1
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Van Thillo Q, De Bie J, Seneviratne JA, Demeyer S, Omari S, Balachandran A, Zhai V, Tam WL, Sweron B, Geerdens E, Gielen O, Provost S, Segers H, Boeckx N, Marshall GM, Cheung BB, Isobe K, Kato I, Takita J, Amos TG, Deveson IW, McCalmont H, Lock RB, Oxley EP, Garwood MM, Dickins RA, Uyttebroeck A, Carter DR, Cools J, de Bock CE. Oncogenic cooperation between TCF7-SPI1 and NRAS(G12D) requires β-catenin activity to drive T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4164. [PMID: 34230493 PMCID: PMC8260768 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spi-1 Proto-Oncogene (SPI1) fusion genes are recurrently found in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cases but are insufficient to drive leukemogenesis. Here we show that SPI1 fusions in combination with activating NRAS mutations drive an immature T-ALL in vivo using a conditional bone marrow transplant mouse model. Addition of the oncogenic fusion to the NRAS mutation also results in a higher leukemic stem cell frequency. Mechanistically, genetic deletion of the β-catenin binding domain within Transcription factor 7 (TCF7)-SPI1 or use of a TCF/β-catenin interaction antagonist abolishes the oncogenic activity of the fusion. Targeting the TCF7-SPI1 fusion in vivo with a doxycycline-inducible knockdown results in increased differentiation. Moreover, both pharmacological and genetic inhibition lead to down-regulation of SPI1 targets. Together, our results reveal an example where TCF7-SPI1 leukemia is vulnerable to pharmacological targeting of the TCF/β-catenin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Van Thillo
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien De Bie
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janith A Seneviratne
- Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sofie Demeyer
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofia Omari
- Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anushree Balachandran
- Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vicki Zhai
- Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wai L Tam
- Technology Innovation Lab, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Bram Sweron
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Geerdens
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olga Gielen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Provost
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heidi Segers
- Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nancy Boeckx
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Belamy B Cheung
- Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kiyotaka Isobe
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Itaru Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Timothy G Amos
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ira W Deveson
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah McCalmont
- Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ethan P Oxley
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maximilian M Garwood
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross A Dickins
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne Uyttebroeck
- Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel R Carter
- Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jan Cools
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuvens Kanker Instituut (LKI), KU Leuven - UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Charles E de Bock
- Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Raghu D, Xue HH, Mielke LA. Control of Lymphocyte Fate, Infection, and Tumor Immunity by TCF-1. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1149-1162. [PMID: 31734149 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cell factor-1 (TCF-1), encoded by Tcf7, is a transcription factor and histone deacetylase (HDAC) essential for commitment to both the T cell and the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) lineages in mammals. In this review, we discuss the multifunctional role of TCF-1 in establishing these lineages and the requirement for TCF-1 throughout lineage differentiation and maintenance of lineage stability. We highlight recent reports showing promise for TCF-1 as a novel biomarker to identify recently characterized subsets of exhausted CD8+ T cells that may help to predict patient responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Raghu
- School of Cancer Medicine, LaTrobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; Cancer Immunobiology Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Molecular Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lisa A Mielke
- School of Cancer Medicine, LaTrobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; Cancer Immunobiology Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Molecular Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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3
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van Loosdregt J, Coffer PJ. The Role of WNT Signaling in Mature T Cells: T Cell Factor Is Coming Home. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:2193-2200. [PMID: 30301837 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T cell factor, the effector transcription factor of the WNT signaling pathway, was so named because of the primary observation that it is indispensable for T cell development in the thymus. Since this discovery, the role of this signaling pathway has been extensively studied in T cell development, hematopoiesis, and stem cells; however, its functional role in mature T cells has remained relatively underinvestigated. Over the last few years, various studies have demonstrated that T cell factor can directly influence T cell function and the differentiation of Th1, Th2, Th17, regulatory T cell, follicular helper CD4+ T cell subsets, and CD8+ memory T cells. In this paper, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying these observations and place them in the general context of immune responses. Furthermore, we explore the implications and limitations of these findings for WNT manipulation as a therapeutic approach for treating immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorg van Loosdregt
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Paul J Coffer
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, the Netherlands; .,Center for Molecular Medicine and Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
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4
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Zhu Y, Wang W, Wang X. Roles of transcriptional factor 7 in production of inflammatory factors for lung diseases. J Transl Med 2015; 13:273. [PMID: 26289446 PMCID: PMC4543455 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disease is the major cause of death and hospitalization worldwide. Transcription factors such as transcription factor 7 (TCF7) are involved in the pathogenesis of lung diseases. TCF7 is important for T cell development and differentiation, embryonic development, or tumorogenesis. Multiple TCF7 isoforms can be characterized by the full-length isoform (FL-TCF7) as a transcription activator, or dominant negative isoform (dn-TCF7) as a transcription repressor. TCF7 interacts with multiple proteins or target genes and participates in several signal pathways critical for lung diseases. TCF7 is involved in pulmonary infection, allergy or asthma through promoting T cells differentiating to Th2 or memory T cells. TCF7 also works in tissue repair and remodeling after acute lung injury. The dual roles of TCF7 in lung cancers were discussed and it is associated with the cellular proliferation, invasion or metastasis. Thus, TCF7 plays critical roles in lung diseases and should be considered as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Zhu
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Fenglin Rd 180, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - William Wang
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Fenglin Rd 180, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Fenglin Rd 180, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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5
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Beisner J, Teltschik Z, Ostaff MJ, Tiemessen MM, Staal FJT, Wang G, Gersemann M, Perminow G, Vatn MH, Schwab M, Stange EF, Wehkamp J. TCF-1-mediated Wnt signaling regulates Paneth cell innate immune defense effectors HD-5 and -6: implications for Crohn's disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G487-98. [PMID: 24994854 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00347.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling regulates small intestinal stem cell maintenance and Paneth cell differentiation. In patients with ileal Crohn's disease (CD), a decrease of Paneth cell α-defensins has been observed that is partially caused by impaired TCF-4 and LRP6 function. Here we show reduced expression of the Wnt signaling effector TCF-1 (also known as TCF-7) in patients with ileal CD. Reporter gene assays and in vitro promoter binding analysis revealed that TCF-1 activates α-defensin HD-5 and HD-6 transcription in cooperation with β-catenin and that activation is mediated by three distinct TCF binding sites. EMSA analysis showed binding of TCF-1 to the respective motifs. In ileal CD patients, TCF-1 mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced. Moreover, we found specifically reduced expression of active TCF-1 mRNA isoforms. Tcf-1 knockout mice exhibited reduced cryptdin expression in the jejunum, which was not consistently seen at other small intestinal locations. Our data provide evidence that TCF-1-mediated Wnt signaling is disturbed in small intestinal CD, which might contribute to the observed barrier dysfunction in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Beisner
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zora Teltschik
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maureen J Ostaff
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Machteld M Tiemessen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frank J T Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Guoxing Wang
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Gersemann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gori Perminow
- Department of Pediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten H Vatn
- University of Oslo, Epigen, Faculty Division Akershus University Hospital and Medical Clinic, Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eduard F Stange
- Department of Gastroenterology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Wehkamp
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany;
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6
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Tiemessen MM, Baert MRM, Schonewille T, Brugman MH, Famili F, Salvatori DCF, Meijerink JPP, Ozbek U, Clevers H, van Dongen JJM, Staal FJT. The nuclear effector of Wnt-signaling, Tcf1, functions as a T-cell-specific tumor suppressor for development of lymphomas. PLoS Biol 2012. [PMID: 23185135 PMCID: PMC3502537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tcf1 is known to function as a transcriptional activator of Wnt-induced proliferation during T cell development in the thymus. Evidence for an additional contrasting role for Tcf1 as a T-cell specific tumor suppressor gene is now presented. The HMG-box factor Tcf1 is required during T-cell development in the thymus and mediates the nuclear response to Wnt signals. Tcf1−/− mice have previously been characterized and show developmental blocks at the CD4−CD8− double negative (DN) to CD4+CD8+ double positive transition. Due to the blocks in T-cell development, Tcf1−/− mice normally have a very small thymus. Unexpectedly, a large proportion of Tcf1−/− mice spontaneously develop thymic lymphomas with 50% of mice developing a thymic lymphoma/leukemia at the age of 16 wk. These lymphomas are clonal, highly metastatic, and paradoxically show high Wnt signaling when crossed with Wnt reporter mice and have high expression of Wnt target genes Lef1 and Axin2. In wild-type thymocytes, Tcf1 is higher expressed than Lef1, with a predominance of Wnt inhibitory isoforms. Loss of Tcf1 as repressor of Lef1 leads to high Wnt activity and is the initiating event in lymphoma development, which is exacerbated by activating Notch1 mutations. Thus, Notch1 and loss of Tcf1 functionally act as collaborating oncogenic events. Tcf1 deficiency predisposes to the development of thymic lymphomas by ectopic up-regulation of Lef1 due to lack of Tcf1 repressive isoforms and frequently by cooperating activating mutations in Notch1. Tcf1 therefore functions as a T-cell–specific tumor suppressor gene, besides its established role as a Wnt responsive transcription factor. Thus, Tcf1 acts as a molecular switch between proliferative and repressive signals during T-lymphocyte development in the thymus. Cancers often develop as a consequence of deregulated expression of key factors that operate during normal development. T-cell factor 1 (Tcf1) has an established role in the nuclear response to Wnt signaling during normal T-cell development in the thymus. Here we show in mice that the absence of Tcf1 can trigger tumorigenesis. As expected from previous work, lack of Tcf1 results in a small thymus with several partial blocks in T-cell development in the thymus. Surprisingly, we observe that a large proportion of Tcf1−/− mice spontaneously develop thymic lymphomas. Thorough investigation of these thymic-derived tumors revealed that the mechanism underlying these lymphomas is, paradoxically, increased levels of Wnt-signaling. We propose that Wnt-signaling in these tumors is mediated by up-regulated expression of the Tcf1-homologue, Lef1, and specifically its long isoform. Furthermore, we have evidence to propose that in a normal thymus, short isoforms of Tcf1 that cannot respond to Wnt signals act as repressors of Lef1-mediated Wnt-signaling. Thus, we propose that Tcf1 has a dual function developing T cells in mice: it functions as a T-cell–specific tumor suppressor gene in addition to its established role as a transcriptional activator of Wnt-induced proliferation. Whether loss of function of Tcf-1 as a tumor suppressor gene actually occurs in human T-cell lymphoblastic leukemias is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machteld M. Tiemessen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department Immunology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda R. M. Baert
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department Immunology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Schonewille
- Department Immunology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H. Brugman
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Farbod Famili
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela C. F. Salvatori
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jules P. P. Meijerink
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC/Sophia's Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ugur Ozbek
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Frank J. T. Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department Immunology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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7
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Roozen PPC, Brugman MH, Staal FJT. Differential requirements for Wnt and Notch signaling in hematopoietic versus thymic niches. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1266:78-93. [PMID: 22901260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
All blood cells are derived from multipotent stem cells, the so-called hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), that in adults reside in the bone marrow. Most types of blood cells also develop there, with the notable exception of T lymphocytes that develop in the thymus. For both HSCs and developing T cells, interactions with the surrounding microenvironment are critical in regulating maintenance, differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation. Such specialized regulatory microenvironments are referred to as niches and provide both soluble factors as well as cell-cell interactions between niche component cells and blood cells. Two pathways that are critical for early T cell development in the thymic niche are Wnt and Notch signaling. These signals also play important but controversial roles in the HSC niche. Here, we review the differences and similarities between the thymic and hematopoietic niches, with particular focus on Wnt and Notch signals, as well as the latest insights into regulation of these developmentally important pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P C Roozen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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8
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Maier E, Hebenstreit D, Posselt G, Hammerl P, Duschl A, Horejs-Hoeck J. Inhibition of suppressive T cell factor 1 (TCF-1) isoforms in naive CD4+ T cells is mediated by IL-4/STAT6 signaling. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:919-28. [PMID: 20980261 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.144949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway transcription factor T cell factor 1 (TCF-1) plays essential roles in the control of several developmental processes, including T cell development in the thymus. Although previously regarded as being required only during early T cell development, recent studies demonstrate an important role for TCF-1 in T helper 2 (Th2) cell polarization. TCF-1 was shown to activate expression of the Th2 transcription factor GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) and thus to promote the development of IL-4-producing Th2 cells independent of STAT6 signaling. In this study, we show that TCF-1 is down-regulated in human naive CD4(+) T cells cultured under Th2-polarizing conditions. The down-regulation is largely due to the polarizing cytokine IL-4 because IL-4 alone is sufficient to substantially inhibit TCF-1 expression. The IL-4-induced suppression of TCF-1 is mediated by STAT6, as shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and STAT6 knockdown experiments. Moreover, we found that IL-4/STAT6 predominantly inhibits the shorter, dominant-negative TCF-1 isoforms, which were reported to inhibit IL-4 transcription. Thus, this study provides a model for an IL-4/STAT6-dependent fine tuning mechanism of TCF-1-driven T helper cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Maier
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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9
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Jung KH, Yoon KJ, Song JH, Lee SH, Eun JW, Noh JH, Kim JK, Bae HJ, Lee JE, Kim SW, Choi MG, Kim SY, Park WS, Nam SW, Lee JY. Loss-of-function mutations in the Transcription Factor 7 (T cell factor-1) gene in hepatogastrointestinal cancers. Mol Cell Toxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-010-0037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Abstract
WNT proteins are secreted morphogens that are required for basic developmental processes, such as cell-fate specification, progenitor-cell proliferation and the control of asymmetric cell division, in many different species and organs. In blood and immune cells, WNT signalling controls the proliferation of progenitor cells and might also affect the cell-fate decisions of stem cells. Recent studies indicate that WNT proteins also regulate effector T-cell development, regulatory T-cell activation and dendritic-cell maturation. WNT signalling seems to function as a universal mechanism in leukocytes to establish a pool of undifferentiated cells for further selection, effector-cell maturation and terminal differentiation. WNT signalling is therefore subject to strict molecular control, and dysregulated WNT signalling is implicated in the development of haematological malignancies.
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11
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Schulze HA, Häsler R, Mah N, Lu T, Nikolaus S, Costello CM, Schreiber S. From model cell line to in vivo gene expression: disease-related intestinal gene expression in IBD. Genes Immun 2008; 9:240-8. [PMID: 18340362 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are subforms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Genetic and environmental factors influencing the onset and course of the diseases have been recently identified. This study uses a two-step approach to detect genes involved in the pathogenesis of IBD by microarray analysis and real-time PCR (RT-PCR). In a first step, microarray expression screening was used to obtain tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induction profiles of two human cell lines to represent the tissue cell types involved in IBD. In a second step, a subset of differentially expressed genes was examined by real-time PCR in intestinal biopsy samples of normal controls (NC) compared with UC and CD patients, as well as to a cohort of patients suffering from intestinal diseases other than IBD. Data were obtained from 88 CD, 88 UC, 53 non-IBD patients (inflammatory control), DC and 45 NC individuals. The experimental design enabled the identification of disease-specific expressed genes. DnaJ (Hsp40) homologue, subfamily B, member 5 (DNAJB5) was downregulated in intestinal biopsy samples of the UC cohort compared with NC. A difference in JUNB expression levels was observed by comparing biopsy samples from inflamed and non-inflamed areas of UC patients. Transcript expression differences between IBD and control cohorts were found by examining histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT), interleukin-1A (IL-1A) and proplatelet basic protein (PPBP) expression. The experimental procedure represents an approach to identify disease-relevant genes, which is applicable to any disease where appropriate model systems are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Schulze
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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12
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Willinger T, Freeman T, Herbert M, Hasegawa H, McMichael AJ, Callan MFC. Human naive CD8 T cells down-regulate expression of the WNT pathway transcription factors lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 and transcription factor 7 (T cell factor-1) following antigen encounter in vitro and in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1439-46. [PMID: 16424171 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1) and transcription factor 7 (TCF7) (T cell factor-1 (TCF-1)) are downstream effectors of the WNT signaling pathway, which is a critical regulator of T cell development in the thymus. In this study, we show that LEF1 and TCF7 (TCF-1) are not only expressed in thymocytes, but also in mature T cells. Our data demonstrate that Ag encounter in vivo and engagement of the TCR or IL-15 receptor in vitro leads to the down-regulation of LEF1 and TCF7 (TCF-1) expression in human naive CD8 T cells. We further show that resting T cells preferentially express inhibitory LEF1 and TCF7 (TCF-1) isoforms and that T cell activation changes the isoform balance in favor of stimulatory TCF7 (TCF-1) isoforms. Altogether, our study suggests that proteins involved in the WNT signaling pathway not only regulate T cell development, but also peripheral T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Willinger
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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13
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Takahashi S, Onuma Y, Yokota C, Westmoreland JJ, Asashima M, Wright CVE. Nodal-related geneXnr5 is amplified in theXenopus genome. Genesis 2006; 44:309-21. [PMID: 16791846 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In Xenopus, six nodal-related genes (Xnrs) have been identified to date. We found numerous tandem duplications of Xnr5 in the Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis genomes that involve highly conserved copies of coding and regulatory regions. The duplicated versions of Xnr5 were expressed in both the superficial and deep layer of dorsal endoderm and in the deep layer of ventral endoderm, where the initial inducers of mesendoderm formation would be expected to be localized. Overexpression of secreted inhibitors of Xnrs led to a substantially enhanced transcription of the duplicated Xnr5 genes and Xnr6 in embryos. Therefore, Xnr5 and Xnr6 have a novel feedback loop to inhibit transcription of Xnr5 and Xnr6. These results suggest that the initialization of a strong Xnr5 and Xnr6 signal is enabled by the rapid transcription from multiple genes. The novel feedback loop may negatively regulate transcription of Xnr5s and Xnr6 to limit overproduction of these potent inducers, with the Xnr5/Xnr6 signal then activating positive (Xnrs) and negative (Xlefty) loops, which regulate the range of mesodermal tissues produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Takahashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8240, USA
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14
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Marsman WA, Birjmohun RS, van Rees BP, Caspers E, Johan G, Offerhaus A, Bosma PJ, Jan J, van Lanschot B. Loss of Heterozygosity and Immunohistochemistry of Adenocarcinomas of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:8479-85. [PMID: 15623628 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adenocarcinomas of the distal esophagus and gastric cardia are two tumors that have many features in common. They have similar prognoses, treatment modalities, and patterns of dissemination. The etiology is different, with gastroesophageal reflux disease playing a major role for esophageal adenocarcinoma, in contrast to adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. In the present study, we investigated several genetic and immunohistochemical features of adenocarcinomas of the distal esophagus and gastric cardia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sixty-two resection specimens of either adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia were carefully selected. The genetic analysis included loss of heterozygosity of several tumor suppressor genes known to be involved in esophagogastric carcinogenesis. Immunohistochemical studies included the analysis of p53, c-Met, c-erbB-2, beta-catenin, and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, a mutation analysis of the Tcf1 gene was done by direct sequencing. RESULTS Patients with cardiac carcinoma had a significantly worse tumor stage and poorer differentiation on histology. Loss of heterozygosity analysis did not reveal significant differences between esophageal adenocarcinoma and cardiac adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly more nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, compared with patients with cardiac carcinoma. No mutation was found in the Tcf1 gene in either tumor type. CONCLUSIONS Although adenocarcinomas of the distal esophagus and gastric cardia have many features in common, we have found some evidence that they might form two different entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem A Marsman
- Department of Experimental Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Noble JA, White AM, Lazzeroni LC, Valdes AM, Mirel DB, Reynolds R, Grupe A, Aud D, Peltz G, Erlich HA. A polymorphism in the TCF7 gene, C883A, is associated with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2003; 52:1579-82. [PMID: 12765974 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.6.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease with a Th1 phenotype in which insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas are destroyed. The T-cell-specific transcription factor TCF7 activates genes involved in immune regulation and is a candidate locus for genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. A nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (Pro to Thr) in the TCF7 gene, C883A, was examined in samples from 282 Caucasian multiplex type 1 diabetic families. HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 genotypes were previously determined for these samples, allowing data stratification based on HLA-associated risk. The transmission disequilibrium test showed significant overtransmission of the A allele from fathers (64.1%, P < 0.007) and nonsignificant overtransmission (57.4%, P < 0.06) of the A allele to patients who do not carry the highest-risk HLA-DR3/DR4 genotype. Elliptical sib pair analysis showed significant associations of the A allele with type 1 diabetes in paternal transmissions (P < 0.03), transmissions to male children (P < 0.04), and in the non-DR3/DR4 group (P < 0.04). These data also suggest that TCF7 C883A may affect age of disease onset. Analysis of genotype data from surrounding SNPs suggests that this TCF7 polymorphism may itself represent a risk factor for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle A Noble
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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16
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Sechi AS, Buer J, Wehland J, Probst-Kepper M. Changes in actin dynamics at the T-cell/APC interface: implications for T-cell anergy? Immunol Rev 2002; 189:98-110. [PMID: 12445268 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years the role of the actin cytoskeleton in the formation of the immunological synapse and in T-cell activation has been the subject of intense scrutiny. T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous adapter proteins whose function is to relay signals to downstream components of the TCR signaling pathway and, in particular, to molecules implicated in remodeling the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we discuss how signals from the TCR converge on two key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, Ena/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoproteins (VASPs) and the actin-related protein (ARP2/3) complex. We also discuss the implications of TCR signaling in the process of T-cell anergy with particular emphasis on the actin remodeling and molecules involved in the control of T-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio S Sechi
- Department of Cell Biology, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung, Braunschweig, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Developmental studies in model organisms have revealed that cell fate decisions are governed by only a handful of highly conserved signal transduction cascades. Recent data indicate that at least two of these, the Wnt and the Notch cascades, have been recruited by the vertebrate immune system to control early lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc van de Wetering
- Department of Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Wong NACS, Pignatelli M. Beta-catenin--a linchpin in colorectal carcinogenesis? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:389-401. [PMID: 11839557 PMCID: PMC1850660 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An important role for beta-catenin pathways in colorectal carcinogenesis was first suggested by the protein's association with adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein, and by evidence of dysregulation of beta-catenin protein expression at all stages of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Recent studies have, however, shown that yet more components of colorectal carcinogenesis are linked to beta-catenin pathways. Pro-oncogenic factors that also release beta-catenin from the adherens complex and/or encourage translocation to the nucleus include ras, epidermal growth factor (EGF), c-erbB-2, PKC-betaII, MUC1, and PPAR-gamma, whereas anti-oncogenic factors that also inhibit nuclear beta-catenin signaling include transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, retinoic acid, and vitamin D. Association of nuclear beta-catenin with the T cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) family of transcription factors promotes the expression of several compounds that have important roles in the development and progression of colorectal carcinoma, namely: c-myc, cyclin D1, gastrin, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (aPAR), CD44 proteins, and P-glycoprotein. Finally, genetic aberrations of several components of the beta-catenin pathways, eg, Frizzled (Frz), AXIN, and TCF-4, may potentially contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis. In discussing the above interactions, this review demonstrates that beta-catenin represents a key molecule in the development of colorectal carcinoma.
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19
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Hovanes K, Li TW, Munguia JE, Truong T, Milovanovic T, Lawrence Marsh J, Holcombe RF, Waterman ML. Beta-catenin-sensitive isoforms of lymphoid enhancer factor-1 are selectively expressed in colon cancer. Nat Genet 2001; 28:53-7. [PMID: 11326276 DOI: 10.1038/ng0501-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is a root cause of many colon cancers. Activation of this pathway is caused by genetic mutations that stabilize the beta-catenin protein, allowing it to accumulate in the nucleus and form complexes with any member of the lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF1) and T-cell factor (TCF1, TCF3, TCF4) family of transcription factors (referred to collectively as LEF/TCFs) to activate transcription of target genes. Target genes such as MYC, CCND1, MMP7 and TCF7 (refs. 5-9) are normally expressed in colon tissue, so it has been proposed that abnormal expression levels or patterns imposed by beta-catenin/TCF complexes have a role in tumor progression. We report here that LEF1 is a new type of target gene ectopically activated in colon cancer. The pattern of this ectopic expression is unusual because it derives from selective activation of a promoter for a full-length LEF1 isoform that binds beta-catenin, but not a second, intronic promoter that drives expression of a dominant-negative isoform. beta-catenin/TCF complexes can activate the promoter for full-length LEF1, indicating that in cancer high levels of these complexes misregulate transcription to favor a positive feedback loop for Wnt signaling by inducing selective expression of full-length, beta-catenin-sensitive forms of LEF/TCFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hovanes
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Kim CH, Oda T, Itoh M, Jiang D, Artinger KB, Chandrasekharappa SC, Driever W, Chitnis AB. Repressor activity of Headless/Tcf3 is essential for vertebrate head formation. Nature 2000; 407:913-6. [PMID: 11057671 PMCID: PMC4018833 DOI: 10.1038/35038097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate organizer can induce a complete body axis when transplanted to the ventral side of a host embryo by virtue of its distinct head and trunk inducing properties. Wingless/Wnt antagonists secreted by the organizer have been identified as head inducers. Their ectopic expression can promote head formation, whereas ectopic activation of Wnt signalling during early gastrulation blocks head formation. These observations suggest that the ability of head inducers to inhibit Wnt signalling during formation of anterior structures is what distinguishes them from trunk inducers that permit the operation of posteriorizing Wnt signals. Here we describe the zebrafish headless (hdl) mutant and show that its severe head defects are due to a mutation in T-cell factor-3 (Tcf3), a member of the Tcf/Lef family. Loss of Tcf3 function in the hdl mutant reveals that hdl represses Wnt target genes. We provide genetic evidence that a component of the Wnt signalling pathway is essential in vertebrate head formation and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, NICHD, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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21
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Roose J, Huls G, van Beest M, Moerer P, van der Horn K, Goldschmeding R, Logtenberg T, Clevers H. Synergy between tumor suppressor APC and the beta-catenin-Tcf4 target Tcf1. Science 1999; 285:1923-6. [PMID: 10489374 DOI: 10.1126/science.285.5435.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in APC or beta-catenin inappropriately activate the transcription factor Tcf4, thereby transforming intestinal epithelial cells. Here it is shown that one of the target genes of Tcf4 in epithelial cells is Tcf1. The most abundant Tcf1 isoforms lack a beta-catenin interaction domain. Tcf1(-/-) mice develop adenomas in the gut and mammary glands. Introduction of a mutant APC allele into these mice substantially increases the number of these adenomas. Tcf1 may act as a feedback repressor of beta-catenin-Tcf4 target genes and thus may cooperate with APC to suppress malignant transformation of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roose
- Department of Immunology and Center for Biomedical Genetics, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Post Office Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands
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22
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Rex M, Uwanogho DA, Orme A, Scotting PJ, Sharpe PT. cSox21 exhibits a complex and dynamic pattern of transcription during embryonic development of the chick central nervous system. Mech Dev 1997; 66:39-53. [PMID: 9376322 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(97)00086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
cSox21 is a novel member of the Sox gene family of transcription factors. This gene is a member of the subgroup B, which includes Sox1, Sox2 and Sox3. Although all of these genes are predominantly expressed in the nervous system, only cSox21 expression is positionally restricted within the CNS. Longitudinal stripes are seen in the spinal cord and a more complex pattern is seen in the brain. The timing and position in which cSox21 stripes of expression appear provides further insight into dorsoventral patterning of the CNS. The expression of cSox21, and other genes (such as Delta, Serrate and Pax genes), may play a part in defining the developmental fate of cells along the dorsoventral axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rex
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, UK
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23
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Mayer K, Wolff E, Clevers H, Ballhausen WG. The human high mobility group (HMG)-box transcription factor TCF-1: novel isoforms due to alternative splicing and usage of a new exon IXA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1263:169-72. [PMID: 7640309 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(95)00108-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The C-terminal peptide sequences of the human lymphocyte-specific high mobility group (HMG)-box transcription factor TCF-1 are determined by alternative splice mechanisms affecting the exons VIII to X. Here we report, in addition to four splice forms described previously (TCF-1A, B, C, D), the identification of three novel transcripts designated TCF-1E, F, G. Cloning and sequencing of the novel cDNAs revealed (i) joining of the exons VIII and IX to an internal exon X splice acceptor site resulting in a new open reading frame (ORF) of 99 amino acids derived from exon X sequences, (ii) the identification of an additional functional splice acceptor site within exon X, and (iii) a new 81-nucleotide insertion between exon VIII and exon X sequences in a novel transcript form. Genomic cloning and sequence analysis of this transcribed segment of 81 basepairs revealed that it was bordered by canonical splice consensus sites and located in a distance of some 400 bp from both the exons IX and X. It was therefore termed exon IXA. Novel ORFs were generated as a consequence of these alternative splice mechanisms resulting in TCF-1 gene products with significantly different C-terminal peptide sequences, which are prone to selective protein-protein interactions or transactivating functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mayer
- Institut für Humangenetik der Universität, Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Kingsmore SF, Watson ML, Seldin MF. Genetic mapping of the T lymphocyte-specific transcription factor 7 gene on mouse chromosome 11. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:378. [PMID: 7626895 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S F Kingsmore
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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25
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Zhou P, Byrne C, Jacobs J, Fuchs E. Lymphoid enhancer factor 1 directs hair follicle patterning and epithelial cell fate. Genes Dev 1995; 9:700-13. [PMID: 7537238 DOI: 10.1101/gad.9.6.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
T cell-specific transcription factor (TCF-1) and lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF-1) have been implicated exclusively in the regulation of T cell-specific genes. The only adult tissue other than thymus known to express these factors is spleen and lymph node, which contain low levels of LEF-1 and no TCF-1. We noticed that genes involved in hair-specific gene expression possess LEF-1/TCF-1 consensus motifs located in similar positions relative to their TATA box. We show that of the two factors only LEF-1 is expressed in hair follicles; it can be cloned in both splice forms from human skin keratinocytes and it can bind to these sites in the hair promoters. We show that LEF-1 mRNA is present in pluripotent ectoderm, and it is up-regulated in a highly restricted pattern just before the formation of underlying mesenchymal condensates and commitment of overlying ectodermal cells to invaginate and become hair follicles. New waves of ectodermal LEF-1 spots appear concomitant with new waves of follicle morphogenesis. To test whether LEF-1 patterning might be functionally important for hair patterning and morphogenesis, we used transgenic technology to alter the patterning and timing of LEF-1 over the surface ectoderm. Striking abnormalities arose in the positioning and orientation of hair follicles, leaving a marked disruption of this normally uniform patterning. This provides the first direct evidence that ectodermal cues are critical in establishing these developmental processes, which at later stages are known to be influenced by underlying mesenchyme. Remarkably, elevated LEF-1 in the lip furrow epithelium of developing transgenic animals triggered these cells to invaginate, sometimes leading to the inappropriate adoption of hair follicle and tooth cell fates. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that ectodermal expression of LEF-1 plays a central role in gene expression, pattern formation, and other developmental processes involving epithelial-mesenchymal associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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26
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Verbeek S, Izon D, Hofhuis F, Robanus-Maandag E, te Riele H, van de Wetering M, Oosterwegel M, Wilson A, MacDonald HR, Clevers H. An HMG-box-containing T-cell factor required for thymocyte differentiation. Nature 1995; 374:70-4. [PMID: 7870176 DOI: 10.1038/374070a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two candidate genes for controlling thymocyte differentiation, T-cell factor-1 (Tcf-1) and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (Lef-1), encode closely related DNA-binding HMG-box proteins. Their expression pattern is complex and largely overlapping during embryogenesis, yet restricted to lymphocytes postnatally. Here we generate two independent germline mutations in Tcf-1 and find that thymocyte development in (otherwise normal) mutant mice is blocked at the transition from the CD8+, immature single-positive to the CD4+/CD8+ double-positive stage. In contrast to wild-type mice, most of the immature single-positive cells in the mutants are not in the cell cycle and the number of immunocompetent T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs is reduced. We conclude that Tcf-1 controls an essential step in thymocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Verbeek
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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28
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de Wit TP, Suijkerbuijk RF, Capel PJ, van Kessel AG, van de Winkel JG. Assignment of three human high-affinity Fc gamma receptor I genes to chromosome 1, band q21.1. Immunogenetics 1993; 38:57-9. [PMID: 8462996 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T P de Wit
- Dept. of Immunology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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