. 4.9%, p<0.05). In Experiment 2, the quality of the transferred ova and treatment influenced the presence of accessory spermatozoa. Transfer of COCs together with HA increased (p<0.05) the number of accessory spermatozoa compared with the other treatment groups and was similar to those in the "undisturbed" controls. No modifications were obtained regarding mean blastomere numbers (2.6 +/- 0.2 to 3.1 +/- 0.2). In summary, this study was demonstrated that cumulus-oocyte-complexes may be involved in triggering sperm release from the pig oviductal SR and that HA might be related to sperm release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Peter Brüssow
- FBN Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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12
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Wongsrikeao P, Otoi T, Taniguchi M, Karja NWK, Agung B, Nii M, Nagai T. Effects of hexoses on in vitro oocyte maturation and embryo development in pigs. Theriogenology 2005; 65:332-43. [PMID: 15967489 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of supplementing hexoses in oocyte maturation and embryo culture medium on in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) of porcine oocytes and in vitro development of in vitro produced (IVP) porcine embryos. In the first experiment, oocytes were matured in vitro in modified North Carolina State University (NCSU)-37 medium, supplemented with hexoses (glucose, fructose or galactose) at various concentrations: 0 (control), 2.5, 5.5 and 10 mM. Supplementing the maturation medium with either glucose or fructose (5.5 mM) increased the percentages of oocytes that matured to metaphase II (79.4 and 70.2%, respectively), as compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, supplementing galactose had no effects on meiotic maturation and fertilization. In the second experiment, cleaved embryos were collected 3 days after IVF of oocytes matured in the maturation medium supplemented with 5.5 mM of glucose; they were cultured for an additional 4 days in modified NCSU-37 medium, supplemented with 5.5mM of glucose, fructose or galactose. The incidence of blastocyst formation was higher (P < 0.05) in the glucose and fructose groups (18.6 and 18.2%, respectively) than in the galactose group and non-supplemented control group (12.9 and 9.2%). Moreover, fructose supplementation increased the total cell number/blastocyst (48.0 versus 37.6) and reduced the index of DNA-fragmented nucleus in the blastocysts (7.6% versus 11.8%), as compared with glucose supplementation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, fructose was a practical alternative to glucose for supporting IVM of porcine oocytes and fructose was superior to glucose for producing high-quality porcine embryos in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimprapar Wongsrikeao
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Yoneda S, Shibata S, Yamashita Y, Yanagishita M. Biosynthesis of versican by rat dental pulp cells in culture. Arch Oral Biol 2002; 47:435-42. [PMID: 12102759 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(02)00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of proteoglycans by these cultured pulp cells was investigated by metabolic labelling, using [(35)S]sulphate, [(3)H]glucosamine and [(3)H]leucine as precursors. Versican-like large proteoglycan, decorin- and biglycan-like small proteoglycans and a small amount of sulphated protein were released into the culture medium. Heparan sulphate species were also identified in cell-layer extracts. Versican-like proteoglycan had an average molecular mass of approximately 800kDa. The molecular mass of chondroihnase ABC-digested core protein exhibited heterogeneity, ranging from 250 to 400kDa, and the glycosaminoglycan chains had an average molecular mass of approximately 42kDa. These results indicate the presence of 10-13 glycosaminoglycan chains per core protein, consistent with the characteristics of versican. This glycosaminoglycan chain contained approximately 63% 4-sulphated disaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoneda
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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Shimada H, Kasakura S, Shiotani M, Nakamura K, Ikeuchi M, Hoshino T, Komatsu T, Ihara Y, Sohma M, Maeda Y, Matsuura R, Nakamura S, Hine C, Ohkura N, Kato H. Hypocoagulable State of Human Preovulatory Ovarian Follicular Fluid: Role of Sulfated Proteoglycan and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor in the Fluid1. Biol Reprod 2001; 64:1739-45. [PMID: 11369603 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.6.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovulation accompanied by tissue damage can cause an increase in the level of tissue factor (TF) in the follicular fluid, triggering the extrinsic coagulation pathway. However, follicular fluid must block fibrin formation and maintain fluidity until the release of the oocyte at ovulation. The combination of sulfated proteoglycan, antithrombin, and TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) appears to play a critical role in the hypocoagulability of human follicular fluid. When compared with plasma, folicular fluid differs markedly in the levels of a number of important coagulation proteins. Principal among these are 15-fold, 13-fold, and 3.7-fold increases in free TFPI, thrombin-antithrombin complex, and TF, respectively. The excessively prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) of human ovarian follicular fluid appear to be primarily due to high concentrations of sulfated proteoglycans, which accelerate the inactivation of thrombin and the anti-Xa activity of TFPI. Thus, heparitinase treatment shortened the clotting times of follicular fluid and reduced the inhibition of thrombin by the proteoglycan fraction combined with a fraction containing antithrombin. The remaining prolongation of APTT and PT may be caused by high levels of free TFPI in follicular fluid, which were confirmed by Northern blotting analysis, demonstrating TFPI mRNA expression by granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shimada
- Department of Obstetrics, Kobe City General Hospital, Kobe 650, Japan.
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Nagyová E, Vanderhyden BC, Procházka R. Secretion of paracrine factors enabling expansion of cumulus cells is developmentally regulated in pig oocytes. Biol Reprod 2000; 63:1149-56. [PMID: 10993839 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod63.4.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To demonstrate secretion of cumulus expansion-enabling factor (CEEF) by porcine oocytes, we used an interspecies testing system. Porcine oocytes were used to condition culture medium, and the presence of CEEF was tested using mouse oocytectomized complexes (OOX), which require CEEF for expansion. Follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated expansion and synthesis of hyaluronic acid (HA) by mouse OOX were assessed after 18 h of culture in media conditioned by porcine oocytes: 1) at different stages of maturation and 2) in which maturation was inhibited with a specific inhibitor of cdk-kinases, butyrolactone I. Fully grown (GV-germinal vesicle), late-diakinesis (LD), metaphase I (MI), and metaphase II (MII) oocytes were prepared by culture of oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCC) for 0, 22, 27, and 42 h, respectively. To block GV breakdown, porcine oocytes were cultured for 27 h in medium supplemented with butyrolactone I (50 microM). Medium conditioned by oocytes in GV, LD, and after butyrolactone I block allowed full expansion of >90% of mouse OOX, whereas oocytes in MI and MII caused disintegration of mouse OOX without cumulus mucification. To measure synthesis of HA by cumulus cells, 25 mouse OOX were cultured in the conditioned media in the presence of 2.5 microCi of D-[6-(3)H]glucosamine hydrochloride. After 18 h, incorporation of the [(3)H]glucosamine into HA was determined either in complexes (retained HA) or in medium plus complexes (total HA). Total HA accumulation by mouse OOX was not different from that of intact OCC. However, oocytes in GV, LD, and after butyrolactone I treatment enabled mouse OOX to retain significantly more HA within the complex than oocytes in MI and MII. The results indicate that secretion of factors that promote the retention of HA within the complex is developmentally regulated during oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nagyová
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, 277 21 Czech Republic. Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Cancer Research Group, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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McArthur ME, Irving-Rodgers HF, Byers S, Rodgers RJ. Identification and immunolocalization of decorin, versican, perlecan, nidogen, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in bovine small-antral ovarian follicles. Biol Reprod 2000; 63:913-24. [PMID: 10952939 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod63.3.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) consist of a core protein and attached glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and have diverse roles in cell and tissue biology. In follicles PGs have been detected only in follicular fluid and in cultured granulosa cells, and the composition of their GAGs has been determined. To identify PGs in whole ovarian follicles, not just in follicular fluid and granulosa cells, small (1-3-mm) bovine follicles were harvested. A proportion of these was incubated with (35)SO(4) for 24 h to incorporate radiolabel into the GAGs. The freshly harvested and cultured follicles were sequentially extracted with 6 M urea buffer, the same buffer with 0.1% Triton X-100 and then with 0.1 M NaOH. Proteoglycans were subjected to ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The GAGs were analyzed by chemical and enzymic digestion, and on the basis of their composition, we chose a list of known PGs to measure by ELISA analyses. Versican, perlecan, decorin, but not aggrecan or biglycan, were identified. These, excluding decorin for technical reasons, as well as a basal lamina glycoprotein, nidogen/entactin, were immunolocalized. Versican was localized to the thecal layers, including externa and the interna particularly in an area adjacent to the follicular basal lamina. Perlecan and nidogen were localized to the follicular basal lamina of antral follicles, both healthy and atretic, but not to that of preantral follicles. Both were localized to subendothelial basal laminas, but the former was not readily detected in arteriole smooth muscle layers. This study has confirmed the presence of versican and perlecan, but not the latter as a component of follicular fluid, and identified decorin and nidogen in ovarian antral follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McArthur
- Department of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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17
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Abstract
A lot is known about the control of the development of ovarian follicles by growth factors and hormones, but less is known about the roles of extracellular matrix in the control of follicular growth and development. In this review we focus on the specialized extracellular matrix of the basal laminas that are present in ovarian follicles. These include the follicular basal lamina itself, the Call-Exner bodies of the membrana granulosa, the subendothelial and arteriole smooth muscle basal laminas in the theca, and the basal lamina-like material of the thecal matrix. We discuss the evidence that during follicle development the follicular basal lamina changes in composition, that many of its components are produced by the granulosa cells, and that the follicular basal laminas of different follicles have different ultrastructural appearances, linked to the shape of the aligning granulosa cells. All these studies suggest that the follicular basal lamina is extremely dynamic during follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Rodgers
- Department of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, SA 5042, Bedford Park, Australia.
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18
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Parillo F, Verini-Supplizi A. Glycohistochemical investigation of canine and feline zonae pellucidae of preantral and antral oocytes. Acta Histochem 1999; 101:127-46. [PMID: 10335357 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(99)80013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate modifications were analysed in the zona pellucida during development of oocytes in dog and cat using conventional histochemical staining methods with or without previous carbohydrate digestion. A series of lectins combined with desulphation and sialic acid degradation were applied. No differences were observed between dog and cat follicles using conventional histochemical staining methods. In both species, the zona pellucida and follicular fluid/intercellular matrix strongly reacted with PAS and high iron diamine stain (HID) and reacted moderately with low iron diamine stain (LID). Treatment with testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, chondroitinase AC and chondroitinase B treatment diminished HID and LID positivity of follicular fluid and intercellular matrix. Lectins that gave the most intense staining of the zona pellucida of both species were SBA, PNA, RCA-I, GSA-IB4 and WGA, indicating the presence of beta-D-GalNAc, D-Gal and GlcNAc residues. Sulpho- and asulpho-carbohydrates were identified in terminal and/or subterminal positions linked to sialic acid residues. In conclusion, the results indicate that glycosaminoglycans are not present in the zona pellucida of both species. Differences were observed in carbohydrate residues and in their spatial distribution, depending on species and developmental stage of the follicles. The similarity in lectin affinity between ooplasm and zona pellucida of oocytes present in follicles at different stages of development confirm the involvement of oocytes in zona pellucida production.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Parillo
- Istituti di Anatomia degli Animali Domestici, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
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19
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Parillo F, Stradaioli G, Verini-Supplizi A. Glycoconjugates in small antral ovarian follicles of the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.). Acta Histochem 1998; 100:229-43. [PMID: 9717561 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(98)80010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Types and distribution patterns of glycoconjugates in antral ovarian follicles were investigated in the buffalo, using periodic-acid Schiff (PAS), high iron diamine (HID), low ion diamine (LID) and lectin histochemical staining methods. HID and LID staining procedures were preceded in some cases by digestion with testicular hyaluronidase, Streptomyces hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC and heparitinase (heparinase III). Lectin staining was performed with the use of 12 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) lectin conjugates. Some lectin staining procedures were preceded by neuraminidase digestion and saponification. Large amounts of isomeric chondroitin sulphates and a minor quantity of heparan sulphate and hyaluronic acid and/or chondroitin were found in follicular fluid. Lectin staining of buffalo follicular fluid revealed glycoconjugates with different glucidic determinants such as beta-N-acetylgalactosamine, beta-galactose-(1-3)-N-acetylgalactosamine, beta-galactose-(1-4)-N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, alpha-fucose and alpha-glucose/alpha-mannose, and sialic acid residues. Glycosaminoglycans were absent in the zona pellucida of oocytes in small antral follicles. Acidic glycoconjugates in the zona pellucida were caused by sulphated groups and sialic acid residues. Our data show few internal glucidic residues, such as N-acetylglucosamine in the buffalo zona pellucida but many subterminal beta-N-acetylgalactosamine, alpha- and beta-galactose determinants masked by sialic acids. These findings demonstrate that buffalo follicular fluid has a very heterogeneous composition that is similar to that found in small and large bovine follicles. No differences in composition of the follicular fluid were observed in the follicles examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Parillo
- Institute of Anatomy of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
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20
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Electrophoretic Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans from Ovarian Follicular Fluid of Mares1. Biol Reprod 1995. [DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/52.monograph_series1.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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21
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Eriksen GV, Malmström A, Uldbjerg N, Huszar G. A follicular fluid chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan improves the retention of motility and velocity of human spermatozoa**Supported by grant HD. 19505 to (G.H.) from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; by grant to (G.E.) from the Sven and Ina Hansen Foundation, Odense, Denmark, and by grant 12-9353 from the Danish Medical Research Council, Copenhagen, Denmark; by grant 7239 to (A.M.) from the Swedish Medical Research Council, Stockholm, Sweden; and by the Medical Schools, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark and University of Lund, Lund, Sweden. Fertil Steril 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Steinfort J, van de Stadt R, Beertsen W. Identification of new rat dentin proteoglycans utilizing C18 chromatography. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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23
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Meng N, Nakashima N, Nagasaka T, Fukatsu T, Nara Y, Yoshida K, Kawaguchi T, Takeuchi J. Immunohistochemical characterization of extracellular matrix components of granulosa cell tumor of ovary. Pathol Int 1994; 44:205-12. [PMID: 8025663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1994.tb02594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to clarify the characteristics of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary, extracellular matrix components were investigated by immunohistochemical techniques. Twenty-three granulosa cell tumors (GCT; eight juvenile and 15 adult type) were studied in comparison with non-neoplastic granulosa cells of human ovaries. In all 23 cases of GCT, chondroitin 6-sulfate proteoglycan revealed with antibody 3B3 was characteristically observed in the extracellular matrix in the solid nest, as well as in microfollicles. In the juvenile cases, the extracellular matrix also contained large proteoglycan (PG) revealed with antibody 2B1. Macrofollicles as well as microfollicles contained PG chondroitin 6-sulfate side chains with a significant amount of chondroitin 4-sulfate. By biochemical analysis using high pressure liquid chromatography, it was also found that disaccharide composition of glycosaminoglycan fractions extracted from granulosa cell tumor tissues consisted mainly of 2-acetamide-2-deoxyl-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-6-O-sulfo-D-galactose (delta Di-6S). The characteristic feature of granulosa cell tumors is the accumulation of chondroitin sulfate PG, especially chondroitin 6-sulfate PG, which may be synthesized by the tumor cells themselves. Immunohistochemical characterization of the extracellular matrix components (collagen, laminin, heparan sulfate PG, chondroitin 4-sulfate PG) was also studied in relation to chondroitin 6-sulfate PG localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University, School of Medicine, Japan
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24
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Abstract
Proteoglycans and hyaluronan have been isolated from various female reproductive organs and fetal membranes. Special attention has been directed to changes in the composition of these molecules in the tissue during pregnancy and ovulation. Various chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, which represent extracellular matrix proteoglycans, are closely related to the organization of connective tissues. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are widely distributed on the plasma membrane of most mammalian cells including those in the female reproductive organs. They are involved in various aspects of cell-to-cell or cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Although the precise biological functions of these proteoglycans are not currently clear, recent advances in biochemistry and molecular biology techniques promise an exciting new development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yanagishita
- Bone Research Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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25
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Camaioni A, Hascall V, Yanagishita M, Salustri A. Effects of exogenous hyaluronic acid and serum on matrix organization and stability in the mouse cumulus cell-oocyte complex. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)80750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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26
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Abstract
Proteoglycans are glycosylated proteins which have covalently attached highly anionic glycosaminoglycans. Many forms of proteoglycans are present in virtually all extracellular matrices of connective tissues. The major biological function of proteoglycans derives from the physicochemical characteristics of the glycosaminoglycan component of the molecule, which provides hydration and swelling pressure to the tissue enabling it to withstand compressional forces. This function is best illustrated by the most abundant proteoglycan in cartilage tissues, aggrecan. During the past decade, diverse species of proteoglycans have been identified in many connective tissues, on cell surfaces and in intracellular compartments. These proteoglycans have distinct biological functions apart from their hydrodynamic functions, and their involvement in many aspects of cell and tissue activities has been demonstrated. For example, decorin, which is widely distributed in many connective tissues, may have functions in regulating collagen fibril formation and in modifying the activity of transforming growth factor-beta; perlecan, the major heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the glomerular basement membrane, may play an important role as the major anionic site responsible for the charge selectivity in glomerular filtration. Specific interactions between proteoglycans (through both their glycosaminoglycan and core protein components) and macromolecules in the extracellular matrix are the key factors in the functions of proteoglycans. Exciting biological functions of proteoglycans are now gradually emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yanagishita
- Bone Research Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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27
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Takagaki K, Kojima K, Majima M, Nakamura T, Kato I, Endo M. Ion-spray mass spectrometric analysis of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. Glycoconj J 1992; 9:174-9. [PMID: 1422137 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides from hyaluronic acid and chondroitin 6-sulfate were prepared by digestion with testicular hyaluronidase and separated according to their degree of polymerization by gel-permeation chromatography. These materials were successively analyzed by negative-mode ion-spray mass spectrometry with an atmospheric-pressure ion source. An ion-spray interface was used to produce ions via the ion evaporation process, producing mass spectra containing a series of molecular species carrying multiple charges. Using two adjacent multiply charged molecular ions, the exact molecular weights up to the tetradecasaccharide were calculated with a precision of +/- 1 dalton. This type of mass spectrometry was also demonstrated to be feasible for the analysis of mixtures of oligosaccharides, including tetra-, hexa-, octa- and decasaccharides, from hyaluronic acid or chondroitin 6-sulfate without separation. Ion-spray mass spectrometry was thus shown to be applicable to the structural analysis of oligosaccharides from glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takagaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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28
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Andrade-Gordon P, Wang SY, Strickland S. Heparin-like activity in porcine follicular fluid and rat granulosa cells. Thromb Res 1992; 66:475-87. [PMID: 1523605 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(92)90302-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparin-like activity is present in rat and porcine follicular fluids, as determined by measuring the acceleration of the inactivation of purified human thrombin by antithrombin III. The heparin-like activity is dose-dependent and specific to follicular fluid proteoglycans. Cartilage proteoglycans do not exhibit this activity at any of the concentrations tested. The activity of these macromolecules resides in the polysaccharide unit. Destruction of the protein core of the follicular fluid proteoglycans by alkaline borohydride treatment does not interfere with the "heparin-like" effect, whereas it is completely destroyed by digestion with purified heparinase. Incubation with chondroitinases has no effect. Granulosa cells which are the source of follicular fluid proteoglycans express biologically active heparin-like mucopolysaccharides. These molecules are produced under gonadotropin regulation and are associated with the cell surface material.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Andrade-Gordon
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
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29
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Garg HG, Lyon NB. Structure of collagen fibril-associated, small proteoglycans of mammalian origin. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1991; 49:239-61. [PMID: 1814173 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H G Garg
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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30
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Sato E, Miyamoto H, Koide SS. Glycosaminoglycans in porcine follicular fluid promoting viability of oocytes in culture. Mol Reprod Dev 1990; 26:391-7. [PMID: 2223089 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080260415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The viability of oocytes cultured in vitro was determined by the trypan blue exclusion test. Isolated porcine oocytes with or without cumulus cells cultured in modified Krebs-Ringer medium undergo cell death after 48 h. The addition of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) prepared from porcine follicular fluid (pFF) to the medium delayed or prevented the onset of cell death in vitro. GAGs at concentrations of 0.25 mg/ml or greater prevented cell death in a dose-dependent manner. To identify the active factor, GAGs were purified from pFF by ethanol precipitation, chromatography on Dowex 1-x2, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on TSK gel DEAE-2 SW column. The fraction with a retention time nearly coincident with that of hyaluronic acid possessed high oocyte viability promoting activity. The present results suggest that the viability of oocytes in vitro is influenced by the presence of specific GAGs separated from follicular fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sato
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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31
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Synthesis and Accumulation of Hyaluronic Acid and Proteoglycans in the Mouse Cumulus Cell-oocyte Complex during Follicle-stimulating Hormone-induced Mucification. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)80077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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32
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Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Malemud CJ. Activation of neutral metalloprotease in human osteoarthritic knee cartilage: evidence for degradation in the core protein of sulphated proteoglycan. Ann Rheum Dis 1988; 47:801-8. [PMID: 3196082 PMCID: PMC1003607 DOI: 10.1136/ard.47.10.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The neutral, metal dependent, proteoglycan degrading enzymes (NMPEs) in human osteoarthritic knee cartilage homogenates were activated by p-aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA). The resultant effect on the structure of newly synthesised and already existing sulphated proteoglycan was measured. Newly synthesised and already existing proteoglycan aggregated to hyaluronic acid was reduced (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05 respectively) when measured by chromatography on Sepharose CL-2B eluted with associative buffer. The APMA activated enzyme affected both the newly synthesised and already existing proteoglycan aggregate similarly (r = 0.79, p less than 0.001). Treatment of cartilage homogenates with APMA and 1,10-phenanthroline (10 mM) showed that the amount of aggregated proteoglycan was at the control level. The hydrodynamic size of the proteoglycan monomer (A1D1) was also reduced by treatment of cartilage homogenates with APMA. Reaggregation experiments with fraction A1D1 and exogenous hyaluronic acid and link protein showed a similar defect in forming proteoglycan aggregates. These data showed that activation of the NMPEs altered the structure of proteoglycan in two ways. The most consistent change was a reduction in the ability of proteoglycan to form aggregates with hyaluronic acid. This was likely to have occurred via a cleavage of the core protein in or around the hyaluronic acid binding globular domain. A second alteration probably includes a limited proteolytic cleavage in the remainder of the core protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martel-Pelletier
- Unité des Maladies Rhumatismales, Hôpital Notre-Dame, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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33
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Swann DA, Garg HG, Hendry CJ, Hermann H, Siebert E, Sotman S, Stafford W. Isolation and partial characterization of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans from human post-burn scar tissues. COLLAGEN AND RELATED RESEARCH 1988; 8:295-313. [PMID: 3215004 DOI: 10.1016/s0174-173x(88)80002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycans (PGs) were extracted from human post-burn scar (Sc) tissues with 4M guanidinium chloride and isolated from the extracts by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and by differential ethanol precipitation. The DS.PGs were further purified by Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. The average molecular weight (Mr) of hypertrophic scar (HSc) tissue DS.PGs was 39,000 based on sedimentation equilibrium measurements. Alkaline borohydride treatment of DS.PGs liberated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains and the presence of xylitol indicated that these chains were attached to protein core by xylosyl residues. The average Mr of the DS.GAG chain from HSc and normal scar (NSc) samples were 23,500 and 20,000 respectively. After digestion of the HSc and NSc, DS.PGs with chondroitinase ABC in the presence of proteinase inhibitors, two peptide components with Mr values of 21,500 and 17,000 were detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using reducing conditions. Analysis of the protein core fractions derived from NSc and HSc DS.PGs by Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography showed the presence of a single NH2-terminal amino acid (aspartic acid) and also that the fractions with different KAV values had an identical NH2-terminal sequence (A1-A5). The A1-A23 sequence of NSc DS.PG (major fraction, C): NH2Asp-Glu-Ala-O-Gly-Ile-Gly-Pro-Glu-Val-Pro-Asp-Asp-Arg-Asp-Phe-G lu-Pro- Ser-Leu-Gly-Pro-Val was the same as reported for a DS.PG isolated from human fetal membrane (HFM) tissue (Brennan et al., 1984). ELISA inhibition assay using monoclonal antibodies raised in rabbit against the NH2-terminal peptide (containing 15 amino acids) of human fetal membrane tissue were found to cross-react with HSc and NSc DS.PGs. Monoclonal antibodies to bovine skin DS.PGs protein core (Pearson et al., 1983) did not show any cross-reactivity with scar DS.PGs. These results show that the scar DS.PGs described here are different from normal bovine skin DS.PGs in the size and type of the protein core, and that in all the samples, the peptide components have the same NH2-terminal amino acid sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Swann
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Burns Institute, Boston, MA 02114
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34
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Hurst RE, Bynum RL, Einfeldt SE, Roy JB. The identification of a heparin-binding protein on the surface of bovine sperm. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 153:289-93. [PMID: 2837205 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the identification of a sperm surface protein which binds tightly to heparin. The protein was isolated by affinity chromatography on heparin agarose, and its affinity for heparin was confirmed by electrophoresis in the presence of heparin under non-denaturing conditions. The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 45,000, as determined by electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The protein may bind glycosaminoglycans in vivo and play a part in initiating the capacitation/acrosome reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hurst
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK 73190
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35
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Siiteri JE, Gottlieb W, Meizel S. Partial characterization of a fraction from human follicular fluid that initiates the human sperm acrosome reaction in vitro. GAMETE RESEARCH 1988; 20:25-42. [PMID: 3235026 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1120200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A human follicular fluid (HFF) fraction prepared by Sephadex G-75 column chromatography has been previously shown by this laboratory to initiate the human sperm acrosome reaction (AR) in vitro. In the present report, the apparent molecular weight (MW) of this AR activity determined by a longer G-75 column than was used in the previous work was 50,000 +/- 5,106. The G-75 Sephadex void volume fractions of some but not all HFF samples were also found to contain some AR-initiating activity. The occasional void volume activity was less potent than that of the 50,000 MW fraction and was not studied further. Further characterization of the 50,000 MW fraction was carried out. A time-course study demonstrated that maximum AR were obtained within 5 min following the addition of the 50,000 MW fraction. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by silver staining revealed that the 50,000 MW fraction was still a relatively crude preparation. Treatment of the 50,000 MW fraction with chloroform:methanol did not extract the AR-initiating activity into the lipid phase. The AR-initiating activity of the untreated 50,000 MW fraction was precipitated when it was boiled, but the activity was partially resistant to boiling after overnight incubation. Treatment of the 50,000 MW fraction with pronase E or with several glycosaminoglycan hydrolases did not destroy the activity. Pronase treatment resulted in a higher amount of boiling-resistant AR-initiating activity. The AR-initiating activity of the untreated 50,000 MW fraction was partially dialyzable, but the activity of an undialyzed fraction did not pass through an ultrafiltration membrane with a 10,000 MW cut-off. However, treatment of the 50,000 MW fraction with protease, peptide:N-glycosidase F, and to a lesser extent chondroitinase ABC yielded an active lower MW activity which could pass through such an ultrafiltration membrane. The lower MW activity released by peptide:N-glycosidase F eluted in the included volume (5,000-1,000) of a Sephadex G-25 column. Neutral hexose but not protein or peptide was detected in the G-25 peak of AR-initiating activity. These results suggest that the AR-initiating activity present in the 50,000 MW fraction of HFF: 1) is present either as two different AR factors (a high-MW factor and a low-MW, noncovalently bound factor) or as a single factor responsible for both the nondialyzable and dialyzable AR-initiating activities (the latter being enzymatically released from the former), and 2) may be at least partially associated with N-linked oligosaccharides of a glycoprotein or proteoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Siiteri
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of California School of Medicine, Davis 95616
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36
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Transforming growth factor beta regulates the expression and structure of extracellular matrix chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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37
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Webber RJ, Hough AJ. Cell culture of rabbit meniscal fibrochondrocytes II. Sulfated proteoglycan synthesis. Biochimie 1988; 70:193-204. [PMID: 3134943 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(88)90061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit meniscal fibrochondrocytes were grown in vitro under culture conditions previously shown to foster growth of this cell type. Regardless of the culture regimen employed, the cells synthesized sulfated proteoglycans which could be differentiated by their solubility when dialyzed against water. The water soluble proteoglycans (WSPG) were monomeric in nature and could be separated into sub-types based on their hydrodynamic size when analyzed by gel-filtration chromatography. The water insoluble proteoglycans (WIPG) appeared to represent hyaluronic acid-dependent aggregates of the larger of the two WSPG. The proteoglycans contained approximately 87% chondroitin sulfate and 5% dermatan sulfate. Keratan sulfate could not be detected. Addition of ascorbate to the culture medium did not change the amount or the hydrodynamic size of the proteoglycan aggregates but did alter the quantity of the larger WSPG monomer synthesized depending upon the culture regimen used. Thus, these cells are capable of expressing their differentiated phenotype in short-term monolayer cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Webber
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205
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Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Malemud CJ. Canine osteoarthritis: effects of endogenous neutral metalloproteoglycanases on articular cartilage proteoglycans. J Orthop Res 1988; 6:379-88. [PMID: 3357086 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the mechanisms by which neutral metalloproteoglycanases (NMPE) degrade proteoglycans (PGs) in the cartilage of an experimental model of osteoarthritis (OA). We demonstrated that chondrocytes in osteoarthritic cartilage synthesize PGs with the same functional characteristics as those found in normal cartilage. Osteoarthritic cartilage contains NMPE in both active and latent forms. Both forms can degrade newly synthesized and endogenous PG macromolecules, as indicated by the reduced hydrodynamic size found in the two PG populations of osteoarthritic cartilage. PG monomers, derived from the included fraction of Sepharose CL2B chromatography, were unable to form aggregates with hyaluronic acid. Reduction and alkylation showed that PG monomers from osteoarthritic cartilage had a small hydrodynamic size, especially after activation with amino-phenylmercuric acetate. No significant differences were observed in the size of the chondroitin sulfate chain when normal cartilage was compared with its osteoarthritic equivalent. These results suggest that the proteolytic degradation of cartilage matrix PGs by NMPE occurs at both the hyaluronate-binding region and at the chondroitin sulfate-rich region of the core protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Pelletier
- Unité des Maladies Rhumatismales, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Deudon E, Brahimi-Horn MC, Breton M, Berrou E, Picard J. Characterization and macromolecular association of proteoglycans produced by pig arterial smooth muscle cells in culture. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 20:397-407. [PMID: 3366298 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(88)90208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
1. Medium and cell-layer proteoglycans from pig aorta smooth muscle cells in culture were compared. In both compartments, the main proteoglycans contained chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate chains of 40 kDalton. 2. However, cell-layer proteoglycans differed from those of the medium by the presence of: (a) some small-size proteoglycans; (b) a greater amount of heparan sulfate; (c) chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate enriched in iduronate and in 4 sulfate- (instead of 6 sulfate-) residues. 3. During dissociation-reassociation assays of arterial proteoglycans with exogenous hyaluronate or "aggregate" proteoglycans, the in vitro formation of complexes appeared to involve inter-associations between proteoglycans molecules, in addition to aggregation with hyaluronate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deudon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, INSERM U.181, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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Boyers SP, Tarlatzis BC, Stronk JN, DeCherney AH. Fertilization and cleavage rates of heparin-exposed human oocytes in vitro, and the effect of heparin on the acrosome reaction. Fertil Steril 1987; 48:628-32. [PMID: 3653420 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)59476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization and cleavage rates were compared in 1024 heparin-exposed and nonexposed human oocytes recovered from 183 consecutive in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. Heparinized Ham's F-10 medium, (Gibco, Grand Island, NY) 1.0 ml (2.0 mg heparin/ml) was added to bloody follicular fluid; clear follicular aspirates did not receive heparin. Fertilization and cleavage rates for heparin-exposed (n = 714) and nonexposed (n = 310) oocytes were not significantly different: 63.9 versus 61.6% fertilized (chi 2 = 0.472); 89.3 versus 87.4% of fertilized eggs cleaved (chi 2 = 0.445). A subset of 100 patients, each contributing both heparin-exposed and nonexposed oocytes, also was evaluated. Fertilization and cleavage rates were not significantly different: 59.1 versus 60.8% fertilized (chi 2 = 0.192); 87.6 versus 87.2% of fertilized oocytes cleaved (chi 2 = 0.014). A modified triple stain was used to evaluate the acrosome reaction rate of sperm that had been coincubated with 76 oocytes from ten patients. There was no significant difference in the proportion of viable acrosome-reacted sperm following incubation with heparin-exposed (1.9 +/- 1.0%) versus nonexposed (2.3 +/- 1.2%) (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]) oocytes. The addition of heparin to follicular fluid at the time of oocyte recovery for IVF has no apparent effect on fertilization or cleavage in vitro, nor any influence on the acrosome reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Boyers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Akiyama F, Stevens RL, Hayashi S, Swann DA, Binette JP, Caterson B, Schmid K, Van Halbeek H, Mutsaers JH, Gerwig GJ. The structures of N- and O-glycosidic carbohydrate chains of a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan isolated from the media of the human aorta. Arch Biochem Biophys 1987; 252:574-90. [PMID: 3813552 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(87)90065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A large Mr chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan was extracted from the media of human aorta under dissociative conditions and purified by density-gradient centrifugation, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. Removal of a contaminating dermatan sulfate proteoglycan was accomplished by reduction, alkylation and rechromatography on the gel filtration column. After chondroitinase ABC treatment, the proteoglycan core was separated from a residual heparan sulfate proteoglycan by a third gel filtration chromatography step. As assessed by radioimmunoassay, the isolated proteoglycan core was free of link protein, but possessed epitopes that were recognized by antisera against the hyaluronic acid binding region of bovine cartilage proteoglycan as well as those that were weakly recognized by anti-keratan sulfate antisera. Following beta-elimination of the protein core, the liberated low Mr oligosaccharides were partially resolved by Sephadex G-50 chromatography, and their primary structure was determined by 500-MHz1H NMR spectroscopy in combination with compositional sugar analysis. The N-glycosidic carbohydrate chains, which were obtained as glycopeptides, were all biantennary glycans containing NeuAc and Fuc; microheterogeneity in the NeuAc----Gal linkage was detected in one of the branches. The N-glycosidic glycans have the following overall structure: (Formula: see text). The majority of the O-glycosidic carbohydrate chains bound to the protein core were found to be of the mucin type. They were obtained as glycopeptides and oligosaccharide alditols, and possessed the following structures: NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1----3)GalNAc-ol, [NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1----3)[NeuAc alpha(2----6)]GalNAc-ol, and NeuAc alpha-(2----3) Gal beta(1----3)[NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta(1----6)] GalNAc-ol. The remainder of the O-glycosidic carbohydrate chains bound to the isolated proteoglycan were the hexasaccharide link regions of the chondroitin sulfate chains that remained after chondroitinase ABC treatment of the native molecule. These latter glycans, which were obtained as oligosaccharide alditols, had the following structure (with GalNAc free of sulfate or containing sulfate bound at either C-4 or C-6): delta 4,5GlcUA beta(1----3)GalNAc beta(1----4)GlcUA beta(1----3)Gal beta(1----3)Gal beta(1----4)Xyl-ol.
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Sato E, Koide SS. Biochemical transmitters regulating the arrest and resumption of meiosis in oocytes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1987; 106:1-33. [PMID: 3034816 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Freilich LS, Yanagishita M, Hascall VC. Proteoglycan synthesis during intramembranous bone regeneration following avulsive wounding in guinea pig long bones. Connect Tissue Res 1987; 16:79-93. [PMID: 2952449 DOI: 10.3109/03008208709001996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Information on proteoglycan synthesis by bone cells and tissue is largely limited to studies of developing fetal bone. The present investigation focuses on proteoglycan synthesis during the intramembranous type of bone regeneration seen within avulsive (puncture-type) defects placed in guinea pig tibiae. [35S] Sulfate-labeled proteoglycans were extracted from tissue within regenerating tibial avulsive defects seven days following surgical wounding and also from xiphisternal cartilage utilized as an internal control. Labeled proteoglycans in 4M guanidine HCl extracts of regenerating bone and cartilage were purified by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and further analyzed by chromatography and appropriate enzyme digestions. Regenerating bone tissue contained a proteoglycan relatively small in size (Kav = 0.56 following chromatography on Sepharose CL-2B) compared to proteoglycan from xiphisternal cartilage (Kav = 0.17). Alkaline borohydride treatment degraded this bone proteoglycan (Kav = 0.4 on Sepharose CL-6B), indicating an average molecular weight of glycosaminoglycan chains approximating 50,000. Enzymatic digestions followed by Sepharose CL-6B chromatography showed that glycosaminoglycan side chains of regenerating bone proteoglycan contained dermatan sulfate, with 60% chondroitinase AC II-resistant but chondroitinase ABC-sensitive material. This bone proteoglycan did not interact with hyaluronic acid to form aggregates under conditions where such aggregates were formed by xiphisternal cartilage proteoglycan. The regenerating bone proteoglycans are therefore similar to other bone proteoglycans in hydrodynamic size and glycosaminoglycan chain size, but differ in the per cent of iduronic acid within glycosaminoglycan side chains. This guinea pig bone proteoglycan may be associated with the large mesenchymal cell population noted histologically within the bone defects at seven days of regeneration.
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Yanagishita M. Tunicamycin inhibits proteoglycan synthesis in rat ovarian granulosa cells in culture. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 251:287-98. [PMID: 3098178 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, on the synthesis and turnover of proteoglycans were investigated in rat ovarian granulosa cell cultures. The synthesis of proteoglycans was inhibited (40% of the control at 1.6 micrograms/ml tunicamycin) disproportionately to that of general protein synthesis measured by [3H]serine incorporation (80% of control). Proteoglycans synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin lacked N-linked oligosaccharides but contained apparently normal O-linked oligosaccharides. The dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate chains of the proteoglycans had the same hydrodynamic size as control when analyzed by Sepharose 6B chromatography. However, the disulfated disaccharide content of the dermatan sulfate chains was reduced by tunicamycin in a dose-dependent manner, implying that the N-linked oligosaccharides may be involved in the function of a sulfotransferase which is responsible for sulfation of the iduronic acid residues. When [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine were used as labeling precursors, the ratio of 35S/3H in chondroitin 4-sulfate was reduced to approximately 50% of the control by tunicamycin, indicating that the drug reduced the supply of endogenous sugar to the UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pool. Neither transport of proteoglycans from Golgi to the cell surface nor their turnover from the cell surface (release into the medium, or internalization and subsequent intracellular degradation) was affected by the drug. Addition of mannose 6-phosphate to the culture medium did not alter the proteoglycan turnover. When granulosa cells were treated with cycloheximide, completion of proteoglycan diminished with a t1/2 of approximately 12 min, indicating the time required for depleting the core protein precursor pool. The glycosaminoglycan synthesizing capacity measured by the addition of p-nitrophenyl-beta-xyloside, however, lasted longer (t1/2 of approximately 40 min). Tunicamycin decreased the core protein precursor pool size in parallel to decreased proteoglycan synthesis, both of which were significantly greater than the inhibition of general protein synthesis. This suggests two possibilities: tunicamycin specifically inhibited the synthesis of proteoglycan core protein, or more likely a proportion of the synthesized core protein precursor (approximately 50%) did not become accessible for post-translational modifications, and was possibly routed for premature degradation.
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Tesarík J, Kopecný V. Late preovulatory synthesis of proteoglycans by the human oocyte and cumulus cells and their secretion into the oocyte-cumulus-complex extracellular matrices. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1986; 85:523-8. [PMID: 3781891 DOI: 10.1007/bf00508435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Light- and electron-microscope autoradiography using 3H-glucosamine and 3H-fucose as precursors was employed to investigate proteoglycan synthesis and secretion by late preovulatory human oocytes and cumulus cells. Both the oocyte and cumulus cells were found to be important cellular sources supplying proteoglycans to the oocyte-cumulus-complex extracellular matrices, i.e., the zona pellucida and the cumulus intercellular matrix. Both the oocyte and cumulus cells were shown to secrete labelled proteoglycans into the zona pellucida. Labelled proteoglycans were also detected in the cumulus intercellular matrix. Chase experiments revealed the labelled molecules to be relatively closely associated with both the zona pellucida and the cumulus intercellular matrix. Staining with chromic acid and phosphotungstic acid showed proteoglycan material to penetrate from the cumulus intercellular matrix into pores of the zona pellucida. This material is thought to be a structural equivalent of the newly synthesized proteoglycans secreted by cumulus cells and migrating into the zona pellucida (as detected by autoradiography). It is concluded that newly synthesized proteoglycans secreted by the oocyte and cumulus cells in the late preovulatory period are a component of the microenvironment in which fertilization takes place.
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Andrade-Gordon P, Strickland S. Interaction of heparin with plasminogen activators and plasminogen: effects on the activation of plasminogen. Biochemistry 1986; 25:4033-40. [PMID: 2943315 DOI: 10.1021/bi00362a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The amidolytic plasmin activity of a mixture of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen is enhanced by heparin at therapeutic concentrations. Heparin also increases the activity in mixtures of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen but has no effect on streptokinase or plasmin. Direct analyses of plasminogen activation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrate that heparin increases the activation of plasminogen by both tPA and uPA. Binding studies show that heparin binds to various components of the fibrinolytic system, with tight binding demonstrable with tPA, uPA, and Lys-plasminogen. The stimulation of tPA activity by fibrin, however, is diminished by heparin. The ability of heparin to promote plasmin generation is destroyed by incubation of the heparin with heparinase, whereas incubation with chondroitinase ABC or AC has no effect. Also, stimulation of plasmin formation is not observed with dextran sulfate or chondroitin sulfate A, B, or C. Analyses of heparin fractions after separation on columns of antithrombin III-Sepharose suggest that both the high-affinity and the low-affinity fractions, which have dramatically different anticoagulant activity, have similar activity toward the fibrinolytic components.
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Radhakrishnamurthy B, Jeansonne N, Berenson GS. Organization of glycosaminoglycan chains in a chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate proteoglycan from bovine aorta. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 882:85-96. [PMID: 3085726 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(86)90059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate proteoglycan was isolated from bovine aorta intima by extraction of the tissue by 4 M guanidine hydrochloride. The proteoglycan was purified by CsCl isopycnic centrifugation followed by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The proteoglycan had 21.9% protein, 22.1% uronate, 21.4% hexosamine and 10.8% sulfate. Glycosaminoglycan chains obtained from the proteoglycan by beta-elimination were resolved by gel filtration into two fractions, one containing chondroitin 6-sulfate with an approximate molecular weight of 49 000 and the other containing chondroitin 4-sulfate and dermatan sulfate in a proportion of 2:1 with an approximate molecular weight of 37 000. Digestion of the proteoglycan by chondroitinase ABC or AC yielded a protein core with similar composition and behavior in gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An approximate molecular weight of 180 000 was estimated for the core protein. Dermatan sulfate chains with an approximate molecular weight of 10 000 were observed only in the digest of chondroitinase AC. Limited trypsin hydrolysis of the proteoglycan yielded three peptide fragments containing chondroitin 6-sulfate, chondroitin 4-sulfate and dermatan sulfate in varied proportions. A tentative structure for the proteoglycan was suggested.
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Tian MY, Yanagishita M, Hascall VC, Reddi AH. Biosynthesis and fate of proteoglycans in cartilage and bone during development and mineralization. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 247:221-32. [PMID: 3707140 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous implantation of demineralized bone matrix in rats induces migration of host cells into the site and results in the sequential development of cartilage and bone. The biosynthesis and metabolic fate of proteoglycans in the plaques at the bone matrix implantation site were investigated by [35S]sulfate labeling in vivo. 35S-Labeled proteoglycans were extracted with 4 M guanidine HCl and purified by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. Analysis of proteoglycans on Sepharose CL-2B chromatography showed two major peaks at Kd = 0.28 and 0.68 (peaks I and II, respectively). Peak I proteoglycan has a high buoyant density and contains chondroitin sulfate chains of average Mr = 20,000. Peak II proteoglycan has a lower average buoyant density and contains dermatan sulfate chains of average Mr = 33,000. Throughout the endochondral bone development sequence, peak II proteoglycan predominates. Peak I was low on Day 3, became prominent on Day 7 (approximately 30% of the total radioactivity), and declined after Day 9. The calculated half-lives of peak I and II proteoglycans labeled on Day 7 were about 1.8 and 2.8 days, respectively. After the initiation of osteogenesis, a species of mineral-associated proteoglycan was extracted with a 4 M guanidine HCl solvent containing 0.5 M EDTA. This proteoglycan has a small hydrodynamic size (Kd = 0.38 on Sepharose CL-6B chromatography) and shows a long half-life, about 6 days.
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Gowda DC, Bhavanandan VP, Davidson EA. Structures of O-linked oligosaccharides present in the proteoglycans secreted by human mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)89195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Bovine granulosa cell membranes from small (SFM) and large (LFM) antral follicles were incubated with [3H]heparin, a commercial radioactively labeled glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Binding was specific, reversible, saturable, and dependent on time, pH, ionic strength and divalent cations. SFM exhibited different [3H]heparin binding characteristics compared to LFM. The addition of a physiological concentration of calcium (2 mM) yielded significant differences (P less than 0.02) in [3H]heparin binding for SFM (87 590 +/- 4206 dpm/10(6) cells) compared to LFM (55 230 +/- 2816 dpm/10(6) cells). SFM and LFM showed maximum [3H]heparin binding at pH 6.5 and pH 5.5, respectively. Increasing the ionic strength by addition of 0.07-2.0 M NaCl interfered with binding. Addition of unlabeled heparin (0.1-100 micrograms/ml) displaced [3H]heparin bound to SFM and LFM in a dose-dependent manner, as did dextran sulfate, a non-GAG sulfated branched polysaccharide. Commercial chondroitin sulfate ABC displaced the bound [3H]heparin only at doses between 50 and 500 mg/ml. GAGs purified from FF suppressed binding 39% at a concentration of 5.9 mg/ml. Photomicrographs of fluorescein-labeled heparin bound to granulosa cells showed localized areas of heparin binding to the cell surface. These experiments demonstrated that the GAG heparin specifically bound to bovine granulosa cell membranes, and that significant differences existed between the binding characteristics of SFM and LFM.
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